Creative project "Timur and his team and the modern Timur movement". Timurovtsy

During the Great Patriotic War, the Timurov movement arose - a mass patriotic movement of schoolchildren and pioneers, whose ideology called for being useful to the Motherland. "Timurovets" - a title that obliged the guys to be disciplined, evoked noble and patriotic deeds in them. Their activities were of great socio-political and pedagogical significance.

Timurovites provided assistance to the families of front-line soldiers: they repaired apartments, looked after the sick and children, and helped with the housework. One of the most important aspects of their activities, they considered control over the condition of the roads along which troops and ammunition were brought to the front.

It is impossible not to note the work of this movement in sponsored hospitals. The guys organized amateur concerts, were on duty in hospitals, wrote letters at the request of the wounded, and performed various chores. Each Timurovite had his own business.

In August 1941, 5,000 schoolchildren were employed in agricultural work. Adolescents aged 11-13 worked on the fields of collective farms, learned to reap rye, collected the remaining spikelets and knitted sheaves. From the scrap metal collected by the Timurovites, the tank "Tanya" was built and sent to the front, named after the feat of the brave girl 3rd Kosmodemyanskaya.

During the war years, the enterprises produced: boxes for mines, brake shoes for tanks, sapper shovels, skis, anti-personnel mines, cases for aerial bombs, barrels for mortars, camouflage nets, spoons, soldiers' bowlers. Behind all this is the work of the Timurov children, who replaced the men who had gone to the front at the machines.

The patriotic activity of the Timurov pioneers received well-deserved recognition from the soldiers of the army and navy, and a very high appraisal of the Communist Party and the Soviet government. The main driving force of all thoughts and aspirations, strong-willed efforts and practical deeds was the ardent desire of the guys to give all their strength to the Motherland.

Pioneer Heroes

During the Great Patriotic War, many pioneers were part of partisan detachments. There they were used for tasks that adults could not complete. For example, they were sent for reconnaissance. Teenagers, ragged and emaciated, did not arouse suspicion in the German administration. They could freely appear in cities and bring the necessary information about the location of troops, the number of guards at important facilities, etc. The partisans also used them for sabotage. They participated in undermining trains and poisoning food in German soldiers' kitchens. Children often participated in underground activities.

For military merits, tens of thousands of children and pioneers were awarded orders and medals. Four pioneer heroes were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union: Lenya Golikov, Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Zina Portnova.

Leonid Golikov

Born June 17, 1926 in the village of Lukino, which is located on the banks of the Polo River. Graduated from 5 classes. When the Nazis occupied his native village, the boy went to the partisan detachment.

Lenya was in reconnaissance more than once, participated in arson of enemy warehouses and trains. One of the most important fights in his life was a one-on-one fight with a fascist general. A grenade thrown by Golikov knocked out an enemy car from which the Nazi with a briefcase got out and, firing back, rushed to run. Without hesitation, the boy rushed after him. After a kilometer of the chase, Lenya kills the general. What was in the general's briefcase was of great value: drawings and descriptions of new models of German mines, inspection reports to the higher command, and a number of other papers.

On account of the reconnaissance group, which included Golikov, there were: 78 German soldiers and officers, two railway and 12 highway bridges, two forage depots and 10 vehicles with ammunition.

Leonid Golikov died on January 24, 1943 in an unequal battle in the village of Ostraya Luka, Pskov region, where the enemy was especially fierce, feeling the imminent reprisal.

On April 2, 1944, a decree was issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the partisan pioneer Lena Golikov the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

By and large, almost all schoolchildren of the USSR were Timurovites. The desire to help those in need was an absolutely normal reaction to this or that event. Maybe it's morality, maybe it's upbringing. But thanks to such an attitude to the world, these children, Timurovites, eventually became real and sympathetic people. They have preserved the traditions of the Timurov movement forever. And this is probably the most important thing...

The book that might not have been

The Timur movement arose in 1940. That is, when just A. Gaidar published his last book about a certain helping people. The work was called, of course, "Timur and his team."

A week later, one of the excerpts was already printed. In addition, corresponding radio broadcasts began. The success of the book was simply colossal.

A year later, the work came out in a fairly large circulation. Despite this, I had to reprint it several times.

Although this book may not have been on store shelves at all. The fact is that Gaidar's idea of ​​uniting children who take care of their elders looked very suspicious. Remember, it was the last years of the 1930s.

Fortunately, N. Mikhailov, Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, took responsibility for the publication of the work. When the book was printed, a motion picture of the same name appeared. The amazing popularity of the tape was due to the vitality of the image of the protagonist. Timur became an example and ideal of the younger generation of that era.

Trilogy about Timur

Even before the publication of the work, Gaidar was interested in the problems of military education of schoolchildren. In any case, traces of such interests were reflected in his diary and all the works about Timur. We just talked about. But a little later, the writer wrote a second work. It was called "Commandant of the Snow Fortress". The characters were already engaged in some kind of war game. Well, at the very beginning of the war, Gaidar also managed to write a screenplay for Timur's Oath. From the pages he spoke about the need for a children's organization in military conditions. Members of this community will be on duty during the blackout and bombing. They will protect the territory from saboteurs and spies, they will help the families of the Red Army soldiers and peasants in their agricultural work. Actually, that's what happened. Another question is whether the author really wanted to create some kind of alternative to the pioneer organization with his works about Timur ... Unfortunately, we will not know for sure.

Gaidar's idea

It is said that in books about Timur Gaidar described the experience of scouting organizations in the 10s of the twentieth century. In addition, at one time he led the yard team. And secretly, like his character Timur, he did good deeds without asking for any reward. By and large, teenagers who help those in need are now called volunteers.

By the way, at one time such eminent personalities as Anton Makarenko and But only one Gaidar, voluntarily or unwittingly, managed to bring this idea to life.

Start

What event was the beginning of the Timur movement? The answer to this question seems quite obvious. It was after the appearance of the book about Timur that the informal Timur movement began. Appeared and the corresponding units.

Timurovites themselves became, in fact, part of the ideological system of the Soviet Union. At the same time, they managed to maintain a certain spirit of volunteerism.

The Timurovites were exemplary teenagers. They unselfishly did good deeds, assisted the elderly, helped collective farms, kindergartens and much, much more. In a word, a real mass movement of schoolchildren appeared.

Who was the founder of the Timur movement? The very first detachment appeared in 1940 in Klin, in the Moscow region. By the way, it was here that Gaidar wrote his "imperishable" story about Timur and his team. There were only six teenagers in this detachment. They studied at one of the Klin schools. Following them, such detachments arose throughout the entire territory of the Soviet Union. Moreover, sometimes in one of the small villages there were 2-3 such teams. Because of this, funny things happened. Let's say teenagers repeatedly cut wood for an elderly person and swept the yard three times...

The era of the great war

During the war, the Timur movement in the USSR grew exponentially. In 1945, there were already about 3 million Timurovites. These teenagers are truly indispensable.

Such detachments functioned in orphanages, schools, pioneer palaces and out-of-school institutions. Teenagers patronized the families of officers and soldiers, continued to help harvest.

The detachments also carried out colossal work in hospitals. So, the Timurovites of the Gorky region managed to organize almost 10 thousand performances for the wounded. They were constantly on duty in hospitals, wrote letters on behalf of the soldiers, and performed a number of various chores.

Another example of the Timur movement occurred in the summer of 1943. The steamer "Pushkin" set off along the route "Kazan - Stalingrad". On the ship as cargo - gifts that were collected by the Timurovites of the republic.

And in Leningrad, besieged by the Nazis, the Timur movement acquired special significance. Twelve thousand teenagers acted in 753 Timurov detachments of the northern capital. They provided assistance to the families of front-line soldiers, the disabled and pensioners. They had to procure fuel for them, clean the apartments and receive food on the cards.

By the way, at the beginning of 1942, the first meetings of Timurovites were held throughout the USSR. At these events, they talked about the results of their successful activities.

Also by this time, the first songs about the Timurov movement appeared, among them "Four friendly guys", "How high above us is our sky" and, of course, Blanter's "Song of the Timurovites". Later, such popular musical compositions as “Gaidar steps ahead”, “Song of the Red Pathfinders”, “Eaglets learn to fly”, “Timurovtsy”, etc., were written.

Ural detachment

Returning to the war period, one of the famous Timurov teams was a detachment from the mining town of Plast, in the Chelyabinsk region. It was attended by two hundred teenagers. And it was headed by 73-year-old Alexandra Rychkova.

The detachment was created in August 1941. At the very first training camp, Rychkova said that she would have to work literally to the point of wear and tear. There will be no discount for age. She announced that if anyone changed their mind, they could leave immediately. But no one left. Teenagers were divided into detachments and appointed chief.

Every day Rychkova handed out a work plan. They helped the needy, told the townspeople about the situations on the fronts, held concerts for the wounded in the hospital. In addition, they collected medicinal plants, scrap metal, prepared firewood, worked in the fields, patronized the families of front-line soldiers. They were also trusted with a serious matter: the Timurovites crawled into the dumps of mines and selected rocks.

Note that despite the work, teenagers still continued to go to school lessons.

As a result, in six months the team from Plast was able to gain a truly impeccable reputation. Even the officials gave the guys a room for their headquarters. Timurovites from this mining town were repeatedly written in periodicals. By the way, this detachment is mentioned in the encyclopedia of the Great Patriotic War.

The process of merging pioneers and Timurovites

In 1942, teachers were in some confusion. The fact is that the Timurov detachments, in fact, began to oust the pioneer squads. Recall that the book about Timur told about a “self-disciplined” team. In it, teenagers took on all the responsibilities and solved all the problems themselves, without the control of adults.

As a result, the leaders of the Komsomol made a decision related to the unification of the pioneers and Timurovites. After some time, the Komsomol members managed to take them under their control.

By and large, in this situation there were obvious pluses and big minuses. The activities of the Timurovites began to be considered an additional form of work for the pioneers.

post-war period

Immediately after the victory over the fascist invaders, the Timurovites continued to help front-line soldiers, the disabled, and the elderly. They also tried to take care of the graves of the Red Army.

But at the same time, the movement began to fade. Perhaps the reason was that the Timurovites did not feel much desire to “join” the ranks of the pioneer organization. They lost their freedom of choice.

The revival of the movement began only with the Khrushchev "thaw" ...

60-80s

The history of the Timur movement in Russia continued. During this period, teenagers continued to engage in socially useful activities. The best were given awards. For example, 11-year-old schoolgirl M. Nakhangova from Tajikistan managed to exceed the norm for an adult by seven times in the cotton harvest. She was awarded the Order of Lenin.

Timurovites began to engage in search work. So, they began to study the life of A. Gaidar and, as a result, helped open museums of the writer in a number of cities. They also organized a library-museum named after the writer in Kanev.

And in the 70s, the so-called All-Union Staff of Timur was formed under the editorship of the well-known Soviet magazine Pioneer. With enviable regularity, Timurov’s gatherings also took place. Poems about the Timur movement were actively composed and read. In 1973, the first All-Union rally took place in the Artek camp. Three and a half thousand delegates attended the event. They then even managed to adopt the program of the Timurov movement, aimed at its active development.

Note that such teams were created in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the GDR.

The collapse and revival of the movement

At the very beginning of the 90s, the role of the Komsomol and the pioneers was declared exhausted. These organizations have officially ceased to exist. Accordingly, such a fate awaited the Timurov movement.

But on the other hand, the “Federation of Children's Organizations” was created almost simultaneously, independent of any political party. A few years later, the Russian president announced the creation of a movement of schoolchildren in Russia. Note that this idea was supported by teachers.

A little earlier, a new Timurov (volunteer) movement was officially formed, which is designed to help socially unprotected groups of the population.

new time

Thus, in our time, the traditions of the Timur movement have been preserved. Such groups exist in several regions. For example, in Shuya, in the Ivanovo province, there is a youth movement of Timurovites. As before, they not only help those in need, but also try to be useful to society.

I am glad that this movement is spreading everywhere again ...

Borisenkova Ekaterina, Kim Artem

The past of the country is rich in great historical events. And the South Urals, our native land, has always been at the center of these events. One of such important periods is the Timur movement of 1941-1945. In the year of the 70th anniversary of the Victory, information about the events of this period is widely broadcast: about victories and defeats, about ordinary soldiers and officers, about the first Victory Parade, about the first salute in honor of the Victory over Nazi Germany. Do the students of our school know about such a fact during the Great Patriotic War as the Timur movement? We turned to them with several questions: Where was it organized? For what purpose? Who was its creator, organizer? What kind of help and to whom did the Timurovites provide? It is good that 90% of the respondents suggested that there were such detachments and, of course, they helped in hospitals and did other feasible work (collecting firewood, working with kids, studying ....). But, unfortunately, nothing is known about the Timurov detachment in the city of Plast in our region. And so we set ourselves target: learn the history of the formation and development of the Timur movement in the city of Plast during the Great Patriotic War.

1. Summarize and systematize materials about the Timur movement during the Great Patriotic War by visiting the city library named after A.S. Pushkin, ChOUNPB

2. Take part in a sightseeing trip to Plast:

visit the Plastovsky regional museum of local history,

· to meet with a participant of the Timurov movement living in the city of Plast,

· watch a film on this topic, filmed with the participation of members of this Timurov team.

3. Conduct a survey among the students of our school and find out what they know about the history of the emergence and development of the Timur movement in general and in particular in the Urals (the city of Plast)

4. Create a changing exposition "Timurov movement during the Great Patriotic War in Plast" in the local history museum "Korablik": introduce this topic to 7th grade students, hold a quiz and give a booklet to the best expert on this topic

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Municipal stage of the regional conference

research work of students "Fatherland"

Timur movement

in the city of Plast during the Great Patriotic War

Direction of the All-Russian program "Fatherland"

"Historical local history"

Chelyabinsk city

2016

Introduction

The past of the country is rich in great historical events. And the South Urals, our native land, has always been at the center of these events. One of such important periods is the Timur movement of 1941-1945. In the year of the 70th anniversary of the Victory, information about the events of this period is widely broadcast: about victories and defeats, about ordinary soldiers and officers, about the first Victory Parade, about the first salute in honor of the Victory over Nazi Germany. Do the students of our school know about such a fact during the Great Patriotic War as the Timur movement? We turned to them with several questions: Where was it organized? For what purpose? Who was its creator, organizer? What kind of help and to whom did the Timurovites provide? It’s good that 90% of the respondents suggested that there were such units and, of course, they helped in hospitals and did other feasible work (collecting firewood, working with kids, studying ....). But, unfortunately, nothing is known about the Timurov detachment in the city of Plast in our region. And so we set ourselves goal: to know the history of the formation and development of the Timur movement in the city of Plast during the Great Patriotic War

Tasks:

1. Summarize and systematize materials about the Timur movement during the Great Patriotic War by visiting the city library named after A.S. Pushkin, ChOUNPB
2. Take part in a sightseeing trip to Plast:

• visit the Plastovsky Regional Museum of Local History,
• meet with a member of the Timurov movement living in Plast,
• watch a film on this topic, filmed with the participation of members of this Timurov team.

1. Conduct a survey among the students of our school and find out what they know about the history of the emergence and development of the Timur movement in general and in particular in the Urals (the city of Plast)
2. Create a changing exposition "Timurov movement during the Great Patriotic War in Plast" in the local history museum "Korablik": introduce this topic to 7th grade students, hold a quiz and give a booklet to the best expert on this topic

Sources : written (periodical press, local history literature), pictorial, technogenic, oral.

Object of study: Timurov movement,subject of study: Timurov's team of Baba Shura in the city of Plast.

Research methods: comparative analysis of articles, local history literature, their generalization, observation, work with illustrations, a sociological survey, a visit to the local history museum of the Timur movement in Plast

Hypothesis : Information about the Timur movement in the city of Plast during the Great Patriotic War has been preserved, and today it is being specified and promoted.

Scientific novelty work is determined by the choice of the method of obtaining information, namely by making an excursion trip to the city of Plast: a visit to the Plastovsky regional museum of local history, which has an exposition on this topic and a meeting with a participant in the Timurov movement during the war years of 1941-1945, the headquarters the team of Baba Shura, the school where the Timurovites studied.

Practical significanceThis work consists, firstly, in the application of the collected and systematized materials on this topic for local historians, teachers of the city, as well as those who are interested in the Timur movement during the Great Patriotic War. Secondly, the work can be used in local history lessons and history lessons as a regional component.

Undoubtedly, the critics of the 21st century responded to the events of a long time ago, now 70 years old. Almost every anniversary year, new studies, articles, notes about their life and creative path appeared in print. The most famous, notable event in the study of the history of the Southern Urals is the book "Lights in the lanes" written by Timurovka Irina Zakharova. The author notes how difficult, but interesting and intense the work was in those years.

Chapter 1. 1.1. The emergence of the Timur movement

Timurovets is a concept from Soviet times, denoting a pioneer who does good deeds for the benefit of people, a socialist society, for free. It comes from the book by Arkady Gaidar "Timur and his team, written in 1940, the hero of which Timur organized a detachment of guys who secretly helped the families of front-line soldiers, elderly or sick people. After the appearance of this book, the Timurov movement began to emerge. The first Timur detachments were created in the city of Klin, Moscow Region, in the city where Arkady Petrovich Gaidar wrote his story "Timur and his team." The first Timurov team was founded in school number 2, and in 1940. It consisted of 6 Timurovites: Anna Vasilievna Kalinina, Vladimir Ivanovich Duzhenkov and others. (Annex 1)

During the years of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, Timur's teams and detachments operated in schools, orphanages, at palaces and houses of pioneers and other out-of-school institutions; only in the RSFSR there were over 2 million Timurovites; they patronized hospitals, families of soldiers and officers of the Soviet Army, orphanages and gardens, helped to harvest, worked for the defense fund. In the post-war period, they provided assistance to the disabled and veterans of war and labor, the elderly, looked after the graves of fallen soldiers.

In the 1960s. the search work of the Timurovites to study the life of Gaidar largely contributed to the opening of the memorial museums of the writer in Arzamas, Lgov. At the beginning of the 1970s, the All-Union Headquarters of Timur was created at the beginning of the 1970s with the funds raised by the Timurovites in Kanava, organized by the Gaidar Library and the editorial office of the Pioneer magazine. (Annex 1)

The traditions of the Timurov movement found their expression and development in the voluntary participation of children and adolescents in the improvement of cities and villages, nature protection, and assistance to adult labor collectives. Timur's teams and detachments were created in the pioneer organizations of the countries of the socialist community.

In modern Russia, the Timurov movement has survived in a number of regions, and the volunteer movement is currently gaining momentum.

1.2. The development of the Timur movement during the Great Patriotic WarFrom 1941 to 1945, Timur’s teams and detachments operated at schools, orphanages, at pioneer palaces and other out-of-school institutions, at the place of residence, there were more than 2 million Timurovites in the RSFSR alone.

Timurites patronized hospitals, families of soldiers and officers of the Soviet Army, orphanages and gardens, helped to harvest, worked for the defense fund. In the post-war period, they provide assistance to the disabled and veterans of war and labor, the elderly; caring for the graves of fallen soldiers. By 1943, there were already 3,133 Timurov teams operating in the Chelyabinsk region, which united 28,000 students. They served 15 thousand families of veterans.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Timur movement grew and expanded literally every day. The title "Timurovets" obligated, it had a disciplining effect on the guys, prompted them to noble patriotic deeds.

Timurovites repaired the apartments of families of front-line soldiers, took care of small children, helped to cultivate gardens, and procure fuel. They were on duty in hospitals, wrote letters on behalf of the wounded, gave out books from libraries, and helped to carry out a wide variety of chores. The Timurovites provided great assistance to children's institutions in the liberated regions, collecting and sending them literature, textbooks and teaching aids, and gifts.

In August 1943, the first steamship "Pushkin" set off from Kazan to Stalingrad, loaded with gifts collected by the pioneers and schoolchildren of the republic. From year to year, the Timur movement developed rapidly.

The work of the Timurov teams was told on the radio, written in newspapers, magazines, they received the heartfelt gratitude of tens of thousands of front-line soldiers and their families. Of particular importance was the Timur movement in Leningrad besieged by the enemy. Detachments of Timurovites marched over the families of front-line soldiers, disabled people, pensioners, procured fuel for them, cleaned apartments, and received food on ration cards. The noble patriotic activity of the Timurov pioneers received well-deserved recognition from the soldiers of the army and navy, all Soviet people, high appreciation and gratitude from the government. The main driving force behind all thoughts and aspirations, all strong-willed efforts and practical deeds of the Timurovites during the days of the war was their ardent desire to give all their strength and skills to the Motherland and people.

Chapter 2. Timurov's team in the city of Plast during the Great Patriotic War

2.1. Organization of Baba Shura's team

In the first year of the war, evacuated Muscovites appeared in the city. And one day a middle-aged, but very energetic woman came to school. Her name was Baba Shura Rychkova. She was evacuated to the Urals from Moscow along with her son's family. She seemed surprisingly strong, youthful, active and fair.

However, many children, known at school as "incorrigible", having joined the Timurov team, under the influence of Alexandra Petrovna Rychkova, corrected themselves and became excellent social activists and good students. The Timurovsky detachment of Baba Shura began with her three granddaughters, who were later joined by others. Baba Shura led the team, handed out assignments every morning. At first, there were 20 people in the detachment. By March 1, 1943, the Timurov team consisted of 135 pioneers, most of whom studied at school with good and excellent marks, there were no underachieving students at all! And this was an indispensable condition for Baba Shura herself: “Losers have no place in the detachment!” The guys whom she quickly “put together” into the Timurov team trusted her very much and obeyed unquestioningly. Baba Shura was strict with us,” Timurovka recalls, “but very fair.”
Baba Shura's team had several team captains. many families moved. The first team captain was Rita Lukanina, the second - Nazifa Idelbayeva, and the third - Inna Filipp (Appendix 2)

The story of this woman is amazing. She was born into a peasant family - was the twelfth child. Since the land was given only to boys, they often tried to get rid of their daughters - and Shura was thrown into the market. But she survived, even participated in the Civil War - she was a machine gunner in Budyonny's army. By the beginning of World War II, she was already 72 years old.

Another remarkable fact in the biography of Baba Shura. Like many other wartime women, she "adopted" a soldier with whom she began a cordial correspondence. Her named son was Peter Trushko, whose traces, unfortunately, were lost after the war, but his letter was preserved in the regional state archive. Here is a snippet from it:June 7, 1943. Hello dear mother! I hasten to inform you that your son Peter is alive and well! Dear mother, I have received your letter, for which I sincerely thank you, for your concern for me and for the invitation to return with victory to your home. Yes, mom, this day was the happiest day in my front-line life. After all, I was born into the world again, now I have a mother, whom I should be proud of. I am not alone, I again received a letter with such an affectionate word as my own son. I have not heard these sincere maternal words for 23 years - since I buried my old mother. I thought that I would never hear maternal affection, but I was mistaken, because the whole Russian land is my mother, and every Russian old woman is the mother of a Russian warrior who defends her motherland. Dear mother! We read your letter to the whole platoon. When I received your letter, my heart rejoiced, and my eyes wept with joy and pride ... "

According to the museum, the former Timurites Klara Nikolaevna Koptyagina, Elena Konstantinovna Ponosova, Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Ponosov, Naiada Konstantinovna Ponosova, and Volya Fedorovna Kiseleva live in Plast. In the Upper Kabanka Galina Grigoryeva Grigorenko, in Chebarkul Leonid Mikhailovich Chernyaev, in Chelyabinsk Nina Ivanovna Yuzhanina, in Naberezhnye Chelny Nina Kvasova. Perhaps the list is incomplete, and now only a few Timurovites can be spoken to due to their age and poor health.

2.2. Timurov events

In December 1941, at the regional rally of Timurov teams, Alexandra Rychkova said: “My guys know how to do and do everything. They mow, saw, they know how to repair the roof, stairs, rakes, sharpen a scythe, weave bast shoes, a basket, knead clay and plaster the wall. They take on any job. Children learn from each other, learn from adults and are fully responsible for the matter.

Baba Shura knew how to convince, to captivate with her enthusiasm and temperament! “And she spoke so passionately and incendiary that even goosebumps ran,” recalled one of the Timurovkas. The guys in the "team of Baba Shura" not only committed themselves to studying only perfectly well, but also helped the wounded in hospitals, even worked in the Plast mines - they pushed trolleys.

In February 1942, the team was given a room for headquarters. Now there was a place to bring the warm clothes collected by the guys for the front. Parcels were also collected there and gifts were completed for the wounded soldiers of the three nearest hospitals - pouches embroidered by girls, knitted socks and mittens. Tasks such as the collection of scrap metal for the construction of tanks and aircraft, the collection of medicinal herbs and the cultivation of vegetables concerned every Timurovite. (Annex 3)

Gold was mined at several mines in Plast, which was used to buy planes, tanks, and food in England and the USA. When the electricity was cut off in the mines, the boys from the Timurov team descended into the mines and, along with the adults, pushed heavy trolleys loaded with ore to the surface.

Timurovites actively participated in the "collection" - crawling along the dumps, it was necessary to select ore with streaks of copper pyrite from waste rock. The guys also had to work in the field - in the heat and bad weather, they weeded and planted on the ten hectares of land allotted to them, helped the villagers on the collective farm fields. Timurovites did not forget to take care of the families of 309 front-line soldiers: they brought them water, sawed and chopped firewood, looked after the sick, nursed the kids, washed linen and cleaned the houses. At the same time, hungry, constantly tired children did not leave school.

Timurovites held meetings every week. The son of Baba Shura worked as the head of Zolotoprodsnab and allowed the guys to gather in his red corner. Everyone had to stand up and report to his comrades what he managed to do in a week. And Baba Shura guided and prompted. Each Timurovite was “given” along the street. He had to go from house to house and find out who needed what kind of help: sawing and chopping firewood, dragging water from the well, helping to take care of the cattle (at that time almost everyone had a homestead), sit with the children, clean the house.

The Timurovites helped not only the townspeople, they also helped the front. Making rounds along the fixed streets, they turned to everyone who could, to knit for the front-line soldiers at least a pair of warm socks and two-fingered gloves, so that they could shoot at them and drag shells. And people readily responded.

They also organized a cash lottery. The same son of Baba Shura allocated small sums to the children. They bought simple stationery on them and played them in the lottery. The funds raised in this way also went to the general treasury for the front.

In the rear regions and republics there was no such hospital, wherever the Timurovites had been. They gave the wounded their drawings, handicrafts, mended their linen, helped them write letters, and gave amateur art concerts. In the summer, the guys brought wild berries to their sponsors; flowers; some pioneers kept chickens on purpose to feed the fighters with fresh eggs. Soldiers and commanders greatly appreciated the kindness and care of schoolchildren

From a letter from Margarita Lukanina, the captain of the Timurov Plast team, to her father: “Hello, daddy! We have big news in town. Do you remember, you and I watched a picture aboutTimur? He organized a team of guys that helped the families of the Red Army, took care of them. Remember, you liked this picture, and you said that it would be good if such teams actually appeared. So now we have the same team. And who organized it, you will never guess. Do you know Grandma Rychkova? Everyone loves her and calls her Baba Shura. I signed up too. Mom says: “At least you won’t be idle.” We are now very happy: the district committee of the Komsomol presented us with the Red Banner. On it is embroidered in gold letters: "To the best Timurov team." And how many things we have collected for the residents of the liberated areas and for the hospital! And books, and pillows, and clothes, and dishes - they all carried us. We collected a lot of money for the Defense Fund, organized concerts on our own, and even went home.
…Now we have a lot of work. Kids collect medicinal herbs, and we go to weed potatoes. They learned how to work as choppers and do it quickly and cleanly. You don't have to blush. And soon we will harvest berries and mushrooms. In a word, there is enough work.Timurovtsy do not sit idle!(Annex 4)

2.3. Reporting of the Timurovsky detachment

In 1942-1943. in the Chelyabinsk region there were 3133 Timurov teams, uniting 28 thousand schoolchildren. They served over 15 thousand families of front-line soldiers. Timurovites brought and sawed 9800 cubic meters. m of firewood, did a lot of other work.

During the 18 months of the Patriotic War, the Timurov team, led by "grandmother Rychkova," did a gigantic job. Collected and handed over 124 tons of scrap metal. By the weight of this metal, it would be enough for four T-34 tanks! We collected money for gifts to the soldiers of the Red Army by organizing concerts, from the delivery of scrap metal - 81 thousand rubles.

They helped 228 families of Red Army soldiers with clothes, manufactures, shoes, these things were collected and repaired by the Timurovites. The fame of Baba Shura's team spread throughout the country. They were written about in Komsomolskaya Pravda and Pionerskaya Pravda.

At the end of 1942 timurovtsy bought with their earned money and sent a large number of gifts to the children of the liberated areas: 1000 textbooks, 100 meters of manufactory, children's clothes, linen, shoes, dishes and other things. Together with Baba Shuratimurovtsy seven times they traveled 50 kilometers to hospital No. 3755 with an amateur concert for wounded soldiers.

During the war years, the Timurov team collected and handed over 131 tons of scrap metal, collected and repaired shoes and clothes for 401 Red Army families, prepared 2 thousand cubic meters. m of firewood for 600 families. With the money earned, Timurovites purchased and sent to the children of the liberated regions 1000 textbooks, 100 m of manufactory, children's dresses, shoes, underwear, dishes and other necessary items. (Annex 5)

2.4. Thanks

There were not only hard work, but also holidays. And one case can even be called fabulous. It happened to Leah Voloshina. When she grew up, she was a physics teacher, a school principal, and headed the Chebarkul Education Department. And during the war, at the age of 10, she was just a Timurovka, was fond of choreography. In the spring of 1942, the ballet "Feast of Flowers" was staged at a local club. The solo part was performed by Leah. It was a brilliant performance! And at the end, the choreographer Lidia Osipova came on stage and presented Leah with a gift - real glass shoes! So a miracle happened not only to Cinderella, but also to the Timur girl of the harsh war years.

Much has been written about this wonderful Timurov team. In 1942, an article was published in Komsomolskaya Pravda, and in 1943 - in Pionerskaya Pravda. The Timurov team of the city of Plast is mentioned in the encyclopedia of the Great Patriotic War.

Even Stalin found out about Baba Shura’s team and sent gratitude to Plast: “Give the Timurovites the first Timurov team of the Kochkarsky district (as the Plastovsky district was called until 1955), who collected 81,000 rubles for the Red Army fund, 55,000 rubles for the creation of a volunteer corps, scrap metal for the industry that helped the families of front-line soldiers, my warm greetings and gratitude to the Red Army. (Annex 6)

Today, on the wall of the building where the headquarters of the Timurovites was located, there is a memorial plaque with golden letters carved on it: “Here during the war years of 1941-1945. the headquarters of the Timurov team of Baba Shura worked. The local museum of local lore has an exposition that tells about young Timurovites who, during the war years, did things that sometimes even an adult could not do.”

In 1943, the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League presented all Timurovites with certificates of honor, and A.P. Rychkova - a silver box. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Victory over Nazi Germany, all Timurov residents of Plast were awarded the medal “For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945”, a memorial plaque was installed on the building where Baba Shura’s team gathered. In 1993, by the decision of the Plast Executive Committee, one of the new streets was named Timurovskaya.

In the same year, the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League presented all the Timurovites of Plast with certificates of honor, and Alexandra Rychkova - a silver box. More than 300 letters of thanks came to the Timurov Plast from soldiers and commanders of the Red Army. Here is one of them: “I, a fighter of the En unit, received a New Year's gift and a warm letter from a girl unknown to me. Whoever you are, dear girl, I thank you from the bottom of my heart, I thank the workers of the Chelyabinsk region for taking care of us, the defenders of the Motherland ... Accepting the package, I swore before all my comrades that I would serve the Motherland even better, strike even more ... fighter Y. Lonkin.

The Plast Museum has preserved 15 unique portraits of Timurovites and Baba Shura herself. The author of these drawings is Lidia Alexandrovna Preobrazhenskaya, who painted portraits of young Plastovites from life.

Conclusion

The results of the survey convinced us that it is necessary to turn to this topic, because. The information owned by the students of our school is negligible. Thanks to the media, they heard about the Timur movement in the South Urals during the war years, they call their actions noble, correct, but they do not have specific information.

We summarized and systematized the information and realized that it is much more informative and interesting to structure it if you simultaneously read the sources and make a trip to the city of Plast, the place where the Timur detachment was formed in the Southern Urals.

We created a changing exposition "Timurov's movement in the city of Plast during the Great Patriotic War", a booklet on this topic, introduced this information to some students of our school. (Appendix 8).

Timur movement 1941-1945 - our history. The history of this event is relevant in our time, it causes the understanding of today's people about the children of those distant times. Let's touch the secrets of history together.

How will we continue to work? We learn about similar teams in the South Urals during these difficult war years.

Research on this topic allowed us to open another glorious and heroic page of a small, but necessary and significant contribution of our region to the Victory!

Bibliography

1. Gaidar A. Timur and his team, M .: RIO "Samovar", 2014.- 144 p.
2. Gitis M.S. Notebook of a young local historian, Plastovsky district, Chelyabinsk-2011.
3. Elovskikh I.M. Lights in the lanes, Ch.: -1993.
4. Plastovsky Regional Museum, 100 years of the building of the Balas Mansion museum: modernity on the front of history. Plast-2015.- 25 p.
5. Timurovtsy // Banner of October. - 2015 - No. 51 (9734). - p. 3-4

Internet sources

1. Gaidar A. Summary of the story "Timur and his team" [accessed 09.10.15]http://www.litra.ru/shortwork/get/swid/00759831225987167272
2. Gizatullin Eldar. Stalin was impressed [access mode 06.10.15]http://maxpark.com/community/5652/content/3489193 . [Access mode 05.10.15]http://www.chel.aif.ru/society/persona/komanda_baby_shury_v_plaste_vo_vremya_voyny_deystvovala_timurovskaya_komanda

oral sources

Story Klara Nikolaevna Koptyagina, Timurovka from Baba Shura's team

UDK 94:37.035 "1941/45"

sy: 10.18097/1994-0866-2015-0-7-19-23

TIMUROVTS: LITTLE VOLUNTEERS OF THE GREAT WAR

© Balakirev Alexey Nikolaevich

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of General and National History of Buryatsky

state university

Russia, 670000 Ulan-Ude, st. Ranzhurova, 6

E-mail.ru: [email protected]

In 1940, after the publication of A.P. Gaidar's story "Timur and his team", a movement of young volunteers - Timurovites - arose in the USSR. This was a completely unusual phenomenon for that time, because the work of the Timurov teams was based on independence and on the initiative of the guys themselves, the activities of the Timurovites had a pronounced socially useful orientation. The article substantiates the relevance of volunteering in modern Russia, discusses some aspects of the emergence and development of the Timur movement, and analyzes the main activities of young volunteers during the Great Patriotic War in the USSR and Buryatia. The materials of the article may be of interest to historians, teachers, specialists in the field of social sciences, as well as to everyone who is interested in the history of our country.

Key words: Timur movement, volunteering, pioneer organization, Great Patriotic War.

TIMUROVTSY: YOUNG VOLUNTEERS OF THE GREAT WAR

Alexey N. Balakirev

PhD in History, A/Professor of the department of general and national history, Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude

6 Ranzhurova St., Ulan-Ude, 670000 Russia

In 1940, after the publication of A.P. Gaidar "s novel, "Timur and his team", a movement of Timurovtsy, young volunteers, arose in the USSR. It was quite an unusual phenomenon for that time because the work of these commands was based on independence and initiative of the guys themselves, their activities had a strong social-useful focus. Great Patriotic War in the USSR and the Republic of Buryatia The article can be interesting for historians, educators, professionals in the field of social sciences, as well as for anyone who is interested in the history of our country.

Keywords: Timurovsky movement, volunteering, Young Pioneers organization, the Great Patriotic War.

In February 2015 Sochi hosted the All-Russian Forum of Volunteers, which was attended by over 400 delegates from volunteer organizations and volunteer centers from all 85 regions of Russia. The greeting of the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin to the participants and guests of the forum says: “The traditions of volunteering, volunteering have deep historical roots in our country. At all times, representatives of different classes, ages, views selflessly served the Fatherland, people, actively participated in education and charity, contributed to the solution of socially significant problems in the field of education, health, culture, and the environment. The head of state noted that it is necessary to develop the potential of Russian volunteer organizations, expand the range of their activities and involve young people in the work. At the same time, he added that this is “especially relevant on the eve of the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory, which we will celebrate this year.”

One of the brightest pages of volunteering in our country was the Timurov movement, the formation and rapid development of which took place during the years of the Great Patriotic War. We owe the emergence of this unique socio-social phenomenon

the writer Arkady Petrovich Gaidar, who in his book "Timur and his team" proposed a completely new form of organizing children - socially useful and completely independent. The idea of ​​the story "Timur and his team" arose from A.P. Gaidar gradually, gradually. The upbringing, intelligent, noble game of Timur and his team, which is the basis of the story, the writer did not invent at his desk. He observed a similar game in life, and he himself constantly played it. Familiar boys and girls were a team, and Gaidar himself was its commander. In his memoirs, the famous Soviet writer K. G. Paustovsky tells about one such case when Gaidar's yard team helped find a rare medicine for a sick child. At the same time, Paustovsky notes: “It was impossible to thank him. He became very angry when he was thanked for his help. He considered helping a person as natural as, say, greeting. No one is thanked for saying hello to you. The beginning of work on "Timur and his team" refers to December 1939, and initially the plot was developed by Gaidar as a script for a movie. The story was completed on August 27, 1940, and on September 5, an excerpt from it was published in Pionerskaya Pravda. Throughout September and until October 8, 1940, the story was printed from issue to issue on the fourth page of the newspaper. At the same time, it was broadcast in Moscow on the central radio. In 1941, the story was published three times in separate editions in mass circulation, and since its creation, the book has been reprinted in a circulation of several tens of millions of copies. The story became the basis for the films of the same name in 1940 and 1976, and in 2013 it was included in the list of "100 books" recommended for independent reading by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for schoolchildren. Until that time, not a single book won the sympathy of children so quickly and so firmly, not a single book for children had such a power to influence the heart and mind of the reader, did not become such a direct organizer of children, as happened with the story "Timur and his team ". In cities and villages, in pioneer detachments, schools, and in courtyards, Timur teams arose; the Timur movement was born - a patriotic movement of hundreds of thousands of children.

In the public mind, the concept of "Timurovite" is often associated with the concept of "pioneer", the Timurov movement is identified with the pioneer movement. This is a wrong point of view, and an example of this is the military hard times of 1941-1945. According to Professor V. A. Kudinov, during the war years, out of 20 million children of pioneer age, only 3-4 were in the organization. In the Komsomol reports of the republics and regions of the country in wartime, the statements were typical: “Squads in many schools are drawn up on paper. As a result of the lack of political education, the growth of the Pioneer organization ceased. At the same time, already in July - mid-August 1941, Timur's teams began to operate throughout the country. In 1945, the total number of children and adolescents who took part in the Timur movement was about 3 million people. Many children, dissatisfied with the archaic and sluggish forms of work based on directives "from above", left the pioneer organization. Together with other “unorganized” ones, they joined Timurov’s teams, which offered socially useful activities, where work was based on the principle of self-government and the initiative of the guys themselves. For example, in Buryatia during the war years, the number of pioneers decreased by almost 5 thousand people, but the number of Timurovites increased by 3 times and reached 25,000 people in 1945.

The activities of the Timurovites during the Great Patriotic War were of great socio-political and pedagogical significance. This movement enjoyed huge support from the guys. A simple list of cases can give an idea of ​​the scale of the work of the Timurovites. Timurovites took care of the families of front-line soldiers, the elderly, chopped firewood, brought water, took kids to kindergarten, collected ashes, chicken droppings, ferrous and non-ferrous metal, glass for greenhouse frames, medicinal plants, money and bonds for the construction of aircraft, guns, etc. , arranged workshops for repairing, sewing linen for the families of front-line soldiers, patronized hospitals; performed in front of the wounded with concerts, conversations, read newspapers aloud, wrote letters for them, fought neglect, returned children

to school, collected warm clothes for front-line soldiers, sent parcels to the front, grew vegetables, collected fallen leaves that served as raw materials for tobacco factories, repaired buildings, cleared roads, took care of evacuated children.

In the Chelyabinsk region in the 1942/43 academic year, 3,138 Timurov teams, uniting 28,000 students, helped more than 15,000 families of front-line soldiers. From the first day of the war, the Timurovites of the Khabarovsk Territory launched a vigorous activity: about 1,000 Timurov teams repaired the apartments of families of front-line soldiers, looked after small children, helped cultivate gardens, and procure fuel. The Timurov teams of the Voronezh region numbered over 50,000 schoolchildren. One of the most important areas of their activity, they considered control over the condition of the roads along which troops and ammunition were brought to the front. Timurovites also carried out a huge amount of work in the sponsored hospitals. So, for the 1941/42 academic year, the Timurovites of Vologda prepared 153 amateur art concerts for the wounded soldiers. For all the years of the war, schoolchildren of the Gorky region organized 9,700 amateur art performances for soldiers who were being treated in hospitals. Timurovites were on duty in hospitals, wrote letters on behalf of the wounded, gave out books from libraries, and helped to carry out various chores.

The Timurovites provided great assistance to children's institutions. The students took care of the children. A characteristic and typical example was the detachment of Volodya Milenkov in Novosibirsk, created on Rabochaya Street, house number 92. He set himself the task of helping the families of front-line soldiers. “We decided,” Volodya said, “to take care of the kids - preschoolers, whose fathers are at the front, and whose mothers work. Our Timurov guys did a good job cleaning the yard and garden in this house, planted 250 bushes of bird cherry, raspberry, acacia, lilac. We took care of our trees so that they all quickly take over. Then we set up several flower beds, and sowed millet along the paths. Our yard has turned into a blooming garden. It was good for our preschoolers to play and run there. They especially liked to mess around in the sand that we brought for them. Timurovka Svetlana Zhuk worked with kids. She came up with various interesting games, read books to them aloud and took them for a walk. Mothers were pleased that their children were always under supervision. Each Timurov team member had his own business. Dina Bobruiskaya was the editor of a wall newspaper, Sveta Semenova was a librarian. We ourselves collected a library, it contained about 80 books. Yura Kulakov, Valya Legchenko and other older guys helped the families of veterans and disabled veterans of the Patriotic War prepare apartments for the winter. Timurovites collected and sent literature, textbooks and teaching aids, and gifts to children's institutions in the liberated regions. So, already in August 1943, the first steamship "Pushkin" set off from Kazan to Stalingrad, loaded with gifts collected by the pioneers and schoolchildren of the republic.

From year to year, the Timur movement developed rapidly, becoming broader both in form and content. In February 1942, meetings of the Timurites were held throughout the country, at which they proudly reported on their activities. The work of Timur's teams was told on the radio, written in newspapers and magazines, they received the heartfelt gratitude of tens of thousands of front-line soldiers and their families. Of particular importance was the Timur movement in Leningrad besieged by the enemy. The Timurov detachments were here the "younger brothers" of the Komsomol household brigades, which played an exceptional role in saving the population from death, especially in the first blockade winter. In 1941 - 1942 12,000 pioneers successfully worked in 753 Timurovsk teams in Leningrad. Patronizing the families of front-line soldiers, the disabled, pensioners, they prepared fuel for them, cleaned apartments, and received food on cards.

Already on September 29, 1941, the Irkutsk regional committee of the Komsomol adopted a special decision, which emphasized the need to promote the spread and development of the Timur movement in the region in every possible way, to ensure effective leadership by senior pioneer leaders, secretaries of Komsomol organizations. In the 1941/42 academic year, only in

In 17 districts of the region, 237 Timurov teams, uniting 3,818 children, worked. In the 1943/44 academic year, the Timurovites patronized 1274 families of front-line soldiers. In the Perm region in the same year, about 10 thousand schoolchildren were in 689 Timur teams. Over 2,000 Timur teams helped the families of veterans in the Azerbaijan SSR. About 1,260 Timurov teams operated in the Kirghiz SSR. With their active participation, schoolchildren of the republic sent 25,000 warm clothes and 6,000 individual parcels to the front.

In Buryatia, Timur teams were formed in all pioneer squads and in almost all schools in the republic, and mainly included students in grades 4-6. At the same time, every year the number of children employed in the Timurov movement increased. If in 1942 there were 8,284 children in 1,100 Timurov teams of the republic, then by the end of the war there were already about 25 thousand Timurovites. Only during the first year of the war, by the autumn of 1942, the Timurovites of Buryatia collected 250,000 soldiers for the defense fund. r., for the construction of military equipment - 120 thousand rubles, more than 12 thousand tons of ferrous and non-ferrous metal for the needs of the military industry, 5,786 centners of ash, 2,929 centners of bird droppings, 71,344 carts of manure for fertilizing fields in collective farms and state farms , snow retention was carried out on an area of ​​1,550 hectares. In the report on the work of the Timurov teams for 1942, it was noted that most of the Timurov teams worked fruitfully and conscientiously. For example, the Timurovites of the Malo-Kunalei secondary school of the Bichur aimag served 100 families of Red Army soldiers, sent gifts to the front of only 105 kg of meat and 340 chickens. The team of secondary school No. 6 in Ulan-Ude, headed by Timurov's Karpov, provided great assistance to the families of the Red Army soldiers Kovarsky and Napushkov, they cleaned the rooms, went for water, for bread, chopped wood, read books to children and went to the movies with them. In the Tarbagatai region, 266 Timurovites served 50 families of Red Army soldiers. There are 82 teams organized in the Zheleznodorozhny district, covering 732 children. They served 413 families of Red Army soldiers. The Timurov team of the Petropavlovsk secondary school of the Dzhida aimak worked well, consisting of 33 children, they sawed 18 cubic meters of firewood, swept 17 yards, repaired 2 sheds, collected 40 buckets of ash. Meetings of Timurov's teams were held in all districts with the presentation of the report "Tasks of Timurov's teams in the days of the Great Patriotic War". However, the main task of the Timurovites was to provide all possible assistance to the families of the Red Army. The amount of work carried out in this regard during the war years is enormous and invaluable. In his memoirs, the wife of a Red Army soldier, a resident of Ulan-Ude, T. Basovich writes: “... It is very nice to see when, from small to large, everyone is trying to help you and surround your family with care. Many thanks to the Timurovites for their help!” .

The noble patriotic activity of the Timurovites received well-deserved recognition from the soldiers of the army and navy, high appreciation and gratitude from all Soviet people. The main driving force behind all thoughts and aspirations, all strong-willed efforts and practical deeds of the Timurovites during the days of the war was their ardent desire to give all their strength and skills to the Motherland and people.

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