Indicate the part of speech that is not independent. What are independent parts of speech

To find out which parts of speech are independent, you should understand the signs that characterize them. Independent parts of speech are the main words in sentences. Without them, it is impossible to transmit at least some information. All words that name objects, denote actions (what happens to them) and describe them - these are uniquely independent parts of speech.

In contrast to them, there are service words - they only serve the rest of the parts of speech and help to unite them. There is a third category of words - interjections, which are neither independent nor auxiliary.

Independent parts of speech can interact and transmit any informational messages without the help of service ones. But service ones without independent ones are not used.

Signs of independent parts of speech

In order not to be mistaken in determining which group certain words belong to, you can do this according to the following criteria.

• By the word, which is an independent part of speech, it is possible to ask a question. Who? What is he doing? Which? Where? Where?
• In a sentence, independent parts of speech are necessarily its members.
• Each individual part of speech that falls under this general category has grammatical and morphological features.

Independent parts of speech

• Noun. It always answers the questions: who, what? This part of speech can be either an animate object or an inanimate one. In a sentence, the noun is mostly the subject or the object.
• Adjective. Describes the characteristics of nouns and pronouns. What or what? Can be qualitative, relative, possessive.
• Verb. Expresses action. What is he doing? What did you do? What will do? In a sentence, this part of speech usually becomes a predicate.
• Adverb. The word that does not change. answers the questions: how?, when?, where? etc.
• Communion and participle. Sometimes they are called special forms of the verb.
• Numeral. Talking about quantity. Answers the questions: how much, which in the account?
• Pronoun. When pointing to an object, it is used instead of a noun.

Independent parts of speech are differentiated into two categories: significant and pronominal. It is known that significant - they name an object, an action with an object, or characterize it. And the pronouns only point to it.

Very often, students confuse independent and significant parts of speech, believing that they are one and the same. However, it is only true that all significant parts of speech are independent, and pronouns include only pronouns.

Morphology - is a branch of the science of language that studies the word as a part of speech.

Parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent and service.

Independent parts of speech call objects, signs, quantity, actions of objects and are independent members of the sentence.

Service parts of speech do not name objects, signs, quantity, actions of objects, serve to connect words in a sentence and are not independent members of the sentence.

Independent parts of speech:

Service parts of speech:

All words of the Russian language are divided into large groups - parts of speech. They differ in what question the words answer, what they mean, how they can change.

Nouns

Question Who? or What? the answer is those words with which people designate everything that they can see, hear, touch, or even what they can think of as something existing.

The question is what? can be asked about snowfall, and about the weather, and about thought, and about kindness, beauty or malice. All of these can also be considered objects. These are nouns.

Afanasy Fet in a poem about spring used almost only nouns.

This morning, this joy

This is the power of both day and light,

This blue vault

This cry and strings

These flocks, these birds,

This dialect of waters.

What? morning, joy, power, (day) of the day, (light) of light, arch, cry, strings, flocks, talk, (water) of waters. These are inanimate nouns.

Who? birds. This is an animated noun.

Cry, speaking and other words with the meaning of action answer the questions of the noun and change like the words of this part of speech. That is why they are nouns.

Now the crunch of branches, now the ringing of drops, now the whistle of hard needles.

What? crunch, ringing, whistles - words with the meaning of action, nouns.

What? branches, drops, needles - nouns.

The noun is the most representative part of speech. Almost every second word in our speech is a noun.

Any noun answers the question who? or what?, so we can say about each of them: denotes an object.

Permanent signs of a noun:

gender (masculine, feminine or neuter) and declension (1, 2 or 3).

Nouns change by numbers and by cases.

Adjectives

The name of the part of speech "adjective" comes from the Latin word. It means "attachment, addition".

What part of speech words are adjectives attached to? Let's watch.

Chamomile has a cheerful soul, like the sun. Bells have a light soul. Pansies have a gentle soul. Lilies of the valley have a fresh and loving soul. Clover has a simple and kind soul. And the burdock has a wild, rebellious soul. Grows high. Doesn't tilt his head.

The soul (what?) is cheerful, light, affectionate, fresh, in love, simple, kind, wild, rebellious.

Let's find adjectives that can describe rain.

Rain (what?) Blind and torrential,

Rainbow and thunder.

Protracted, mushroom and fast,

Sleepy, slow and arrogant (i.e. fast).

Adjectives are "attached" to nouns.

They can:

name the signs, qualities of objects (their color, shape, size, taste ...); convey an assessment of the subject (good, bad, excellent, excellent ...).

These adjectives answer questions: Which? which? which? which?

But among the adjectives there are those that show who owns the object:

grandfather's jacket, mother's bag, bird's nest, hare footprints.

It is better to put other questions to these adjectives: whose? whose? whose? whose?

All adjectives obey nouns and, at their command, change in numbers, gender and cases.

The gender, number, case of an adjective can be recognized by the name of the noun with which it is associated.

Verb

Verbs can name the actions of people and animals.

At morning and evening dawns, all forest dwellers cast their votes. Black grouse are running, hazel grouse are squeaking, jays are chirping, thrushes are singing in sonorous voices. Beetles and grasshoppers creak. Orioles whistle with a flute. (According to V. Bianchi)

What are they doing? serve, talk, squeak, crackle, sing, creak, whistle.

A verb is a part of speech that answers questions. what to do? what to do? and denotes the action of the subject.

Verbs change in number and tense.

How else verbs change, you will learn in grade 4.

When we want to show the movement of objects, verbs are especially important.

Ice drift. The ice is melting.

He floats on the river.

He runs from the sun

He dives and trembles. (V. Axelrod)

Verbs: what does it do? melts, swims, runs, dives, trembles.

Find a difficult word.

Ice drift - two roots - ice-, -walk-, the letter o is a connecting vowel.

The word he is used instead of the noun ice. This is a pronoun.

Pronouns

There are many pronouns in our language.

Most of them are used instead of a name (noun, adjective or numeral), for which they got their name: pronoun. Pronouns do not name objects, signs, quantities, but only point to them or ask about them.

A pronoun is placed in place of a noun.

For example, I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.

The pronoun takes the place of the adjective.

For example, ours, yours, mine, yours, this one.

Read the riddle. Find pronouns in the text.

The palace in the garden is strict in style.

It was built in a short time.

It has a good margin of strength,

It is elegant in decoration.

That's why it came to us

Completely without modification.

There is a lathe in it,

The machine was mastered by the king.

Started here at 5 am

Working day of Tsar Peter. (E. Efimovsky)

Summer Palace of Peter I

The pronoun before us points to people, the pronoun in it points to the Summer Palace of Peter I, but does not name it.

There are two more parts of speech in this riddle, which you will get acquainted with in grade 4: adverb (quite, here), numeral (five).

Numerals and adverbs

How many? and report the number of some items, are called quantitative.

How many? five, seven, sixteen.

Numerals that answer the question what's the score? which? and report the order of objects in a row, are called ordinal.

Which? fifth, seventh, sixteenth.

The nouns change according to cases.

Sometimes it is difficult to find adverbs in the text.

Remember: most often they refer to verbs, they help to more accurately name actions.

For example, it started (where?) here, it started (how?) slowly, it started (when?) today.

Adverbs answer the questions where? Where? where? When? How? and indicate an action. These are immutable words.

What parts of speech are these words?

Two, deuce, two, double, double, double, double, twice.

Two (how many?, numeral),

deuce (what?, noun),

two (how many?, numeral),

double (what?, adjective),

double (what to do?, verb),

together (how?, adverb)

double (what?, adjective),

twice (how many times?, adverb).

Conclusion

Independent- parts of speech that can be used without helper words. These are nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, adverbs, numerals.

Absolutely everything is divided into categories in Russian. The part of speech is determined by morphological features, syntactic function and lexical meaning.

Their composition was formed all the time while the grammar of the Russian language was developing. At the present stage, independent parts of speech (full-valued) and service ones are distinguished. Interjections, modal words and onomatopoeic are considered separately.

Independent (in some sources they are also called significant) indicate objects, quantity, properties, action, quality, state. They have a grammatical meaning and a lexical one. In addition, they perform a syntactic function, acting as the main or secondary member in the sentence.

Independent parts of speech consist of seven categories of words: adjective and noun, verb, pronoun, adverb and category of state. Not all of them can change their shape through a variety of means. This ability is characteristic only for adjectives, nouns, numerals, as well as verbs and pronouns. The category of state (lack of time, pity, glad) and adverbs do not have means that form various forms. A small exception is made by qualitative adverbs, which are able to create degrees of comparison.

The category of state (or predicate) should be discussed separately, since it is not distinguished in all grammars. For the first time this was done by L. V. Shcherba. Moreover, the understanding of the predicative is narrow and wide. In the first case, the category of state includes only those words that in an impersonal sentence (also in the one where the main member is expressed by the infinitive) play the syntactic role of the predicate: sunny, cold, hard to understand, you can’t be silent, once, you can agree, damp, warm . In the second case, the category of state includes all words that are not verbs, but act as a predicate: impossible, fit, must, glad, obliged, possible, ready.

Predicative: use together with a copula and the meaning of the state. In the case of a narrow understanding, the immutability of the word is added here.

There is a lot of special literature, which quite convincingly substantiates the attribution of the category of state to parts of speech. Indeed, there are words in the language that are not verbs, but perform the syntactic function of the predicate, like verbs. Some linguists correlate the concept of the category of state with the function of non-verbal word forms in a sentence. But, nevertheless, this question is still problematic and remains open.

The accepted distribution by parts of speech cannot be considered constant, since in the language there is often a transition of lexemes from one part of speech to another. However, not all words can do this freely. Some independent parts of speech more often turn into other independent ones, less often - into service ones. For example, adverbs can go into the category of prepositions: about, around. U appears the meaning of pronouns: The case (this) was in the fall. Participles turn into prepositions and adverbs: despite, thanks, sitting, silently, standing. Often nouns become parts of complex conjunctions, particles of prepositions: is it a joke, during, while, etc.

Parts of speech in English, as well as in Russian, are divided into full-valued (significant, independent) and service parts. The first also include those words that have a full lexical meaning, are members of a sentence and name actions, signs and objects. English grammar refers to them as adverbs, verbs, pronouns and adjectives, nouns and numerals.

To independent parts speeches include noun, adjective, verb, numeral, pronoun, speeches e. The noun is an independent part speeches, which generally names the subject and answers the questions who? What? This group of words can denote an object (table, house), a person (a boy, a student), ( , ), a sign (depth, height), an abstract concept (conscience, altruism), an action (singing, dancing), an attitude (equality, exclusivity ). Nouns animate or inanimate, proper or common nouns, have gender, number and case. In a sentence, they most often act or. Adjective - independent part speeches, denoting a sign of an object and answering the questions "what?", "what?", "what?", "what?", "whose?". Under the sign it is customary to understand the properties, quality, belonging, characterizing objects. By value, adjectives are divided into qualitative, relative and possessive. Adjectives depend on nouns and agree with them, that is, they are put in the same case, number and gender. Adjectives can have a full and short form (green, green). In the proposal, these parts speeches are usually agreed definitions. Short adjectives are used only as predicates. The verb is an independent part speeches, which indicates the state or action of the subject and answers the questions what to do? what to do? (be, look). Verbs are imperfect and perfect, transitive and intransitive. This part speeches changes with inclination. The initial (indefinite) form of the verb is called the infinitive. She does not have time, number, face and gender (do, walk). In the sentence, the verbs are . The participle is a special form of the verb denoting the sign of the subject by action. It answers the questions "what?", "what?", "what?" (flying, drawing). The gerund is a special invariable form of the verb, denoting a sign, but acting as a sign of another action. It answers the questions "what are you doing?", "what are you doing?" (crying, effortlessly, skipping). The numeral is an independent part speeches, which denotes the number, the number of objects, as well as their order when counting. By value, they are divided into quantitative (answer the question "how much?") and ordinal (answer the questions "what?", "what are the numbers?"). Numerals change (fifth, fifth, fifth). In a sentence, numerals are subject, predicate, circumstance of time, definition. Pronoun - independent part speeches pointing to objects, signs, but not naming them (I, mine, this one). In a sentence, they are used as a subject, addition, definition, less often - a circumstance, a predicate. By meaning, pronouns are divided into personal (I, you, he, they), reflexive (myself), interrogative (who, what), relative (who, than, which), indefinite (something, some), negative (no one, how much - then), possessive (mine, ours, ours), demonstrative (that, such, so much), (any, other). On speeches e - independent part speeches, which denotes a sign of an object, a sign of an action, a sign of another sign. It answers the questions "how?", "where?", "where?", "when?", "why?", "for what?" (well, attentively, beautifully, tomorrow, very much). On speeches e does not decline, does not conjugate, in a sentence it is most often a circumstance.