Svetlana Vasilyeva
"What is landscape"
Target: Introduce children to landscape as a genre of fine art. Develop creative imagination, aesthetic feelings. To form artistic thinking, initiative, independence. To evoke an emotional response to paintings, to cultivate a sense of beauty. Enrich vocabulary children: scenery, landscape painter.
Material: Didactic games "Collect a Picture", "Compose scenery» , reproduction of a painting by Shishkin I. I. "Ship Grove", magnetic boards, tape recorder, recording the sounds of nature.
The Artist enters.
H. - Hello guys!
D. - Hello!
H. - I am an Artist. Do you know who such an artist?
Children's answers.
X. - An artist is a person who draws or paints pictures. But what is your name, I will find out now. I will stretch out my hands to you, you will touch them and call your names.
Do you want to become artists?
H. - Then I invite you to the school of young artists. Each school has its own emblem. Our school is the same. I have prepared such an emblem for each of you and I invite you to choose and wear it.
Children take their badges and put them on.
X. - Guys, to get the title "Young Artist" You need to complete several tasks and answer questions. Here is my first assignment for you. Please put together the parts of the picture (children are given envelopes). Children will collect here, whose emblem is depicted on a blue background, and here someone on a red one.
Children come to the magnetic boards and complete the task.
H. - What beautiful pictures you got. Take a closer look at them. What is depicted on the guys with red emblems? (children's answers) What is depicted on the guys with blue emblems? (children's answers) How can we call it in one word? (children's answers) It can also be called landscape.
Translated from French scenery denotes the area. Most often - this is an image of nature. If the artist depicted a city or a city street, scenery called urban. Forest expanses are ... forest scenery, mountains - ... mountain, sea - ... sea. Guys, the artist who writes landscapes, called - landscape painter. So what such a landscape? What is the name of the artist who depicts scenery? Guys, scenery is one of the fine arts.
Well done, you have taken the first step towards the title of young artist.
X. - To become young artists you need to be able to compose landscapes. Here is my next task, I suggest you try to compose scenery.
A game "Compose scenery» (children on an A3 sheet, which shows the background, lay out trees, creating scenery)
Children do the task at the tables.
H. - What interesting landscapes you got. Please tell me why you decided to make a winter scenery? Why did you decide to make a summer scenery?
I congratulate you, you have taken the second step towards the title of young artist.
Music sounds
X. - And now we are going to the forest. But this is not an ordinary forest, but a magical one. I suggest that you become small seeds. Seeds hit the ground (children squat). The rain poured on them, the sun warmed them and they began to sprout. (children stand up slowly, hands up). The trees are getting taller and taller, small sprouts are turning into strong young trees. The breeze caresses them, and they gently begin to sway. Birds sit on the branches and sing. Let's listen to them.
Children sit on the carpet, a recording of birdsong sounds.
H. - The Russian land has always been rich in forests. People went to the forest for mushrooms, for berries, to hunt. They built houses from the logs of felled trees, heated their dwellings with firewood, and made wooden furniture. Spoons were carved from wood. Bast was torn from lindens, bast shoes were woven. The forest fed and warmed the people.
And then the Russian forest waited for its artist.
In the small town of Yelabuga, a boy was born in the family of a merchant. They named him Vanya. He was supposed to help his father conduct business. But Vanya did it so reluctantly and ineptly that they soon left him alone. The father was very happy when his son showed interest in art, and sent him to Moscow to study. When Vanya grew up and learned, he became a real artist. He truly, deeply loved nature. When he came to the forest, he found the most beautiful place, sat down on a stump, set up an easel and began to write. In his paintings, trees, grasses and bushes, as if alive. For this he was called - "King of the Forest". It was the great artist Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (portrait display)
Music sounds
Let us come closer to you and admire one of the works of the great artist. This is a reproduction from a painting by Shishkin "Ship Grove"- the largest in size in his work. (children independently examine the reproduction)
What is shown in the picture
How do you think the artist depicted a cool or warm day?
Would you like to be in this forest?
Look closely at the picture and Tell: where in the forest can you bask in the sun, where can you hide in the shade? Do you want to run barefoot on the water, put your hand on stones: are they cold or warm?
Would you like to find yourself at the top of one of the pines? Why?
Why is the grove named "ship"?
In the event that the children find it difficult to answer, the teacher explains:
Obviously, this is due to the fact that the pines are tall and straight, like masts, and their branches moving in the wind look like sails. Or maybe it will take a little time. And many of these giants will turn into mighty ships and see the vast expanses of the earth.
X. - Tell me, please, what kind of fine art did you get acquainted with? What are these artists called? Which landscapes are?
X. - For the fact that you completed all my tasks, correctly answered all the questions, I present you with certificates that you have been awarded the title "Young Artist" (issuance of certificates, applause). And ahead of you are waiting for new meetings with artists and their paintings.
H. - Goodbye, guys!
Landscape - (French paysage, from pays - locality, country, homeland) - a genre of fine art, the subject of which is the image of nature, terrain, landscape. A landscape is also called a work of this genre. Landscape is a traditional genre of easel painting and graphics.
Man began to depict nature in ancient times, elements of the landscape can be found in the Neolithic era, in the reliefs and paintings of the countries of the Ancient East, especially in the art of Ancient Egit and Ancient Greece. In the Middle Ages, temples, palaces, rich houses were decorated with landscape motifs; landscapes often served as a means of conditional spatial constructions in icons, and most of all in miniatures.
The landscape in the art of the East received a special line of development. As an independent genre, it appeared in China as early as the 6th century. The landscapes of Chinese artists, made with ink on silk scrolls, are very spiritual and poetic. (see appendix fig. 1.1.1) They have a deep philosophical meaning, as if they show the ever-renewing nature, boundless space, which seems to be such because of the introduction of vast mountain panoramas, water surfaces and foggy haze into the composition. The landscape includes human figures and symbolic motifs (mountain pine, bamboo, wild plum), personifying sublime spiritual qualities. Under the influence of Chinese painting, the Japanese landscape was also formed, which is distinguished by a sharpened graphic quality, the emphasis on decorative motifs, and a more active role of man in nature (K. Hokusai).
In European art, the Venetian painters of the Renaissance (A. Canaletto) were the first to turn to the image of nature. As an independent genre, the landscape was finally formed in the 17th century. It was created by Dutch painters. (see appendix fig 1.1.2) The artists turned to the study of the nature of Leonardo before Vinci, later P. Bruegel in the Netherlands developed a system of valers, a light-air perspective in the 16th century .. The first varieties and directions of this genre are being formed: lyrical, heroic, documentary landscape: P .Brueghel "Cloudy Day" (Spring Eve) (1565, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum), P.P. Rubens "Hunting for Lions" (c. 1615, Munich, Alte Pinakothek), Rembrandt "Landscape with a Pond and an Arched Bridge" (1638, Berlin - Dahlem), J. van Ruysdael "Forest Swamp" (1660s, Dresden, Art Gallery), N. Poussin "Landscape with Polyphemus" (1649, Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts), C. Lorrain Noon (1651, St. Petersburg, Hermitage), F. Guardi "San Marco Square, view of the Basilica" (c. 1760-1765, London, National Gallery), etc.. (see appendix fig 1.1.3)
In the 19th century the creative discoveries of the masters of the landscape, its saturation with social issues, the development of the plein air (image of the natural environment) culminated in the achievements of impressionism, which gave new opportunities in the pictorial transmission of spatial depth, the variability of the light and air environment, the complexity of the color scheme, which opened up new possibilities in the transfer of the changeable play of glare, elusive states nature, richness of colorful shades. These are the Barbizons, C. Corot "Morning in Venice" (c. 1834, Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts), E. Manet "Breakfast on the Grass" (1863, Paris, Louvre), C. Monet "Capuchin Boulevard in Paris" ( 1873, Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts), O. Renoir "The Frog" (1869, Stockholm, National Museum). In Russia, A.K. Savrasov "The Rooks Have Arrived" (1871, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), I.I. Shishkin "Rye" (1878, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), V.D. Polenov "Moscow Yard" (1878, Moscow , Tretyakov Gallery),. (see appendix fig 1.1.4)
Major masters of the late XIX and XX centuries. (P. Cezanne, P. Gauguin, Van Gogh, A. Matisse in France, A. Kuindzhi, N. Roerich, N. Krymov in Russia, M. Saryan in Armenia) expand the emotional, associative qualities of landscape painting. The traditions of the Russian landscape were expanded and enriched by A. Rylov, K. Yuon, N. Roerich, A. Ostroumova-Lebedeva, A. Kuprin, P. Konchalovsky and others.
Depending on the nature of the landscape motif, one can single out rural, urban (including urban architectural and veduta), and industrial landscapes. A special area is the image of the sea element - the marina and the river landscape.
Rural landscape aka "village" - This direction of the landscape genre has been popular at all times, regardless of fashion. The relationship between nature and the results of the conscious activity of mankind has always been quite complex, even conflicting; in the visual arts, this is especially evident. Landscape sketches with architecture, a fence or a smoking factory chimney do not create a mood of peace: against such a background, all the beauty of nature is lost, gone. However, there is an environment where human activity and nature are in harmony or, on the contrary, nature plays a dominant role - this is the countryside, where architectural structures, as it were, complement village motifs. Artists in the rural landscape are attracted by tranquility, a kind of poetry of rural life, harmony with nature. The house by the river, the rocks, the greenery of the meadows, the country road gave impetus to the inspiration of artists of all times and countries. (see appendix pic 1.1.5)
The urban landscape was the result of several centuries of development in landscape painting. In the 15th century, architectural landscapes became widespread, which depicted views of the city from a bird's eye view. Antiquity and modernity often merged on these interesting canvases, elements of fantasy were present. (see appendix pic 1.1.6)
An architectural landscape is a kind of landscape, one of the types of perspective painting, an image of real or imaginary architecture in a natural environment. A large role in the architectural landscape is played by a linear and aerial perspective, linking nature and architecture. In the architectural landscape, urban perspective views are distinguished, which were called in the 18th century. vedutami (A. Canaletto, B. Bellotto, F. Guardi in Venice), views of estates, park ensembles with buildings, landscapes with antique or medieval ruins (J. Robert; K. D. Friedrich Abbey in an oak grove, 1809-1810, Berlin, State Museum; S.F. Shchedrin), landscapes with imaginary buildings and ruins (D.B. Piranesi, D. Pannini).
Veduta (it. veduta, lit. - seen) is a landscape that accurately depicts the exact view of the area, city, one of the origins of panorama art. The late Venetian landscape, closely associated with the names of Carpaccio and Bellini, who managed to find a balance between the documentary accuracy of depicting urban reality and its romantic interpretation. The term appeared in the 18th century, when a camera obscura was used to reproduce views. The leading artist working in this genre was A. Canaletto: San Marco Square (1727-1728, Washington, National Gallery). (see appendix fig 1.1.7) Impressionists made a further serious contribution to the development of this trend: C. Monet, Pissarro and others. .
The modern urban landscape is not only crowds of people on the streets and traffic jams; it is also old streets, a fountain in a quiet park, sunlight entangled in a web of wires... This direction has attracted and will continue to attract both artists and art connoisseurs all over the world.
Marina (it. marina, from lat. marinus - sea) is one of the types of landscape, the object of which is the sea. Marina took shape as an independent genre in Holland at the beginning of the 17th century: J. Porcellis, S. de Vlieger, V. van de Velle, J. Vernet, W. Turner “Funeral at Sea” (1842, London, Tate Gallery), K. Monet "Impression, Sunrise" (1873, Paris, Marmottan Museum), S.F. Shchedrin "Small Harbor in Sorrento" (1826, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery). Aivazovsky, like no one else, managed to show a living, light-filled, ever-moving water element. Getting rid of the too sharp contrasts of the classic composition, Aivazovsky eventually achieves genuine pictorial freedom. Bravura - catastrophic "The Ninth Wave" (1850, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg) is one of the most recognizable paintings of this genre. (see appendix pic 1.1.8)
Painting en plein air (outdoors), mostly landscapes and exteriors, requires some experience and "training". It's not always easy to get out of hand. If you are not able to immediately move forward, as you imagined, then you just need to give yourself time and enjoy the view that opens before you. In general, an unfinished landscape, sketch, or sketch, or fragment can sometimes become a pleasant working result, which should not be underestimated. It shows what we want to see. In essence, as in all other subjects of painting, our own temperament, our experience and our possibilities should be dedicated to something special.
The so-called viewfinder can help us find the right format. cut a rectangle on a sheet of cardboard, if possible in proportion to the size of the picture. This "window" resembles a camera viewfinder. Over time, you will develop an experienced eye. We make a sketch, barely going into details, on a prepared canvas, that is, you first need to apply several colored layers on a primed canvas and dry them so that the canvas does not absorb paint too much. It is best to write in the "alla prima" technique.
When working in the open air, it is recommended to take two canvases of the same size with you. After the work done, we fold both planes of the picture facing each other. Between them we lay either two narrow wooden planks, or we lay small pieces of corks at the four corners. The surfaces of the paintings are on the inside, fresh layers of paint do not touch each other and are not in danger of being damaged from the outside. This way you can safely bring your work home.
The landscape can be historical, heroic, fantastic, lyrical, epic.
Often the landscape serves as a background in paintings, graphic, sculptural (reliefs, medals) works of other genres. The artist, depicting nature, not only seeks to accurately reproduce the chosen landscape motif, but also expresses his attitude to nature, inspires it, creates an artistic image that has emotional expressiveness and ideological content. For example, thanks to I. Shishkin, who managed to create a generalized epic image of Russian nature on his canvases, the Russian landscape rose to the level of deeply meaningful and democratic art (Rye, 1878, Ship Grove, 1898). The strength of Shishkin's canvases is not that they reproduce the familiar landscapes of the Central Russian strip with almost photographic accuracy, the artist's art is much deeper and more meaningful. The boundless expanses of fields, the sea of ears swaying under the fresh wind, forest distances in the paintings of I. Shishkin give rise to thoughts about the epic grandeur and power of Russian nature.
The landscape of I. Levitan is often referred to as the "landscape of mood." His paintings embody changing moods, states of anxiety, grief, foreboding, peace, joy, etc. Therefore, the artist conveys the three-dimensional form of objects in a generalized way, without careful study of details, with quivering picturesque spots. So he wrote in 1895 the paintings "March" and "Golden Autumn", marking the highest point in the development of the Russian lyrical landscape. Since his style was chosen as the most appropriate in spirit for painting the landscape “Through time. Estate of the Ualikhanovs. Syrymbet. Let's take a closer look at his work.
The theme of the landscape as a genre of fine art is the area. From French, the word "landscape" is translated as "area, country." After all, the landscape is not only the image of nature familiar to us. The landscape can also be urban (architectural, for example). In the urban landscape, a documented accurate image is singled out - “leading”.
And if we talk about the natural landscape, then here they distinguish separately the seascape, which is called the "marina" (accordingly, the artists depicting the sea are called "marine painters"), the cosmic landscape (the image of heavenly space, stars and planets).
But landscapes also differ in terms of time: modern, historical, futuristic landscapes.
However, in art, whatever the landscape (real or fictional) is, it is always an artistic image. In this regard, it is important to understand that each artistic style (classicism, baroque, romanticism, realism, modernism) has its own philosophy and aesthetics of the landscape image.
Of course, the landscape genre developed gradually - just as science developed. It would seem that what is common between landscape and science? A lot in common! To create a realistic landscape, one must have knowledge of linear and aerial perspective, proportionality, composition, chiaroscuro, etc.
Therefore, the landscape genre is considered a relatively young genre in painting. For a long time, the landscape was only an "auxiliary" means: nature was depicted as a background in portraits, icons, and genre scenes. Often it was not real, but idealized, generalized.
And although the landscape began to develop in ancient Eastern art, it received independent significance in Western European art starting around the 14th century.
And it would be very interesting to understand why this happened. Indeed, by this time, a person already knew how to quite correctly depict abstract ideas in graphic symbols, his appearance, his life, animals, but he remained indifferent to nature for a long time. And only now is he trying to understand nature and its essence, because to portray - you need to understand.
Development of the landscape in European painting
Interest in the landscape becomes clearly visible, starting with the painting of the Early Renaissance.
Italian artist and architect Giotto(circa 1267-1337) developed a completely new approach to depicting space. And although in his paintings the landscape was also only an auxiliary means, he already carried an independent semantic load, Giotto turned the flat, two-dimensional space of the icon into three-dimensional, creating the illusion of depth using chiaroscuro.
Giotto "Flight into Egypt" (Church of San Francesco in Assisi)
The painting conveys the idyllic spring mood of the landscape.
The landscape began to play an even more important role in the High Renaissance (XVI century). It was during this period that the search began for the possibilities of composition, perspective, and other components of painting to convey the surrounding world.
The masters of the Venetian school played an important role in creating the landscape genre of this period: Giorgione (1476/7-1510), Titian (1473-1576), El Greco (1541-1614).
El Greco "View of Toledo" (1596-1600). Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York)
The Spanish city of Toledo is depicted under a gloomy stormy sky. The contrast between heaven and earth is obvious. The view of the city is given from below, the horizon line is raised high, phantasmagoric light is used.
In creativity Pieter Brueghel (the Elder) the landscape is already gaining breadth, freedom and sincerity. He writes simply, but in this simplicity one can see the nobility of the soul, able to see the beauty in nature. He knows how to convey both the petty world under his feet, and the vastness of fields, mountains, skies. He has no dead, empty places - everything lives with him and breathes.
We bring to your attention two paintings by P. Brueghel from the cycle "The Seasons".
P. Brueghel (the Elder) "Return of the herd" (1565). Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna)
P. Brueghel (the Elder) "Hunters in the snow" (1565). Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna)
In the paintings of the Spanish artist D. Velazquez already seen the emergence of plein air ( plein air- from fr. en plein air - "in the open air") of painting. In his work “View of the Villa Medici”, the freshness of greenery is conveyed, the warm shades of light gliding through the leaves of trees and high stone walls.
D. Velasquez "View of the garden of the Villa Medici in Rome" (1630)
Rubens(1577-1640), life-affirming, dynamic, characteristic of the work of this artist.
P. Rubens "Landscape with a rainbow"
By a French artist Francois Boucher(1703-1770) landscapes seem to be woven from blue, pink, silvery shades.
F. Boucher "Landscape with a water mill" (1755). National Gallery (London)
Impressionist artists sought to develop methods and techniques that would allow them to most naturally and vividly capture the real world in its mobility and variability, to convey their fleeting impressions.
Auguste Renoir "The Frog". Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York)
The Post-Impressionist painters developed the Impressionist tradition in their painting.
Vincent Wag Gogh "Starry Night" (1889)
In the XX century. representatives of the most diverse artistic movements turned to the landscape genre: fauvists, cubists, surrealists, abstractionists, realists.
Here is an example of a landscape by an American artist Helen (Helen) Frankenthaler(1928-2011), who worked in the style of abstract art.
Helen Frankenthaler "Mountains and Sea" (1952)
Some types of landscape
architectural landscape
N.V. Gogol called architecture the “chronicle of the world”, because she, in his opinion, "speaks even when both songs and legends are already silent ...". Nowhere is the character and style of time manifested so vividly and clearly as in architecture. Apparently, therefore, the masters of painting captured the architectural landscape on their canvases.
F. Ya. Alekseev "View of the Exchange and the Admiralty from the Peter and Paul Fortress" (1810)
The painting depicts the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island. The compositional center of its architectural ensemble is the Stock Exchange building. In front of the Stock Exchange there is a semicircular square with a granite embankment. On its two sides there are columns that served as lighthouses. At the foot of the columns there are stone sculptures symbolizing the Russian rivers: Volga, Dnieper, Neva and Volkhov. On the opposite bank of the river you can see the Winter Palace and the Admiralty buildings, Senate Square. The construction of the Exchange, designed by Thomas de Thomon, lasted from 1804 to 1810. When Pushkin arrived in St. Petersburg in 1811, the Exchange had already become the architectural center of the Spit of Vasilevsky Island and the busiest place in the port city.
A kind of architectural landscape is the veduta. Strictly speaking, this landscape of F. Alekseev is the lead.
Veduta
Veduta is a genre of European painting, especially popular in Venice of the 18th century. It is a painting, drawing or engraving depicting a detailed depiction of an everyday urban landscape. Yes, the Dutch artist Jan Vermeer depicted accurately his native city of Delft.
Jan Vermeer "View of Delft" (1660)
Veduta masters worked in many European countries, including Russia (M. I. Makhaev and F. Ya. Alekseev). A number of leads with Russian views were performed by Giacomo Quarenghi.
Marina
Marina is a genre of painting, a kind of landscape (from lat. marinus - sea), depicting a sea view or a scene of a sea battle, as well as other events taking place at sea. As an independent type of landscape painting, the marina stood out at the beginning of the 17th century. in Holland.
Marine painter (fr. mariniste) - an artist who paints marinas. The brightest representatives of this genre are the English William Turner and Russian (Armenian) artist Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovski, who wrote about 6,000 paintings on the marine theme.
W. Turner ""The last voyage of the ship" Courageous ""
I. Aivazovsky "Rainbow"
A rainbow that has appeared in a stormy sea gives hope for the rescue of people from a shipwrecked ship.
historical landscape
Everything in it is quite simple: to show the past through the historical setting, natural and architectural environment. Here we can remember the pictures N.K. Roerich, images of Moscow in the 17th century. A.M. Vasnetsov, Russian baroque of the 18th century. HER. Lansere, A.N. Benoit, archaic K.F. Bogaevsky and etc.
N. Roerich "Overseas guests" (1901)
This is a picture from the cycle “The Beginning of Rus'. Slavs". In the article “On the way from the Varangians to the Greeks” (1899), Roerich described an imaginary poetic picture: “Midnight guests are floating. A light stripe stretches the gentle coast of the Gulf of Finland. The water seemed to be saturated with the blue of a clear spring sky; the wind ripples along it, driving off dull purple stripes and circles. A flock of seagulls landed on the waves, carelessly swayed on them, and only under the very keel of the front boat flashed their wings - something unfamiliar, unprecedented, aroused their peaceful life. A new stream makes its way through stagnant water, it runs into centuries-old Slavic life, passes through forests and swamps, rolls over a wide field, raises the Slavic clans - they will see rare, unfamiliar guests, they marvel at their strictly military, at their overseas custom. The rooks go in a long row! Bright coloring burns in the sun. The bow sides famously wrapped up, culminating in a high, slender nose.
K. Bogaevsky "Consular Tower in Sudak" (1903). Feodosia Art Gallery named after I.K. Aivazovsky
Futuristic (fantastic) landscape
Pictures of the Belgian artist Jonas De Ro are epic canvases of new, unknown worlds. The main object of Jonas's image is vast pictures of the post-apocalyptic world, futuristic, fantastic images.
In addition to the future of absolutely real cities, Jonas also draws completely original illustrations of an abandoned city.
J. De Ro "Abandoned Civilization"
Philosophy of the landscape
What is it?
At the center of landscape painting is always the question of the relationship of man to the environment - whether it be a city or nature. But the environment also has its relation to man. And these relationships can be harmonious and inharmonious.
Consider the landscape "Evening Bells".
I. Levitan "Evening Bells" (1892). State Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow)
The painting “Evening Bells” depicts a monastery at a bend in the river and illuminated by the evening sun. The monastery is surrounded by an autumn forest, clouds float across the sky - and all this is reflected in the mirror surface of a calmly flowing river. Both the bright joy of nature and the spiritual world of being and feelings of people are merged in harmony. I want to look at this picture and look, it calms the soul. It is a blissful, idyllic beauty.
And here is another landscape by the same artist - "Above Eternal Peace."
I. Levitan "Over Eternal Peace" (1894). State Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow)
Levitan himself wrote about this picture: "... I am all in it, with all my psyche, with all my content ...". In another letter: "Eternity, formidable eternity, in which generations have drowned and more will drown ... What horror, what fear!" It is about this formidable eternity that the picture of Levitan makes you think. Water and sky in the picture capture, amaze a person, awaken the thought of the insignificance and transience of life. On a steep high bank stands a lonely wooden church, next to a cemetery with rickety crosses and abandoned graves. The wind shakes the trees, drives the clouds, pulls the viewer into the endless northern expanse. The gloomy grandeur of nature is opposed only by a tiny light in the window of the church.
The artist, perhaps, wanted to answer with his painting the question of the relationship between man and nature, the meaning of life, contrasting the eternal and mighty forces of nature with the weak and short-lived human life. This is sublime tragedy.
- (French paysage, from pays country, locality), a genre of fine art (or individual works of this genre), in which the main subject of the image is wild or, to one degree or another, nature transformed by man. IN… … Art Encyclopedia
scenery- a, m. paysage m. 1. General view of any area, a picture of nature. BASS 1. Landscape. 1768, 1769, 1773, 1775, 1777. MAX. V. N. Sergeev To istor. term. fig. claim. // Materials 1965 308 309. Landscape of nature. N. A. Nekrasov, N. S. Leskov. Evening… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
The image of nature in literature and painting, otherwise the image of nature in a work of art (the word P. comes from the French pays country, locality). From the field of spatial arts, the term "P." switched to literature. Historians ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
- (fr., from pays region, country). The same as the landscape, the picture of the area. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. LANDSCAPE. view, picture of nature, landscape. A complete dictionary of foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Scenery- Scenery. Van Gogh, Starry Night. LANDSCAPE (French paysage, from pays area), view, image of any area; a genre of fine art in which the main subject of the image is nature, including views of cities (architectural ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
LANDSCAPE, landscape, male. (French paysage). 1. A picture of nature, a view of some kind of area (book). A wonderful landscape opened up before the eyes of the travelers. Northern, southern landscape. 2. Painting, drawing depicting nature (painting). Exhibition of landscapes. || Description… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
See picture... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999. landscape view, painting, landscape; marina, drawing, veduta Dictionary of Russian synonyms ... Synonym dictionary
- (French paysage, from pays area), view, image of any area; a genre of fine art in which the main subject of the image is nature, including views of cities (architectural landscape, veduta), the sea (marina) ... Modern Encyclopedia
- (French paysage from pays area), view, image of any area; in painting and graphics, a genre (and a separate work) in which the main subject of the image is nature. Often depicted views of cities or architectural complexes ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (French paysage) - in painting and graphics, a genre (and individual works), in which the main subject of the image is nature. Types of architectural complexes (architectural landscape), sea views (marinas) are often depicted. A large explanatory dictionary on ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies
- (from the French paysage), a synonym for the geographical landscape in the works of V.P. Semenov Tian Shansky (1928): “The vital elements of the Earth, concentrated in a certain space; are always combined in a natural way into a certain, harmonious, ... ... Ecological dictionary
Books
- Landscape, With the new project of the "Gallery of Russian Painting" publishing house, art lovers will have new - truly unique - opportunities. We offer you the most complete thematic collections ... Category: Domestic artists Series: Reproduction sets Publisher: White City,
- Landscape, Astakhov A.Yu. , The set of reproductions includes the most famous paintings by great Russian artists working in the genre of landscape, which did not immediately become a full-fledged genre in Russian art. It took… Category: Landscape, still life Series: Gallery of Russian painting. Masterpieces of the Russian landscape Publisher:
The main theme of which - a living or man-made environment, became independent later than others - plot, still life or animalistics.
Landscape types began to develop with renewed vigor when artists got the opportunity to work in the open air.
Definition
The French word "paysage" ("pays" - "country", "locality") is close in meaning to the German "Landschaft" and the English "landscape". All of them denote the spatial environment surrounding a person in the open air. This environment may consist of elements of natural origin (landscape, vegetation, bodies of water, air atmosphere) created or modified by man (roads, buildings, farmland, etc.).
The word "landscape" has several meanings: it is simply what the human eye stops at outdoors, the description of nature in a literary work, the depiction of the environment by means of visual art. In almost every work of art there are different types of landscapes. Photo, cinema, video, computer graphics and, of course, painting are involved in the display of the surrounding world.
Variety of topics
Every true artist has his own view of the environment. To help understand this diversity, it is customary to distinguish between certain types of landscape. For preschoolers, high school students, students and art lovers of any age, there are gradations of landscape paintings depending on the subject of the image of nature and its nature.
There are natural, rural and urban views of the landscape in painting. Each of them has varieties and features. Historical and heroic, epic, romantic and mood landscapes stand out by their character.
natural landscape
Back in the Middle Ages, the image of nature was schematic and planar. It was of an auxiliary nature to supplement religious, mythological or historical compositions. But starting from the Renaissance, paintings began to appear in which plots or figures of people were not used to express feelings and emotions, the main characters in them were the earth, forests, sky, sea in different states.
Albrecht Altdorfer (1480-1538), a German engraver, draftsman and painter, is considered one of the founders of the “pure landscape” genre. For the first time on mythological canvases, the figures of heroes were often hardly distinguishable against the backdrop of a grandiose image of the natural environment.
Marina - painting about the sea
In the natural landscape, a special place is occupied by images of the aquatic environment, which has always attracted the attention of artists. The types of landscape associated with navigation and marine painting (marina - a picture of a marine theme) were born in countries where shipbuilding was a common thing - in Holland, England, etc.
At first, the sea was an integral part of the image of ships and water battles, but then the expressiveness and powerful beauty of the elements, its elusive variability began to captivate painters in themselves. The real pinnacle of world significance is the work of the Russian marine painter I. K. Aivazovsky (1817-1900).
The image of celestial spaces, planets and stars is also referred to as a natural landscape. Views of the landscape, called cosmic or astral, have always been a genre of fantastic or futuristic art, with the beginning of regular space flights, such paintings are more realistic.
rural landscape
Since the time of the idyllic paintings of the life of shepherds and shepherdesses of the Rococo era, the rural landscape has always occupied an important place in the pictorial art.
Proximity to nature, harmony of life on earth, peasant labor were the theme for many outstanding masters of different eras, such as Pieter Brueghel (1525-1569), Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665), (1796-1875), Francois Millet (1814- 1875).
The rural theme has been inherent in Russian painting since the time of A. G. Venetsianov (1780-1847). Examples of the highest peaks in the rural landscape are among the brilliant Russian artists: I. I. Levitan (1860-1900), A. K. Savrasov (1830-1897), V. D. Polenov (1844-1927), A. A. Plastov (1893-1972). The special poetry of rural life, surrounded by Russian nature, also inspires contemporary artists.
urban landscape
In the 17th century, a genre in painting called "veduta" ("veduta" (Ital.) - "view") became very popular in Europe. These were paintings, views of the landscape, the essence of which is a topographically accurate and detailed depiction of city buildings, streets and entire neighborhoods. For their writing, a camera obscura was used - a device for obtaining an accurate optical image on a plane. The best examples of this genre are photographically accurate architectural cityscapes. Views of Venice and London of the 18th century are presented in the paintings of A. Canaletto (1697-1768), the amazing skill of J. Vermeer (1632-1675) in the painting “View of Delft”.
The architectural landscape shows the value of buildings as works of architecture, their relationship with each other and with the entire environment. A special kind of such a landscape is fantasy compositions born of the artist's imagination. At one time, "ruins" were very popular - landscape views from ancient ruins, giving rise to thoughts about the frailty of life.
One can also single out a futurological, fantastic landscape - types of cities of the future, the image of which changes with the passage of time depending on the progress, achievements of science and technology.
Another type of urban landscape is the industrial landscape, depicting nature as transformed by man as possible. The main theme of such canvases is the aesthetic impression of buildings, dams, bridges, towers, roads, transport networks, plants and factories, etc. Among the first significant works of the industrial landscape, we can mention the painting by Claude Monet (1840-1926) “Saint-Lazare Station ".
Allocate in a separate category and park landscape. Similar in theme to rural or purely natural, in terms of geographic reference, it belongs to the city.
Landscape painting styles
A work of art is always a creative understanding of the world, and the landscape of a real artist is not just a realistic image, but an image of the surrounding natural or urban environment, an impression of it, expressed. Such an understanding very often determines the style that is characteristic of both an individual and a whole communities connected by one place and one time.
The historical affiliation of the master to a certain style in landscape painting is especially noticeable. "Landscape with a Rainbow" by P. P. Rubens (1577-1640) - a masterpiece and the painting of the same name by Konstantin Somov (1869-1939) are similar in plot. They are filled with the same admiration for the world around them, but with what different means these feelings are conveyed!
The work of the Impressionists had a special influence on this genre. All types of landscape - natural, urban, rural - with the advent of the opportunity to work in the open air, have undergone dramatic changes. Trying to express momentary changes and the smallest nuances of light, using a new free painting technique, the Impressionists opened new horizons in the landscape genre. After the masterpieces (1840-1926), Camille Pissarro (1830-1903), Alfred Sisley (1839-1999) and many other impressionists, it became impossible to look at the world with the same eyes, not noticing its beauty, not seeing the richness of its shades.
Eternal source of inspiration
Nature has always been the main source of new feelings and impressions for a true artist. Our distant ancestors tried to paint the sunrise on the cave wall with a piece of dried clay, landscape views for preschoolers today are photographs of Mars transmitted from its surface by a self-propelled spacecraft. What remains common is the feeling of surprise from the infinity of the world, from the joy of life.
