2. The use of one mood in the meaning of another.
In many cases, the forms of different incl. can express similar values. There is a possibility of using one mood instead of another.
Command. incl. can be used instead of a subjunctive. with the value of the failed condition: ^ If you had come half an hour earlier, everything would have been fine.
exiled. incl. can be used in the sense of a command when soft advice, a request or a desire is expressed: ^ You would make peace with him!
If instead of a particle would particle is used to, then exiled. incl. expresses an order or demand: I don't want to hear it again!
Will show. incl. can also be used instead of command. Bud forms. temp. owls. species turn out to be close in their meaning to the meanings of the forms will command. inc.: Now go and finish everything.
To express a sharp order, infinitive constructions are often used: ^ Get up!
2. Education, meaning and features of the use of the subjunctive mood.
Subjunctive mood , it is also conditional, it is also desirable, as well as conditionally desirable, it represents the action as desirable or possible. It is formed analytically, i.e. a love combination of verb forms with a suffix -l- (came, saw, conquered) with particle would - would have come, would have seen, would have conquered. It can stand both after the verb and before it, separated from it by other words, to which it will adjoin, but still sosl. incl. - it is also in Africa ref. incl. Ref. incl. does not have the forms of time and face, but, to spite all enemies, it has a number and gender, however, only in units. num.
Link forms. incl. can express 1) the desirability of an action (“ ^ And everyone would listen to this babble, all would kiss these legs .. ” A.S. Pushkin.), 2) the presumptiveness of the action (“ Could you play the nocturne on the flutes of the drainpipes?”Mayakovsky.), Cat. can be caused by a mental opposition of actions (“ You would probably choke, but we - nothing, licked our lips” Bashlachev) or the desirability of this action being not only intended (“ Oh, if only I could never say goodbye to you!”). An intended action can also express its dependence on another action (“ If I were physically weak, I would be mentally stable, I would never go to the women, I wouldn’t drink a single gram of alcohol .."Vysotsky). In addition, ref. incl. can denote an action in spite of which another action is performed (“ No matter how much you hide, you are still mine, doo-doo-doo ..”)
Ref. incl. is used in those cases when the action seems possible, desirable or necessary, but not yet realized, when a request, wish or advice is expressed, but in a milder form than in the imperative mood.
^ Category of tense of the verb Formation and meaning of tense forms. The use of some temporary forms in the meaning of others
Past tense - one of the three categorical forms of the verb tense, denoting the relation of an action, state or relationship to the past, i.e. denoting an action as preceding the moment of speech or another point of reference in time s x relationships: Two days later I met her in a large company. It seemed like a storm a mile away. Forms past. temp. two formal indicators: formative suffix -l/-l" (absent only in a few verbs of non-productive classes in the form of the masculine singular of the type carried, baked, dried up), as well as immutability by person (and variability by gender, which is associated with the origin of the modern form of the past tense from the participial form; cf .: tired - tired, tired, tired, tired And tired - tired, tired, tired).
The categorical meaning of the form past. temp. implemented in a number of private grammatical. values. For owl verbs. of the form is the perfect and aoristic meanings. Perfect Meaning seen in contexts like Alyosha, you are cold, you were in the snow: the verb form denotes an action that took place in the past, the result of the same action refers to the present. Aoristic meaning associated with an indication of an action in the past that is not related by its result to the present: I got up and went to Genk. For verbs nes. species is characteristic imperfective value - an indication of the incompleteness of the action in the past: Alexander was silent.
There have also been cases portable use of past forms temp. (mainly for verbs of an owl type): 1) past. temp. in the meaning of present. temp. (meaning abstract present): Such a bird ... understands that a person loves her. Ifattacked a kite on her, then where do you think it rushes?; 2) past. temp. in the meaning of time: Run, run!Otherwise I died.
Sometimes special forms are established. temp. "instant random action": ^ And he come and scream; He take it and drink it or: Children - jump into the water; He slams a book on the table. Obviously, one cannot speak here of a special morphological form; there is a figurative use of the imperative or the use of special invariable (analytical) verbs such as jump, slap. There are no forms of the “long past” tense (plusquameprfecta) in SRY: verbs of the type walked, sang are past forms. temp. from verbs walk, sing, potentially having other morphological forms ( will walk around).
2. The use of some forms of time in the meaning of others.
When using forms of time and aspect in colloquial speech, in art. lit. and journalism, there are such shades of meanings of the verb. forms, with a cat. different forms of tense and aspect are synonymous. The most common types of synonymy:
1. Present. temp. in the meaning of past. temp. carried. c., so-called. "present. historical". Such use of present. temp. occurs when describing events pushed back into the past. First, the description goes to the past. temp. And then against the background of the past. appears. temp. And then all actions seem to shift in time, approaching the moment of speech. These events seem to pass before the eyes of the interlocutor. Description of a thunderstorm in Tolstoy's Boyhood: 'To the nearest villageremained another 10 versts, and a large dark purple cloud, taken from God knows where, without the slightest wind, but quicklymoved to us... Vasilyrises I am with a goat andraises top of the chaise; coachmenput on Armenians and at every clap of thunderI'm filming t caps andare baptized I..."
2. Nast. in meaning bud. can be used when they want to express complete confidence that an action will occur. Such a use present perhaps when it comes to the next bud.: Tomorrow I'm going home.
3. Bud. simple can use. instead of present. or past. temp. carried. c., if we are talking about actions that are regularly repeated, or such, a cat. replace each other: It's good to sit and listen to the silence: then the windwill blow Andwill touch tops of birches, then a frogrustle in last year's leaves...
Bud. may be used. instead of past to denote actions that are usually repeated in the past. Sometimes the verb owl. in the form of a temp. use with particle used to: On a winter evening, it used to be that he would light a torch and spin it for himself without closing his eyes.(irregular activities)
Bud. owls. can denote unexpected, sudden actions that took place in the past. In these cases, it can be replaced by past. temp. owls. V.: golden yellow beamvorvets I suddenlyflow long stream,hit across the fieldsrests into the grove - and that's all againclouded .
Past temp. use instead of bud. when talking about action, cat. should happen very soon: Well, I went! (instead of me I'll go).
. The meaning of the forms of the present and the future.
Present form temp. only happens with verbs nes. kind. Nes verbs. species in present temp. can denote actions that are long and repetitive, occurring at the moment of speech. Different shades of meanings. vr., arising in speech, can be reduced to two main cases of use: present. relevant and irrelevant.
Present actual - the main meaning of present. temp. The action is presented in this case as one that takes place precisely at the moment of speech. The real moment, in a cat. an action is performed, may not coincide with the moment of speech. The grammatical meaning of the present form. actuality is such that it presents the action as if it is being performed now, before the eyes of the interlocutor.
Nast. the actual can represent an action that began before the moment of speech and will occur after the moment of speech. Verbs that name the state or position of a person or object in space and time receive the meaning present permanent actions: Earthrevolves around the sun; Treegrows on edge of the ravine.
Present irrelevant denotes actions that are usually regularly repeated, not related to the moment of speech: ^ On the way to the station, I always meet this girl; Every morning the postmanbrings letters and newspapers. One of the meanings of present. irrelevant the following: the verb denotes an action that is thought to be permanently inherent in the subject, represents his permanent state or position, his skill or ability. The action may or may not be happening at the moment of speaking: Baby alreadywalks ; She's wellsings ..
Nast. the irrelevant turns out to be necessary in those cases when it is necessary to convey the stable, distinctive properties of persons or things.
Category of the person of the verb. Features of the formation of face shapes. Impersonal verbs
The person of the verb is inflection. a category characteristic of the verb forms of the present. and bud. temp. will express. incl., as well as for commands. incl. and expressed in the opposition of three categorical forms: 1 person ( I go, I go, I eat; let's go, let's go, let's go), 2 persons ( go, walk, eat; go, go, eat) and 3 persons ( walks, walks, eats; go, go, eat). The personal forms of the verb agree with the corresponding forms of pronouns. From noun. but the forms of the 3rd person of the verb always agree: The train is coming; Squads will form; excl. draws up the coordination of forms 2 persons with appeals: Comrade, believe... The grammatical information of the personal forms of the verb complements the grammar. the meaning of the corresponding pronominal forms. Forms of the 1st person indicate that the predicative feature named by the predicate characterizes the speaker: I speak, I read; 2 person indicates that the predictive feature characterizes the listener: you speak, you read; 3rd person forms indicate that the predicative attribute is related to the “subject of speech” that is not involved in this act of speech: he reads, writes. The personal forms of the verb also have figurative meanings, and their range is even wider compared to pronouns. So, in general, not only forms of 2 persons can have personal meaning: ( Do you all remember what happened to you a year ago?), but also 1st and 3rd person forms :( What we do not store - having lost crying). Form 3 of the person, used out of combination with the subject, may have an indefinitely personal meaning: ( The doorbell is ringing.).
Person is one of the most important verbal categories. In relation to this category, all verbs are divided into two lexical and grammatical categories - personal verbs that change by person (most of them are): read, play etc. and impersonal verbs that do not change by person: evening, chill and etc.
If the subject of the action is the speaker himself, the verb is used in the form of 1 person singular. or many numbers. If the subject of the action is the interlocutor directly addressed by the speaker, the verb is used in the form of 2 units. or many numbers: You will do well if you come to me today.
Form 3 l. verb is used to refer to the actions of a person or object that is not involved in speech. The subject in these cases is the person with whom the speaker is not talking: She will do the right thing if she comes to me.
^ Features of the formation of personal forms of some verbs.
The influence of productive verb classes is very strong. As a result, verbs have arisen that have two different ways of forming forms of nast. (or simple) time: unproductive type of education of personal forms and productive. For example, the 1st productive class subordinates to itself many verbs of unproductive classes in -at: splash-splash / splash, drip-drop / drip, cackle-cackle / cackle, wave-wave / wave, splash (s) - splash (s) / splash (s), rinse - rinse / rinse, scour - prowl / prowl, whip-lash / whip, whine-whine / whimper. These are the so-called abundant verbs, which have double, parallel forms of present. temp. The duality of forms in some. verbs creates the prerequisites for the semantic and stylistic splitting of the word. Thus, the lexical meanings of personal forms of verbs were divided drip-drip, throw-throws / throws etc. In a number of verbs, obsolete personal forms acquire a stylistic connotation of bookishness or loftiness, solemnity: tests, tests, obliges, obliges, indicates, indicates. Combinations such as probing glance, link, pointing finger etc., include participles formed from the old foundations of the present. temp. Such participles bear the stamp of archaism and bookishness.
Not all verbs in SRL can form personal forms included in the conjugation system. A number of verbs do not form forms of 1 and 2 persons - such verbs are called insufficient. Insufficient verbs include: to watch, to build, to find oneself, to feel, to win, to see through, to convince, to be weird etc. They do not form forms of 1 person singular. numbers present. or bud. simple. temp. for the reason that these forms would be difficult to pronounce. Other verbs do not use forms 1 and 2 l. units and many others. h.t.k. they call the processes occurring in nature: glimpse, dawn, rust, foal, kitten, whelp.
In those cases when it still turns out to be necessary to use the form of 1 l. of insufficient verbs, they resort to a descriptive way of expression - they form a phrase in which the insufficient verb is in the indefinite form, and the auxiliary verb forms the personal form: I can convince.
Impersonal verbs - this is a lexical and grammatical category of verbs that do not combine with the subject and indicate the state of nature: blizzard, dawn, dusk or living beings: sick, unwell, certain modal states: should, should, should, as well as a measure of the presence of something: missing, missing, not enough. The semantic subject - the carrier of the action - is not assumed by the meaning of such verbs at all ( It's getting dark), or it can be expressed as a dative name ( He is disgusted), less often - the form of wines. P. ( He is shivering). The inflectional paradigm of impersonal verbs is incomplete: 1) there is no change in persons, 2) forms or infinitives are common: It began to get light; or 3 l. units h. time: shiver, chill; or avg. genus past. temp. and exiled. inc.: it should be cold.
In addition to impersonal verbal lexemes, in the morphological system of the SRL there are also impersonal verbal forms regularly formed with the help of inflection. postfix - sya / -sya from personal verbs: sleep - can't sleep, want - want. Finally, the conjugated forms of some personal verbs allow impersonal use: The rose smells good. - The street smells of roses. The river is noisy. - Ringing in the ears.
2. The use of forms of the person of the verb.
When used in speech, personal forms of verbs receive all sorts of different additional shades of meaning. Often the forms of one person are used to refer to another person.
In addition to its main meaning, the form of the 1st person singular. num. can express the generalized meaning of the subject of speech. This meaning can be found in proverbs and sayings: I'll tie in a bundle your grief and in the riverdrown ; I have craft and bread on stoneI will get .
A generalized value can also acquire 1 person plural. num., denoting an action attributed to many persons. Such meanings arise in proverbial-type statements containing general judgments: We willingly give what we ourselves do not need; What we have, we do not store, - having lost, weep.
Some time ago in the press it was often possible to meet the form of 1 person plural. num. in newspaper headlines, when the author, as it were, included himself among those people on behalf of whom he speaks: "We will report on the harvest!", "We will answer with deeds!"
Forms 2 persons units num. verbs often take on a generalized personal meaning, naming actions that can be attributed to everyone who is at hand in a given situation: Hurry up, make people laugh; In the spring you miss a day - you won’t return a year. Forms 2 persons units num. with a generalized personal meaning are widespread in fiction: Will that freshness, carelessness, the need for love and the strength of faith that you possess in childhood ever return? You won't strangle this song, you won't kill it!
2nd person plural form num. can receive a value close to the generalized personal value of the form of the 2nd person singular. num. Such forms are found in journalistic and literary texts, when referring to readers, listeners, and not to a specific interlocutor: A person will then become better when you show him what he is..
Forms of the 3rd person may lose their own personal meaning and acquire a generalized personal (or indefinitely personal) meaning: Having taken off your head, you don’t cry for your hair; No smoking here.
The meanings of one mood or another considered above can be expressed by means of other moods, which creates a whole range of synonymous means of interest in the semantic and stylistic sense. Thus, the forms of the indicative mood in live speech are often used to induce action, i.e. in the meaning of the imperative mood. This purpose is served by some forms of the future and past tenses. One of them is the form of the 2nd person singular and plural of the future tense of perfective verbs; "[Lopakhin, giving Dunyasha a bouquet] And bring me kvass" (Ch.); "Now refuel the emka, go to the field hospital, find Safonov, get it out of the ground and find out what happened to the major" (Sim.). Such use gives the impression of complete confidence that the action to which the inducement will be performed. To encourage joint action, the form of the 1st person plural (future tense) can be used: "Let's go to the cinema, huh?", "Let's consider this issue in more detail", "Let's write down the following position..." Similar forms are typical for the teacher's language , lecturer. They are common in appeals, where the 1st person plural form (mostly perfective verbs), uniting an unlimited number of listeners, readers with the speaker, presents the action as embracing and emanating from everyone: "We will defend our gains, democracy!" An invitation to perform an action together with the speaker can be expressed in live speech and in the past plural form: "Start!", "Run!" Compared with let's start, and especially with let's start, the form has begun! denotes a more decisive suggestion, an impulse to take action immediately.
The forms of the past tense of the indicative mood can sometimes be used in a meaning close to the meaning of the subjunctive mood: "- Oh, what are you, Fedya; well, I sent someone for vodka - and that's all" (Mam.-Sib.). In this usage, the past tense represents the action not so much as an implied possibility (which is characteristic of the subjunctive mood with a touch of imperative), but as a realized possibility (which is worth thinking about).
Imperative forms can also be used figuratively. So, the forms of the 2nd person can act in the meaning of the indicative when expressing an action imposed on the speaker (or another person who the speaker names): "[Famusov] He is in a ball, and the priest is dragged to bow" (Mushroom); "[Marina] At night, the professor reads and writes, and suddenly at two o'clock the bell rings ... What is it, fathers? Tea! Wake up the people for him, put the samovar ... Orders!" (Ch.); "[Myshlaevsky] That's enough! I've been fighting since 1914. For what? For the fatherland? And this fatherland, when they threw me to shame? And I again go to these lordships? Well, no" (M. Bulg.); "And the woman is like a poor mother hen: Sit for yourself and bring out the chickens" (P.). In these cases, the forms of the imperative mood are synonymous with personal sentences with forced, must (forced, must, etc.) or impersonal sentences with have to. The form of the 2nd person singular of the imperative mood can be used in the past tense (indicative mood): "He would rush to the side, but he would take it straight and run away" (Turg.); “And all of a sudden, at that very second, someone whispered in my ear ...” (Vost.). Such forms emphasize the unexpectedness of actions that quickly passed or began.
Forms of the imperative mood are also used in the meaning inherent in the subjunctive: "Well, you see, I hold her strictly, I forbid her ... God knows what they would do on the sly (the countess understood that they would kiss), but now I know her every word" (L.T.); "Maybe if the ring were more unreliable than your hands - it would be shorter, probably, the road lay down for me" (B. Ok.); "If Inessa had currency, the first thing she would do is buy funds to fight varra, a tick that constantly causes damage not only in the apiary" (Og. 1991. No. 2). Imperative forms used instead of the subjunctive mood denote failed, unrealized actions, situations (which, as it were, are proposed for consideration, assessment in connection with their consequences, named in the context - negative, according to the speaker, or positive).
Finally, the forms of the subjunctive mood can act in the meanings characteristic of the indicative and imperative. Wed in the formulas of courteous orders and wishes: "I would ask you to come to me tomorrow" (= "come to me tomorrow"); "I would like to talk to you" (= "I want to talk to you"); "I would suggest the following...." (= "I suggest, I want, I can suggest..."). That is, in these cases, the subjunctive mood is used in the meaning of the indicative. Being used instead of the forms of the 2nd person of the imperative mood, the forms of the subjunctive express a soft, delicate impulse, timidly, hesitantly sounding advice: "Would you like to read something, Sasha" (Ch.); "You would go through the forest, it's cool to go through the forest" (M.G.). The forms of the subjunctive mood used with the word so that (who absorbed the particle would) express the impulse expressed in a categorical tone: "So that you bring books tomorrow!"; "Don't come back!"; "I don't want to see him here again!"
In the meanings characteristic of different moods, the infinitive can appear (see the Infinitive section above).
The indicative mood expresses in an affirmative, negative or interrogative form an action that is thought of as real in the present, past or future tense.
I. Simple tenses
I Presente de indicativo
The present tense of the indicative mood has different meanings:
a) expresses an unfinished, imperfect action carried out at the moment of speech:
-¿Que haces? - What are you doing?
- hago la comida. - I cook dinner.
It should be noted that in modern colloquial language this meaning of presente de indicativo is realized relatively rarely. The most commonly used descriptive estar + gerundio(see § 77);
b) conveys a long action, which includes a more or less long period of time before the moment of speech, after it, the moment of speech itself. Sometimes Hispanists call such an action Presente actual:
Estudiamos la lengua española. We are learning Spanish.
Fumo y pienso. Oigo el ruido del I smoke and think. I hear the sound of the sea and think.
mar y pienso. Lo único que The only thing I have to do is think.
tengo que hacer es pensar.
Note. Of course, it is sometimes difficult to establish clearly defined boundaries between the two named values.
c) indicates an ordinary, repetitive action that is not performed at the moment of speech, but proceeded sometime before it and will be performed after. This action is usually called presente habitual:
Mi amigo pasea por las tardes. My friend goes for walks in the evenings.
Me levanto a la ocho. I get up (usually) at eight o'clock.
El les hace versos a las muchachas y He writes poems for grandfathers, and I,
yo me las llevo al cine. (S. NOVO) know for yourself, I take them to the cinema.
d) conveys a continuous action associated with the expression of the objective laws of nature and society, moral truths, folk wisdom, etc.:
Quien no trabaja, no come. Who does not work shall not eat.
La tierra recorder su orbita en 365 The earth makes a complete revolution in
dias y seis horas. 365 days and six hours.
This value is sometimes referred to as presente general.
e) expresses the past action in the present tense. This gives more liveliness to the story or description. This action is often called presente historico:
de Palos el 3 de agosto de 1492, on three ships from the port of Palos,
navega más de dos meses en medio is more than two months old
de peligrosy descubre tierra on a dangerous voyage and
e) expresses a future action in the present tense, which allows the speaker to emphasize his (or someone else's) preparation to perform it. This value is called presente futuro:
El domingo salgo para Cordoba. I'm leaving for Cordoba on Sunday.
¿Donde nos vemos? Where will we meet?
¿ Vengo a la noche por usted? Will I pick you up tonight?
El mes que viene me mudo de casa. Next month I'm moving to another apartment.
(MARTÍNEZ AMADOR)
Note. The future action is expressed by the forms of the present tense in conditional sentences of the first type (see § 106, V, 9):
Si me esperas media hora, me ire contigo. If you wait for me for half an hour, I
I'll leave with you.
g) conveys a command, order, desire, replacing the imperative mood in such cases. This usage makes the form of expression of the command more polite and can be defined as presente imperativo (presente de mandato):
No tiene usted más que seguir esta You must follow this very
Misma calle... Allí tuerce usted street... turn there
la izquierda... ve usted una to the left... see the church and
iglesia... baja usted un poco you go down a little and
la derecha encuentra usted una notice the street on the right, get out
calle... entra usted en la calle de to the street la Carne and
la Carne, at allí está la de San, there is also San Xoce street.
Jose. (PALACIO VALDES)
2. Preterito imperfecto
Peterito imperfecto is one of the most common descriptive forms of the verb and is most often used as a relative tense. In this case, it expresses an unfinished action in the past, which is carried out simultaneously with another past action or moment. Preterito rfecto can be related to:
a) with another past action expressed preterito imperfecto:
Yo leia el libro mientras tu escribias I was reading a book while
la carta, you wrote a letter.
Comenzaba el día cuando los barcos The day began when ships entered the port.
entraban en el puerto.
b) with another past action expressed preterite indefinido:
Mientras los ninos jugaban, escribi While the children were playing, I wrote
la carte. letter.
Salimos de casa cuando llovia. We left the house when it was raining.
c) with another moment indicated by the circumstance of time:
Aquella night todos querian ver el Everyone wanted to see the play that evening.
Pocos dias despues mi esposa regresaba A few days later my wife
a laciudad. returned to the city.
Preterito imperfecto also appears in speech as an absolute tense. In these cases it is used:
1) when describing various facts of reality and expresses a long-term state or action that is constantly characteristic of something or someone both in the past and in the present. In such cases, an unlimited duration is transmitted, not limited to certain time frames:
Una alta montana se elevaba a lo A high mountain rose in the distance.
2) to express repeated duration, indicating a habitual, regularly performed action in the past:
Mi padre fumaba mucho. My father smoked a lot.
Laisa lloraba horn cualquier motive. Luisa cried for any reason.
Cada dia Ie limpiaba las heridas every day I cleaned his wounds
le daba decomer. (J. GOYTISOLO) and gave food.
Note. For the use of pretérito imperfecto in indirect speech, see § 105.
The narrative and descriptive function so characteristic of the imperfect makes this time very common in artistic speech when depicting ongoing events, genre scenes, pictures of nature, the appearance and behavior of heroes, etc.:
Pretérito imperfecto, indicating the imperfection of an action, is usually translated into Russian with imperfective verbs. The Spanish imperfect has developed several figurative meanings. Let us point out only a few of them. In certain contexts, the imperfect can:
a) express a limited (completed) action. This usage is sometimes called imperfecto estilistico o pintoresco:
el 18 estallaba la guerra. 18 the war began.
b) become a kind of form of politeness and convey a modal shade of doubt and hesitation, necessary to soften any statement or wish:
Te traia estos libros para ti. I brought these books to you.
¿Me decia usted algo? Did you say something to me (say)?
Queria rogarle que me escuchara. I want to ask you to listen to me.
In such cases imperfecto replaces presente and pretérito perfecto
c) replace forms with the conditional mood, in conditional sentences:
Si tuviera posibilidad, me iba(= me If I had the opportunity, I would go home.
3. Preterito indefinido
Pretérito indefinido expresses a past action completed in time that precedes the moment of speech and does not depend on any other action. This happens in the following cases:
a) when a fact that happened in the past is reported:
Miguel de Cervantes tomo parte en Miguel de Cervantes participated
la batalla de Lepanto. at the Battle of Lepanto.
historia de Cuba para siempre. history of Cuba.
b) when completed single actions are described:
Raphael eligio una muda completa Raphael took a change of clothes
de su armario se fue al cuarto from the closet and went to the bathroom.
de bano. Allie se ducho con agua There he took a cold
fria y se cambio de rora. shower and change linens.
c) if it refers to a single or long-term action that took place earlier and indicates the period when it took place. In these sentences, there are usually such formal companions in preterito indefinido as adverbials of time ayer, anteayer, el ano pasado, el siglo XVII, XX etc., time indications like: a las ocho, a las doce and so on. Whole sentences can also act as such circumstances:
Así que empezó el dia se pusieron As soon as the day came, they set off.
El viaje duro cerca de hora u media. The journey lasted about an hour and a half.
era la madrugada cuando las columnas It was early in the morning when the columns
de vanguardia comenzaron avant-garde started. leave Bailen.
a salir de Bailen. (PÉREZ GALDÓS)
Anoche ... estuve en la casa de Last night I was at the house of
Carmela. (D. MUÑOS) Carmela.
In modern language, preterito indefinido can be used to mean a past completed action that immediately precedes another action in the past. In other words, it replaces the preterito anterior forms (see below), which are considered archaic and are the property of book speech:
no bien llegaron vieron a Nicanor
con su hijo que se acercaba para saw Nicanor with his son,
comer y volver en seguida al who went to eat
campo. (F. ESPINOSA, hijo) and immediately leave the field.
Pretérito indefinido can replace pretérito perfecto and indicate the action just performed. This usually happens in exclamatory phrases:
¡ Paso el peligro! The danger is over!
¡ Se nos acabo la alegria! This is where our joy ends!
In some parts of Spain, and in much of Latin America, it is common to use preterito indefinido instead of preterito perfecto. In these regions, they will say more often: Know me levante a las ocho than know me he levantado a la ocho.
Pretérito indefinido is often translated into Russian as the past tense of perfective verbs.
4. Futuro imperfecto
Futuro imperfecto expresses an action that must be performed in the future. This is an absolute tense, and its usage depends on other tenses:
Manana pedire papel... at todo. Tomorrow I'll ask for paper and that's it
(S. NOVO) (required).
Pronto tendra el gusto de abrazarle soon he will have fun
a su hijo. (PÉREZ GALDÓS) hug your son.
Todo concluira dentro de unos dias. Everything will be over in a few days.
(PÉREZ GALDÓS)
In addition, the future tense form can express two other meanings:
a) an order, command. In this case, futuro impertecto still indicates a future action, but in its modal shades it approaches the imperative mood:
Usted Ie llevara mi paquete de velas, Vicente, you will take mine to him.
Vicente. (R. MEZA) bundle with candles;
Haras lo que te mande tu madre. You will do what your mother tells you to.
no te iras con esa mujer! (S. NOVO) You're not leaving with this woman!
b) doubt, probability, possibility, i.e. can convey modal shades:
Pero ya sabra usted que esta noche… - You probably already know that noche... tonight...
Si, ya lo sé. (S. NOVO) - Yes, I already know about it.
- ¿Que hora es? - What time is it now?
- Seran las cinco. - Looks like five o'clock.
¿ Sera usted el amigo de Juan? Are you a friend of Juan?
The modal use of forms of the future simple, connected with conjectural and probabilistic assessments of an action, naturally “destroys” the very concept of temporal reference. It covers almost the entire time space: the sphere of the present (¿Qué edad tendrá Consuelo? - How old is Consuelo?), the future (Vendrá a tardar un par de semanas. - He will apparently be delayed for two weeks) and even the past (¿ habra cobarde semejante? Was (is there) another such coward?)
II. difficult times
1. Preterito perfecto
Preterito perfecto indicates:
a) to the past completed action that took place immediately before the moment of speech:
Y me parece que ha entrado también It seems to me that señor prokupop
el señor procurador. (PÉREZ has just entered.
Yo no he dicho tal cosa. (PÉREZ I didn't say that.
Tu te has vuelto loco... Vamos, are you out of your mind... Look,
Rere, tu has perdido el jujcio. Pepe, you lost your head.
(PÉREZ GALDÓS)
b) to the past action, completed at one of the moments of a certain period of time, which the speaker considers not yet completed. In such cases, the sentence often includes such adverbs of time and circumstantial turns, such as:
| hoy hoy dia estos dias | - today - today - these days | este mes este otoño este ano | - this month - this autumn - this year, etc. |
How hemos tenido una sangrienta Today we had a bloody
refriega en las inmediaciones de scrum in the neighborhood
Orbajosa... On habido muchas Orbajos. There were many
bajas por una y otra parte. losses on both sides.
(PÉREZ GALDÓS)
Hemos tenido muchas enfermedades We were often ill this winter.
este invierno.(M. MOLINER)
c) to the past completed action, the results or importance of which the speaker wants to emphasize and associate with the present moment:
Cuando nino visitado Madrid. As a child, I visited Madrid.
Nunca jamás olvidare esta visita. I will never forget this trip in my life.
Eres un hijo ingrato. ¿No te hemos You are an ungrateful son. Are we
dado cuanto pudimos? didn't give you everything they could?
Pretérito perfecto, due to its grammatical meaning, is characteristic of colloquial and book dialogic speech and the language of the press.
2. Preterito pluscuamperfecto
Pretérito pluscuamperfecto expresses a completed past action that precedes another past action or moment. The time gap between two activities can be significant.
Preterito pluscuamperfecto - relative time. It is often used in subordinate clauses. When it is used in a main clause, there is necessarily a context or situation from which it is clear that pluscuamperfecto precedes another action:
María Inés habló de una película Maria Inés talked about the film,
que habia visto la tarde anterior. which I saw last night.
A estos pensamientos se mezclaba
la sensación de que todo eso the feeling that all this
habia ocurrido mucho tiempo happened a long time ago (a long time ago).
atras. (A. GRAVINA)
Lo que vino despues ninguno de To what happened next, nobody
los dos lo habia previsto. of the two of them could not foresee.
El no era de Madrid, pero habia He wasn't from Madrid
Venido a la capital muy nino. but he came to the capital as a child.
Pretérito pluscuamperfecto can replace pretérito perfecto in certain colloquial contexts:
a) in exclamatory phrases that convey the action that has just taken place:
¡Me habias asustado! (M. MOLINER.) You scared me!
b) in sentences like:
Me extraña que hables así, pues tú It surprises me that you say so,
Siempre te habias mostrado optimista. because you've always been an optimist.
c) in emphatically polite phrases in which, with deliberate uncertainty, the action just taken is reported:
¿Me habia llamado usted? Did you just call me?
se lo habia comunicado a usted. I just told you this.
3. Preterito anterior
This tense expresses the past completed action, which, unlike pretérito pluscuamperfecto, immediately precedes another action in the past. In other words, after the completion of the action indicated by the preterito anterior, another action in the past immediately follows.
Pretérito anterior is almost never used in modern colloquial language. However, in book speech it is still preserved:
Cuando el official hubo salido, entró As soon as the officer left, (prefect)
at se dirigio a la mesa. (V. Lillo) entered (into the room) and went to the table.
Pretérito anterior is used, as a rule, in subordinate clauses of adverbial tense. To emphasize the minimum gap in time between two actions, the use of pretérito anterior is usually accompanied by conjunctions such as:
Una vez que se hubo affirmado en As soon as he rested on the stirrups,
los estribos, desabrocho el lazo. he (immediately) untied the lasso.
Asi que se hubo marchado el extranjero, As soon as the foreigner is gone,
Lorenzo se levantó del Lorenzo got up from the ground.
suelo. (R. GALLEGOS)
No bein hubo cesado el bombardeo, As soon as the bombardment ended,
la doble línea de tiradores a double line of riflemen opened fire.
rompió el fuego.(J.Lara)
4. Futuro perfecto
Futuro perfecto indicates an action that will take place in the future and be completed before another future action or moment:
Cuando vengas, ya habre preparation When you come, I will have my luggage ready.
el equipaje. (M. SECO)
However, the complex future is more often used not in the purely temporal meaning of the future, but in the modal meaning, expressing the past action, the performance of which is not known with certainty, but only guesses about it, doubt the possibility of such an action or suggest that it is apparently , happened:
¿Lo habras dicho en serio? Did you mean it?
Fue (Ernesto) por unos cócteles. Ernesto left for cocktails.
Habrá ido hasta el Polo por el
hielo.(S. NOVO) set off.
Y Juan no acaba de venir. Casi las And Juan didn't come. Almost half
dos y media... ¡Quién sabe lo que third... Who knows what
le habra pasado! (J. SOLER PUIG) happened to him!
Supongo que habras cenado, - I believe that you had dinner;
Pepito. Pepito.
Si, si he comido. (PÍO BAROJA) - Yes, yes, I ate.
Yo voy a la cocina. Apuesto a que I go to the kitchen. I bet,
no habran sacado la mantequilla that they didn't take out of
ni los huevos del refrigerador. - refrigerator no eggs, no
The use of mood forms
Verbs in indicative inclinations denote actions that are happening, have happened or will actually happen: I build, I built, I will build; said, I will say. It is also called real inclination. Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses.
Verbs in conditional(subjunctive) mood denote actions that are desired or possible under certain conditions: would build, would say. The conditional mood is formed by combining the past tense of the verb and the particle would. This particle can be after the verb, before it, or must be separated from the verb in other words: In the event that each person on a piece of his own land I would make everything he can, how beautiful would be our land(A. Chekhov). Verbs in the conditional mood change by number and in the singular by gender.
Verbs in imperative inclinations express an impulse to action, an order, a request: build, build; say, say. Imperative verbs are usually used in the 2nd person form and do not change with tenses.
Verbs of one mood can sometimes be used in the meaning of another. It should be noted that the infinitive (the initial form of the verb), which is a non-conjugated form of the verb and does not have the category of mood, is also capable of acquiring one or another meaning of mood in the context.
| Verb form | Meaning | Examples |
| Indicative | 1. Conditional (“possibility of action”). 2. Imperative (“incitement to action”). | He is not connected with Yermil with a rope, threw Yes went(Sharp) = would quit, would go. Let's look at the analysis of the evidence - interaction between speaker and listener. |
| Conditional mood | 1. Indicative. 2. Imperative. | But I would ask you, comrades of the judge, to pay attention to one more illogical version of the prosecution (Yu.I. Lurya) = I ask you to. You would have rested a little = rest a little. |
| Imperative mood | 1. Conditional. 2. Indicative. | So what is the feuilleton attached to? Unknown. It would be nice, explain we are the prosecutor in the replica (Ya.S. Kiselev) = if the procror had explained it to us in a remark. Oh that one Tell love is the end, who will go far for three years (Gr.) \u003d say. |
| Infinitive | 1. Indicative. 2. Conditional. 3. Imperative. | And the queen laugh and shoulders shake(P.) = laughed, shook. We would give Anya to us for a rich man (Czech.) \u003d would have given. The investigator decided: on the fact of theft excite criminal case (typical for official business style). |
The use of mood forms - the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Use of mood forms" 2017, 2018.
The mood category is an inflectional grammatical category of a verb that expresses the relation of an action or state to reality: read, read, would read. There are three moods in Russian: indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative.
The indicative mood denotes an action that happened (did not happen) before the moment of speech, happens (does not happen) at the moment of speech, will happen (will not happen) after the moment of speech: I read, I read, I will read. The indicative mood is opposed to the subjunctive and imperative, because to only it is capable of conveying an action that has actually been carried out, is being carried out or will be carried out, i.e., a real action. All other moods convey an action (state), the implementation of which is desirable, i.e., an unreal action. The subjunctive (conditional) mood denotes an action (state), the implementation of which is desirable or possible under some conditions: Whether I have a thousand or one and a half. I would go to Paris (Chekhov) - action is possible only under certain conditions. The subjunctive mood is formed in an analytical way: by combining the verb in the past tense with the particle would: would read. The past tense form in the subjunctive mood does not have its own temporal meaning, and verbs in the subjunctive mood do not change in tense, but change in gender and number. The particle would be located anywhere in the sentence (except for its beginning). The particle would always be unstressed. The imperative mood expresses a command, a request, a wish of the speaker, inducing to perform an action: read, say. The imperative mood denotes an unreal action, to which the speaker induces. There are various ways to form the imperative mood. The most typical for the imperative mood is the form of the 2nd person unit. and many others. numbers, since the meaning of the imperative mood implies the presence of the person to whom the command is addressed, the request. It is formed from the basis of the present (future) tense by adding an ending to it. Zero endings have verbs with a base on a soft consonant (head, leave, open). On F, W (destroy), if the emphasis falls on the base. For all other verbs, the stress ending -And (help, take out, fulfill) is added to the basis of the present tense. If the stem of the infinitive includes the suffix -va-, which is absent in the stem of the present tense, then the imperative mood in the 2nd person can be formed from the stem of the infinitive using the suffix Y (give - give - come on). 2nd person pl. numbers are formed from the forms of units. numbers by adding the affix -te (go - go). The form of the 3rd person of the imperative mood is formed analytically: by combining the verb in the 3rd person singular. or many numbers of the present (future) time with particles, let or let: Let the storm break out more strongly. The form of the 3rd person of the imperative mood can also be formed with the help of the particle Yes: Long live the sun! 1st person pl. numbers of the imperative morphologically may coincide with the form of the 1st person plural. the number of the present (future) time (let's go, let's say), but it may differ from it by the affix -te or the particle -ka. Verbs whose meaning is incompatible with the meaning of the imperative mood do not form imperative mood forms. Such, for example, are impersonal verbs (dawn, evening, shiver). Since all moods express the relation of an action (state) to reality, in speech, especially artistic speech, it is not uncommon to use forms of one mood in the meaning of another. The figurative use of mood forms gives speech an emotionally expressive coloring, expressiveness. For example, forms of the imperative mood can be used in the meaning of the subjunctive: Work as you wish; But do not be flattered to acquire either gratitude or glory, since there is neither benefit nor fun in your hands (Krylov); imperative in the meaning of the indicative: Happen here to be a fly. How can I not help? (Krylov).
You can also find information of interest in the scientific search engine Otvety.Online. Use the search form:
More on the topic 35. The category of inclination. The system of inclinations: the meaning and formation of forms of inclinations. The use of forms of one mood in the meaning of another:
- 29. Category of inclination, its meaning. face category. Meaning of face shapes. Impersonal verbs, their semantics and usage.
- 27. CATEGORY OF THE VERB MOOD. MEANING AND FORMS OF EXPRESSION OF THE CATEGORY OF THE MOOD.
