MOSCOW, January 25 - RIA Novosti, Victoria Salnikova. 185 years ago, on January 25, 1832, Ivan Shishkin was born, perhaps the most "popular" Russian artist.
In Soviet times, reproductions of his paintings hung in many apartments, and the famous bear cubs from the canvas "Morning in a Pine Forest" migrated to candy wrappers.
Paintings by Ivan Shishkin still live their own life, far from the museum space. What role did Vladimir Mayakovsky play in their history and how Shishkin's bears got on the wrappers of pre-revolutionary sweets - in the material of RIA Novosti.
"Get a Passbook!"
In Soviet times, the design of the wrapper did not change, but "Mishka" became the most expensive delicacy: in the 1920s, a kilogram of sweets was sold for four rubles. The candy even has a slogan: "If you want to eat "Mishka", get yourself a Passbook!". This phrase of the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky even began to be printed on wrappers.
Despite the high price, the delicacy was in demand among buyers: the artist and graphic artist Alexander Rodchenko even captured it on the Mosselprom building in Moscow in 1925.
In the 1950s, the Mishka kosolapy candy went to Brussels: the Krasny Oktyabr factory participated in the World Exhibition and received the highest award.
Art in every home
But the story of "Morning in a Pine Forest" was not limited to sweets. Another popular destination during the Soviet era was reproductions of classical works of art.
© Photo: Public Domain Ivan Shishkin. "Rye". Canvas, oil. 1878
Unlike oil paintings, they were cheap and sold in any bookstore, so they were available to almost every family. "Morning in a Pine Forest" and "Rye", another popular painting by Ivan Shishkin, adorned the walls of many Soviet apartments and dachas.
"Bears" also ended up on tapestries - a favorite detail of the interior of the Soviet people. For a century "Morning in a Pine Forest" has become one of the most recognizable paintings in Russia. True, a casual viewer is unlikely to immediately remember her real name.
In exchange for drugs
The work of Ivan Shishkin is popular with robbers and scammers. On January 25, employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus discovered a work of art stolen in Russia in the car of drug couriers. The painting "Forest. Fir" in 1897 was stolen in 2013 from the Vyaznikovsky Museum of History and Art in the Vladimir Region. According to preliminary information, drug couriers brought the canvas to Belarus at the request of a potential buyer from Europe. The cost of the painting can reach two million dollars, but the attackers planned to sell it for 100,000 euros and three kilograms of cocaine.
Last year, criminal investigation officers suspected a 57-year-old woman of stealing the painting "Preobrazhenskoye" in 1896. The woman received this work from a well-known collector for sale, however, according to investigators, she appropriated it.
“Morning in a Pine Forest” is perhaps one of the most famous paintings by Ivan Shishkin. The first thing that attracts and touches the audience looking at the masterpiece is the bears. Without animals, the picture would hardly have turned out so attractive. Meanwhile, few people know that it was not Shishkin who painted the animals, but another artist named Savitsky.
Bear Master
Konstantin Apollonovich Savitsky is no longer as famous as Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin, whose name is known, probably, even by a child. Nevertheless, Savitsky is also one of the most talented domestic painters. At one time he was an academician and a member of the Imperial Academy of Arts. It is clear that it was on the basis of art that Savitsky met Shishkin.
Both of them loved Russian nature and selflessly depicted it on their canvases. That's just Ivan Ivanovich preferred more landscapes in which people or animals, if they appeared, then only in the role of secondary characters. Savitsky, on the contrary, actively portrayed both of them. Apparently, thanks to the skill of a friend, Shishkin established himself in the idea that the figures of living beings were not very successful for him.
Help a friend
In the late 1880s, Ivan Shishkin completed another landscape, in which he depicted morning in a pine forest with unusual picturesqueness. However, according to the artist, the picture lacked some kind of accent, for which he planned to draw 2 bears. Shishkin even made sketches for future characters, but was dissatisfied with his work. It was then that he turned to Konstantin Savitsky with a request to help him with the animals. A friend of Shishkin did not refuse and gladly set to work. The bears turned out to be envious. In addition, the number of clubfoot has doubled.
In fairness, it should be noted that Shishkin himself was not going to cheat at all, and when the picture was ready, he indicated not only his last name, but also Savitsky. Both friends were satisfied with the joint work. But everything was spoiled by the founder of the world-famous gallery, Pavel Tretyakov.
Stubborn Tretyakov
It was Tretyakov who purchased Morning in a Pine Forest from Shishkin. However, the philanthropist did not like 2 signatures in the picture. And since after the purchase of this or that work of art, Tretyakov considered himself the sole and full owner of it, he took and erased the name of Savitsky. Shishkin began to object, but Pavel Mikhailovich remained adamant. He said that the manner of writing, including with regard to bears, corresponds to the manner of Shishkin, and Savitsky is clearly superfluous here.
Ivan Shishkin shared the fee received from Tretyakov with a friend. However, he gave Savitsky only the 4th part of the money, explaining that he did the sketches for "Morning" without the help of Konstantin Apollonovich.
Surely, Savitsky was offended by such an appeal. In any case, he did not write a single canvas in tandem with Shishkin. And Savitsky's bears, in any case, really became the decoration of the picture: without them, "Morning in a Pine Forest" would hardly have received such recognition.
exposition
The picture is popular due to the entertaining plot. However, the true value of the work is the beautifully expressed state of nature seen by the artist in Belovezhskaya Pushcha. It is not a dense dense forest that is shown, but sunlight breaking through the columns of giants. You can feel the depth of the ravines, the power of centuries-old trees. And the sunlight, as it were, timidly looks into this dense forest. The frolicking bear cubs feel the approach of morning. We are observers of wildlife and its inhabitants.
Story
Shishkin was suggested the idea of the painting by Savitsky. Bears wrote Savitsky in the picture itself. These bears, with some differences in posture and number (at first there were two of them), appear in preparatory drawings and sketches. The bears turned out so well for Savitsky that he even signed the painting together with Shishkin. However, when Tretyakov bought the painting, he removed Savitsky's signature, leaving the authorship to Shishkin. After all, in the picture, Tretyakov said, "starting from the idea and ending with the execution, everything speaks of the manner of painting, of the creative method peculiar to Shishkin."
- Most Russians call this picture "Three Bears", despite the fact that there are not three bears in the picture, but four. This, apparently, is due to the fact that in the days of the USSR, grocery stores sold sweets "Bear-toed Bear" with a reproduction of this picture on a wrapper, which were popularly called "Three Bears".
- Another erroneous everyday name is “Morning in a Pine Forest” (tautology: a forest is a pine forest).
Notes
Literature
- Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin. Correspondence. Diary. Contemporaries about the artist / Comp. I. N. Shuvalova - L .: Art, Leningrad branch, 1978;
- Alenov M. A., Evangulova O. S., Livshits L. I. Russian art of the XI - early XX centuries. - M.: Art, 1989;
- Anisov L. Shishkin. - M .: Young Guard, 1991. - (Series: Life of wonderful people);
- State Russian Museum. Leningrad. Painting XII - early XX century. - M.: Visual arts, 1979;
- Dmitrienko A. F., Kuznetsova E. V., Petrova O. F., Fedorova N. A. 50 brief biographies of masters of Russian art. - Leningrad, 1971;
- Lyaskovskaya O. A. Plener in Russian painting of the 19th century. - M.: Art, 1966.
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See what "Morning in a Pine Forest" is in other dictionaries:
- MORNING IN THE PINE FOREST, Canada Latvia, BURRACUDA FILM PRODUCTION/ATENTAT KULTURE, 1998, color, 110 min. Documentary. About the creative self-expression of six young people, the search for mutual understanding through creativity. Their life is shown during ... ... Cinema Encyclopedia
MORNING IN A PINE FOREST- Painting by I.I. Shishkin. Created in 1889, located in the Tretyakov Gallery. Dimensions 139 × 213 cm. One of the most famous landscapes in the work of Shishkin depicts a dense impenetrable forest* of central Russia. In the thicket of the forest on fallen trees ... ... Linguistic Dictionary
Jarg. stud. First scheduled morning class. (Recorded 2003) ... Big dictionary of Russian sayings
In my distant childhood, the painting “Morning in a Pine Forest” was not only known, but ardently loved by the Octobrists of both sexes. For the simple reason that it flaunted on the wrappers of wonderful waffle sweets with chocolate filling ...
At the vernissage once...
And here I am standing in the State Tretyakov Gallery face to face with the masterpiece of the esteemed Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin. Even the shadows of revelation, akin to the one that rolls, they say, when meeting with the original Mona Lisa, there is no trace. But this is not important, but it is a pleasure to look at the bears. Like relatives, mmm, dear, dear, I would have eaten it! The words of the guide are lulling: “Shishkin was a classic landscape painter. The painting Morning in a Pine Forest appeared from under his brush in 1889. It is believed that the artist painted it under the impression of a trip through the Vologda forests. It depicts a morning pine forest ... "
" Seriously? – wakes up in me irony. “I never would have guessed! And I always thought that the South American pampas!” And then it turns out that I hastened to mock the literalness of the speech of the gallery employee.
Initially, in the painting “Morning in a Pine Forest”, Shishkin painted exactly a dense forest awakening from a night’s sleep (this is how the picture is often erroneously called “Morning in a Pine Forest”), and that’s all - no clubfoot animals. And to be precise, our illustrious landscape painter never painted a family of bears at all! Precisely because a landscape painter. Leaves, twigs, centuries-old oaks - please, with photographic accuracy, this has become famous for centuries. Chanterelles, bunnies and other living creatures - thank you! I can't, I can't, I won't. Maximum - a cow, but it is completely inappropriate here. To each his own, Ivan Ivanovich rightly judged, and, reassuring himself, went on another walk through the forests, which he adored with all his heart ...
friend gift
However, the next day the forest landscape no longer seemed to the artist as perfect as the day before. For a long time he stood in front of the picture, meticulously peering into the details. Let's see and we: damp morning fog, the first gentle rays of the sun, the mighty trunks of centuries-old pines, the smell of pine needles - and we can almost distinguish it! But… Something is missing. The word is still such a modern one ... Ah, the speakers! Life, that is. So Shishkin said to his friend in the artistic artel Savitsky, he even complained: masterpiece, they say, but not that! Konstantin Apollonovich was glad to help his friend as an artist to an artist: there are paints, a brush, and then a she-bear with three cubs was born. Unexpected turn? Where is the Mona Lisa with her indistinct smile. That’s where the laughter is and that’s all: imagine if Dostoevsky came to visit Turgenev and said: “Come on, my dear Vanya, I’ll help, something, I see, you are in a creative stagnation!” - and would write with his own hand a chapter or two in the "Notes of a Hunter". And we, the readers, would admire Turgenev's style, not realizing that Fyodor Mikhailovich's pen creaked ...
There must be only one!
However, our heroes, as true friends, honestly put their signatures on the canvas “Morning in a Pine Forest”. Savitsky's autograph was later erased by the patron, collector and creator of the future famous gallery Pavel Tretyakov. The reason remained a mystery, it seems like the “father” of the bears himself asked to do this out of reverence for Shishkin, the original creator of the picture. And, logically judging, why would a successful genre painter, “Nekrasov in Painting”, who presented at exhibitions such paintings as “Repair Work on the Railroad” or “To War”, the laurels of an animal painter? Or maybe the second signature was removed simply because duets are not accepted in painting ... One way or another, only Shishkin was paid the fee for the work, and then everyone showed himself by virtue of his natural essence. Speaking in artistic language, the picture “How Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Konstantin Apollonovich” unfolded ...
Over the years, the story of creating a masterpiece from a candy wrapper has been transformed into a much more decent version: they say, Savitsky simply suggested to Shishkin the idea of \u200b\u200b"throwing" bears on an already dried canvas, and he brilliantly embodied it, it was not in vain that he studied at the famous animal painting workshop in Munich. So they write in official books on the history of painting. We, ordinary viewers, with childish persistence confuse ourselves even more, exclaiming: “How, we know such a picture! "Three Bears" is called! I don’t remember the author, but the sweets were just class!
It's amazing how the life of a work of art that came out from under the brush of a master can turn out. The canvas by I. Shishkin “Morning in a Pine Forest” is known to everyone and mainly as a painting “Three Bears”. The paradox also lies in the fact that four bears are depicted on the canvas, which were completed by the excellent genre painter K. A. Savitsky.
A bit from the biography of I. Shishkin
The future artist was born in Yelabuga in 1832, on January 13, in the family of a poor merchant who was fascinated by local history and archeology. He enthusiastically passed on his knowledge to his son. The boy stopped attending the Kazan gymnasium after the fifth grade, and spent all his free time drawing from life. Then he graduated not only from the School of Painting in Moscow, but also from the Academy in St. Petersburg. His talent as a landscape painter was quite determined by this time. The young artist, after a short trip abroad, left for his native places, where he painted nature untouched by the hand of man. He exhibited his new works at exhibitions of the Wanderers, amazing and delighting the audience with the almost photographic veracity of his canvases. But the painting “Three Bears”, written in 1889, became the most famous.
Friend and co-author Konstantin Apollonovich Savitsky
K.A. Savitsky was born in Taganrog in the family of a military doctor in 1844. He graduated from the Academy in St. Petersburg and continued to improve his skills in Paris. When he returned, P. M. Tretyakov bought his first work for his collection. Since the 70s of the XIX century, the artist exhibited his most interesting genre works at exhibitions of the Wanderers. K. A. Savitsky quickly gained popularity among the general public. The author especially likes his canvas “Knows the Unclean”, which can now be seen in the State Tretyakov Gallery. Shishkin and Savitsky became friends so tightly that Ivan Ivanovich asked his friend to become the godfather of his son. On the mountain, both the boy died at the age of three. And then other tragedies swept over them. Both buried their wives. Shishkin, submitting to the will of the Creator, believed that troubles open an artistic gift in him. He also appreciated great talent from his friend. Therefore, it is not surprising that K.A. Savitsky became a co-author of the painting "Three Bears". Although Ivan Ivanovich himself was perfectly able to write animals.
"Three Bears": a description of the painting
Art critics honestly admit that they do not know the history of the painting. Her idea, the very idea of the canvas, apparently arose while searching for nature on one of the large islands of Seliger Gorodomlya. Night recedes. Dawn breaks. The first rays of the sun make their way through the thick tree trunks and the fog rising from the lake. One powerful pine tree is uprooted from the ground and half broken and occupies the central part of the composition. Its fragment with a dried crown falls into the ravine on the right. It is not written, but its presence is felt. And what a wealth of colors the landscape painter used! The cool morning air is blue-green, slightly hazy and hazy. The mood of awakening nature is conveyed by green, blue and sunny yellow colors. In the background, golden rays shimmer brightly in high crowns. In all the work one can feel the hand of I. Shishkin.
Meeting of two friends
Ivan Ivanovich wanted to show his new work to his friend. Savitsky came to the workshop. This is where the questions come in. Either Shishkin suggested that Konstantin Apollonovich add three bears to the picture, or Savitsky himself looked at it with a fresh look and made a proposal to introduce an animalistic element into it. This, of course, was to enliven the desert landscape. And so it was done. Savitsky very successfully, very organically inscribed four animals on a fallen tree. Well-fed funny bear cubs turned out like little children who frolic and explore the world under the supervision of a strict mother. He, like Ivan Ivanovich, signed on canvas. But when Shishkin's painting "Three Bears" came to P.M. Tretyakov, he, having paid the money, demanded that Savitsky's signature be washed off, since the main work was done by Ivan Ivanovich, and his style was undeniable. This can complete the description of Shishkin's painting "Three Bears". But this story has a "sweet" continuation.
confectionery factory
In the 70s of the 19th century, the enterprising Germans Einem and Geis built a confectionery factory in Moscow, which produced very high-quality sweets, cookies and other similar products. To increase sales, an advertising offer was invented: print reproductions of Russian paintings on wrappers, and brief information about the painting on the back. It turned out both tasty and informative. Now it is not known when P. Tretyakov's permission was received to apply reproductions of paintings from his collection on sweets, but on one of the candy wrappers, which depicts the painting "Three Bears" by Shishkin, there is a year - 1896.
After the revolution, the factory expanded, and V. Mayakovsky was inspired and composed an advertisement that is printed on the side of the wrapper. She urged to save money in the savings bank in order to buy delicious, but expensive sweets. And to this day, in any chain store you can buy "Clumsy Bear", which is remembered by all sweet tooth as "Three Bears". The same name was assigned to the painting by I. Shishkin.
