resort town of Zheleznovodsk, Stavropol Territory
Nomination: "Traditions of the peoples of Russia"
Today, when life values have changed their criteria, perhaps many are asking that the child become a big boss or a rich businessman. But everyone wants to be reminded that the basis of true happiness in both worlds is the faith and piety of a person, and it is necessary to educate these main qualities from a very early age. 
The good wishes of the parents paint the future image of the ideal of man. In them we see what a person should be, what he should strive for, what to achieve.
With the help of Allah, the people believe in prosperity, good luck and that their wishes will come true. After all, the arbiter of good wishes is the Merciful Allah, and the people believe that He will help them.
It is impossible to characterize modern Dagestan cuisine unambiguously. Many dishes that were not used at all before or were prepared only on the days of celebrations are now included in the daily menu of every family.
The dishes that exist in each individual region of Dagestan carry a special flavor. For example, in each national region they prepare khinkal, which is served as a first or second course, but you can always determine what its origin is. Common dishes are “kurze”, “chudu”, which are prepared from various herbs, cottage cheese, vegetables, eggs, and gourmets who understand a lot about Dagestan cuisine will never be mistaken about the nationality of the cook who prepared this dish.
Dagestan is a multinational republic. Each of its nationalities has developed its own cuisine. At the same time, these cuisines have much in common: a combination of plant and animal products, relatively simple preparation, and high palatability of dishes.
All first and second courses are mainly prepared from lamb and beef. Offal is often used - intestines, scar, heart, liver, lungs.
Dishes made from wheat and corn flour are very popular in Dagestan cuisine.
Dish khinkal is a product made of tough dough in the form of rhombuses, ears, dumplings. There are many ways to cook khinkal in Dagestan. It is served as a first and second course.
The most common dishes are kurze (a kind of large dumplings) and chudu (pies). Kurze is prepared from various herbs, cottage cheese with pumpkin and egg, meat, browned onions.
Unleavened dough pies are also prepared with various fillings.
Second courses as such are usually not cooked, instead they are served as a miracle, kurze, etc.
Beans, lentils, peas, as well as herbs - nettle, watercress, quinoa, etc. are widely used for national cuisine. Greens are served in Dagestan for lunch and dinner.
Dagestan cuisine is also rich in sweet dishes and drinks. A special delicacy is halva (flour, made from nuts).
Folk life and national art Dagestan is rightly called a reserve of folk art crafts, a land of remarkable craftsmen. The most diverse types of crafts have long been widely and widely developed here - artistic metal processing, stone and wood carving, pottery, carpet weaving, bone processing, patterned knitting and gold embroidery. In the past, these types of crafts have played and continue to play a very important role in the economy of the mountainous region in the past. Nowhere in our country did folk arts and crafts acquire such great importance in the economy and spiritual life of the people, were they of such a mass character as in mountainous Dagestan.
Having originated in ancient times and having gone through a number of stages of its development and improvement, folk crafts have become an integral and integral part of the traditional national artistic culture of Dagestan.
Back in the Middle Ages, large specialized centers for the production of certain types of artistic crafts were formed in Dagestan, which were widely sold throughout the mountainous region and far beyond its borders. Among them, the villages of Kubachi, Kumukh, Gotsatl, Untsukul, Balkhar, Sulevkent, Akhty, Mikrakh, Khiv, Khuchni and the city of Derbent stood out in terms of the degree of development and the level of perfection of manufactured products.
Handmade carpets were the most valuable items in a Dagestan home. A medium-sized carpet could be exchanged for a pair of horses or several cattle. For the money earned from the sale of the carpet, the Dagestan family could provide themselves with everything they needed for six months in advance. The Dagestani bride's dowry necessarily included carpets and sumakhs, and, for example, among Tabasarans, at least one of the carpets had to be woven by the bride herself. With the advent of Soviet power and the organization of artels, carpet weaving in Dagestan received fertile ground for its development. These enterprises were created by uniting single craftswomen who taught young people their skills. Also, industrial enterprises for processing wool were created.
The art of stone carving- folk art, which organically existed and developed in line with the rich decorative and applied art of Dagestan, constituting a rather deep layer in the history of folk art. Monuments of stone-cutting art are scattered throughout Dagestan and, as in past centuries, are an integral part of the life and activity of the highlander.
In total, today there are about 550 stone Kubachi reliefs. Many of them are kept in the largest museums of the world (Metropolitan Museum, Louvre, Hermitage), foreign private collections and museums of Dagestan (DMII and DGOM). Some of the stones have been preserved in Kubachi itself.
carved tree
Wood processing among the peoples of Dagestan is one of the most ancient types of handicraft production. The wide distribution of forests, a rich variety of wood species (oak, hornbeam, beech, walnut, birch, pine, poplar, etc.), the pliability of the material itself to processing have long contributed to the use of wooden products in the life of Dagestanis and wooden structures in the architecture of their homes. The art of artistic processing of wood has been organically connected with the daily life of the Dagestanis for several millennia. Various properties of wood were used by folk craftsmen for both technological and decorative purposes.
Carpet weaving, along with jewelry and pottery, is a traditional national craft of many peoples of Dagestan. The greatest development of carpet weaving was in South Dagestan, which is most likely due to geographical proximity to one of the main centers of world carpet art - Persia.
With the adoption of Islam and the spread of Arabic writing, individual representatives of the Dagestan masters got the opportunity to join the achievements of oriental culture.
The first mentions of Dagestan carpets are found in Herodotus. They say that a herd of horses was passed over the finished product, burned under the sun and kept in the water. So they checked their quality. The skill of hand-made Dagestan carpet was passed down from generation to generation, from mother to daughter, while skills were honed and patterns and compositions of the ornament were improved.
The art of carpet weaving began more than two and a half thousand years ago. The oldest of the carpets that have come down to us was supposedly woven more than two thousand years ago! A dense pile cloth depicting deer, birds and horses was found during excavations of the royal burial mound in 1949. This find testifies to a unique fact: centuries later, the classical technique of hand-woven carpets has not undergone any changes! Today, this masterpiece of centuries adorns the Hermitage collection. Yes, it is a “masterpiece of the ages”, because carpet weaving is an ancient art, which has its roots in the Ancient East.
Initially, the carpet performed exclusively practical functions: the eastern nomads came up with the idea of weaving warm fabrics in order to be able to quickly create a house. The man-made carpets of that time served to protect the dwelling from wind and sand, and made it possible to quickly divide the room. Gradually, a person began to move away from the primitive philosophy of "warm and dry" - he wanted it to be also beautiful, elegant, and most importantly - not like everyone else. For the East, a carpet is furniture, wallpaper, and a sign of prosperity. The level of a person's well-being in the Ancient East was determined by the quality of the carpets in his house. In a rich house there should always be a lot of carpets, and of the highest quality.
The pattern of handmade carpets is never random. In the choice and arrangement of certain elements of the pattern, there are centuries-old traditions, talent and intent of the master. Each ornament has a specific meaning. In angular diamond-shaped flowers and leaves with jagged edges, in fine jewelry knitting, in a mosaic pattern, you can read proverbs, legends, wishes for the future owner
Carpet weaving in Dagestan arose as a form of labor activity, but over time it turned into one of the brightest types of decorative and applied art of Dagestan.
The rich heritage of folk art, based on centuries-old traditions, is an integral part of the ethno-artistic culture of the peoples of Dagestan. The works of folk masters reflect the experience of the people, their worldview, worldview and maintain a continuous connection between generations. Products of folk art crafts of Dagestan of the past and present are witnesses of great diligence, a subtle sense of beauty and artistic talent of the Dagestan peoples.
May there be peace over the mountain range,
May the evil of the native land not touch.
So, conjuring, you wove a carpet
For a thread, a thread in thought choosing
Mountains and snow were woven into the pattern,
The cry of cranes and cloud feathers,
Blooming alpine meadows,
Ancient legends and beliefs.
And the carpet bloomed to flower flower,
Like native Dagestan in the height of summer.
For a thread a thread, so from beautiful lines
The creation of a poet is born.
Dagestan is a republic within multinational Russia, called the country of mountains, many languages and contrasts. The mountain people of Dagestan are representatives of more than a hundred nationalities, three religions, many language groups and local dialects.
Geography of the region
Dagestan is the southernmost and most mountainous republic of the Russian Federation. The Caucasian ranges occupy the main part of its territory, it is here that Bazarduzo, the highest mountain in Russia, is located. The peoples living in Dagestan are real highlanders. A small part of the lowland is located only in the northern part of the foothills. The east of Dagestan is washed by the waters of the Caspian Sea. On the territory of the republic there are about 6 thousand large, small and very small rivers and streams, of which 100 are classified as large rivers (only 20 of them reach the Caspian Sea). The most famous: Terek, Samur, Sulak.
The climate as a whole belongs to moderately warm, fluctuations in temperature regimes and the amount of precipitation depend on the altitude, remoteness from the sea, and the surrounding mountain ranges. Land lands are divided into plains, foothills and mountains. Their geography determines the main occupation of local residents.
The history of the region
The people of Dagestan have gone through such a difficult, eventful path in their historical development that full descriptions of them are not articles, but entire volumes. Some nationalities of the republic are associated with kinship with the Medes, the Hittites, the peoples of ancient Sumer. The first state, which included the territory of southern Dagestan, was Caucasian Albania, formed in the 5th century BC. Constant wars led to the fact that the lands passed from one state to another, rulers and religions changed. The gradual process of the formation of Dagestan as an unification of various nationalities was due to the need to unite small tribes to protect their lands from stronger enemies. Historically, the best flat lands were occupied by alien peoples: Arabs, Shiites, Sunnis. Originally local tribes were forced out into the mountains, but over time they all became related and substantiated their single Dagestan epic.
Some statistics
What will stingy numbers tell about Dagestan:
- The territory of the republic is 50.3 thousand km 2.
- Coastline - 530 km, total land borders - 1181 km.
- The highest point is 4466 km, the average height above sea level is 1000 km.
- The total population, according to the latest census, is 2125 thousand people.
- The number of peoples of Dagestan is 102, of which 30 are indigenous.
- The territorial division of the republic is 22 districts.
- The population of rural areas is 69%.
- Heroes of the Soviet Union (Dagestanis) - 49 people.
Peoples of Dagestan
The list of main nationalities looks like this:
- Avars - 30% of the total population, mainly occupy the mountainous regions of western Dagestan.
- Dargins - 17% of the ethnic group, traditionally settled in the mountains and foothills of the middle part of the republic.
- Nogais - 16% of the population, the main residence is the Nogai steppe in the north of Dagestan.
- Kumyks - 13% of the population, which occupies the Terk-Sulam lowland and the northern foothills.
- Lezgins - 12%, places of settlement - mountains, foothills and plains of Southern Dagestan.
- The Russian population of Dagestan, also belongs to the local population, occupies 7% of the population. Most Russians live in the capital Makhachkala and other cities and towns. Citizens among Russians make up 80%. Representatives of Russian rural residents are mainly Terek Cossacks, whose settlements are concentrated in the lower reaches of the Terek.
- Laks are concentrated in the central part of the mountains and account for 5% of the ethnic composition.
Approximately 4% each, in the total number of such nationalities as Tabasarans, Turks (Azerbaijanis), Chechens. The number of the latter increased sharply after the outbreak of hostilities on the territory of the Chechen Republic. Tats (the people of Dagestan, who call themselves Dagestan Jews), Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs, who live mainly in certain separate territories, make up an insignificant part of the Dagestan population.
In addition to indigenous groups, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Ukrainians, Georgians, Tatars, Belarusians, Ossetians, and Persians who have lived here since birth consider themselves to be residents of Dagestan.
Language composition
Yes, such a variety of nationalities and nationalities on a relatively small piece of land is nowhere else in the world. Corresponding is the diversity of linguistic composition. There are only 30 indigenous languages in Dagestan. This is also unique to Dagestan. What other people can present to the world such a difference in languages, dialects and dialects with, in general, a united culture, customs, everyday traditions.
Linguists, together with historians, have identified the significant isolation of the villages from each other, associated with the geographical and climatic conditions of the mountainous area, as the main reason for the complex linguistic differences. The emergence of separate dialects was also facilitated by different religious preferences, political and social differences, isolation within individual clans.
According to the linguistic composition, the population of Dagestan is divided into three main groups:
- North Caucasian family, Nakh-Dagestan branch (Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Laks, Tabarasans, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs, Chechens).
- Altai language family, Turkic group (Turks, Kumyks, Tatars, Nogais).
- Indo-European language family (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tats, Jews, Armenians).
Religious denominations
In terms of religious beliefs, the modern people of Dagestan are mostly (90%) Sunni Muslims. But it was not always so. Back in the first century after the birth of Christ, the population of Caucasian Albania, and then all the Dagestanis, adopted Christianity, Islam was imposed on the Albanians as a result of a hundred-year war with the Arabs. But for many millennia, it was Islam that established itself not only in Dagestan, but also spread to other territories of the Caucasus. Another branch of Muslims is the Shiites, these are mainly Turks, to whom some Lezgin settlements also joined. Judaism is practiced by mountain Jews - Tats, while the Orthodox population, including adherents of the Armenian Gregorian Church, is 9%. There is no acute hostility towards non-Christians here, a mixture of languages and religions fosters tolerance for the religions of neighbors.
Big nations and small nations
Frequent questions about any multinational country or republic: "What is the main and most numerous people? Whose traditions and language prevail in the region?" In this case, it is difficult to answer them, for the reason that the peoples of Dagestan, the list of which is compiled in order of decreasing percentage to the total number, include several more ethnic groups, which give the total percentage of the nationality.
Avars, who make up a third of the population of the republic, are the common name for fifteen ethnic groups. Andians, Archins, Akhvakhs, Bagulals, Bezhtins, Botlikhs, Ginukhs, Godoberins, Gunzibs, Didoys, Tindins, Karatas, Khvarshins, Tsezes, Chamaltas consider themselves to be Avars. 17% of Dargins are Kubachins and Kaitags. Here is such a Caucasian Babylon and Jerusalem.
The Tsakhurs are considered the smallest people in Dagestan, their number on the territory of the republic is about 10 thousand people. Most of the Tsakhurs live in Azerbaijan. This nationality in Dagestan settled in the most inaccessible high-mountain region - Rutulsky, the sources of the Samur River. The village of Tsakhur is considered the most ancient village of Dagestan, its history is rooted in the distant historical past, and the name is translated as "Burning village". Numerous hordes of conquerors repeatedly burned it to the ground, but the patient people restored the village again and again.
Customs and traditions
In countries where the leading religion is Islam, the entire life of society is subject to Sharia law, which in most cases is enshrined in law. The Caucasians, which include the people of Dagestan, call the customs and traditions that regulate almost all aspects of society's life the word "adat". The way of family life, relationships with neighbors, the rules of matchmaking and marriage, hospitality - everything is taken into account in the set of unwritten rules of the highlanders, intertwined with some dogmas of religion, but does not always correspond to legislative norms. If the rules for receiving guests, honoring elders deserve respect and praise, then the adat of blood feud is already contrary to state laws. Many traditions in modern Dagestan are gradually losing their relevance, but the laws of the ancestors are still strong in the local society.
Famous Dagestanis
The Republic of Dagestan, whose peoples are famous for their diligence, perseverance, courage and talents, has given the world many famous and worthy countrymen. Here are just a few names that are familiar to many:
- Jamal Adzhigirey - wushu wrestler, actor.
- Yusup Akaev - pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union.
- Ali Aliyev - wrestler, five-time world champion.
- Rasul Gamzatov - sings.
- Mansul Isaev - judoka.
- Musa Manarov - pilot-cosmonaut.
Performed:
8th grade student
Kurbanova Maryam Suleybanovna.
Supervisor:
Abutkova Lyubov Nikolaevna
mathematic teacher.
p. Krasnopartizansky
1. Introduction. 3
2. Culture of the peoples of Dagestan 3-7.
3. Mountain traditions through the eyes of youth. 7-13.
4. Hospitality. 14
5. First time in the village. 14-18.
6. Conclusions. 18.
7. Literature. 19.
Introduction.
Dagestan is a peculiar and civilizationally unique region, where for many centuries their own spiritual values were developed, a culture and a system of education for the younger generation were formed. This system, based on traditions and adats (local customs), which has existed for millennia, reveals the characteristics of the Dagestan people, their character, morals, and psychology. The peoples of Dagestan, both individually and all together in close cooperation for centuries, have accumulated their own experience in ensuring a healthy lifestyle for a person. This experience is most closely adapted to the special conditions of the national, regional and natural-geographical habitation of the peoples of Dagestan. But at present, the problem of preserving, observing and transmitting the traditions and customs accumulated by our great-grandfathers to the younger generation is becoming more and more acute.
Goal of the work: To determine the degree of observance of the established traditions and customs of the older generation by the current younger generation.
Tasks:
Consider the traditions and customs of the peoples of Dagestan.
Compare the degree of observance of traditions by several generations.
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as K. D. Ushinsky noted, the pedagogical genius of the people was clearly reflected.
Each nation develops its own ideal of a person and demands that the education of a growing personality be guided by it. K. D. Ushinsky believed that "every nation in its literature, starting with a song, proverb, fairy tale and ending with a drama and a novel, expresses its convictions about what a person should be according to his concept." Realizing the needs of the socio-economic development of the mountainous region, taking into account the natural and geographical conditions of the republic, the Dagestan people identified the main goals of the school: mental education, labor training, physical development, moral education. Education, knowledge, erudition have always been considered here as a factor of social survival and well-being. This is reflected in the proverbs: "Hold on to the pen - it is the son of bread", "The strong one will overcome, the scientist - a thousand", "Knowledge is the greatest wealth", "In your youth, if you do not study, you will regret in old age."
The folk experience of ensuring a healthy lifestyle of a person is bit by bit concentrated in numerous verbal means of education (lullabies, nursery rhymes, jokes, riddles, proverbs, sayings, fairy tales, legends, heroic-epic tales, etc.); in combined and integrated means of education (games, labor operations, everyday social events, interpersonal relationships, ceremonies, rituals, festive dramatizations, etc.).
Dagestan, as well as the Caucasus in general, has long attracted the attention of travelers. Everyone who comes to Dagestan, the southernmost republic of the Russian Federation, is in for an unforgettable experience.
Dagestan in translation means "country of mountains". This is a bright and colorful world, full of striking contrasts, unique landscapes, rare animals and plants; here out of every four days three are sunny; magnificent panorama of the eastern part of the Main Caucasian Range, the coast
The Caspian Sea, the generous sun - all this attracts tourists to rest and travel around Dagestan.
Two thirds of the territory of the republic are located at an altitude of 2000 to 4500 meters. From the south, Dagestan has natural borders in the form of high mountain ranges with Georgia and Azerbaijan, from the east, the Caspian Sea, from the north, vast sandy steppes.
Dagestan is not only a "country of mountains", but also a "country of languages". Having merged into one multinational people, about 30 nationalities live on the territory of Dagestan: Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Kumyks, Russians, Laks, Tabasarans, Azerbaijanis, Aguls, Rutuls. Chechens, Nogais and many others. And how many peoples, so many dialects that are of great interest for study. In total, more than 2 million people live in the republic.
Whatever part of the mountainous Dagestan you visit, you will be amazed by the unusual colors of nature, the chased silhouettes of auls, unusual mountain roads and numerous wall ornaments. And I want to understand the silence of the mountains, the beauty of the local architecture and the soul of the people, which is reflected in the carpet songs of the Tabasarans, the incisions of the Kubachi masters, in the Balkhara pottery, the creators of the singing tree - the Untsukul people, in the silver patterns of the Gotsatli people.
In our age of civilization and modernization, it is possible to look into the depths of centuries, to see how the peoples of Dagestan lived in the old days. After all, despite the achievements of progress, the highlanders sacredly honor their customs, love for the land, respect for their elders and their past, and also cherish their cultural heritage.
For tourists, there is a good opportunity to get acquainted with the history, culture, traditions and customs of the peoples of Dagestan, with historical monuments, functioning Muslim mosques, with the oldest in
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Russia, the fortress city of Derbent, through which the Great Silk Road passed in the Middle Ages.
In Dagestan it is good to relax and travel at any time of the year. In spring and autumn, summer and winter, lovers of mountain tourism, ethnographers and historians, hunters and fishermen come here.
The life, customs, architecture and crafts of the highlanders are interesting. Whatever the aul, the originality of the layout of the arrangement of dwellings on the steep slopes of their mountains. From a distance, the villages resemble multi-storey buildings. Of the architectural techniques in high esteem, the construction of arches, covered passages, galleries, balconies. Hard-working highlanders have laid hundreds of kilometers of horse and foot trails in the mountains. Arched stone bridges seem to fly from coast to coast. They are beautiful and durable. The art of building retaining walls and small tunnels in the mountains is the envy of any mountain dweller from other countries.
The craftsmen of Dagestan have been famous for a long time. Beautiful cloaks from Andi and Rakhata, woodcutting in Untsukul and silversmiths from Gotsatl, Kubachi goldsmiths and chain mailers, Balkhar products made from special clay, Lezgin and Tabasaran carpets and jurabs - you can’t list everything.
There are many routes in Dagestan for every taste. You can live in a highlander's shakla, you can watch how bracelets and earrings are made, you can see how a handsome man is born - shirag in the hands of a balkhar woman. You can walk to the ancient towers and auls, ride a horse across the carpet of alpine meadows. And the views of glaciers and mighty peaks of the Alpine high-mountainous Dagestan will leave an indelible impression on the visitor.
Do not miss the unique opportunity, in a short moment, 10-12 days, to see and feel the beauty of the mountains, the power of the gray-haired Caspian, our flora and fauna in all its diversity, and most importantly our people, original history, culture, folklore, customs and traditions.
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You can visit the mountain villages, get acquainted with the folk crafts of Dagestan: jewelry and copper chased works, the process of making ceramic dishes, carpet weaving and artistic woodworking.
The proposed routes pass through the most noteworthy places of the republic, where you can see with your own eyes all the natural beauty of the "Country of Mountains", as well as the creations of the craftsmen of Dagestan. And all along the way. You will meet more and more new sights and monuments of folk art. Along all routes there are many old springs, beautifully decorated stones, and old watchtowers come across, reminding us of the courageous resistance of the highlanders to foreign invaders.
Mountain customs through the eyes of youth.
When assessing the modern moral and cultural situation that has developed among the youth of Dagestan in our so-called democratic times, many scientists firmly state that in Dagestan at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries. the spirituality nurtured for centuries, which we have always been proud of, has disappeared. Usually she is brought up first in the family, then in kindergarten, then at school, in secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. However, as the analysis shows, none of these links is currently carrying out proper and effective educational work. This is especially true for cities. It has been left to chance, has gone far from the traditions on which our young men and women were tempered earlier.Gasanova A. from the village Akushi believes that one of the well-established local traditions is the care of the jamaat and each majalis about the formation of the structure and functions of the modern family. In the countryside, labor education is differentiated. Teenage boys drive cattle in the evening, feed
and water it, chop firewood, perform all the labor processes on household plots (digging, watering, planting trees, harvesting, etc.), help the father. Girls fetch water, carry out various tasks for their parents, replace their mother during her absence, prepare food for the whole family, check the diaries of younger sisters and brothers, help them complete tasks, etc. Until marriage, girls remain in the care of their mother, who must strictly monitor for their behaviour. Not without reason, for the unseemly actions of his daughters, the father blames, first of all, his wife, her omissions in raising a child.
Madina Magomedova from the village. Kahib of the Shamil district says: “It is customary for us to greet everyone we meet. There is a custom according to which the arrival of a guest is expected every day, and when he appears, the owner is obliged to go out to meet him, greet him with the words: “Welcome!”.
Everyone who comes to the godekan knows his place: the elders sit in places of honor, a little further - married men, then - youth, even further - teenagers. The last two groups listen attentively to the elders, but in no case get involved in a conversation or a heated argument and act in life as required by local customs and traditions.
Z.M. Suleimanova from the villages. Mugi of the Akushinsky district notes that the traditions and customs of family life are formed and consolidated depending on what kind of climate is created in the village. The student states: “For Mugins, mutual respect for juniors and elders, mutual assistance and support of a person in trouble, sick, lonely, needy are traditional. I can proudly say that not a single Mugin is found in nursing homes and there is not a single abandoned Mugin child in an orphanage.”
Promoting the principles of humanity, which the student spoke about, was one of the most important principles of the aul, as clearly evidenced by the custom of "bilhaa", which allowed helping a poor villager to build
It says "roof over your head". People, having learned about the desire of the villager to have their own housing, gathered all over the world and helped him not financially, but by active physical labor. One day they prepared building materials, then built a house. Within a few days they raised the dwelling. The hosts were only supposed to cook food for the participants of the "bilha". This custom of mutual assistance was common in many villages of Dagestan: "bulka" in the Kumyk, "mel" - in the Lezgin regions.
In the village of Kundy in the Laksky district, as Milana Kurbanova tells from the words of her grandmother, the custom of 
indications of help not only in building a house, but also during haymaking and reaping, during weddings and funerals, and even when drying mutton carcasses.
The rallying of the population of the aul into one big family, as the students write, is facilitated by such folk traditions as the celebration of the first furrow, the festival of flowers, the festival of picking cherries and others. “A lot of games and entertainment,” says Milana Kurbanova, “were associated with the holidays, among which the most popular was Int deidikhu (beginning of spring), a celebration of the new calendar year, celebrated on March 21-22 and accompanied by a number of entertainment events. Children are especially prepared for it. Having found clay, they mold a lot of clay balls, into which weed stalks are stuck on both sides and dried. On the night of the holiday, weed branches are set on fire and, with the help of a special sling, are sent from an elevated place towards the village. The impression is amazing. Bonfires are also kindled, and all the villagers, up to the very old, jump over them, hoping to be freed from the sins, illnesses, hardships and troubles of the old year. When performing the ritual, the words are pronounced: “Big harvest,
grain and grass, the fertility of livestock. In the old days, the ritual of the holiday included ritual divination of girls. At night, under the pillows they put the root of Datura grass, shaped like a human body, a walnut, etc., which were supposed to inspire her with a prophetic dream that determined the events that awaited this year and her fate. Loaves in the shape of a person, animals, birds were baked from pastry for the spring holiday. They were called in Lak "barta", and their front part was decorated with walnuts, raisins. Bread "barta" was a unifying and obligatory attribute of the holiday. After the running competition, the one who comes running first is given a large “bart”, the rest are given small ones.
The holiday of the first furrow symbolizes the beginning of the economic year, as if opening the arable land for spring sowing. Before the ceremony of the first exit of the plow, no one has the right to start spring plowing. It is believed that the harvest of grain, the abundance of moisture for the fields depends on the successful plowman who made the first furrow. Therefore, the jamaat chose a person known for "lightness of hand." The plowman, dressed in a sheepskin coat with fur outside, with a plow harnessed by oxen, goes out, accompanied by the villagers, to the agreed field area and, under a hail of clods of clay and snow, with which the boys, as usual, shower him, makes several furrows, after which the collective treat of the villagers with meat follows, bread and buza with funds collected from all over the village. The holiday is everywhere accompanied by competitions: horse races, running of boys, girls and children. The horse that won first place in the races is decorated with silk scarves by the girls.
“Yaran Suvar” (New Year) is widely celebrated in South Dagestan. It is accompanied by kindling fires and jumping over them, fun, dancing.
According to Iman Dadaeva, in the Suleiman-Stal district, according to legend, in order to prevent any illness, many people tie their wrists
red thread. Children, jumping over the fires, shout loudly: “I myself am down, and my sins are up,” they walk around the village with bags, collecting gifts.
In the village of Kishcha, Dakhadaevsky district, as Khamis Sharipova soaks, a specially prepared tree, symbolizing the future abundant harvest, plays a big role in the First Furrow Festival. Apples, pears, sweets, pies, eggs and other products are hung on it. The organizers of the holiday carry a tasty tree to the place of the first furrow. On the way, the children try to get treats, although they know very well that they will still get the treats later.
The women of the village bake huge bagels, which, during the first furrow, are hung on the horns of oxen, solemnly descend from the mountainside.
Raziyat Gazieva, talking about this holiday, emphasizes that in Khunzakh, “as a rule, a plowman was not elected or appointed if his beard did not grow well. It was believed that crops would be rare. The main attention was paid to the temperature and humidity of the soil. The oldest and most experienced people determined the signs by touch, kneading a lump of earth in their hands. The flowering festival was also celebrated in Khunzakh.
In the village of Gergebil, P. M. Mirzoeva shares her observations, “the plowman must bear the costs of treating those participating in the holiday, which can only be done by a wealthy man. In the event of a crop failure or drought, the wine is assigned to the plowman, and he must answer to the jamaat.
In the village of Kuli, Kuli District, on the Day of the First Furrow, local boys lift old car tires up the nearest mountain, set them on fire and send them down to the river itself.
In many auls they began to hold the Village Day, which is entrusted with the task of uniting all the villagers into one family, determining its most important tasks to achieve high economic indicators. Eid al-Adha, Eid al-Adha, etc. are widely celebrated in auls.
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Student M. Gasanova from the villages. Kirki of the Kaitag district, where there are only 80 farms, reports with delight: “We have weddings where all the villagers gather as one family.” She is echoed by Saigibat Rasulova from the villages. Shamilskoye, Shamilsky district: “A guy and a girl get to know each other, become good friends, and this friendship eventually develops into love.” Not far from this village is a village. Urib is in the same district where, according to Khadijat Magomedova, a huge wedding ceremony is taking place. “The parents of the groom themselves go to woo, and sometimes they send an honorary person to ask for the hand of the chosen one. After obtaining the consent of her parents, the betrothal ceremony begins. The wedding of the young produces qadi. According to the generally accepted adat of the Dagestanis, on the way to the groom's house, young people block the way to the wedding cortege, demanding a ransom. At the entrance to the house, the bride is met by the mother of the groom. Late at night, close people bring the groom to the bride's room and go home.
A student B. Magomedova from the villages discovers several new features in a mountain wedding. Kuba, Lak District: “Immediately before the wedding, the bride undergoes a week-long seclusion, during which she must be in the company of her friends. When leaving the parental home and entering the groom's house, bonfires are lit before the wedding procession. A carpet is spread in front of the groom's house, on which the bride enters the house.
Kumyk Albina Tulparova, whose ancestral roots originate in the Babayurt district, touched upon the problems of marriage of compatriots in the 19th - early 20th centuries. She notes: “Marriage, personal and property relations of spouses, divorce, guardianship, the procedure for dividing hereditary property among the peoples of Dagestan were strictly determined by Sharia norms. Islam and adats infringed on the interests of women in everything, made her a slave to men both in the family and in society.
There were among the Kumyks (and among other nationalities), although rarely, levirate and sororat, i.e. marriage to the widow of the brother or sister of the deceased wife, so as not to
orphan your brother's children and not lose your children. There were also frequent "exchange marriages" when a family took a girl from another family and, in turn, always gave their daughter to the brother of the taken girl.
An indispensable condition for the reliability of marriage has always been the economic equality of the parties. If one of the poor married the daughter of a representative of the upper class, then he had to obey his wife and her relatives in everything. A woman from a poor class who married a rich man endured reproaches, abuse, and humiliation. Unfortunately, such ugly phenomena exist in our lives today.
WITH 
wadding was surrounded by secrecy and carried out in the narrowest circle. It was believed that not every day of the week you can start matchmaking. According to customs, it was impossible to return from the road when they went to woo. Fearing not only neighbors, strangers, but also "evil spirits", the matchmakers preferred to go to the house of the bride's parents in the evening, not along the usual road. The matchmakers were not supposed to touch the served treat until they received a positive response.
As P.O. Aliyev, in the village. The Levashi bride used to go to the house of her fiance, surrounded by her friends, through the whole village on foot, later they began to carry her on a cart drawn by oxen. Now the car is running. If on the first day of the wedding, the villagers give the bride and groom gifts and money, then the next day the bride must definitely cook khinkal and treat everyone who came to the wedding.
At the birth of a child, the girl's mother presented her with a rocking cradle, her daughter's dress and a shirt for her son-in-law. Now a baby is given a crib instead of a cradle, a daughter instead of a dress - a gold jewelry, a son-in-law instead of a shirt - a suit.
Hospitality.
AND Perhaps the most striking thing for a person who first appeared in Dagestan is the custom of hospitality. Dagestan proverbs say: "May such a day not come when a guest does not come to the house!".
According to long-established customs, every highlander considered it an honor to adequately receive a guest. Guests were welcomed at any time of the day or night. The Dagestanis even had a custom: when they sat down to have lunch or dinner, they divided everything equally among family members and separated a portion in case a belated guest suddenly came.
How does a traveler become a guest? The reasons are different: he lost his way, got into a blizzard, fell ill or needed to come to the village.
If a person is in the village for the first time.
If a person is in an unfamiliar aul for the first time, he goes to the godekan, where people usually sat until late at night. Addressed them with a greeting, and then reported who he was, from what area and what brought him here. As soon as it became known that the visitor did not have a kunak in the aul, those sitting on the godekan said: "You are our guest." When a guest was offered to receive several people, preference was given to the eldest.
If a traveler ended up in an aul at night, one could knock on any house, say who he was, and he was warmly received.
In some villages there was a custom of the order of reception of guests. The representative of the village administration brought the visitor to the house and announced that he was your guest. If someone refused the offer of a rural performer to accept a visitor, then a certain fine was collected from such an owner.
In the western Avaria, the traveler did not go to the godekan, but went into any house and said: "Let's be brothers." Such a guest was considered even more honorable.
Very often the guest of one brother became the guest for other brothers and relatives.
The highlander considered it his moral duty to receive the guest and render him services. Respect for the sacred law of hospitality is evidenced by the surviving inscription on the stone slab of the Didoite sakle: "Not out of pride or vanity, not for the honors or pleasures of life, a real house was built, but in order to receive high and dear guests in it and give them a comfortable rest after a difficult way.Each guest entering this house will find an honorable welcome, complete security, comfort and shelter.This house was built according to the covenant of the ancestors to receive distinguished guests.Builder of the house, you are not the owner and ruler of this home, but your distinguished guests.
Lord of the house, keep your guests and serve them for three days until they become the masters of a real house.
There is only one God, and Mohammed is his prophet. Yes, keep a real home. Let no guest pass by this house."
"The guest is the messenger of Allah" - said the highlanders. He was greeted with a respectful bow. The arrival of a guest was considered a pleasant occasion for all households to show helpfulness.
This was how everyone who entered the house was treated, no matter who he was, no matter what nation and religion he belonged to. Even a blood lover became a sacred person for the host and entered into all the rights of a guest, that is, under special protection. He was fed, watered and kept like a relative, even better.
I will give only touches from the mountain etiquette of receiving a guest.
An old Kumyk proverb says: You can not give food to a guest, but welcome it cordially.
When a guest comes to the house, the first duty of a boy or a girl is to run with a jug for spring water for him, and a fire begins to be kindled in the hearth.
According to custom, the hosts should forget about their business and give all attention to the guest. A representative of another nationality is surrounded by special honor.
In all mountain villages, the guest is given the best room. If there is no such room, then the owners go to relatives, creating comfort for the guest.
A guest in the mountains is not unexpected. The Highlander is always waiting for him. In this case, the hostess always leaves khinkal and a piece of meat in the cauldron. Sometimes they were ashamed of their poverty. A man will knock on the door, but there is no piece of bread in the house. Then the hostess turns to her neighbor, and if that one has nothing, she puts the last thing in the house on the table. In all cases, the hosts try to treat the guest with the best dishes of Dagestan cuisine.
During the meal, in no case, neither the host nor the hostess interrupted the meal (did not rise from the table) until the guest was satisfied. Even when the latter says "alhamdulillag" ("praise to God", barkala - thank you), the owner tried to persuade him to continue eating, and put the best meat, cheese, bread in front of him.
A guest should not need anything - such an unwritten custom of the highlanders. Considering that the traveler could get wet or catch a cold on the way, fur coats intended for guests were kept in many mountain houses.
This custom is still widespread today.
The visitor could stay for as long as he needed for business. The people of Bagulali used to have a custom not to ask the visitor anything for three days. After three days, they talked with him as with an equal member of the family.
It was considered a disgrace if someone insulted a guest. The owner in such cases should take revenge on the ignoramus. In the mountain village there was even a law according to which "if a guest from another society is killed, then the guilty person is liable as for the murder of a resident of the Tyndall society." As usual for everyone
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of the mountain peoples, the newcomer always found the support of not only the owner, but the entire jamaat.
The pre-revolutionary ethnographer N. Semenov testifies to the holiness of the custom of hospitality. In his article on Kumyk customs, he writes that the Kumyks provided immunity to the enemy who killed the brother of the owner of the house in which he took refuge as a guest. The bloodline himself did not know that he was staying with the brother of the man he had killed. “Having hidden the bloodline,” writes Semyonov, “from all relatives, the brother of the murdered man took him out of the village at night, gave him a horse and said goodbye: “Now leave wherever you want and never come across again, because I am the brother of the one whose blood you spilled today."
When the guest leaves, the host accompanies him to the border of the aul, as a rule, goes ahead of the guest, thereby showing that the guest is under his protection.
According to the mountain tradition of hospitality, a person, no matter what nationality he belonged to, no matter what language he spoke, could go around the whole of Dagestan without spending a single abaza (ruble). Everywhere and everywhere he found shelter, hospitality and refreshments. "A house where they don't go to visit," the highlanders said, "is an unhappy house."
Many different traditions, customs and rituals were collected by our great-grandfathers. Our parents strictly followed these established traditions and customs. Our current generation, however, no longer follows these rules so strictly. Many traditions are unknown to us, but some of them we also honor and try to observe. The tradition of hospitality, respect for elders, friendship and collectivism, observance of the rules of personal hygiene is strictly carried out by us. We do not pay enough attention to work, physical education.
CONCLUSIONS.
The purpose of the work was to determine the degree of observance of the traditions and customs accumulated over the centuries by the younger generation.
In the course of the work, the following were carried out:
Conversations with older people about the traditions and customs of the peoples of Dagestan;
Conversations with students from different villages, students of Makhachkala;
Observations on the behavior of the younger generation.
The work done on this issue allows us to conclude that the current generation does not always and in everything adhere to the customs and traditions that have developed over the centuries. Only by preserving and constantly increasing the spiritual heritage of people, it is possible to look into the future with confidence. In any case, custom guides all people, to a greater or lesser extent, at all levels of culture ... Custom is the regulator of life, moderating the arbitrariness of individuals in the interests of the community.
LITERATURE.
1. Saidov T. G. Traditions of peoples create a person. Makhachkala, 1994.
2. Gamzatov R. G. My Dagestan. Book. 1 - 2. Makhachkala, 1989.
3. Aliyeva F. The wind will not blow away a lump of earth. M.1973
4. Magomedov R. M. Customs and traditions of the peoples of Dagestan. Makhachkala, 1992
Dagestan is a republic of Russia, which is located in the southernmost region of the country. In addition, it is multinational and unites 102 nationalities. Among them are both indigenous and visiting people. The indigenous nationalities include Avars, Aguls, Andians, Kubachins, Dargins, Laks, Rutuls, Lezgins, Tabasarans, Tsezs and others.
The culture and traditions of the peoples of Dagestan are very diverse, they have been formed over many years and passed down from generation to generation. Each of these peoples has its own characteristics and differences that give them originality.
Avars
Maarulal or Avars are the people of Dagestan, numbering about 577 thousand people. They are settled throughout western Dagestan, especially in mountainous regions. Most of them communicate in their Avar language, which has many dialects. The Avars profess Islam, but elements of paganism are still present in their faith. They sacredly treat nature, honor it and cry for help, performing magical rituals.
The traditional occupation for these people is cattle breeding and agriculture. Of the animals, it is preferable to breed cattle, and in the mountains - sheep. The Avars developed a highly organized structure of terraced agriculture, which in the mountains was supplemented by an irrigation system. Like the rest of the peoples of Dagestan, the Avars have been actively using home crafts since ancient times. These include weaving, embroidery, wool knitting, wood and stone carving, blacksmithing.
Agultsy
The Agul people of Dagestan live in its southern part. The number of this population is approximately equal to 8-9 thousand people. For communication, they use the Agul language, which is related to Lezgi. This nationality lives in 21 settlements of southeastern Dagestan.
The traditions of this people, as well as the traditions of the peoples of Dagestan as a whole, are unique. The main occupation for centuries for the Agul people was cattle breeding. Only men were allowed to take care of the sheep. Women were engaged exclusively in cattle.
Metal processing was a very important aspect of the life of the Agul people. Blacksmiths made axes, scythes, knives and sickles, which will be useful in any household. The Agulians were excellent builders. They built bridges, houses and mosques. They decorated their buildings with skillfully carved stones, the ornaments of which reflected the entire culture of the peoples of Dagestan.
Andean group of peoples
The Andians are a whole group of nationalities, which includes such peoples of Dagestan as the Akhvakhs, Botlikhs, Tindals, Bagulals, Karatas, Godoberi, Chmalals and, in fact, the Andians themselves. The total number of people of these nationalities is 55-60 thousand people. They live in the highlands of Western Dagestan. Communication takes place in the Andean language with many dialects.
The religion of the Andians reflects the customs of the peoples of Dagestan, since the majority of the indigenous population are Sunni Muslims. Their main occupations were also agriculture and cattle breeding. Since ancient times, the houses of these peoples were built of stone. There were not so many two-story dwellings, one-story dwellings had a rectangular shape. Those Andians who were engaged in agriculture developed their own agricultural calendar, which helped determine the time of sowing and harvesting certain plants.
Dargins
Dargins are the people of Dagestan, traditionally inhabiting mountainous regions. There is no language that would unite all Dargins, there are many variations of the Dargin language. The customs and traditions of the peoples of Dagestan, as well as the Dargins separately, are closely connected with the general social and economic processes that took place in the ancient period of history. They were engaged in the usual activities for the inhabitants of this territory, that is, cattle breeding, agriculture and folk crafts. The Dargins were famous for their jewelry and leather-woolen products, weapons. Women processed wool, wove cloth and rugs.
Kubachins
This people of Dagestan lives in the small village of Kubachi, Dakhadaevsky district. Their number does not exceed 1900 people. In addition, Kubachins live in other settlements of Central Asia and the Caucasus. Their native language is Kubachi. The inhabitants of this settlement are mainly artisans. If they grew food or grazing livestock, then this was of an auxiliary nature.
The most common crafts have long been metalworking, construction, wood and stone carving. Women knitted, weaved, embroidered, made felt from which they made shoes. Knowledge and skill in metal processing was passed from father to son. Interesting are the folk dances of the Kubachins, which were carefully designed to perform various rituals.
Laks
The central part of Nagorny Dagestan is inhabited by another of the peoples - the Laks. Language - Lak, religion - Islam. This people has been living on the territory of Dagestan since ancient times. Their main occupation is the cultivation of wheat crops (rye, wheat, millet, legumes, barley, and more). Animal husbandry was also developed. Of the crafts, cloth-making, jewelry, pottery, silver and gold embroidery were developed. The Laks were famous merchants, confectioners and acrobats. The epic of this people is also rich. Word of mouth passed stories about the great heroes of the past and how they fought evil.
Lezgins
Lezgins compactly settled on the lands of Southern Dagestan. Their number in this area is 320 thousand people. Communication takes place in the Lezgi language, which is often modified by local residents. Lezgi mythology is rich in stories about the gods who controlled nature. But paganism was replaced by Christianity, which after a while was nevertheless replaced by Islam.
Like all the peoples of Dagestan, the Lezgins grew crops, especially wheat, rice and corn, and raised livestock. Lezgins made wonderful carpets, which are known far beyond their borders. Also common crafts were the production of felt and jewelry. The Lezgins are also known for their folk dance - the Lezginka, which has become traditional for all the peoples of the Caucasus.
Rutula
The name of this people comes from the largest settlement - Rutul, located in southern Dagestan. These people speak the Rutulian language, but its dialects differ to a large extent from each other. Religion is traditional for this area - Islam. There are also elements of paganism: the worship of mountains, the graves of saints. Another feature is that, along with Allah, the rutuli recognize another, their own god, Yinshli.
Tabasarans
This people also lives in South Dagestan. Their number is 90 thousand people. The Tabasaran language is divided into southern and northern dialects. The main religion is Islam. Occupations are also very traditional for this region - animal husbandry and agriculture. Tabasarans are masters in carpet weaving, pottery, blacksmithing, woodworking, and making socks with a variety of patterns. Various genres of folklore, such as mythical tales and ritual songs, are sufficiently developed.
Tsez group of peoples
The Tsez peoples include the Ginukhs, the Bezhtins, the Tsezs, the Gunzibs and the Khvarshins. There is no common language, the peoples communicate in their dialects. For these peoples, the blood ties of families, the so-called tukhums, have long been of great importance. These associations helped each member, selected the most profitable party for marriage. From the products used milk, dried and fresh meat, cereals, flour, fresh and dried fruits. Although these peoples profess Islam, beliefs in genies, brownies, devils and witches have been preserved.
Thus, Dagestan is the cradle of many nations. The culture and traditions of the peoples of Dagestan have retained their distinctive features in our time, which makes them interesting to study. Their faith combined the main features of Islam with the remnants of the pagan past, which makes them unique.
In Dagestan since 2013 in cultural and leisure institutions within the framework of the development project of the republic "Human capital" (subproject "Culture and traditions of the peoples of Dagestan") centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia are being created.
The work of the centers is aimed at the study and revival of national traditions, cultural cooperation. Regional and national features of folk art are being updated today. The manifestations of national consciousness are growing, including in the field of ethnoculture.
In Dagestan, this trend is connected, among other things, with the formation of centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia. Centers are the area where, in conditions of autonomous development, it is possible to preserve and develop not only a single cultural space, a separate nationality, but also deepen creative ties and cooperation between regions.
In all centers there are expositions of ethno-cultural heritage: household items and old household utensils; national costumes, musical instruments. Workshops on folk crafts are being created: tastar weaving, carpet weaving, woodcarving, making musical instruments in the villages of Babayurt, Nizhnee Kazanishche, Vachi, Untsukul, Majalis, Urkarakh and others. Centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia in some villages of the Sergokalinsky, Levashinsky, Khunzakhsky districts and some others created kunatsky, where visitors are introduced to the ethnic culture of the peoples of Dagestan, national dishes are prepared.
The workers of the Center of the Tsuntinsky district restored an old women's didoy costume and unique headdresses. At the center, the folklore ensemble "Cesi" began to function again, in the repertoire of which there are original didoic dances and songs in the local dialect. The folklore ensemble "Darachchi" was created in the Center of the Novolaksky district; in the village of Majalis, a studio of folk and applied arts "Kaitag embroidery" has been opened and operates, where the traditions of ancient women's needlework are being revived.
The workers of the centers make efforts to preserve ethnic holidays and ceremonial rituals. With the support of the centers, the festival of the irrigation canal in Gumbetovsky, the winter ritual holiday "Urkhobay" in Charodinsky, the rite of harvest in Levashinsky, the bride's exit to the spring in Khunzakhsky are held; holidays of the meeting of spring "Novruz", "Ebeltsan", "Yaran-Suvar" in Tabasaran, Derbent, Khiva, "Intnil hykhyu" in Kulinsky, Laksky, Novolaksky, "Maslenitsa" in Kizlyar and Tarumovsky regions, the first furrow in different regions of Dagestan.
These examples are evidence that the cultural and educational activities of the centers are an open territory. In the centers, the interests of all municipal departments freely intersect, traditions continue and develop, new forms of work are tried.
From 2013 to 2015, the centers were opened in all municipalities. Work in this direction continues. To date, 52 municipal and about 200 settlement centers of the traditional culture of the peoples of Russia have been opened.
Relevant work is underway to improve the material and technical base of the centers, purchase inventory, sound and lighting equipment, vehicles, etc. For these purposes, from the republican budget, each municipal center in 2014-2015. 1 million 400 thousand rubles were allocated. According to information from the districts, many centers have significantly improved their material and technical condition: they have acquired musical instruments (pandurs, agach-kumuzes, accordions, button accordions, tambourines, etc.), sound amplifying equipment (microphones, speakers, etc.). Many centers have purchased sewing machines or looms, sewed national costumes for their creative teams.
In the centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia, artistic and creative projects are held for children and with the participation of children. Among them are “Golden Stars of the Caucasus”, “Little Highlanders”, “Peace Begins from Childhood”, “Enemzhaya”, “Serpentine of Friendship”, “Children of the Mountains”, “Golden Hands”, “We are for peace on the planet”, etc.
The centers pay attention to the development of children's artistic creativity, patriotic education. Sufficient experience in the patriotic education of adolescents and youth has been accumulated in many districts and cities (Levashinsky, Buynaksky, Kizlyarsky, Nogaisky, Tarumovsky, Babayurtovsky, Khunzakhsky districts, Makhachkala, Derbent, Kizilyurt, Buynaksk, Izberbash, Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk, Kizlyar, etc.), where, together with educational institutions, competitions of military-patriotic songs, meetings with veterans of the Great Patriotic War and local military events, youth competitions, holidays, festivals, theme evenings, etc. are held.
In order to promote a healthy lifestyle, it is practiced to hold various events, anti-drug youth actions with the involvement of law enforcement officers and drug control, medical workers, and clergy. Programs of this subject are broadcast on local television channels.
Centers today are one of the ways to preserve and develop folk art and cultural traditions. They create new folk groups, which are sometimes the only environment for the existence of folk performing arts, the preservation of national instruments and costumes. About 100 folklore ensembles, folk vocal groups, consolidated folklore groups operate in the republic. 
In all centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia there are talented performers of folk and modern national songs. Many of them have vocal and instrumental ensembles. In Akhtyn, Dokuzparinsky and Magaramkent regions, ensembles of ashugs, including family ones, successfully work.
Work is underway to open studios or circles for learning to play the saz, pandura, chungur, zurna, agach-kumuz and other musical instruments. Similar studios already exist in the centers of Magaramkent, Botlikh, Levashinsky, Suleiman-Stalsky, Dakhadaevsky, Kaytagsky, Sergokalinsky and some other districts. Ensembles of pandurists and zurnaches have been created in the centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia in the Levashinsky and Dakhadaevsky regions.
One of the tasks of the centers is to preserve and develop the traditions of family art. The Republican festival "Family of Dagestan" is held annually in the Sergokalinsky district with the support of the administration of the municipal district and gathers family ensembles from all over the Republic. They represent amateur family creativity in all genre diversity: folklore, instrumental performance, folk and pop vocals, choreographic art. Within the framework of the republican festival, also with the support of the heads of municipal districts in the centers of Akhtynsky, Babayurtovsky and Charodinsky districts, zonal festivals of family creative groups are held. 
The general indicator of the work of the centers is the district, republican, regional festivals of folk art, which contribute to the self-integration of folk culture into the Russian ethnospace. Republican holidays of tightrope walkers, folk costumes, folklore traditions, national and performing arts have become traditional: "Paglaman" and the "Heritage" festival in the Kulinsky district; festivals "Poetry of folk costume", "Voice of the mountains", "Play, accordion!" in the Levashinsky district; holiday "Shori Niki" in Derbent; zurnachi festival in Dakhadaevsky district; holidays "Cossack Compound" and "Russian People" in the Kizlyar region; "Sevinj" and "Golden Autumn" in the Derbent region; festival "Glory to the Cossack" in Kizlyar; the festival "Avar Koisu - the River of Friendship" in the Shamil region, the republican projects "Novruz" and "Maslenitsa" and many others.
In 2015 as part of the celebration of the 2000th anniversary of the city of Derbent, the centers deployed the “Springs of Dagestan” courtyards, where they presented crafts, life, national clothes, musical instruments and folk performing arts, and national cuisine. The creative teams of the centers participated in the holidays of rope walkers "Pehlevany", a gala concert and other events.
The Calendar of events of the centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia was approved. Since 2014, with the support of the centers, a cultural and educational project has been carried out - "creative landing": meetings of state cultural institutions, creative unions, cultural and art workers with employees of municipal institutions, residents of cities and regions. 
Together with the creative teams of the centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia, resonant international and all-Russian festivals and holidays "Tsamauri", "Cranes over Russia", "Highlanders", "Caspian - the coast of friendship", etc. are held.
2016 was the year of the VII International Festival of Folklore and Traditional Culture "Highlanders". Folklore ensembles "Ranranga" from Sri Lanka, "Alianza" from Mexico, "Omladina" from Slovakia and more than 40 creative teams from Dagestan took part in it. Within the framework of the festival, about a dozen different genres of artistic and creative projects were held: “Sing, ashug”, “Pakhlaman”, “Poetry of folk costume”, “Play, soul”, “Dagestan springs”, etc.
