Where did such surnames as Yushchenko, Khmelnitsky, Gavrilyuk and Shevchenko come from? What do Tyagnibok and Zhuiboroda have in common?
This unique "-enko"
Surnames ending in the suffix "-enko" are considered the most typical for Ukrainians, and not because they make up the largest group, but because they practically do not occur among other Slavic peoples. The fact that such surnames became widespread in Russia is explained by the fact that the Ukrainians, after joining the Muscovite state in 1654, constituted the second largest ethnic group after the Russians.
It should be noted that Ukrainian surnames came into use earlier than Russian ones. The very first mention of a surname with the suffix "-enko" dates back to the 16th century. Their localization was typical for Podolia, a little less often for the Kiev region, Zhytomyr region and Galicia. Later, they began to actively spread to Eastern Ukraine.
Researcher Stepan Bevzenko, who studied the register of the Kyiv regiment of the middle of the 17th century, notes that surnames ending in "-enko" accounted for approximately 60% of the entire list of the regiment's family names. The suffix "-enko" is a diminutive, emphasizing the connection with the father, which literally meant "small", "young man", "son". For example, Petrenko is the son of Peter or Yushchenko is the son of Yusk.
Later, the ancient suffix lost its direct meaning and began to be used as a family component. In particular, it became an addition not only for patronymics, but also for nicknames and professions - Zubchenko, Melnichenko.
Polish influence
For a long time, most of today's Ukraine was part of the Commonwealth, which left its mark on the process of forming surnames. Surnames in the form of adjectives ending in "-sky" and "-tsky" were especially popular. Toponyms - the names of territories, settlements, water bodies - were mainly their basis.
Initially, surnames with similar endings were worn exclusively by the Polish aristocracy, as a designation of the rights to own a particular territory - Potocki, Zamoyski. Later, such suffixes also spread to Ukrainian surnames, adding to the names and nicknames - Artemovsky, Khmelnitsky.
Historian Valentin Bendyug notes that from the beginning of the 18th century, “noble families” began to be assigned to those who had an education, first of all, this concerned priests. Thus, according to the researcher's calculations, over 70% of the clergy of the Volyn diocese bore surnames with the suffixes "-tsky" and "-sky".
the phenomenon in Western Ukraine of surnames with endings in “-uk”, “-chuk”, “-yuk”, “-ak” also occurred during the period of the Commonwealth. Baptismal names became the basis for such surnames, but later any others. This helped to solve the problem of identification - the isolation of a particular person from society and the separation of a Ukrainian from a gentry. This is how Gavrilyuk, Ivanyuk, Zakharchuk, Kondratyuk appeared, although over time these suffixes became more widely used - Popelnyuk, Kostelnyuk.
Eastern trail
Linguists have established that there are at least 4,000 Turkic words in the Ukrainian language. This is due to the active resettlement of some Turkic and other eastern peoples in the Black Sea and Dnieper region in connection with the increased Islamization of the Caucasus and Central Asian regions.
All this directly affected the formation of Ukrainian surnames. In particular, the Russian ethnologist L. G. Lopatinsky argued that the family ending “-ko”, common in Ukraine, comes from the Adyghe “kyo” (“kue”), denoting “descendant” or “son”.
For example, the frequently encountered surname Shevchenko, according to the researcher, goes back to the word "sheudzhen", which the Circassians called Christian priests. The descendants of the “sheudzhen” who moved to the Ukrainian lands began to add the ending “-ko” - this is how they turned into Shevchenko.
It is curious that surnames ending in “-ko” are still found among some Caucasian peoples and Tatars, and many of them are very similar to Ukrainian ones: Gerko, Zanko, Kushko, Khatko.
Lopatinsky also attributes Ukrainian surnames ending in "-uk" and "-yuk" to Turkic roots. So, as evidence, he cites the names of the Tatar khans - Kuchuk, Tayuk, Payuk. The researcher of Ukrainian onomastics G. A. Borisenko supplements the list with Ukrainian surnames with a wide variety of endings, which, in his opinion, are of Adyghe origin - Babiy, Bogma, Zigura, Kekukh, Legeza, Prykhno, Shakhray.
for example, the surname Dzhigurda - an example of Ukrainian-Circassian anthroponymic correspondence - consists of two words: Dzhikur - the name of the Zikh governor of Georgia and David - the Georgian king. In other words, Dzhigurda is Dzhikur under David.
Cossack nicknames
The environment of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks contributed to the formation of a large number of the most diverse nicknames, behind which serfs and representatives of other classes, who had escaped from dependence, hid their origin for security reasons.
“According to the rules of the Sich, the newcomers had to leave their names behind the outer walls and enter the Cossack world with the name that would best describe them,” writes researcher V. Sorokopud.
Many of the bright and colorful nicknames, consisting of two parts - a verb in the imperative mood and a noun, subsequently turned into surnames without any suffixes: Zaderykhvist, Zhuiboroda, Lupybatko, Nezdiiminoga.
Some of the surnames can be found even now - Tyagnibok, Sorokopud, Vernigora, Krivonos. A number of modern surnames went from one-component Cossack nicknames - Bulava, Gorobets, Bereza.
ethnic diversity
The diversity of Ukrainian surnames is the result of the influence of those states and peoples, under whose influence Ukraine has been for centuries. It is interesting that for a long time Ukrainian surnames were the product of free word creation and could change several times. Only at the end of the 18th century, in connection with the decree of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, all surnames acquired a legal status, including in the territories of Ukraine, which were part of Austria-Hungary.
Professor Pavel Chuchka points out that one should distinguish between a “Ukrainian surname” and a surname belonging to a Ukrainian. For example, the surname Schwartz, which is still found in Ukraine, has German roots, but its derivative Shvartsyuk (son of Schwartz) is already typically Ukrainian.
Due to foreign influence, Ukrainian surnames often acquire a very specific sound. So, for example, the surname Yovban, according to Chuchka, has always been prestigious, since it comes from the name of St. Job, which is pronounced Yovb in Hungarian. But the researcher sees the surname Penzenik in the Polish word "penzit", which translates as how to scare
Where did such surnames as Yushchenko, Khmelnitsky, Gavrilyuk and Shevchenko come from? What do Tyagnibok and Zhuiboroda have in common?
This unique "-enko"
Surnames ending in the suffix "-enko" are considered the most typical for Ukrainians, and not because they make up the largest group, but because they practically do not occur among other Slavic peoples. The fact that such surnames became widespread in Russia is explained by the fact that the Ukrainians, after joining the Muscovite state in 1654, constituted the second largest ethnic group after the Russians.
It should be noted that Ukrainian surnames came into use earlier than Russian ones. The very first mention of a surname with the suffix "-enko" dates back to the 16th century. Their localization was typical for Podolia, a little less often for the Kiev region, Zhytomyr region and Galicia. Later, they began to actively spread to Eastern Ukraine.
Researcher Stepan Bevzenko, who studied the register of the Kyiv regiment of the middle of the 17th century, notes that surnames ending in "-enko" accounted for approximately 60% of the entire list of the regiment's family names. The suffix "-enko" is a diminutive, emphasizing the connection with the father, which literally meant "small", "young man", "son". For example, Petrenko is the son of Peter or Yushchenko is the son of Yusk.
Later, the ancient suffix lost its direct meaning and began to be used as a family component. In particular, it became an addition not only for patronymics, but also for nicknames and professions - Zubchenko, Melnichenko.
Polish influence
For a long time, most of today's Ukraine was part of the Commonwealth, which left its mark on the process of forming surnames. Surnames in the form of adjectives ending in "-sky" and "-tsky" were especially popular. Toponyms - the names of territories, settlements, water bodies - were mainly their basis.
Initially, surnames with similar endings were worn exclusively by the Polish aristocracy, as a designation of the rights to own a particular territory - Potocki, Zamoyski. Later, such suffixes also spread to Ukrainian surnames, adding to the names and nicknames - Artemovsky, Khmelnitsky.
Historian Valentin Bendyug notes that from the beginning of the 18th century, “noble families” began to be assigned to those who had an education, first of all, this concerned priests. Thus, according to the researcher's calculations, over 70% of the clergy of the Volyn diocese bore surnames with the suffixes "-tsky" and "-sky".
The appearance in Western Ukraine of surnames with endings in “-uk”, “-chuk”, “-yuk”, “-ak” also occurred during the period of the Commonwealth. Baptismal names became the basis for such surnames, but later any others. This helped to solve the problem of identification - the isolation of a particular person from society and the separation of a Ukrainian from a gentry. This is how Gavrilyuk, Ivanyuk, Zakharchuk, Kondratyuk appeared, although over time these suffixes became more widely used - Popelnyuk, Kostelnyuk.
Eastern trail
Linguists have established that there are at least 4,000 Turkic words in the Ukrainian language. This is due to the active resettlement of some Turkic and other eastern peoples in the Black Sea and Dnieper region in connection with the increased Islamization of the Caucasus and Central Asian regions.
All this directly affected the formation of Ukrainian surnames. In particular, the Russian ethnologist L. G. Lopatinsky argued that the family ending “-ko”, common in Ukraine, comes from the Adyghe “kyo” (“kue”), denoting “descendant” or “son”.
For example, the frequently encountered surname Shevchenko, according to the researcher, goes back to the word "sheudzhen", which the Circassians called Christian priests. The descendants of the “sheudzhen” who moved to the Ukrainian lands began to add the ending “-ko” - this is how they turned into Shevchenko.
It is curious that surnames ending in “-ko” are still found among some Caucasian peoples and Tatars, and many of them are very similar to Ukrainian ones: Gerko, Zanko, Kushko, Khatko.
Lopatinsky also attributes Ukrainian surnames ending in "-uk" and "-yuk" to Turkic roots. So, as evidence, he cites the names of the Tatar khans - Kuchuk, Tayuk, Payuk. The researcher of Ukrainian onomastics G. A. Borisenko supplements the list with Ukrainian surnames with a wide variety of endings, which, in his opinion, are of Adyghe origin - Babiy, Bogma, Zigura, Kekukh, Legeza, Prykhno, Shakhray.
And, for example, the surname Dzhigurda - an example of the Ukrainian-Circassian anthroponymic correspondence - consists of two words: Dzhikur - the name of the Zikh governor of Georgia and David - the Georgian king. In other words, Dzhigurda is Dzhikur under David.
Cossack nicknames
The environment of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks contributed to the formation of a large number of the most diverse nicknames, behind which serfs and representatives of other classes, who had escaped from dependence, hid their origin for security reasons.
“According to the rules of the Sich, the newcomers had to leave their names behind the outer walls and enter the Cossack world with the name that would best describe them,” writes researcher V. Sorokopud.
Many of the bright and colorful nicknames, consisting of two parts - a verb in the imperative mood and a noun, subsequently turned into surnames without any suffixes: Zaderykhvist, Zhuiboroda, Lupybatko, Nezdiiminoga.
Some of the surnames can be found even now - Tyagnibok, Sorokopud, Vernigora, Krivonos. A number of modern surnames went from one-component Cossack nicknames - Bulava, Gorobets, Bereza.
ethnic diversity
The diversity of Ukrainian surnames is the result of the influence of those states and peoples, under whose influence Ukraine has been for centuries. It is interesting that for a long time Ukrainian surnames were the product of free word creation and could change several times. Only at the end of the 18th century, in connection with the decree of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, all surnames acquired a legal status, including in the territories of Ukraine, which were part of Austria-Hungary.
Professor Pavel Chuchka points out that one should distinguish between a “Ukrainian surname” and a surname belonging to a Ukrainian. For example, the surname Schwartz, which is still found in Ukraine, has German roots, but its derivative Shvartsyuk (son of Schwartz) is already typically Ukrainian.
Due to foreign influence, Ukrainian surnames often acquire a very specific sound. So, for example, the surname Yovban, according to Chuchka, has always been prestigious, since it comes from the name of St. Job, which is pronounced Yovb in Hungarian. But the researcher sees the surname Penzenik in the Polish word “penzit”, which translates as to scare.
Where did such surnames as Yushchenko, Khmelnitsky, Gavrilyuk and Shevchenko come from? What do Tyagnibok and Zhuiboroda have in common?
This unique "-enko"
Surnames ending in the suffix "-enko" are considered the most typical for Ukrainians, and not because they make up the largest group, but because they practically do not occur among other Slavic peoples. The fact that such surnames became widespread in Russia is explained by the fact that the Ukrainians, after joining the Muscovite state in 1654, constituted the second largest ethnic group after the Russians.
It should be noted that Ukrainian surnames came into use earlier than Russian ones. The very first mention of a surname with the suffix "-enko" dates back to the 16th century. Their localization was typical for Podolia, a little less often for the Kiev region, Zhytomyr region and Galicia. Later, they began to actively spread to Eastern Ukraine.
Researcher Stepan Bevzenko, who studied the register of the Kyiv regiment of the middle of the 17th century, notes that surnames ending in "-enko" accounted for approximately 60% of the entire list of the regiment's family names. The suffix "-enko" is a diminutive, emphasizing the connection with the father, which literally meant "small", "young man", "son". For example, Petrenko is the son of Peter or Yushchenko is the son of Yusk.
Later, the ancient suffix lost its direct meaning and began to be used as a family component. In particular, it became an addition not only for patronymics, but also for nicknames and professions - Zubchenko, Melnichenko.
Polish influence
For a long time, most of today's Ukraine was part of the Commonwealth, which left its mark on the process of forming surnames. Surnames in the form of adjectives ending in "-sky" and "-tsky" were especially popular. Toponyms - the names of territories, settlements, water bodies - were mainly their basis.
Initially, surnames with similar endings were worn exclusively by the Polish aristocracy, as a designation of the rights to own a particular territory - Potocki, Zamoyski. Later, such suffixes also spread to Ukrainian surnames, adding to the names and nicknames - Artemovsky, Khmelnitsky.
Historian Valentin Bendyug notes that from the beginning of the 18th century, “noble families” began to be assigned to those who had an education, first of all, this concerned priests. Thus, according to the researcher's calculations, over 70% of the clergy of the Volyn diocese bore surnames with the suffixes "-tsky" and "-sky".
the phenomenon in Western Ukraine of surnames with endings in “-uk”, “-chuk”, “-yuk”, “-ak” also occurred during the period of the Commonwealth. Baptismal names became the basis for such surnames, but later any others. This helped to solve the problem of identification - the isolation of a particular person from society and the separation of a Ukrainian from a gentry. This is how Gavrilyuk, Ivanyuk, Zakharchuk, Kondratyuk appeared, although over time these suffixes became more widely used - Popelnyuk, Kostelnyuk.
Eastern trail
Linguists have established that there are at least 4,000 Turkic words in the Ukrainian language. This is due to the active resettlement of some Turkic and other eastern peoples in the Black Sea and Dnieper region in connection with the increased Islamization of the Caucasus and Central Asian regions.
All this directly affected the formation of Ukrainian surnames. In particular, the Russian ethnologist L. G. Lopatinsky argued that the family ending “-ko”, common in Ukraine, comes from the Adyghe “kyo” (“kue”), denoting “descendant” or “son”.
For example, the frequently encountered surname Shevchenko, according to the researcher, goes back to the word "sheudzhen", which the Circassians called Christian priests. The descendants of the “sheudzhen” who moved to the Ukrainian lands began to add the ending “-ko” - this is how they turned into Shevchenko.
It is curious that surnames ending in “-ko” are still found among some Caucasian peoples and Tatars, and many of them are very similar to Ukrainian ones: Gerko, Zanko, Kushko, Khatko.
Lopatinsky also attributes Ukrainian surnames ending in "-uk" and "-yuk" to Turkic roots. So, as evidence, he cites the names of the Tatar khans - Kuchuk, Tayuk, Payuk. The researcher of Ukrainian onomastics G. A. Borisenko supplements the list with Ukrainian surnames with a wide variety of endings, which, in his opinion, are of Adyghe origin - Babiy, Bogma, Zigura, Kekukh, Legeza, Prykhno, Shakhray.
for example, the surname Dzhigurda - an example of Ukrainian-Circassian anthroponymic correspondence - consists of two words: Dzhikur - the name of the Zikh governor of Georgia and David - the Georgian king. In other words, Dzhigurda is Dzhikur under David.
Cossack nicknames
The environment of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks contributed to the formation of a large number of the most diverse nicknames, behind which serfs and representatives of other classes, who had escaped from dependence, hid their origin for security reasons.
“According to the rules of the Sich, the newcomers had to leave their names behind the outer walls and enter the Cossack world with the name that would best describe them,” writes researcher V. Sorokopud.
Many of the bright and colorful nicknames, consisting of two parts - a verb in the imperative mood and a noun, subsequently turned into surnames without any suffixes: Zaderykhvist, Zhuiboroda, Lupybatko, Nezdiiminoga.
Some of the surnames can be found even now - Tyagnibok, Sorokopud, Vernigora, Krivonos. A number of modern surnames went from one-component Cossack nicknames - Bulava, Gorobets, Bereza.
ethnic diversity
The diversity of Ukrainian surnames is the result of the influence of those states and peoples, under whose influence Ukraine has been for centuries. It is interesting that for a long time Ukrainian surnames were the product of free word creation and could change several times. Only at the end of the 18th century, in connection with the decree of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, all surnames acquired a legal status, including in the territories of Ukraine, which were part of Austria-Hungary.
Professor Pavel Chuchka points out that one should distinguish between a “Ukrainian surname” and a surname belonging to a Ukrainian. For example, the surname Schwartz, which is still found in Ukraine, has German roots, but its derivative Shvartsyuk (son of Schwartz) is already typically Ukrainian.
Due to foreign influence, Ukrainian surnames often acquire a very specific sound. So, for example, the surname Yovban, according to Chuchka, has always been prestigious, since it comes from the name of St. Job, which is pronounced Yovb in Hungarian. But the researcher sees the surname Penzenik in the Polish word "penzit", which translates as how to scare
Dictionary of Ukrainian surnames.Among Russians, there is a very large proportion of those who do not consider the Ukrainian nation a nation, and the Ukrainian language a language.
The second is explained by the fact that most of these people have never heard the Ukrainian language, and draw their knowledge from the works of Gogol, who wrote about Ukraine for St. Petersburg readers and was forced to adapt the text to understandability. So in Fenimore Cooper and Jules Verne, in their novels, the Indians scratch in English. Or closer to us - the speech of Abdulla, Said and Gulchatai in the "White Sun of the Desert".
Assimilation also made a significant contribution. Is anyone surprised that the chairman of the Federation Council has a Ukrainian surname? For those who grew up in a monolingual environment, Ukrainian surnames are just a meaningless set of sounds that does not cause any associations, except for those personally associated with their well-known carriers. That Shulga, that Shoigu.
At the same time, for a Ukrainian speaker, the meaning of Ukrainian surnames is obvious. Equally obvious are the cases when the Russifying ending "-v" or "-ov" is added to the Ukrainian semantic root
I was not too lazy and compiled a self-made explanatory dictionary of the most common, in my opinion, Ukrainian surnames.
Babak (derivative of Babchenko) - marmot
Babiy - a womanizer; effeminate
Bagno - silt, mud, bog
Bazhan - desired
Bairak - gully, overgrown ravine
Bakai - pre-conscript; did not serve in the army; pit with water
Barabash - round-headed (Turk.)
Bashtan - melon
Bliznyuk - twin
Bilyk - blond, blond
Boyko (derivative of Boychenko) - a native of Bukovina.
Butko is a fat man
Velichko - big man, giant
Voit (derivatives of Voitenko, Voytyuk, Starovoitov, Pustovoitenko, Pustovit) - village headman
Volokha (derivatives of Voloshchenko, Voloshin) - Romanian, Moldavian
hunchback - hunchback
Gargoyle - loud, unable to speak softly
Gritsai - Grishka
Gulko - a lover of "go left", whore
Guz, Hudz - button
Gutnik - a glass blower, generally a hearth at a melting furnace (for example, a blast furnace)
Deynega, Deineka, (distorted Daineko, Denikin) - a Cossack armed with a club (mace)
Derkach - a broom, a broom made of twigs
Dziuba - pockmarked, beaten by smallpox
Dovgal, Dovgan - lanky
Dotsenko - the same as Bogdanov, Dosifeev ("given by God")
Evtushenko - the same as Evtikhiev
Zhurba - sadness
Zavgorodny - who settled outside the outskirts, a resident of the village. Analogues - Zayarny, Zarivchatsky, Zavrazhny, Zagrebelny (behind the dam)
Zaviryukha - blizzard
Zalozny - a patient with Graves' disease, with a swollen thyroid gland
Zapashny - fragrant, perfumed
Zinchenko, Zinchuk - the same as Zinoviev (from Zinovy \u200b\u200b- "living charitably, respectable")
Zozulya - cuckoo
Ishchenko - the same as Osipenko, a derivative of "Joseph"
Kaidash - shackle, convict, criminal
Kandyba, Shkandyba - lame
Kanivets - a native of Kanev, where the grave of T.G. Shevchenko
Karakuts - dark-haired, brunette (Turk.)
Kachur - drake
Kirpa, Kirponos - snub-nosed
Kiyashko - a Cossack warrior armed with a baton (kyik)
Klunny, Zaklunny - from the word "klunya" (pantry)
Kovtun is a swallower, insatiable, and also a person with conspicuous involuntary swallowing movements
Kolomiets - a native of Kolomyia, Ivano-Frankivsk region
Korsun - a native of the Greek colonies of Kherson and Crimea
Kostenko - the same as Konstantinov
Kotelevets - a native of Kotelva, Poltava region.
Koshevoy - commander of the Zaporizhzhya Cossack army, colonel. The ataman was Taras Bulba
Kravets (derivatives of Kravchenko, Kravchuk) - cutter, tailor.
Kurennoy - commander of the kuren, Zaporozhye Cossack battalion
Kuchma - shaggy, unkempt hair; furry hat
Kushnir (derivatives of Kushniruk, Kushnirenko) - furrier, furrier
Labunets - a native of Labun, Khmelnytsky region.
Lanovoy - field worker (lan - niva, agricultural field)
Lantuh - a bag, a large sack
Levchenko - the same as Lvovich. Son of Leo, which in Ukrainian - Levko
Fox, Fox - forest
Lutsenko - the same as Lukin
Lyakh (derivatives of Lyashko, Lyashenko) - a Polish nobleman, generally a Pole
Mandrik, Mandryka - wanderer, vagabond
Miroshnichenko - the same as Melnikov
Nechiporenko - the same as Nikiforov
Bad weather - bad weather
Oleinik - a trader in vegetable oil (oil)
Onishchenko - the same as Anisimov
Opanasenko, Panasenko - the same as Afanasiev, Afonin
Osadchy - the first settler, newcomer, who gave the village its name
Palamarchuk - the same as Ponomarev
Pazura - claw
Palaguta - the same as Pelagein
Pinchuk - a native of Pinsk (Belarus)
Polischuk - a native of Polissya (Ukrainian Polissya)
Priymak, Primak (derivatives of Priymenko, Primachenko) - adopted; groom staying in the bride's family
Pritula - accustomed, outsider, living in a strange family or team out of mercy
Prikhodko - treasurer, artel worker, holder of the Cossack obshchak
Rudenko, Rud - the same as Ryzhov
Serdyuk - Cossack infantryman
Smagliy - swarthy, tanned
Sklyar - glazier
Stelmakh - a wagon, coach, manufacturer of horse-drawn carts
Stetsenko, Stetsyuk - the same as Stepanov (Stepan in Greek - "crowned, crowned")
Tertyshny - the same as Khlebnikov
Teslya (a derivative of Teslenko) is a carpenter. By the way, Tesla in Serbo-Croatian means the same thing.
Timoshenko - the same as Timofeev
Titarenko - derived from titar (ktitor), church warden
Tishchenko - the same as Tikhonov
Torishny - last year
Tyutyunnik - tobacconist
Udovik (Udovenko, Udovichenko) - widower
Umanets - a native of Uman, Cherkasy region.
Kharchenko - the same as Kharitonov
Tsapok - goat
Tsekalo - a hunter, an expert in luring game by imitation of her cries
Tsymbal, Tsymbalist - a musician playing the cymbals (a prototype of the piano)
Chepurny - dandy, fashionista
Cherevaty, Cherevatenko - the same as Puzanov, Bryukhanov
Cherednik (Cherednichenko) - a shepherd of a rural flock
Chumak - salt trader, Ukrainian merchant-wholesaler
Shakhrai - swindler, swindler, rogue
Shvets (derivatives of Shevchenko, Shevchuk) - a shoemaker.
Shulga (produced by Shulzhenko) is left-handed.
Shinkar (produced by Shinkarenko, Shinkaruk) - tavern keeper
Shostak is the sixth child in the family
Shpak - starling
Shcherbak, Shcherban, Shcherbina - a man with chipped teeth
Yushchenko - the same as Yefimov
Yatsenko, Yatsenyuk - Same as Vanyushin
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Surnames, as well as names, in ancient times always carried a certain semantic load - they provided additional important information about the origin of each individual person: what kind he is, what class he belongs to, what kind of craft he or his relatives trades ...
Common Ukrainian surnames are no exception. It is worth talking about Ukrainian surnames, as the first to emerge from the subconscious are such as Shevchenko, Petrenko, Doroshenko, Tymoshenko, Shinkarenko, Klimashenko.
Indeed, this is a typical family form for the Ukrainian people, the most common.
The lists of registered Cossacks of the 17th century studied by historians show 60% of the presence of people with a surname in -enko.
It arose more often from the names, nicknames, professions of the fathers of young Cossacks:
- "Stepanenko" - the offspring of Stepan, "Klimenko" - Klim, "Romanenko" - Roman;
- "Tkachenko" - from his father with the profession of a weaver, "Skotarenko" - the son of a cattleman, "Goncharenko" - the son of a potter;
- "Chubenko" - Chub's heir (most likely the owner of such a nickname was endowed with noble hair);
- "Leshchenko" - from a bream fish (perhaps the carrier came from a fishing family or the people awarded him such a nickname for their characteristic similarity with this fish);
- "Plushenko" - from the liana plant ivy.
Astrologers and numerologists have long been studying the influence of first and last names on human destiny. What can be said about the nation? If the dictionary of Ukrainian surnames is full of semantic form, which is, as it were, a derivative for the younger generation, then we can safely say, and you can’t argue with that: the Ukrainian people are a young, strong nation.
Flexible, freedom-loving, with an easy character, ready to change (if you say - Butenko, Goncharenko, Pisarenko, Guzenko - it seems as if the ball is bouncing). But at the same time with their personalities, heroes and military acumen (Podoprigora, Vyrvidub). And also very musical (Music, Kobzar, Violin, Skripko, Sopilka, Sopilnyak).
According to scientists, the family forms of that time were not clearly defined, and therefore in the genus the successive generations could well have other (in form) surnames, or, on the contrary, the whole village could have one surname.
Since the prehistory of the Ukrainian people originated during the existence of the Eastern Slavs, as well as the prehistory of the Belarusians and Russians, the many family forms that exist among these three peoples coincide.
The most popular and common after -enko are the following forms:
Suffix -eyk-: Koreiko, Lomeiko, Buteyko, Geiko.
Suffix -chk-: Burlachko, Klitschko, Skachko, Batechko.
Suffixes -ey, -ey, -ay: Paliy, Heletey, Galai, Parubiy, Kalatay.
Suffixes -tsk-, -sk-: were originally common among the Polish gentry, more such surnames among noble nobles, officials: Kirovsky, Vishnevetsky, Koritsky, Skoropadsky, Zagorsky. But they could also indicate the attitude of a commoner to one or another owner (until serfdom was abolished) - Barsky, Boyarsky, or territorial affiliation - Galitsky, Polovtsy, Rovno.
Endings -la, -lo: Zamula, Minyaylo, Prytula, Shatailo.
Endings -uk, -uk: Serdyuk, Pavlyuk, Bondarchuk, Sklyaruk.
Suffixes -nick, -ar (-ar), characteristic for the definition of professional affiliation: Bortnik, Miller, Potter, Kobzar, Sexton.
Endings - yes, -ba, -ta: Lagoda, Palivoda, Dziuba, Zhuleba, Golota.
Suffixes -ich, -ych: Kuzmich, Shufrich, Zvarych, Yanukovych.
Suffixes -ak, -yak, -yk, -ik: Gopak, Tretyak, Bryk, Kulik.
Separately, one can distinguish among Ukrainian surnames those that simply convey the common name of something, whether it be a thing or an animal, the name of a natural phenomenon: Cherpak, Skovoroda, Gogol (bird), Babak (marmot), Frost, Barabolya, Gorobets (sparrow) , Khmara (cloud), Zozulya (cuckoo).
Male (Cossack) surnames
If we talk about memorable and historically valuable surnames for the Ukrainian people, then these are undoubtedly the “callings” that were called at one time the Cossacks who fell on the Sich (Sich - Russian.). Usually these are double words, very harsh, sometimes offensive: Tyagnibok, Netudykhata, Kuybida, Stodolia, Likhoded, Sorokopud, Pidiprigora, Golota, Perederiy, Novokhatko, Krivoruchko, Skorobogatko, Zadripailo, Neizhsalo, Tovchigrechka.
Such funny nicknames characterize the Cossacks as strong and fearless warriors, but with a sense of humor and the ability to laugh at themselves.
The versatility and diversity of historical events that influenced the origin of Ukrainian surnames can also be traced in such surnames: Pshigovsky, Vygotsky, Voznesensky, Miloradovich, Zarevich, Khorunzhiy, Sahaydachny, Khmelnitsky, Uspensky. Here are princely, royal families with a long pedigree, and the names of church subjects, and the names of famous recalcitrant atamans of the Sich. They contain a huge layer of the historical era associated with wars, captivity, revolutions. There are ways of word formation not only of the Russian people, but also of Poles, Tatars, Germans, Austrians.
Famous male surnames: Khmelnitsky, Shevchenko, Skovoroda, Grushevsky, Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, Dovzhenko, Klitschko, Poroshenko.
Women's surnames
In the Ukrainian language, there are not so many modifications of surnames on a female basis. These are surnames that can be attributed in a morphological context to the adjectives –sky, -ensky: Mogilevskaya, Vishnevetskaya; also surnames with the Russian suffix -ov, -ev, -in: Dubova, Zvereva, Spirin.
Famous female surnames: Kosach-Kvitka (Lesya Ukrainka), Lisovskaya (Roksolana), Pysanka, Lyzhychko, Klochkova, Prikhodko.
There is a linguistic feature in the spelling of male and female surnames with the endings -o, -ko, -chko when declining. Male surnames are inclined, but female ones are not: Ivan Fedko - Ivan Fedka, but Maria Fedko - Maria Fedko. It also happens with the endings -iy, -ich, -ych, -ik, -uk. (Sergey Petrik, but Nastya Petrik, Svyatoslav Vakarchuk, but Alevtina Vakarchuk).
Beautiful Ukrainian surnames
Separately, I would like to mention the beauty and melodiousness of proper names. The dictionary of Ukrainian surnames can be read in a singsong voice: Nalivaiko, Nightingale, Lastivka (swallow), Pysarenko, Kotlyarevsky, Kotsiubinsky, Lyzhychko, Pysanka (from the Easter egg - Krashanka), Lysenko, Kulchitsky, Dovzhenko, Stupka, Malvinets, Ognevich.
The list of Ukrainian surnames is rich in unusual, mystical surnames: Wiit, Stus, Mavka, Veleten, Bogatyrev, Prisukha, Lyubich, Yarilo. There are many beautiful double family combinations: Nechuy-Levitsky, Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, Dobryvecher.
As you can see, the vocabulary of Ukrainian surnames has been created and transformed over the centuries, absorbing the acquired wisdom of its people. It can tell a lot about people, their culture, traditions and beliefs.
