The 16th century for the history of the Russian state is the period of the formation of the national identity of the people who threw off the yoke of foreign conquerors.
A horde of Mongol-Tatars swept through the Russian land in a fiery flurry, sweeping away everything in its path. Most had to be restored anew, and the Orthodox Church was precisely in this period a spiritual mentor and a social ideal.
Moscow, which was the center of the Muscovite state, proclaimed St. Sergius of Radonezh and Prince Dmitry Donskoy as its spiritual symbols.
Since 1547, Ivan IV the Terrible was crowned the royal throne, and the Moscow kingdom began to be called the Russian state, the ideal of which was an unlimited monarchy, which was supported by the church. All political changes were reflected in the cultural development of the country.
16th century painting
Painting of the 16th century is represented by icons and frescoes by the outstanding Russian artist Dionysius. His creations reflect the humanistic ideas that filled the work of his great predecessor Andrei Rublev. The images of his icons do not frighten, do not threaten with punishment, but console, understand, forgive and heal the wounded soul.
frescoes of Dionysius in the Ferapontov monastery photo
Together with his sons, Dionysius created frescoes for the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin in the Ferapontov Monastery. Clean, light, bright, but at the same time, delicate colors illustrate the hymns of the Byzantine Roman the Melodist, reproducing the scenes of the Annunciation, the Last Judgment, the Unction. It was Dionysius who first began to prescribe a white background in Russian icons, which gave them extraordinary transparency.
By conveying the movements and gestures of the characters, Dionysius was able to achieve the emotional excitement of the Orthodox flock. The son of Dionysius Theodosius, already after the death of his father, painted the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. In Russian painting of the 16th century, secular themes from Russian and world history appear.
icon parable of the lame and the blind man photo
The plots of some icons, for example, “The Parable of the Lame and the Blind Man”, “The Vision of Eulogia” illustrate parable stories. Iconographic works deviate so much from the established canons that the Stoglavy Church Council in 1551 makes a special decision and establishes a kind of standard for the depiction of saints in iconography.
Architecture, architecture of the 16th century
The 16th century is rightfully considered the period of fortress architecture. The burnt, destroyed fortress walls of cities and cathedrals in Nizhny Novgorod, Serpukhov, Kolomna, Pskov are being rebuilt. Solovetsky, Trinity-Sergius and other monasteries are being built. Moscow itself is also being rebuilt - Kitai-Gorod, White and Earthen City are being built.
bell tower of Ivan the Great photo
In the village of Kolomenskoye, a pillar-shaped tent-shaped church is being built - the Church of the Ascension, and in Moscow the Church of Ivan the Great. One of the most outstanding monuments of Russian architecture of the 16th century is an architectural structure that is also symbolic for modern Russia - the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow, better known as St. Basil's Cathedral. It was erected in honor of the capture of Kazan by Postnik Yakovlev, nicknamed Barma. Kokoshniks of various sizes and shapes, bizarre domes, and an extraordinary wealth of decorative parts give it extraordinary elegance.
Typography
The 16th century is remembered for Russian culture by the greatest event - the emergence of its own book printing. It is known that the first printing house already existed in 1553, but the names of its masters have not reached us. But the name of Ivan Fedorov, the deacon of the Moscow church, and his assistant Peter Mstislavets, who printed the first book "Apostle" with imprint in the Printing House on Nikolskaya Street, are known for certain.
book apostle photo
The book of the Apostles is one of the parts of the Bible. The print quality was just amazing. Ivan Fedorov was not only an excellent typographer, but also edited translated books, carrying out not only interlinear, but also literary translation. The printing house worked not only in Moscow, but also in Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda.
In Lvov, Fedorov printed the first Russian primer. But there are still a lot of handwritten books with a lot of handmade magnificent miniatures.
L.A. Katsva, 2010General conditions for the development of culture
?What were the conditions for the development of Russian culture
in the 16th century compared to earlier eras?
In the XVI century. Russian culture developed in a single state,
whose main task was centralization.
crucial to the development of culture
single state center - Moscow.
Cultural achievements were used here
other regions of the country.
The power of the state has grown considerably
and in the second half of the 16th century. frankly acquired
despotic character.
The church was increasingly subject to secular power.
Literature
Chet-Minea. 16th centuryIn the Middle Ages people
read exclusively
religious books:
works of the holy fathers
teachings, lives of saints.
In 1542 in Novgorod
by command
Archbishop Macarius
(since 1542 metropolitan)
began drafting
Great Fourth Menaion.
Menaion - books intended for church service
or reading within a certain month.
Chet'i - that is, not intended for worship,
but only for reading.
Literature
Macarius set the task of collecting "all the books of four,even in the Russian land are found.
Great Cheti-Minei were created for more than 20 years.
12 large volumes (over 27 thousand pages) included
grouped according to the months of the lives of the saints
and all literature related to these saints:
writings of the church fathers, works of Russian church writers,
epistles of metropolitans, church statutes and charters,
various "spiritual" stories.
Many works read in Rus' in the 15th-16th centuries
survived only due to the fact that they entered the Menaion.
?
With the advent of the Great Cheth-Menaias
the reading circle of all Russian people has become the same.
What did it matter?
Literature
"Story in briefAbbreviation -
"Kazan history".
List of the 16th century.
Popular in the 16th century genre
- military story.
Tells about the capture of Kazan
"The story in brief from the beginning
kingdom of Kazan.
The author idealizes Ivan IV:
"To be very wise and brave,
and zealous, and strong in body,
and light feet like a pardus, and
like his grandfather in everything."
Russian warriors "all to Kazan
breathing with the audacity of battle and
anger like fire."
Literature
"Story in brieffrom the beginning of the Kazan kingdom.
Abbreviation -
"Kazan history".
List of the 16th century.
Despite the solemn
glorification of the tsar and the Russian
troops, author of the Tale
does not hide respect
to the citizens of Kazan, who bravely
fought with the superior
enemy forces: each of them
"fighting with a hundred Rusyns,
and two and two hundred.”
The legend tells
and that the women of Kazan
trained in archery
and "spear fight"
and fought side by side
with men.
Literature
In "The Tale of the Coming of Stefan Batory to the city of Pskov",written after the death of Ivan the Terrible,
tells about the siege of Pskov by the Polish army in 1581.
The author adheres to the traditional manner:
the Polish king is depicted as a "fierce beast",
he is “high-proud”, and Lithuania is “proud”,
while the Russian army is "Christ-loving".
The author of The Tale does not care what the real Stefan Batory is.
Tradition tells us to portray the enemy purely negatively -
this is what Batory looks like in the Tale.
?
What are the similarities and differences between Kazan History and
"Tales of the coming of Stefan Batory to the city of Pskov"?
Writing
Gospel handwritten XVI century.Semistat.
Mordovia Museum of Local Lore,
Saransk.
In the sixteenth century, as before,
books were written by geese
pen using
ink and cinnabar,
as well as dissolved
gold and silver
to decorate texts.
But if before the book
wrote mainly
on parchment, then in the XVI century. -
mostly on paper
(Italian, French
and German).
Writing
In connection with the developmentoffice work and abundance
texts required
simplified fluent
writing style.
To replace the semi-charter
came shorthand.
Cursive letters had
elongation.
At first the letters were
mostly straight lines
but from the 2nd half of the XVI century. become
dominated by semicircular strokes.
Contribution deed of 1592
Words were often abbreviated
An example of cursive writing from the end of the 16th century.
various
superscript icons.
Beginning of printing
Each handwritten book was a work of art.The books cost a fortune.
But the main drawback of handwritten books was not in this.
?
Do you think they will be completely identical
three copies of the handwritten Gospel?
No, they won't: each of them was made by hand,
the handwriting of the scribe could differ, but the main thing is that
errors appeared in the text, which were the more
the more urgent the job was.
In an ordinary book for reading, mistakes are not a problem,
but in the liturgical - blasphemy.
Moreover, in different parts of the country
accumulated various errors in the sacred texts.
Beginning of printing
?.
How could differences in the books be overcome?
It was possible to achieve the unification of books
only through the introduction of printing.
The first printing house was created in Moscow on the initiative
Ivan IV and Metropolitan Macarius in 1553
?
What an important event for the life of the church and the country
implemented Macarius shortly before?
Stoglavy Cathedral of 1551, on which was installed
a single canon of iconography, and all locally venerated saints
declared public.
Beginning of printing
?What is common between the decisions of the Stoglavy Cathedral
and the decision to open a printing house in Moscow?
Printing made it possible to get rid of discrepancies
in liturgical books, which in a single state
were completely intolerant.
Thus, printing was
an important centralizing measure,
as well as the establishment of a single canon of icon painting
and a single list of common saints.
The first Russian books were published without imprint
(place and year of publication) and without the name of the publisher.
Therefore, the first printing house is called anonymous.
Beginning of printing
"Apostle"Ivan Fedorov.
Moscow, 1564
In 1563 at the expense of the treasury in Moscow
A new printing house was founded.
It was headed by a deacon of one of
Kremlin churches Ivan Fedorov,
most likely a native of Belarus
or southern Poland, who studied
at the University of Krakow.
His assistant was Peter Mstislavets.
In 1564 the "Apostle" was printed,
in 1565 - "Chasoslovets".
Editions of Ivan Fedorov differed
the highest level of printing.
At present, the world is known
about 70 copies. "Apostle" 1564
One third of them are in Russia.
Beginning of printing
Primer published by Ivan Fedorovin Lvov in 1574
?
Like Ivan Fedorov
ended up in Lviv?
Shortly after publication
"Book of Hours"
Ivan Fedorov
and Peter Mstislavets
moved to Lithuania
and then to Lvov.
According to one version of the reason
his departure from Moscow
was arson, arranged
scribes, on the other
- accusation of heresy
caused by the fact that
first printer contributed
in the texts of the change,
replacing Old Church Slavonic
Russian words.
Beginning of printing
Psalter. Moscow, 1568Edition of Nevezha Timofeev
and Nikifor Tarasiev.
After check out
Ivan Fedorov
book printing in Moscow
continued.
In 1568 Nevezha Timofeev
and Nikifor Tarasiev
printed the Psalter.
In the 70s. 16th century Timofeev
managed the printing house
in Alexander Sloboda.
In total in the XVI century. Russians
printers published ca. 20 books.
Circulation of the "Apostle" 1597
reached 1500 copies.
Architecture
Church of the Ascensionin Kolomna.
In the architecture of the XVI century.
appeared like never before
striving upward, towards the vertical.
Its most striking expression
became the first in Rus'
stone tent temple
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
built in 1532
In one chronicle
it was said that hipped churches
built "on a wooden case",
those. modeled on traditional
wooden tent temples.
The decorativeness of the temple gave
combination of red and white.
Architecture
Church of the Ascensionin Kolomna.
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
- hipped pillarless temple
58 m high.
Almost half the height of the temple -
octagonal tent.
The building has no altar apses,
thanks to which visually
completely subordinate to the axial
vertical movement.
Inside the temple is small,
because difficult task
maintaining the stone tent
solved by thickening the walls
at the bottom of the building
(2/3 of the area).
Architecture
Not far from Kolomenskoye,beyond the ravine, in the village of Dyakovo,
in 1547 by order of Ivan IV
was built
Temple of the Beheading
John the Baptist.
around the central pillar,
having the appearance of a multi-tiered tower,
four
octagonal chapel.
So the traditional five domes
combined here with techniques
tower, pillar
and tent architecture.
Church of the Beheading
The belfry reminds
John the Baptist in Dyakovo.
about Pskov architecture.
Architecture
Church of the Beheadingheads of John the Baptist
in Dyakovo.
Dyakovo temple looks
much more magnificent, powerful
and heavy compared
with the Church of the Ascension.
Most historians believe
that the Dyakovo temple appeared
predecessor
Cathedral of the Intercession, on the Moat,
and even believes that it was built
the same masters.
But there is another version, referring
Temple of the Beheading
John the Baptist by the 50s. 16th century
and considers it a simplified version
Intercession Cathedral.
Architecture
Temple of the Intercession on the Moat.(Cathedral
Basil the Blessed).
Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat
was built in honor of the capture of Kazan
in 1555–1561
The architects are Barma and Postnik Yakovlev.
(According to another version, one person -
Pskov master Postnik Yakovlev
nicknamed Barma).
Nine-domed temple, around the tent
eight aisles are located:
four large ones are located
at the ends of the cross
four more smaller
along a diagonal cross.
The cathedral, as it were, unites into one
a total of nine churches.
Architecture
The cathedral was originally white,domes were covered
whitewashed with iron.
The current motley ("eastern")
The temple acquired its appearance in the 17th century,
then the coverage of the chapters changed.
Now none of the ten domes
(above the tent, eight aisles
and a bell tower) does not repeat the other.
In 1588, a chapel was added in honor of
Basil the Blessed (1460-1552),
gave the temple its common name.
The bell tower was added in the 1670s.
Temple of the Intercession on the Moat.
(Cathedral
Basil the Blessed).
Architecture
Sophia Cathedral in Vologda.In the second half of the XVI century.
traditional
five-domed temples.
Sophia Cathedral in Vologda
erected in 1568–1570.
by order of Ivan IV
in imitation of Uspensky
Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
He also initially
called Uspensky,
and became Sofia in 1612.
The cathedral stood unfinished for a long time due to the departure of Ivan IV
from Vologda (allegedly a stone fell on him from the vaults of the cathedral).
The cathedral was completed in 1687 under Fyodor Ivanovich.
Architecture
Vologda Sophia Cathedral -brick rectangular,
six-pillar five-dome
temple with three high, strong
protruding apses.
Although the Vologda Assumption Cathedral
built in imitation
Moscow, according to the plan and decor
it is closer to Novgorod
and Rostov churches.
Saint Sophia Cathedral
in Vologda.
Architecture
Assumption Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergiusmonastery was built
in 1559-1588 on the contribution of Ivan IV.
It also clearly imitates the become
canonical Assumption Cathedral
Moscow Kremlin,
but different from it
heavy weight.
The decoration of the cathedral was carried out
under Fyodor Ivanovich.
Assumption Cathedral
Trinity-Sergius
monastery.
Architecture
In the XVI century. were builtnot only churches but also
fortifications.
In 1535-1538, under Helen
Glinskaya were lined
fortifications of Kitay-gorod:
2.6 km, 12 towers.
Spassky (Water) gates
China-city.
Hood. A.M. Vasnetsov.
Scheme of the Kitaigorod wall.
The name comes from "whale" -
bundles of poles used
during construction.
Architecture
In 1585–1593famous master
Fedor Saveliev (Horse)
erected fortifications
White City:
9 km of walls, 29 towers,
11 travel gates.
White stone walls
were lined with bricks
and plastered.
Butcher's Gate of the White City.
Hood. A.M. Vasnetsov.
?
Why White City
was that what it was called?
Architecture
Built in 1591wooden-earthen
Fortress Skorodomo:
15 km of walls, 50 towers,
including 34 travel cards.
Serpukhov and
Kaluga tower
were stone.
So there was a ring
Moscow layout.
Plan of Moscow, drawn up
Matthäus Merian (1638).
The White City is highlighted in yellow.
It surrounds the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod.
Around it is the Earth City.
Architecture
Smolensk Kremlin.Corner tower.
Arch. Fedor Kon.
In 1596–1600
Fedor Horse
built
fortifications of Smolensk:
6.5 km of walls, 38 towers
at a distance of 150–160 m
from each other.
Contemporaries believed
an impregnable fortress.
In 1609–1611 Smolensk
beat for more than two years
attacks of the Polish troops,
and for the last time the fortress
defended against assault
in 1812
Painting
Apocalypse.The removal of the fifth seal.
Fresco of the southern wall
Cathedral of the Annunciation
Moscow Kremlin.
Monumental art of the XVI century.
represented, in particular, by frescoes
Cathedral of the Annunciation
Moscow Kremlin.
frescoes of the cathedral
completed in the middle of the 16th century
after the Moscow fire of 1547
Arrangement of compositions
especially the gospel cycle,
drawing, rhythm transmission, background,
color - all this connects the frescoes
Cathedral of the Annunciation
with painting from the beginning of the 16th century,
with the era of Dionysius.
Painting
Apocalypse.Blessings of the righteous in paradise.
Fresco of the southern wall
Cathedral of the Annunciation
Moscow Kremlin.
At the same time the frescoes
Cathedral of the Annunciation
markedly different from the mural
era of Dionysius.
They are overloaded with details
their compositions are multi-layered,
architectural forms are fractional.
There are many Russian saints on the frescoes
- princes and leaders of the church.
This is how the idea came to be
God's Chosenness of Moscow
state and origin
Moscow sovereigns
from the Roman Caesars.
Painting
Icon "Church Militant".Mid 16th century Tretyakov Gallery.
The icon was painted to commemorate the capture of Kazan.
The warriors are heading from the burning city to "Mountain Zion".
The two extreme columns are the heavenly host (in halos).
Ahead (in the circle of the celestial sphere) is the Archangel Michael.
Painting
The king is depicted in front of the middle (earthly) column.In the center of the column - presumably Vladimir Monomakh,
or Emperor Constantine Monomakh.
Behind - three riders, presumably
Vladimir the Holy with his sons Boris and Gleb.
Painting
?What are the features of the icon "Church Militant"?
The icon is dedicated to a current political event.
She glorifies the state and the monarch,
but interprets their victory as a victory for Orthodoxy.
The icon depicts non-canonized
historical characters and even living people
(Permission to write them on icons
received the Stoglav Cathedral in 1551).
The icon is extremely overloaded with characters and details.
?
With what literary work ideologically
does the icon “Church Militant” echo?
With "The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir".
Painting
In the second half of the XVI century.in iconography becomes
popular motif of the Last Judgment.
At the second coming of Christ
will judge the living and the dead,
and the righteous will
blessed with heavenly bliss,
and sinners finally
cast into hell.
?
Terrible Judgment.
Second half of the 16th century
From the collection of A.V. Morozov.
GTG.
Why in the second
half of the 16th century icon painters
especially frequently addressed
to this storyline?
Painting
Nikita the warrior.Stroganovskaya icon
schools.
Procopius Chirin.
At the end of the XVI century. special
direction of iconography,
concentrated attention
on painting technique.
It is called "Stroganov
school" named after the merchants
Stroganovs, who
patronized.
The main task of the masters
Stroganov school
became an image
refined external beauty,
elegance of figures and vestments.
The inner world of the characters
fades into the background.
Painting
On the development of Russian painting in the XVI century. negativeaffected by strict regulation established by the church.
Stoglavy Cathedral of 1551 introduced obverse icon-paintings
stencils for depicting saints and whole compositions.
The observance of the canons had to be monitored
special elders from among the "deliberate masters".
Icon painters were instructed to write
“from ancient samples, but from self-thinking would
They did not describe the Deities with their conjectures.
The Cathedral of 1554 divided painting into “life writing”
(biblical and gospel stories) and "letter to parables"
(compositions on the themes of parables, lives, liturgies).
Other stories were not allowed.
And yet completely stop the development
fine art was impossible.
applied arts
Tsar Cannon.Master A. Chokhov.
Contrary to what is known
delusion
The Tsar Cannon could shoot!
In the XVI century. got a new
arms development.
Russian masters have learned
cast huge cannons
("zatinny squeaks").
They were given names:
Lion, Bear, Onager...
In 1586 the cannon master
Andrey Chokhov pissed
Tsar cannon weighing 40 tons,
with a bore of 89 cm!
The cannon was decorated with a lion
head and rich ornament,
as well as the figure of Tsar Fedor
on a horse.
applied arts
High skill reached in the XVI century.artistic sewing, especially
making church vestments.
Masters skillfully selected colors,
create intricate ornaments
and compositions.
By the end of the XVI century. sewing began to decorate
precious stones.
Felony's mantle.
Fragment.
The contribution of the book. P. Shchenyateva
in the Trinity-Sergius
monastery.
Illustration sources
Slide number 3.http://www.stsl.ru/manuscripts/medium.php?col=1&manuscript=663&pagefile=663-0006
Slide number 5-6. http://historydoc.edu.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=%2012721
Slide number 8. http://www.mrkm.ru/?cat=part1&sub=9
Slide number 9. http://molod.eduhmao.ru/info/1/3790/34553/
Slide number 13. http://prav-kniga2010.narod.ru/apostol-1564.htm
Slide number 14. http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000029/st019.shtml
Slide number 15.
http://www.protoart.ru/ru/main/news/antic/news_current.shtml?2006/02/200602139642.html
Slide number 16. http://www.blagovest-info.ru/index.php?ss=2&s=7&id=11599
Slide number 17. http://www.pravoslavie.ru/jurnal/523.htm
Slide number 18. http://www.shults.ru/okrainy_files/p0000162.jpg.htm
Slide number 19. http://www.petrovskij.com/photo/index.php?section_id=17
Slide number 20. http://www.rusiz.ru/journals/rizniza5/24
Slide number 21. http://www.foto-decor.ru/next_165p0f356.html
Slide number 22. http://www.temples.ru/private/f000040/vol_usp_2b.jpg
Illustration sources
Slide number 23. http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/3112/prodg.9a/0_33ce8_ffdd5766_XLSlide number 24. http://www.temples.ru/show_picture.php?PictureID=11169
Slide number 25.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0 %B4#.D0.A3.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BF.D0.
BB.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.9A.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B9.D0.B3.D0.BE.D1.80. D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B0
Slide number 26.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Vasnetsov_u_Myasnit
skih_vorot_Belogo_goroda_1926.jpg
Slide number 27.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%
D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4
Illustration sources
Slide number 28. http://dic.academic.ru/pictures/wiki/files/83/SmolenskKreml.jpgSlides #29-30. http://sites.google.com/site/lubitelkultury/Home-5-32/--3
Slides #31-32.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:ChurchMilitant.jpg
Slide number 34. http://www.xxc.ru/orthodox/pastor/pominovenie/sud/others/sud_tr.htm
Slide number 35. http://svet-nesu.ru/l_036.htm
Slide number 37.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roi_des_canons_Kremlin_Moscou.JPG
Slide number 38. http://www.emc.komi.com/04/003/06/001.htm
Book printing in Moscow. Rigid regulation. Painting. Middle Ages. Differences in books. direction of iconography. Fluent writing style. Motif of the Last Judgment. Church of the Ascension. Applied art. Features of the icon. Tale of the coming of Stefan Batory. Fedor Kon. Warrior story. Wooden-earthen fortress. Macarius. Architecture. Treasury funds. Traditional five-domed temples. Assumption Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.
"Culture of the Russian Middle Ages" - The main stages in the development of medieval Russian culture. mythological school. East Slavic paganism. The originality of the cultural and historical path of Russia. Christianity. Goblin. Rational-critical direction. Cultural dynamics. Myth in archaic times. Essays on the history of Russian culture. Sanctuaries. Ancient Russian pantheon. Single socio-political and cultural space. Russian culture.
"Russian culture of the 14th-16th centuries" - Features of the development of Russian culture. Semistat. Features of the development of Russian culture in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. Ideas of the unity of the Russian land and the struggle against the Horde dominion. The creation of a single state caused a new cultural upsurge in Russia. Monasteries were the centers of literacy. Education. Russian culture is acquiring original national features. Gradual overcoming of cultural disunity. The emergence of Russian book printing.
"Culture of Rus' 14-16 centuries" - Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral. Gen. Cloth. Architecture. Wall and tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Assumption Cathedral. St. Basil's Cathedral. Heroic and "hagiographic" themes. Theophanes the Greek. Dwellings. Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye. Chronicle of the XV century. Life of Alexander Nevsky. Culture and life of the Moscow state in the XIV-XVI centuries. Dishes. Main directions. Painting. Blagoveshchensky cathedral. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod.
"Writing and typography" - Typography in Europe. Palm leaves. paper inventor. Birch. Handwritten books. Papyrus. Typography. Printed books. Old Russian textbook of mathematics. Johannes Gutenberg. Ivan Fedorov. The man went hunting. The first printed books. Ancient Novgorodians. Cuneiform. Clay tablets. Primer of Karion Istomin. Tree. Ancient people. Now I will read a lot. The emergence of writing. The invention of printing.
"Culture of Russia of the 16th century" - Purpose. Reflection of the policy of Ivan IV in culture. Cathedral of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin. Ivan groznyj. Foreign policy of Ivan IV. Churches were built around the main, Intercession Church. The interior of the cathedral. Interior decoration. Culture of Russia in the 16th century. Cancer with the relics of St. Basil the Blessed. Trips to Kazan. Cathedral decoration. The semantic load of St. Basil's Cathedral.
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE XVI CENTURY Development of a history teacher Bukharina I.V. MAOU "Secondary school No. 18 with in-depth study of the English language" of the Vakhitovsky district of Kazan
2 slide
Description of the slide:
CONTENTS FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE XVI CENTURY; NEW PHENOMENA IN RUSSIAN CULTURE; SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE; 4. DISCUSSION OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND ANDREY KURBSKY; "DOMOSTROY"; "GREAT MENEIA"; THE CONCEPT "MOSCOW - THE THIRD ROME"; CHURCH DISPUTES. non-possessors and josephites; CHURCH DISPUTES. HERESIES; TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE; ARCHITECTURE; ICON PAINTING; CONCLUSIONS.
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE XVI CENTURY: Formation of a unified Russian state, Liberation of the country from the Tatar-Mongol domination, Completion of the formation of the Russian people. THEY DID NOT JUST IMPACT, BUT ALSO DETERMINED THE CONTENT AND DIRECTION OF THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PROCESS.
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NEW PHENOMENA IN RUSSIAN CULTURE. PRINTING IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PHENOMENON OF RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE XVI CENTURY THE "APOSTOL" 1564 IN 1564 THE "APOSTLE" WAS PRINTED BY THE DEACON OF ONE OF THE MOSCOW CHURCHES IVAN FYODOROV AND HIS ASSISTANT PETER Mstislavets - FIRST ENG SKY BOOK WITH OUTPUT DATA.
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THE FONT AND THE APOSTLE'S SCREENS WERE NOT LESS TO THE WESTERN SAMPLES. LIKE ANY INNOVATION, BOOK PRINTING WAS MEET IN MOSCOW WITH FEAR AND DISORDER. PRINTERS BEGAN TO BE ACCUSED OF WITCH. FYODOROV AND Mstislavets went to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, WHERE THE PRINTING OF RUSSIAN BOOKS CONTINUED IN LVIV. THE FIRST RUSSIAN ABC-BOOK WITH GRAMMAR WAS ISSUED HERE. THE PRINTING BUSINESS IS NOT STOPPED IN MOSCOW. NIKIFOR TARASIEV, ANDRONIK TIMOFEEV-NEVEZHA AND OTHERS WORKED IN THE PRINTING YARD. MONUMENT TO IVAN FYODOROV IN MOSCOW
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SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE OF THE XVI CENTURY PROVIDED BRIGHT WORKS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CENTRALIZED STATE, THE STRENGTHENING OF ROYAL POWER, THE FORMATION OF A NEW SOCIAL STRATE - THE NOBILITY. IN THE LATE 1540 - EARLY 1550S, IVAN PERESVETOV WRITES HIS PETITIONS TO Tsar Ivan the Terrible. HE DEVELOPS IN THEM THE IDEA OF A STRONG ROYAL AUTHORITY WHICH SHOULD OPPOSE TO THE "LAZY AND NEGLIGENT" BOYARS, BASED ON RELIABLE "WARRIORS" - THE NOBILIES. NOT EVERYTHING IS CLEAR WITH THE PERSONALITY OF IVAN PERESVETOV. AT THE TIME IT WAS EVEN SUPPOSED THAT BEHIND THIS NAME WERE IVAN THE TERRIBLE HIMSELF. THE STATEMENTS OF THIS PUBLICIST HAVE VERY RELATED TO THE IDEAS OF THE Tsar. IN HIS UNDERSTANDING, TO RULE "FOR THE TRUTH" MEANS TO COMPLETE THE "WARRIORS" AND TO BRUTALLY PUNISH ALL WHO OFFEND THE ROYAL WILL. SEPARATE THOUGHTS OF IVAN PERESVETOV TURNED OUT IN CONNECTION WITH OPRICHNY PRACTICE.
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IN THE 1560S, THE QUESTIONS OF THE STATE ORGANIZATION OF Rus' TURNED TO THE CENTER OF ATTENTION OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND ANDREY KURBSKY, WHO FLIGHTED TO LITHUANIA. IN THEIR CORRESPONDENCE THEY PROPOSE 2 VARIANTS OF THE DEVICE: THE POLEMIC OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND ANDREY KURBSKY IVAN THE TERRIBLE: THE IDEAL IS A DESPOTIC MONARCHY; TSAR - ABSOLUTE POWER, SUBJECTS - UNCONDITIONAL SUBMISSION. PRINCE ANDREY KURBSKY: THE IDEAL IS A LEGAL STATE, A CONSTITUTE-REPRESENTATIVE MONARCHY.
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"DOMOSTROY" A BRIGHT AND ORIGINAL LITERATURE MONUMENT IS "DOMOSTORY", WRITTEN BY A MEMBER OF THE CHOSEN RADA SYLVESTROM SLEW: A HOUSE IN ORDER, ACCORDING TO SYLVESTRE, IS POSSIBLE ONLY WITH ABSOLUTE THE AUTHORITY OF THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY, WHO HOLDS THE OTHER HOUSEHOLD IN FEAR AND AWE. "LET THE WIFE BE AFRAID OF HER HUSBAND..."
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THE GREAT MENEIA CHILDREN THE GREAT MENEIA CHILDREN WAS COMPILED UNDER THE LEADING OF METROPOLITAN MAKARY. THEY INCLUDED THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS, DISTRICTED BY THE MONTHS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE DAY OF MEMORY OF EACH SAINT, AS WELL AS MANY FAMOUS “SPEAKFUL” WORKS, REVISED IN THE SPIRIT OF GLORIFICATION OF MOSCOW Rus' AS THE MAIN CENTER OF ORTHODOXY. THE TWELVE-VOLUME "FORTH-MENEIA" WERE A SPECIAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHURCH LITERATURE OF THE XVI CENTURY.
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READ "CHETI-MENEI" AND "DOMOSTORY" MOSTLY PROSISTENT VILLAGERS AND SERVANT PEOPLE. BOYARS AND EDUCATED CHILDREN BOYARSKY, DYAKS WERE ENGAGED IN GREEK, BYZANTINE AND OTHER TRANSLATED WORKS, WORKS OF MAXIM GREEK AND OTHER AUTHORS. MAXIM GREEK
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"MOSCOW - THE THIRD ROME" AT THE END OF THE XV CENTURY THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE RUSSIAN STATE BEGINS TO FORM. IT WAS BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF "MOSCOW - THE THIRD ROME". ITS AUTHOR IS THE PSKOV MONK FILOTHEUS, WHO BELIEVED THAT THE FIRST ROME DIE UNDER THE BEATS OF THE BARBARS BECAUSE OF THE PRESERVATION OF PAGANITY, THE SECOND ROME - CONSTANTINOPOLE - FALLED UNDER THE BEATS OF THE MUSLIMS BECAUSE OF SINS AND RETRACTION FROM THE ORTHODOX FAITH MOSCOW, AFTER THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE BECAME THE THIRD ROME, AND FOURTH - DO NOT BE. MONK PHILOTHEUS
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CHURCH DISPUTES. Non-possessors and Josephites IN THE XVI CENTURY, RUSSIAN THINKERS ENTERED THE TIME OF CHURCH-PHILOSOPHICAL SEARCH. In 1502 -1504. THE STRUGGLE OF THE NON-POJERATORS AND THE JOSEPHLANES BEGAN. THE IDEOLOGIST OF THE NON-POACHARIATORS WAS THE FOUNDER OF THE MONASTERY ON THE RIVER SORKA NIL (SORSKIY), WHO CONSIDERED THAT IT IS NECESSARY TO RAISE THE AUTHORITY OF THE CHURCH BY Strict Fulfillment of the Rules and Rituals, the Ascetic Way of Life. NEIL DECAMATED THE CHURCH'S ACQUISITION OF WEALTH, INCLUDING OWNERSHIP OF LAND (SORSKII'S SUPPORTERS WERE NAMED "NON-ACHAVERTERS"). NIL SORSKY
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THE NON-POJERATORS WERE OPPOSED BY THE JOSEPHLANES - SUPPORTERS OF THE ABOB OF THE VOLOTSK MONASTERY NEAR MOSCOW JOSEPH, WHO INSISTED ON THE NEED FOR THE CHURCH TO HAVE LARGE MATERIAL RESOURCES. IN 1503, AT A CHURCH COUNCIL ON THE INITIATIVE OF IVAN III THE QUESTION ABOUT THE CHURCH REFUSING FROM LAND OWNERSHIP WAS posed. AT THIS MOMENT THE JOSEPHLANES SUPPORTED THE PRINCES IN THEIR FIGHT AGAINST THE GREAT PRINCIPAL AUTHORITY, AND THIS BECAME ANOTHER REASON FOR IVAN III TO SUPPORT THE NON-POVERAGER. LATER, UNDER BASILY III, THE NON-POACHARIATORS RESPONDED TO THE DIVORCE OF THE KING WITH SOLOMONIA SABUROVA AND BEEN DISAPPOINTED. THE GRAND DUCHIAL POWER TURNED FROM SUPPORT OF NON-POJERATORS TO A POLICY OF PROVIDING WIDE PRIVILEGES TO THE CHURCH. JOSIF-VOLOTSKY MEN'S MONASTERY IOSIF VOLOTSKY
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THE VICTORY OF THE JOSEPHLANS DETERMINED THE FURTHER POLICY OF THE CHURCH IN RESPECT OF THE ROYAL AUTHORITY IN MUCH. THE CHURCH IS MORE STRONGLY SUPPORTING THE IDEA OF AUTHORITY.
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CHURCH DISPUTES. HERESIES AGAINST THE OFFICIAL CHURCH CONTINUE TO DEVELOP IN THE 16th CENTURY AGAINST THE OFFICIAL CHURCH. IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 16TH CENTURY THE VIEWS OF THE SERVANT MAN MATVEY BASHKIN WAS SPREAD IN MOSCOW. HIM DIDN'T HATE THE OFFICIAL CHURCH'S PREACHING WHICH JUSTIFIED THE MODERN ORDER AS GIVEN BY GOD. “CHRIST DESIGNATES ALL BROTHERHOODS,” MATVEY NOTED, “AND WE KEEP KHOLOPOV.” HE TORNED THE BORDERING RECORDS AND RELEASED HIS SLAVES. BASHKIN GLOTED REASON AND BOOK TEACHING, CRITICALLY INTERPRETED THE BIBLICAL TEXTS, REJECTED ORTHODOX RITUALS AND MYSTERIES. A Fugitive Serf Theodosius, who had been tonsured a monk, went even further, declaring that CHRISTIANS SHOULD NOT HAVE AUTHORITIES, AND THEREFORE, CALLED NOT TO PAY TAXES AND NOT TO OBJECT TO FEODAL lords.
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PRESENTING BEFORE THE CHURCH COUNCIL IN 1553, MATVEY BASHKIN COURAGELY DEFENDED HIS "TRUE CHRISTIANITY". AFTER THE TORTURE, I REJECTED HIM, WAS ANATHEMATIC AND EXILED TO THE JOSEPH-VOLOKOLAMSK MONASTERY. THEODOSIY KOSIOY WAS SUPPLIED TO THE CHURCH COURT, BUT MANAGED TO FLIGHT TO LITHUANIA. ALL THE HERESIES OF THE XIV-XVI CENTURIES CAUSED FURTHER IN THE MIND OF THE CITIZENS, BUT THEY ALMOST DIDN'T AFFECT THE MAIN RESIDENT OF RUSSIA - THE PEASANT, THEREFORE, THEREFORE, THEREFORE, THEREFORE, THEY DIDN'T OUTPUT, AS IN EUROPE, INTO A BROAD REFORMATION MOVEMENT.
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TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE BY THE XV-XVI CENTURIES IN RUSSIA THE LEVEL OF TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED. FROM 1568 TO 1632 MASTER ANDREY CHOHOV (CHEKHOV) MANUFACTURED A LOT OF GUNS WITH A CALIBER FROM 92 TO 470 MM, LONG UP TO 6 M, WEIGHING FROM 1.2 TO 7.2 T. LENGTH 5.34 M, CALIBER 890 MM, BARREL WEIGHT 40 T. TRUTH, THIS GUN HAS NEVER FIRED. SINCE 1590, RUSSIAN MASTERS BEGAN TO MAKE CANONS ON CARRIAGES, WHICH INCREASED THEIR MOBILITY.
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ARCHITECTURE THE MOST BRIGHT STYLE OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF THIS TIME IS THE HATED STYLE. IN IT, STONE CHURCHES ARE ENRICHED WITH ELEMENTS OF WOODEN STRUCTURES, IN PARTICULAR, THE DESIGN OF THE TOP OF THE CHURCH IN THE FORM OF A TENT.
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CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION IN KOLOMENSKOYE THE CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION IN THE VILLAGE OF KOLOMENSKOYE NEAR MOSCOW BECAME THE MASTERPIECE AND THE EARLY SAMPLE OF THE TENT STYLE..
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CATHEDRAL OF THE POKROV ON THE MOAT THE HIGHEST OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE XVI CENTURY IS THE CATHEDRAL OF THE POKROV ON THE MOAT DEDICATED TO THE CAPTURE OF KAZAN M FROM ITS APARTILS). BUILT BY RUSSIAN MASTERS BARMA AND POSTNIK YAKOVLEV, THE CATHEDRAL CONSISTS OF 8 ASYMMETRIC, DIFFERENT-sized, PILLAR-SHAPED CHURCHES, SURROUNDING THE CENTER OF THE CHURCH OF THE PROVISION OF THE MOTHER OF GOD WITH A HIGH LITTLE POPPY. ITS COMPOSITION CONTAINS THE IMPORTANT IDEA OF UNITED DIFFERENT LANDS AROUND MOSCOW..
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