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Presentation on the topic: Traditions and customs of the Tatar people

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Tatars (self-name - Tatar Tatar, tatar, pl. Tatarlar, tatarlar) - a Turkic people living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, the Urals, in Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Afghanistan and the Far East. The number in Russia is 5310.6 thousand people (2010 census) - 3.72% of the population of Russia. They are the second largest people in the Russian Federation after the Russians. They are divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars, sometimes Polish-Lithuanian Tatars are also distinguished. Tatars make up more than half of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (53.15% according to the 2010 census). The Tatar language belongs to the Kypchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family of languages ​​and is divided into three dialects: western (Mishar), middle (Kazan-Tatar) and eastern (Siberian-Tatar). Believing Tatars (with the exception of a small group - the Kryashens, who profess Orthodoxy) are Sunni Muslims.

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In the life and culture of any people there are many phenomena that are complex in their historical origin and functions. One of the most striking and revealing phenomena of this kind are folk customs and traditions. In order to understand their origins, it is necessary, first of all, to study the history of the people, its culture, get in touch with its life and way of life, try to understand its soul and character. Any customs and traditions basically reflect the life of a particular group of people, and they arise as a result of empirical and spiritual knowledge of the surrounding reality. In other words, customs and traditions are those precious pearls in the ocean of people's lives that they have collected over the centuries as a result of practical and spiritual comprehension of reality. Whatever tradition or custom we take, after examining its roots, we, as a rule, come to the conclusion that it is vitally justified and behind the form, which sometimes seems to us pretentious and archaic, hides a living rational kernel. The customs and traditions of any nation are its “dowry” when joining the huge family of humanity living on planet Earth. National culture is the national memory of the people, what distinguishes this people among others, keeps a person from depersonalization, allows him to feel the connection of times and generations, receive spiritual support and life support.

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Each nation has its own traditions and customs, rooted in the distant past and resurrected now in the form of national holidays. Tatars have two words meaning holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called by the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaet - the holiday of fasting and Korban gaet - the holiday of the sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays in Tatar are called beyrem. What does "spring beauty", "spring celebration" mean.

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Traditions and customs of the Tatar people The originality of the historical past and the present state of Tatarstan is reflected in the content of the holidays celebrated here. Tatarstan has a calendar of holidays born at different times and different traditions: December 31, January 1, 2 New Year March 8 International Women's Day May 9 Victory Day June 12 Russian Sovereignty Day August 30 Sovereignty Day of the Republic of Tatarstan November 6 Constitution Day of the Republic of Tatarstan November 7 Anniversary of the Great October Revolution Day of Accord and Reconciliation in the Russian Federation December 12 Constitution Day of the Russian Federation February Maslenitsa, farewell to winter March Navruz, the day of the spring equinox, the holiday of the arrival of spring June Sabantuy

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Like many other peoples, the rites and holidays of the Tatar people largely depended on the agricultural cycle. Even the names of the seasons were denoted by a concept associated with a particular work: saban өste - spring, the beginning of spring; pehn өste - summer, haymaking time. The ethnographer R. G. Urazmanova, using extensive ethnographic material, divides the rituals of the Tatars into two unequal groups: spring-summer and winter-autumn cycles.

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Autumn-winter cycle Unlike the spring-summer cycle, it does not have a clear division, since it is not tied to the folk calendar, or rather, to agricultural life. R. G. Urazmanova highlights the following features of this season: Help. Assistance in carrying out particularly difficult work. This was especially noticeable when processing slaughtered geese - kaz өmәse, where people were invited, even if this was not necessary. Christmas time. The period of the winter solstice. Nardugan. It was found everywhere in the Volga region, among the Tatars it was common among the Kryashens and Mishars. Divination was a special element of these holidays. 1st of January. New Year. This holiday occurred only sporadically. Maslenitsa. One of the most common holidays among the Kryashens.

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In Muslim society, marriage, accompanied by the birth of children, is a religious obligation, and celibacy is a deplorable state. The Qur'an allows a believer to have four wives at the same time. In the sura of the Koran, which is called “Women”, it is said: “Marry those that are pleasing to you, women - and two, and three, and four. And if you are afraid that you will not be fair, then on one ... ". Socio-economic needs are at the forefront of the Shariah legal norms relating to marriage and family relations.

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The wife is obliged to: Live in her husband's house; Obey his orders, if they are not reckless; Do not appear without good reason in public places; Without the permission of the husband, the wife has no right to acquire property or hire servants. It should be noted that a disobedient wife cannot claim to be supported by her husband for the entire period until she submits to his will. If the wife fails to comply with these requirements, the husband may divorce her and refuse to support her. The husband has the right to deprive a disobedient wife of freedom and, after exhortations, subject her to light corporal punishment.

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The husband is obliged: To support an adult wife in accordance with his and her condition, and in case of inequality of conditions - according to the average calculation. The husband maintains his wife in a permanent marriage, after giving a divorce at the request of the husband, in case of divorce if the wife is pregnant. Absence of a husband from home for a period of 6 months and refusal to support his wife for the same period are grounds for divorce. If a husband has more than one wife, then he is obliged to give each of them a separate sleeping quarters, which has its own separate exit to the courtyard, and, if possible, equally divide his property between them, treating them equally in other respects. If the husband refuses to cohabit, the wife can turn to the people's judge, who, however, acts on the spouses only by exhortation. The husband is obliged to allow his wife to visit her parents once a week, children from a previous marriage - to visit them quite often, and to visit and receive her own relatives who are in degrees of kinship. The husband is not subject to punishment (neither civil nor criminal) for non-observance of marital fidelity, with the exception of the case of keeping a pagan concubine in the same house with his wife. This can be seen as an insult to the religious feelings of the wife, constituting an act of "cruelty", in the broad sense of the word, justifying the wife for not wanting to live with her husband and giving her the right to demand maintenance from him, despite the refusal to live with him. The husband should treat him well wife and address her as custom requires. The husband is obliged to buy his wife various clothes for summer and winter, for wearing day and night, as well as all necessary linen, a blanket, pillows, carpets, etc.

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Folk holidays Spring is a time of awakening of nature, a time of renewal and expectations. A good spring is to be a good harvest, and therefore a prosperous life. Boz Karau As in the cultures and traditions of all peoples, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first "spring celebration" (beyrem) is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz karau, boz bagu - “to watch the ice”, boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift. All the inhabitants of the village came out to watch the ice drift on the river bank. The youth dressed up, played the accordion. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes. Another of the traditions, when in early spring the children went home in their village to collect cereals, butter, eggs. From the food they collected on the street with the help of older cooks, the children boiled porridge in a large cauldron and ate it. Kyzyl yomorka A little later came the day of collecting colored eggs. The housewives dyed eggs in the evening - most often in a decoction of onion peel and in a decoction of birch leaves and baked buns and pretzels. In the morning, the children began to walk around the houses, brought chips into the house and scattered them on the floor - so that “the yard was not empty” and shouted out such sing-songs, chants, for example, “Kyt-kytyyk, kyt-kytyyk, are grandfather and grandmother at home? Will they give you an egg? Let you have many chickens, let the roosters trample them. If you do not give an egg, there is a lake in front of your house, you will drown there!

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Sabantuy Perhaps the most massive and popular holiday now, includes folk festivals, various rituals and games. Literally, "sabantuy" means "Feast of the Plow" (saban - plow and tui - holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work in April, now Sabantuy is celebrated in June - after sowing. Sabantuy starts in the morning. Women put on their most beautiful jewelry, ribbons are woven into the manes of horses, bells are hung from the arc. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan - a large meadow. There are a lot of entertainments on Sabantuy. The main thing is the national wrestling - kuresh. To win it requires strength, cunning and dexterity. There are strict rules: opponents wrap wide belts around each other - sashes, the task is to hang the opponent on his belt in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner (batyr) receives a live ram as a reward (according to tradition, but now they are more often replaced with other valuable gifts). You can participate and demonstrate your strength, dexterity, courage not only in wrestling kuresh.

Any nationality has its own traditions with customs, rooted in the distant past, but resurrected today as national holidays. The Tatars have two words that mean holiday. Religious, that is, Muslim holidays are called here by the word Gay or Ayet. For example, Uraza gaye is a fasting holiday, and Korban gaye is a sacrifice holiday. As for folk, that is, non-religious holidays, in Tatar they are called beyrem, which means “spring beauty” or “spring celebration”.

Religious traditions of Tatarstan

Muslim festivities among the Muslim Tatars include a collective morning prayer, in which only men participate. Then they make a trip to the cemetery and pray again near the graves of their relatives or friends. At this time, women prepare a festive dinner for them at home. Like the Russians, here on holidays with congratulations they go to the houses of relatives and neighbors. On the days of the so-called Korban Bayram, that is, the holiday of the sacrifice, the Tatars tried to treat the maximum number of people with the meat of the slaughtered lamb.

Ramadan and Ramadan

Ramadan or Ramadan, which is also called Uraza in the Turkic dialect, is the ninth month in the Muslim calendar. This is the month of fasting. And according to Islamic tradition, at that time the first of the divine revelations was transmitted to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Jibril, which was later included in the holy book of the entire Islamic people - the Koran.

Religion of the Tatar people

Fasting during Ramadan is one of the key duties of any Muslim. It is needed in order to strengthen all Muslims and increase their self-discipline, as well as teach them how to accurately fulfill the orders of Allah. Throughout the day, from sunrise to sunset, it is strictly forbidden to eat and drink, smoke or enjoy pleasures, or indulge in other entertainment. During the day, one should work and pray, as well as read the Qur'an and engage in various pious thoughts or deeds. Also donate something to charity.

Eid al-Adha is also called the Feast of the Sacrifice. This is the Islamic celebration of the end of the Hajj, celebrated on the 10th day of the twelfth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. According to the Koran, the angel Jabrail appeared in a dream to the prophet Ibrahim to convey to him the command of Allah that he should sacrifice the first son of Ismail. And waking up, Ibrahim immediately went to the valley of Mina to the very place where Mecca stands today, to begin preparations. But, this turned out to be only a test of Allah, and therefore, when the sacrifice was almost made, the merciful Allah replaced Ibrahim with a son and said to slaughter the lamb. The holiday itself symbolizes the mercy and majesty of God, as well as the fact that faith is the best sacrifice.

celebration

Celebrating such a day begins with the onset of morning. Muslims go to the mosque for morning prayers. The rite of this holiday begins with a universal prayer, it is called prayer. At the end of it, the imam, who read the prayer, asks Allah to accept fasting, forgiveness of sins and prosperity. Then all the believers, sorting through the tasbih, read the dhikr together. By the way, it is performed according to a special formula and in a special way, both aloud and silently, and is always accompanied by specific body movements. After the end of the morning prayer, all believers solemnly return home.

Kurba Bayram - celebration

Advice

At home, a ram is slaughtered, although according to tradition, a camel or a bull would have to be slaughtered. This should be done without fail with the words "Bismillah, Allah Akbar." There is also a tradition of giving alms and sharing cooked lamb. According to the tradition that has developed over many centuries, it is customary to cook only a third of the meat to treat your family, and give a third to the poor, the remaining third is distributed as alms to all those who ask.

Do Tatars have folk traditions that are not related to religion?

Spring is a time of awakening of nature, when people have a renewal of their expectations. So a good spring means a good harvest, in other words, a prosperous life. As in the cultures and traditions of other peoples, all Tatar villages were on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the very first "spring celebration" or bayram was associated with ice drift. Such a holiday is called “boz carau” or “boz bagu”, in other words, “watch the ice”. Then there was “boz ozatma” - this is seeing off the ice, after it came “zin kitu”, which meant ice drift. All the villagers went to the river bank to watch the ice drift. The youth even dressed up and played the accordion. Straw had to be laid out and set on fire on floating ice floes.

Another tradition was the rule that in early spring the children went from house to house in their village and collected cereals, butter and eggs. From the food they collected from the street with the help of older cooks, they boiled porridge in a large cauldron and then ate it. A little later, the day of collecting "colored eggs" came. The hostesses have been painting them since the evening. And most often, a decoction of onion peel or birch leaves was used for this. At the same time, buns with pretzels were baked. In the morning, the children began to go around the house and brought wood chips there, scattering them on the floor. This was done so that "the yard would not be empty." Along the way, such chanting-chants were shouted out to themselves, for example, “Kyt-kytyyk, kyt-kytyyk, are grandfather and grandmother at home? Will they give you an egg? Let you have a lot of hens, and let the cockerels trample them. If you don’t give an egg, then there is a lake in front of your house, and you will drown there!

Perhaps the most massive and popular holiday today, which includes folk festivals with various rituals and games, is Sabantuy. Literally, it means "Feast of the Plow." Since saban is a plow, and thuy is a holiday. It used to be celebrated before starting all spring field work, that is, in April, today Sabantuy is celebrated in June, that is, at the end of sowing.

Sabantuy and its celebration

Sabantuy begins to celebrate in the morning. Women put on their festive decorations, ribbons are woven into the manes of horses, bells are hung from the arc. All dressed up gather in a large meadow. It's called Maidan. Entertainment is plentiful here. The main thing is the national wrestling called kuresh. To win here, strength and cunning with dexterity are required. There are also strict rules. So, the opponents wrap each other with wide belts called sashes, the point is to be able to hang the opponent on his own belt in the air, after which he is put on the shoulder blades. The winner is called a batyr and receives a live ram as a reward. However, now more and more often such a prize is replaced by other, more valuable gifts. You can participate in other competitions to demonstrate strength and dexterity, and even courage.

Sabantuy traditional competitions

• fight with sacks of hay astride a log. The goal is to knock the enemy out of the saddle
• Running in bags
• pair competitions: one leg must be tied to the partner’s leg, and then run to the finish line like this
• hike on a swinging log for a prize
• game called "break the pot". Here the participants are blindfolded and given a long stick in their hands, and it is necessary to break the pot with it.
• climbing a pole with prizes tied to the top
• run with egg and spoon. There is a raw egg on the spoon. Whoever comes running first without breaking his fragile load wins
• contests arranged for Tatar beauties. For example, who will cut the noodles faster and better than anyone.

In the glade where the festivities take place, you can eat barbecue and pilaf, as well as homemade noodles and national treats like chak-chak, echpochmak, balish and peremyach.

Rituals and rules regarding the birth of a child

A number of obligatory rituals accompany the birth of a child. Previously, midwives were involved in childbirth. They were called bala ebise. The occupation of midwives was called ebilek. The midwife had to cut and tie the umbilical cord, wash the baby, wrap him in his father's undershirt. Then a ritual was performed, called avyzlandyru, that is, "give a taste." A lump of bread chewed with butter and honey was wrapped in the thinnest fabric, a kind of nipple was made and it was given to suck on the baby. Sometimes they even simply smeared the child's mouth with oil and honey, or with a honey solution. It was called "zemzem su".

The next day, they did the rite “babyai munchasy”, that is, “children's bath”. The bath was heated, then the midwife helped the woman in labor to wash herself and buy her baby. After a few days, a ceremony was held isem kushu, that is, naming. Mullah and guests were called to it - men who are relatives and friends of the family, a table was laid with various treats. The mullah had to read a prayer, after which a child was brought up to him. He turned to the great Allah, urging him to take this newborn under protection. Then he whispered his name in the baby's ear, but in Arabic sound. Names for children were chosen, as a rule, by mullahs who had special calendars of names. It was believed that the future life of the child would depend on this.

Conclusion:

The Tatars are sacred to all ancient traditions, they honor the rites, and consider them to this day to be mandatory. And although modern life brings a lot of new things into their life, there is always a place for the old.

Traditions and customs of the Tatar people

In the article we will talk about the traditions of the Tatar people. Consider the main customs and holidays, as well as get acquainted with very interesting features of the life of the Tatars. If you are interested in this aspect of their life, be sure to read the article suggested article.

culture

As we know, each nation has its own specific traditions and rituals, characteristic only for it. And very often people who have many of these features become recognizable. The roots of all traditions go back to the distant past, which in modern times comes to life thanks to the national holiday.

The Tatars have two main words that mean some kind of celebration. They call their religious holidays the word "gaet", and all public holidays that do not concern religious moments - "beyrem", which literally translates as "spring holiday" or "spring beauty".

Religious holidays

Let's start our consideration of the traditions of the Tatar people with religious holidays. Here you can find a lot of similarities with Muslim customs. So, the morning on such a day begins with a prayer in which only men take part. After that, they gather together and go to the cemetery, where they say prayers on the graves of their departed relatives.

At this time, women are at home with their children and are preparing a festive table. By the way, here the culture of the Tatar people has a slight intersection with Russian traditions. We are talking about close communication with neighbors, who during the day are sure to visit each other, bring some gifts or just congratulate.

For example, on the holiday of Eid al-Adha (the day of sacrifice), people treat each other with the meat of a slaughtered lamb. It is believed that the more people can be treated with delicious food, the better the year will be in this family.

Recall that the religion of the Tatar people is Islam. Although, to be precise, this is Sunni Islam. But among these people there is an exception in the form of a fairly large number of baptized Tatars who were converted to Christianity.

Ramadan

Ramadan is the main holiday of the Tatar people. Some also call it Ramadan. In general, this is the ninth month of the Muslim calendar, which accounts for strict fasting. If you delve into Islamic traditions, you can find out that the prophet Muhammad was given a divine Revelation this month through the angel Jibril. It has been included in the holy book of the Quran in various interpretations. And fasting this month is the main duty of every self-respecting Muslim who wants goodness and happiness in his life.

The purpose of fasting is to strengthen the will and self-discipline of a Muslim, as well as to remind him that he must accurately fulfill all the spiritual instructions of Allah. Eating, drinking, indulging in entertainment or pleasures is prohibited during the entire daylight hours, that is, from sunrise to sunset. All you can do during the day is work, read, pray, do good deeds or good thoughts.

Eid al-Adha

Many traditions of the Tatar people are associated with this holiday. This, as already mentioned, is the feast of sacrifice. It is associated with the end of the Hajj, which is celebrated on the 10th day of the 12th month of the lunar Islamic calendar. It is believed that on this day Jabrail appeared to the prophet Ibrahim in a dream and ordered him to sacrifice his son Ismail.

The man went on a long trip, exactly to where Mecca now stands. All this turned out to be a strong test of will for him, but in the end he nevertheless made a sacrifice. After Allah saw that Ibrahim's faith was in the first place, she ordered only a lamb to be sacrificed. The meaning of the holiday is to glorify the mercy and greatness of God. He seems to be saying that the best sacrifice for every person is his faith.

The celebration starts in the morning. All Muslims go to the mosque in order to pray - to perform namaz. After the prayer is over, the imam asks Allah for forgiveness of various sins and goodness for all people, after which all believers begin to read dhikr together. By the way, this ritual has a special specificity. Dhikr can be read to oneself or aloud, but this is necessarily accompanied by some kind of body movements.

After that, the Muslims go home. Around dinner, a ram, bull or camel is slaughtered and a treat is prepared. Also on this day, it is customary to give alms to the poor, and especially to share various lamb dishes.

The peculiarity of the traditions is that the believer leaves one third of the meat for himself and his loved ones, gives the second third to the poor, and gives the last one, as alms, to everyone who asks.

Folk holidays

Now let's talk a little about folk holidays and traditions that do not intersect with faith. The culture of the Tatar people is characterized by the fact that most of these holidays fall in the spring.

The fact is that at this time nature itself awakens, life changes, everything is renewed. And if the spring is good, then this means that people will have a harvest, and, consequently, a good life throughout the year.

Wedding

The customs of the Tatar wedding are very interesting and have a lot in common with Russian traditions. Much attention is paid to the ransom of the bride. Unlike the purely symbolic Russian ransom, here it is real. It is called - Kalym. However, all this is just an introduction, after which an excellent banquet follows with a huge number of guests and relatives on both sides.

At the beginning of the holiday, the host introduces the guests to each other, after which they together choose the toastmaster, that is, the most cheerful and witty person at the wedding. But this is a tradition that is already fading into the past. Modern Tatar young couples still prefer a professional presenter.

The main dish on the wedding table is the chak-chak dessert. This is a very tasty crispy cake, which is richly decorated with monpensier sweets. And the main hot dish is a baked goose with pilaf. After the feast, the guests begin to dance, and the bridesmaids come up with tests for the groom, which he must pass with dignity. Only in this case, he will be able to visit his bride in a separate room.

The bulk of the guests together go to the bathhouse. And by this time, son-in-law pancakes are ready. The son-in-law should eat them and discreetly put a coin for good luck. After dinner, caresses begin. The bride sits in the center of the room and begins to sing sad songs about her fate. Relatives take turns approaching her in order to stroke and say some words of comfort, maybe even instructions.

The groom spends 4 days in the bride's house, during which he anoints future relatives. The bride at this time presents the young man with handmade gifts. Then after he has paid the ransom in full, the feast continues at the husband's house. All guests and relatives are invited to arrange a bride show.

However, the wedding of the Tatars can be of three types. The first one we have covered involves matchmaking. In this case, both people want to be together and do everything according to established traditions. The second type of wedding can be if the girl leaves her home without the consent and blessing of her parents. There is a third possible case when a girl is kidnapped not as a joke, but for real. Even in the modern world, in remote villages, this sometimes happens.

tea drinking

The tea drinking traditions of the Tatar people are no less interesting than the famous English tea drinking. Tatars drink black tea. They like very rich drinks and can drink quite a lot at one time. But at the same time, the tea table is considered the soul of the family, so such rituals are very family and cozy.

Tea is the national drink that accompanies the reception of any guest. In more ancient times, it was poured from large samovars and drunk from incredibly beautiful and fragile bowls. In the modern world, tea is drunk in most cases from cups. But at the same time, the samovar, cleaned to a dazzling shine, still stands in the center of the table.

Tea is never drunk alone, usually jam, fresh berries, lemon, milk, oregano, sweets, etc. are served with it. But most of all, Tatars like to drink salted tea with milk. They say that he has a special taste and a European cannot understand this.

In general, these people are great craftsmen in the business of brewing tea. They argue that the future taste of the drink largely depends on this process. To make it tasty, it is very important to brew it in a porcelain teapot, which must be rinsed with boiling water before that. After that, a little tea leaves are added there and only a third is poured with boiling water. All this is covered with a lid and wrapped. After a few minutes, add more water.

Tea with cream or milk is considered a special delicacy. For this, fresh milk is used, but the main thing is that it be hot. Welding with this method is made as strong as possible. First, it is poured into a cup, and then cream or milk. And only at the end add boiling water.

Applied art of the Tatar people

The art of the Tatar people is a complex of very different cultures. The origins of ancient art are rooted in the times of the Volga Bulgaria, in the period of the Kazan Khanate. At the same time, folk art is characterized by its unified nature, stable complexes and motifs, which allowed it to develop its characteristic features.

For the Tatar people, floral, floral, zoomorphic and geometric ornaments are most characteristic. One of the most ancient and striking Tatar arts is jewelry. Master jewelers were able to combine different techniques of cutting materials and use the best combinations of colors, achieving an incredible external effect of products.

The products of Tatar jewelers are very diverse. It was mainly made for women. And it is they who can boast the most incredible jewelry. These are special fasteners and brooches for collars, sleeves, etc. Artisans could create fabulous jewelry thanks to their wonderful mastery of casting, inlay, engraving, etc. techniques.

A unique type of applied art is a leather mosaic, which has its roots in the Bulgarian times. A feature of the Tatars is their beautiful patterned shoes, which were typical for the upper strata of society. It was made by stitching leather of different colors, making it very colorful and unusual. For this, silver or gold threads were used. Note that such art was not noted in any nation.

A more classic and understandable art for Russian people is embroidery, which is characterized by a wide variety of motifs and colors. At the beginning of the 19th century, gold embroidery became very popular. But a large place was also occupied by weaving, which had several types.

Family traditions

Family traditions of the Tatar people have ordinary values. The most important of them are children and marriage. The creation of a family is not a free will, but a necessity. A gorgeous bride is one who is virgin, can give birth and has a noble birth. It is enough for the groom to be rich, healthy and from a good family.

The rites and customs of the Tatar people are unique, but still they have much in common with the Muslim ones. For example, a wife without the consent of her husband cannot leave home to visit relatives or friends. Parents cannot interfere in the couple's family relationships. For them, this is a taboo topic (whatever happens between husband and wife). The family is completely patriarchal.

Sabantuy

The Sabantuy holiday is an annual celebration that marks the end of spring field work. Until the end of the 19th century, it was celebrated in the spring and summer before plowing began. This day was celebrated in the same way, but still with peculiar features among different ethnic groups. The Sabantuy holiday has survived to this day and is very beloved by the people. In addition, all the differences that existed have disappeared, and now ethnic groups celebrate it in the summer, after the completion of spring work and before the mowing begins.

An interesting tradition of the Tatar people is that this holiday is phased. First, it is celebrated by individual villages, a week later - by the entire district, after - the district center. Sabantuy ends in big cities or in Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan. Previously, it was not tied to a specific day, but nowadays it is celebrated only on Sunday.

Unfortunately, some of the old rituals inherent in this holiday have disappeared. Traditionally, during the holiday, people collected food, children - colored eggs. However, due to religious restrictions in Soviet times, the custom was distorted, and picking up food began to be interpreted as begging. Currently Sabantuy is a national holiday. It began to be celebrated even by those groups of Tatars who did not know about it before. Recently, it even became a public holiday in Tatarstan.

Classes

The traditions of the Tatar people consist not only in holidays, but also in everyday work. The usual occupation of the Tatars is arable farming. They grew barley, lentils, flax, millet, hemp, etc. Many of them engaged in gardening along the way. Animal husbandry was stall and pasture, had some nomadic features. For a whole year, horses could graze exclusively on pasture. Not everyone was into hunting. Manufactory and handicraft production was well developed. Cloth and tanneries also worked, thanks to which trade also developed.

Farewell to the dead

The Tatars also have such a ritual. It begins with the fact that the deceased is washed. Close people can also do this, as long as they are of the same sex as the deceased. After that, they put on special clothes, which are called kafenleu. This is a white fabric that is sewn on the body by hand. The length for men and women is different. The first needs 17 m of fabric, and the second - 12 m.

The deceased is usually buried on the same day. At the same time, only men can attend the funeral itself. Note that the Tatars do not use a coffin, so the body is carried to the cemetery on a special stretcher. The deceased is placed in the ground according to the rules for the location of holy places - Medina and Mecca. The head goes north and the legs go south. The grave is being dug by three men who are relatives of the deceased.

A commemoration is held on the 3rd day, after a week and 40 days. On the 3rd day, only men gather. A week later, close women can remember the deceased. And only on the 40th day everyone can already honor the memory of the deceased.

Music

Tatar music is very melodic. It is divided into several types:

• secular and spiritual songs, different in rhythm and intonation;
• baits;
• tunes of poetic works;
• dance melodies;
• tunes;
• instrumental plays.

When performing Tatar music, such instruments as gusli, kubyz, kurai and dumbyra are usually used. In modern music, classical instruments are more often used. The music of the Tatars is characterized by monophony.

Every nation has its own national holidays. Many of these holidays were born in antiquity - several centuries or even a thousand years ago. Everything around: villages and cities, things, clothes, professions, nature are changing, and folk holidays continue and continue to live. For the holidays are the holidays of the heart, the soul of the people.
Tatar folk holidays delight people with a sense of gratitude and respect for nature, for the customs of their ancestors, for each other.
The Russian word "holiday" comes from the Old Russian porozden, that is, empty. It turns out that a holiday is an empty, unoccupied time, that is, free from labor and other ordinary activities. Of course, the way it is - it is not in vain that they say: there are holidays and there are weekdays, ordinary, ordinary days.
The Tatars also have two words meaning a holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called by the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaet - the holiday of fasting and Korban gaet - the holiday of the sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays in Tatar are called beyrem. Scientists believe that this word means "spring beauty", "spring celebration".

Religious holidays are called by the word gaet or bayram (Uraza-bairam (Ramadan) - the feast of fasting and Korban-bairam - the feast of sacrifice). Muslim holidays among the Tatars - Muslims include a collective morning prayer, in which all men and boys participate. Then it is supposed to go to the cemetery and pray near the graves of their loved ones. And the women and the girls helping them at this time prepare treats at home. On holidays (and each religious holiday used to last for several days), they went around the houses of relatives and neighbors with congratulations. It was especially important to visit the parental home. On the days of Korban Bayram - the holiday, the victims tried to treat meat to as many people as possible, the tables remained covered for two or three days in a row, and everyone entering the house, no matter who he was, had the right to treat himself ...

Folk holidays
Spring is a time of awakening of nature, a time of renewal and expectations. A good spring is to be a good harvest, and therefore a prosperous life.
Boz carau
According to the old, old tradition, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first bayram - "spring celebration" for the Tatars is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz carau, boz bagu - "to watch the ice", boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift.
All residents, from old people to children, came out to watch the ice drift on the river bank. The youth walked dressed up, with harmonists. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes. In the blue spring twilight, these floating torches could be seen far away, and songs rushed after them.
Younger Yau
Once in early spring, the children went home to collect cereals, butter, eggs. With their calls, they expressed good wishes to the owners and ... demanded refreshments!
With the help of one or two elderly women, children cooked porridge in a huge cauldron from the food collected on the street or indoors. Everyone brought a plate and a spoon with them. And after such a feast, the children played, doused themselves with water.
Kyzyl yomorka
After a while, the day of collecting colored eggs came. The villagers were warned about such a day in advance, and the housewives dyed eggs in the evening - most often in a decoction of onion peel. The eggs turned out to be multi-colored - from golden yellow to dark brown, and in a decoction of birch leaves - various shades of green. In addition, special dough balls were baked in each house - small buns, pretzels, and they also bought sweets.
Children especially looked forward to this day. Mothers sewed bags for them from towels to collect eggs. Some guys went to bed dressed and shod, so as not to waste time getting ready in the morning, they put a log under the pillow so as not to oversleep. Early in the morning, boys and girls began to walk around the houses. The one who came in first brought the chips and scattered them on the floor - so that "the yard was not empty", that is, so that there were a lot of living creatures on it.

The birth of a child was accompanied by a number of mandatory rites having both purely ritual and practical significance. At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century. in most cases, births were taken by midwives - ebi (literally - grandmother), bala ebise (midwife), kendek ebi (literally - umbilical grandmother). Cases of the birth of children in the house with the help of a midwife were still quite frequent in the 40-50s of the XX century. The occupation of midwives was called ebilek. But in case of urgent need and in the absence of ebi, the next older relatives of the woman in labor could also take delivery.

As soon as the child was born, the midwife, cutting off and tying the umbilical cord, washed the baby and wrapped him in his father's undershirt. It was believed that this helps to establish a strong relationship of mutual respect and love between father and child. Then the avyzlandyru ritual was performed (meaning to give a taste). For a newborn, they made a semblance of a pacifier - a lump of bread chewed with butter and honey was wrapped in a thin cloth and allowed to suck. Sometimes they simply smeared the child's mouth with oil and honey or honey solution - zemzem su. rite was accompanied by traditional wishes of happiness, health, abilities, well-being to the newborn.

The next day they arranged baby munchas (literally - a children's bath). After visiting the bathhouse by the household, when it became not hot, the midwife helped the young mother to wash and bathe the baby.

A few days later, in the house where the child was born, a baby tue and isem kushu ceremony (a feast on the occasion of the birth of a child and naming) was held. They invited the mullah and guests - men from among relatives and acquaintances of the family. The mullah opened the ceremony with a traditional prayer, then a child was brought to him on a pillow, and he turned to the Almighty, urging him to take the newborn under his protection. After that, he whispered the azan (a call to prayer for devout Muslims) into the baby's ear and pronounced the name of the newborn. Names for children were chosen, as a rule, by mullahs who had special name calendars. Since ancient times, names from religious canonical legends have prevailed in them. It was believed that the further future of the baby and his fate depended on the name. The choice depended on many reasons. In poor families, they tried to choose a name that symbolizes wealth and prosperity, if the child looked weak, they chose a name that reflects the strength of the spirit and body, etc.

The ritual of treating baby ashy belongs to the ancient communal traditions of the Tatars. For several days, friends, neighbors and relatives of the young mother came to visit her and brought treats with them, and sometimes gifts. Baby Ashy still exists.

Traditional holidays and rituals
Substantial part traditional folk holidays Tatars is associated with the stages of the annual cycle of economic activity and the community relations that existed in the past. These include Sabantuy(plow festival), zhyen(meeting, festivities), urac este(harvest), kaz emese, small emese, stupid emese(assistance in procuring poultry, meat, making cloth).

The first stage of spring festivities began at the time of opening of the rivers. Usually all the inhabitants of the village came out to watch the ice drift. In fact, this was the first mass exit of fellow villagers after the winter. The beginning of the ice drift meant for many the end of the most difficult annual period and was associated in the minds of the people with the revival of new hopes for a better future. In connection with the ice drift, a ritual act of seeing off winter was arranged. Lighted straw was thrown across the water on ice floes. In some cases, a scarecrow was made from straw, which was installed on one of the last ice floes, set on fire and allowed downstream. This act symbolized the affirmation of spring and warmth.

In the days of the spring flood, the festival of jimchechek (flower juice festival) was held on the river bank. In the evenings, smart and cheerful young people arranged games, danced round dances, and sang songs. Joint games of boys and girls are a fairly recent phenomenon in Tatar culture. They appeared only at the beginning of the 20th century. Before this period, perhaps, the only opportunity for young boys and girls to openly contact each other was provided by the public holiday zhyen.

Another major folk holiday of spring among the Tatars was hag butkasy. This name of the holiday is fixed mainly among the Tatars of the Urals (including in Bashkiria), in contrast to the Pre-Kama region, where it had the name gifts (tare) butkasy. Like their neighbors, the Bashkirs, the Tatars of Bashkiria spent hag butkas in nature, not far from the village, on a hillock, hill or mountain, in a word, they chose a place higher, "closer to the sky."

Immediately before the Sabantuy, they organized a collection of public funds - gifts for the winners in competitions - bulek zhyu, birne zhyu, sabantuy buleklere, am ayagi kyzdyru. The last name (literally - warming up horse legs) is due to the fact that young guys rode around the village on horseback and collected gifts. In other cases, several older men did it. The most valuable of the gifts were considered towels, which were woven for the holiday of the girl. Pieces of cloth, homespun tablecloths, handkerchiefs, pouches, shirts, etc. were used as prizes. Wishes were taken into account when collecting gifts. The donator could assign his gift to the winner in the races (chabyshta zhinuchege), or, on the contrary, to the very last (azakkyga, in arttan kiluchege), the winner in the wrestling - batyrga, keresh batyrina.

Sabantuy is one of the few mass folk holidays that has survived to this day. Rites its well known. However, as in other holidays, much of the new time has appeared in it, while some features traditional in the past have been completely forgotten. Sabantuy was the final stage of spring public holidays and preceded the day of the beginning of sowing. Back in the 20s of the XX century. this holiday in some regions of Bashkiria, the Tatars called - bitch zhyena or bitch beireme - the holiday of the plow.

Sabantuy was accompanied by a number of rituals and magical actions, including sacrifices. In the northwestern regions of Bashkiria, there was a rite of saban syzu - a ritual delineation of the place of the holiday with a plow (saban). On the days of Sabantuy, a rite of exorcism took place - fumigation with smoke or sprinkling of houses and places of celebration (meidan) with water. The acts of sacrifice combined the ancient traditions of the nomadic Turks and the rituals of Islam. For example, the sacrificial animal was called korban am, korban goats (sacrificial horse, goose), that is, the same as in the days of the Muslim holiday korban berem. Often, on the days of Sabantuy, individuals made a vow in case of a good harvest to sacrifice a cow, ram or other domestic animal, which is also associated with the Korban tradition of the Muslim Tatars of the Volga region and the Southern Urals.

Until the spring sowing, the Kryashen Tatars held the shiylyk holiday, which combined the customs of the butkasa karga, the Tatars’ Sabantuy, the telek (literally, a wish) - the ritual prayer service of the Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts and the Russian (Christian) "red hill". In the summer, after the end of sowing, the Kryashens performed a ritual of sacrifice to the lord of heaven - a korman. The sacrifice was made for the health of people and livestock.

In the summer period, zhyen (literally - meetings, gatherings) were organized in the Tatar villages. Nowadays, this mass holiday is often identified with Sabantuy. However, this is not true. In ancient times, among the Tatars, zhyen was a communal celebration of the meeting. Probably, it can also be considered the holiday of "brides", since it was one of the few mass festivities where young men and women freely communicated with each other in joint games, round dances and chose their future brides and grooms. Often parents or older relatives looked after a good batch for their children. And, of course, it was an opportunity for "professional" matchmakers.

In general, jiens (zhyen) passed through Bashkiria from the end of May and throughout June. Each of them usually involved several neighboring villages, united in "jien districts".

The rite of calling rain goes back to the oldest pagan traditions of the Tatars, which has different names in different regions of Bashkiria: yangyr teleu - a wish for rain, yangyr butkasy - rain porridge (literally translated). This rite was held in dry years, usually some time after the spring sowing. In the XX century. among the Tatars of Bashkiria, this rite was performed by women. Gathering on the appointed day in the appointed place, by all means near the source of water, they, turning to Allah, sang the corresponding suras of the Koran, to which they added their wishes - requests for rain, for a good harvest. The ceremony was accompanied by a joint ritual meal and sometimes symbolic sacrifices to the ancient deities of nature (for example, su iyase). The ritual act was to pour water on each other. Often this ceremony took place right in the village or on its outskirts. In these cases, pedestrians and horsemen were poured with water.

rite causing rain and appeasing the forces of nature among the Tatar-Kryashens (Nagaybaks) existed in a slightly different form and was called chuk.

An agrarian rite is associated with the harvesting of grain crops - urak este (harvest). The change in economic, social and ideological conditions during the years of socialist transformation contributed to the oblivion of this ritual. The urak este was replaced by the feast of the grain grower.

To this day, the tradition of help - eme - has been preserved in the Tatar villages. They were organized during all major works: when laying and building a new house, repairing outbuildings, building public buildings. Often, all fellow villagers participated in such events, and in large settlements - neighbors from the same street. Joint work ended with a ritual meal and festivities. Today, such assistance is organized less frequently and involves fewer people. This cannot be said about the autumn kaz emes and mal emes (help with the preparation of poultry and beef), which exist today.

On the days of the winter solstice, the nardugan (or nardyvan) ceremony took place in the Tatar villages. By nature, this ancient custom reminiscent of Russian Christmas time, with traditional household rounds, disguise, gatherings and fortune-telling. A group tour of the yards during the days of Nardugan was accompanied by caroling - Nauruz eytuler. The carolers turned to the owners with the wishes of wealth and health, and then asked for rewards - gifts.

rite nardugan is closely connected with the Nauruz holiday (new day, meaning, new year), which the Tatars celebrated on the days of the vernal equinox (March). It is possible that Nardugan and Nauruz were once part of the same holiday. It is not for nothing that many identical things are found in their rites and rituals, the transfer of the names of ritual acts from one holiday to another.

The celebration of Nauruz (New Year) in March is associated with the ancient system of chronology among the Tatars. It was a twelve-year cycle in which each year bore the name of an animal.