PEOPLE'S PUPPET THEATER, ITS TYPES
The Russians knew three types of puppet theater: the puppet theater (in which the puppets were controlled with the help of threads), the Petrushka theater with glove puppets (the puppets were put on the puppeteer's fingers) and the nativity scene (in which the puppets were motionlessly fixed on the rods and moved along the slots in the boxes) . The puppet theater was not widely used. The Petrushka Theater was popular. The nativity scene was distributed mainly in Siberia and southern Russia.
Petrushka Theater - Russian folk puppet comedy. His main character was Petrushka, after whom the theater is named. This hero was also called Petr Ivanovich Uksusov, Petr Petrovich Samovarov, in the south - Vanya, Vanka, Vanka Retatuy, Ratatuy, Rutyutyu (a tradition of the northern regions of Ukraine). The Petrushka Theater arose under the influence of the Italian Pulcinella puppet theater, with which the Italians often performed in St. Petersburg and other cities.
An early sketch of the Petrushka Theater dates back to the 1930s. 17th century This illustration was placed by the German traveler Adam Olearius in the description of his journey to Muscovy. Regarding the drawing, D. A. Rovinsky wrote: "... A man, having tied a woman's skirt with a hoop in the hem to his belt, lifted it up - this skirt covers him above his head, he can freely move in it, move his hands, put dolls on top and present whole comedies.<...>In the picture, on a portable skirt stage, it is not difficult to distinguish the classic comedy that has come down to our time about how a gypsy sold a horse to Petrushka. The scenes, according to Olearius, were always of the most modest content.
Later, a woman's skirt with a hoop in the hem turned up was replaced by a screen - at least in the descriptions of the Petrushka Theater of the 19th century. the skirt is no longer mentioned.
In the 19th century Petrushka Theater was the most popular and widespread type of puppet theater in Russia. It consisted of a light folding screen, a box with several dolls (according to which
the number of characters - usually from 7 to 20), from a hurdy-gurdy and small props (sticks or ratchet clubs, rolling pins, etc.). The theater of Petrushka did not know the scenery.
The puppeteer, accompanied by a musician, usually an organ grinder, went from court to court and gave traditional performances about Petrushka. It could always be seen during festivities, at fairs.
About the device of the Petrushka theater, D. A. Rovinsky wrote: “The doll has no body, but only a simple skirt is forged, to which an empty cardboard head is sewn on top, and hands are also empty on the sides. The puppeteer sticks an index finger into the doll’s head, and into hands - the first and third fingers; he usually puts a doll on each hand and thus acts with two dolls at a time.
The characteristic features of Petrushka's appearance are a large "hook" nose, a laughing mouth, a protruding chin, a hump or two humps (on the back and on the chest). The clothes consisted of a red shirt, a cap with a tassel, smart boots on his feet; or from a clownish two-tone clown outfit, collar and cap with bells. The puppeteer spoke for Petrushka with the help of a squeaker - a device due to which the voice became sharp, shrill, rattling. (Pishchik was made of two curved bone or silver plates, inside of which a narrow strip of linen ribbon was strengthened). For the rest of the actors in the comedy, the puppeteer spoke in his natural voice, moving the squeaker behind his cheek.
The presentation of the Petrushka Theater consisted of a set of sketches that had a satirical orientation. M. Gorky spoke of Petrushka as an invincible hero of a puppet comedy who defeats everyone and everything: the police, priests, even the devil and death, while he himself remains immortal.
The image of Petrushka is the personification of festive freedom, emancipation, a joyful feeling of life. The actions and words of Petrushka were opposed to the accepted norms of behavior and morality. The improvisations of the parsley were topical: they contained sharp attacks against local merchants, landowners, and authorities. The performance was accompanied by musical inserts, sometimes parodic: for example, the image
funeral under "Kamarinskaya" (see in the Reader "Petrushka, aka Vanka Ratatouy").
In folk art was also known puppet theater: marionette theater(in it, the dolls were controlled with the help of threads), Petrushka theater with glove puppets (the puppets were put on the puppeteer's fingers) and nativity scene(in it, the dolls were motionlessly fixed on the rods and moved along the slots in the boxes).
The Petrushka Theater was especially beloved by the people. In the 19th century, the Petrushka Theater was the most popular and widespread type of puppet theater in Russia. It consisted of a light folding screen, a box with several dolls (the number of characters is usually from 7 to 20), a hurdy-gurdy and small props (sticks or ratchet clubs, rolling pins, etc.). The theater of Petrushka did not know the scenery. The puppeteer, accompanied by a musician, usually an organ grinder, went from court to court and gave traditional performances about Petrushka. It could always be seen during festivities, at fairs. The main character was Petrushka, after whom the theater is named. This hero was also called Pyotr Ivanovich Uksusov, Pyotr Petrovich Samovarov, etc. It arose under the influence of the Italian puppet theater Pulcinello, with which the Italians often performed in St. Petersburg and other cities.
Separate satirical scenes were presented in the Petrushka Theater. A.M. Gorky noted that "the invincible puppet hero defeated everyone and everything: priests, the police, the devil and death. He himself remained immortal." 1
Here is how D.A. Rovinsky's performance of the Petrushka Theater, which he witnessed:
“This comedy is being played in Moscow, near Novinsky. [...] Its content is very simple: at first Petrushka appears, lies all sorts of nonsense in verse, burr and nasal in his nose, - the conversation is conducted by means of a typewriter, attached to the sky, over the tongue, just like The Gypsy appears, offers Petrushka a horse, Petrushka examines it, and receives kicks from the horse now in the nose, now in the belly, the whole comedy is filled with jerks and kicks, they constitute the most essential and most ridiculous part for spectators. Bargaining in progress, - Gypsy speaks without a typewriter, in a bass voice. After a long auction, Petrushka buys a horse; Gypsy leaves. Petrushka sits on his purchase; the purchase hits him front and back, throws Petrushka and runs away, leaving him dead on the stage. A plaintive howl follows Parsley and lamentations for the untimely death of a good fellow.The Doctor comes:
Where does it hurt?
Here!
And here?
It turns out that Petrushka is in pain. But when the Doctor reaches the tender spot, Petrushka jumps up and taps him on the ear; The Doctor fights back, a fight begins, a stick appears from somewhere, with which Petrushka finally calms the Doctor.
What kind of Doctor are you, - Petrushka shouts to him, - if you ask where it hurts? What did you study for? You must know where it hurts!
A few more minutes - the Quarterly, or, in a puppet style, “fatal fiter” appears. Since a dead body lies on the stage, Petrushka is subjected to a strict interrogation (treble):
Why did you kill the Doctor?
Answer (on the nose):
Then, that he knows his science poorly - he looks at the beaten man, what he does not see, and he also asks him.
Word for word, - apparently, the interrogation of Fatal Petrushka does not like it. He seizes the former stick, and a fight begins, which ends with the destruction and expulsion of the Fatal, to the general delight of the spectators; this puppet protest against the police usually makes a real sensation in the public.
The play, it would seem, ended; but what to do with Petrushka? And then a wooden Poodle Dog, pasted over the tail and legs with shreds of whipped cotton wool, runs into the stage, and starts barking with all his urine (the bark is attached at the bottom of the husky).
Shavochka-darling, - Petrushka caresses her, - let's go live with me, I'll feed you cat meat.
But Shavochka grabs Petrushka by the nose for no reason; Parsley aside, she holds his hand, he takes the other, she again holds his nose; Finally, Petrushka takes a shameful flight. And so the comedy ends. If there are many spectators and Petrushkin's matchmaker, i.e. the chief comedian will be given vodka, then after that a special interlude is presented called Petrushka's wedding. There is no plot in it, but there is a lot of action. Petrushka brings the bride Varushka; he examines her in the manner of a horse. Petrushka liked Varyushka very much, and he could not bear to wait for the wedding, which is why he began to beg her: “Sacrifice yourself, Varyushka!” Then the final scene takes place, in which the fair sex cannot be present. This is the real and “latest end” of the show; then Petrushka goes to the outdoor stage of the booth to lie all sorts of nonsense and invite the audience to a new performance.
In the intervals between the actions of the play, dances of two Arapok are usually presented, sometimes a whole interlude about a Lady who was stung by a snake (Eve?); here, finally, the game of two Pagliacs with balls and a stick is shown. The latter comes out with experienced puppeteers extremely deftly and funny: the doll has no body, but only a simple skirt is faked, to which an empty cardboard head is sewn on top, and hands, also empty, from the sides. The puppeteer sticks the index finger into the doll's head, and the first and third fingers into the hands; he usually puts a puppet on each arm, and in this way acts with two puppets at once. In puppet comedy there is always a hurdy-gurdy, which replaced the old classical bagpipe, harp and whistle; the organ grinder at the same time serves as a “push”, i.e. enters into conversations with Petrushka, asks him questions and urges him to continue his lies without stopping.
Petrushka Theater
Petrushka Theater
This hero was called Petrushka, Pyotr Ivanovich Uksusov, Vanka Ratatuy. He became the main character of the Russian folk puppet theater. The parsley comedy has been very popular and extremely widespread since the end of the 18th century. Petrushechniks performed at fairs, festivities, showing their uncomplicated comedy several times a day. The Petrushka Theater itself was simple. The most common was the "walking" Petrushka. The "theater" consisted of a folding light screen, a set of puppets placed in a box, a hurdy-gurdy (or violin), as well as the puppeteer himself and his assistant musician. In any place and at any time, moving from city to city, they put up their "theater" in the open air on the street. And here he is, a little lively man with a long nose, jumps to the edge of the screen and begins to speak in a sharp, shrill voice. And for this, the puppeteer-comedian had to put a small device on the tongue, consisting of two bone plates, inside of which a narrow strip of linen ribbon was strengthened.
The extraordinary love of the people for their puppet hero was explained in different ways: some believed that the reason for this was the topicality and satirical orientation of the parsley comedy; others believed that the simplicity, comprehensibility and accessibility of the theater to any age and class made it so popular.
The performance at the Petrushka Theater consisted of separate scenes, but in each of them the participation of the main character, Petrushka, was obligatory. The main scenes of the traditional comedy about Petrushka were the following: Petrushka's exit, the scene with the bride, buying a horse and testing it, Petrushka's treatment, training him for military service (sometimes a scene with a quarter, master) and the final scene.
At first, laughter or a song was heard from behind the screen, and Petrushka immediately appeared on the screen. He bowed and congratulated the audience on the holiday. Thus the show began. He was dressed in a red shirt, plush trousers tucked into smart boots, and wore a cap on his head. Often, Petrushka was also endowed with a hump, or even two. “I am Petrushka, Petrushka, a cheerful little boy! I drink wine without measure, I am always cheerful and sing ... ”- this is how Petrushka began his comedy. With good puppeteers, Petrushka entered into negotiations and explanations with the public - this was one of the liveliest episodes of the performance. Then adventures began with Petrushka himself. He informed the public about his marriage, painted the dignity of his bride and her dowry. At his call, a large, rouged girl appeared, who, moreover, turned out to be snub-nosed or "lame in one eye." Petrushka demanded music. The organ grinder or musician would start playing, and he would dance with his bride. Often the scene ended with the hero's rampage, and he beat his bride. What followed was the horse buying scene. A gypsy immediately appeared and offered him a horse, which "is not a horse, but a miracle, it runs - it trembles, but if it falls, it will not get up." Petrushka bargained with the gypsy, then left for the money, and when he returned, he paid the gypsy with blows of a stick. Then he got on the horse and immediately fell. Petrushka began to moan loudly from the blow, he called for the doctor. The doctor, appearing, began his monologue, in which there were such traditional words: “I am a doctor, a baker, doctor and pharmacist from the Kuznetsk bridge. People are being led to me on their feet, but they are taking them away from me on the drogs…” This was followed by a scene beloved by the audience, when Petrushka could not explain to the doctor where he was hurting. The doctor was angry, and Petrushka scolded the doctor for not being able to determine what should be treated. In the end, Petrushka also beat the doctor. Then the scene of Petrushka's training in the "soldier's article" could follow - he comically carried out all the commands, and his speech consisted of continuous mimicry. Petrushka and here beats the corporal teaching him. Sometimes the corporal was replaced by a quarterly, an officer or a gentleman. Naturally, he beat them all, this invincible favorite of the audience. But in the final episode, Petrushka pays for what he did: hell, but more often a dog or brownie takes him behind a screen, down. Such a symbolic death of Petrushka was perceived as the formal end of the performance, as the hero came to life again and again found himself on the screen. All the victories of Petrushka were due to his character - never discouraged, cocky, cheerful. The audience did not perceive the finale of the comedy as tragic. So, Petrushka ended his adventures in the paws of a dog. This introduced additional comedy and belief in the impossibility of a "real death" of the audience's favorite. Petrushka's fright in front of a small mongrel looked ridiculous and absurd after impressive victories over the quarter, the master and all other enemies. The disappearance of Petrushka was perceived without regret. For everyone knew that he would jump out again with a club, and again he would beat everyone right and left.
The peculiarity of the Petrushka theater was that the audience did not enjoy getting to know the new work, but from how they played the long-known comedy. All attention was focused on the shades of the game, on the movements of Petrushka, on the dexterity and skill of the parsley.
There were always two heroes on the screen: Petrushka and someone else. And the reason is simple: the parsley maker could only control two dolls at the same time, holding each of them in his hand. And the introduction of additional characters in the scene, of course, required more puppeteers.
The musician also played an important role in the Petrushka Theater. He not only accompanied the action with music, but also participated in the dialogue - he was Petrushka's interlocutor. The composition of the parsley comedy could also include pantomime scenes not related to the action of the comedy. Thus, the Petrushka Theater is known, where pantomime was shown with the participation of "puppets representing different nationalities." They all sang and danced, while Petrushka at that time sat on the edge of the screen and sang "Along the pavement street ...". In other performances, there was a dance of two araps. But, despite all the false numbers and pantomimes. Petrushka remained the only main character in this peculiar theater. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in his Diary of a Writer for January 1876 says this about the performance of Petrushka in the St. Petersburg club of artists: . Tell me, why is Petrushka so funny, why do you certainly have fun, looking at him, everyone has fun, both children and old people?
In other European cultures, there was also a puppet theater hero who has many similarities with Petrushka. The character of the Czech theater was called Kašparek (late 18th century). Kashparek is a good-natured, cheerful Czech peasant, a joker and a joker. His image was very popular in the puppet theater. Elements of political satire prevailed in Kasparek's theater during the struggle of the Czechs against Austrian rule, and during the First World War, political performances with the participation of Kasparek were especially famous. The theater of Kašparek and its main character are still preserved in performances for children.
The comic character of Austrian and German puppet shows was called Kasperle (or Kasperle). In the Kashperle theater, also born at the end of the 18th century, the main character was given special characteristics in different areas. Sometimes he was a peasant who resorted to various tricks in order to live. In other cases, he was a rogue and a rogue who made his way to high positions. In the 20th century, the name "Kashperle Theater" was assigned to the theater of hand puppets (parsley).
For almost a hundred years - a whole century - this unique theater existed. Parsley, Kashperle, Kashparek were favorites of the common people. The professional puppet theater began with them.
Bryansk region, Palace of Culture White Shores, choirmaster.
Scenario game - entertainment program for children of primary school age. "Fair Theater Petrushka" April 3, 2015
With the participation of the vocal group of folk singing Zhuraveyka
Target:
The study and promotion of folk (folklore) creativity.
Tasks:
-Introduce the history and features of the fair puppet show;
-Introduce characters (dolls) and features of their production and management;
- Show options for game songs and teach the basics of folk household "playing" of songs and dances;
-To teach children to simply play game dances, game songs, round dance games, and not compete for prizes.
Game material:
"Cabinet" of dolls: Petrushka, Bride, Doctor-healer, Gypsy, Dog Mukhtarka, Horse.
Screen;
Tambourine;
Bag.
Music material:
hurdy-gurdy records;
"Like at the gate" (folk song);
"The moon shines" (folk song);
"Chizhik fawn" (folk choruses).
Application:
Methodical material "The history of the puppet folk theater Petrushka".
Vedas: Good day to all. We are glad to see you here again. I hope you all remember how we conduct ourselves. Sit quietly, listen carefully, and tea will be offered not to refuse.
In wide Rus' our mother
The bell ringing is spreading.
In cities both large and small
People gather in booths.
As people gather at our gates.
All that with spoons and rattles.
As our neighbor had a cheerful conversation.
Geese in the harp, ducks in the pipes,
Tap dances in rattles, seagulls in balalaikas.
They sing and play, they amuse everyone!
What you don’t hear here, what you don’t see here!
Here are toys, here are Petrushki,
Tea from a samovar, kvass from a mug!
Hurry people, gather people
Come on people, now the holiday is here!
“Like ours at the gates” (folk song performed by the folklore association “Zhuraveyka”)
Vedas: Guys, today we invite you to the Fair Balagan. Yes, not just open your mouth to stand, but to find my friend. Well, look to the right, and now to the left. Well, how can you not see? No? But let me tell you what it is, then you will immediately find it. Listen.
He has a red cap, a bright shirt, a long and cunning nose, and a stick in his hand. Everyone loves him. In the old days, he performed both in the countryside and in the city in courtyards and squares. He moved from place to place, from city to city. He is cunning and cocky, and he also loves all sorts of pranks.
In a bright red jacket
He is with a club in his hand.
funny toy
And her name is ... (Petrushka)
(Children answer - "Parsley")
Vedas: Parsley is a cheerful guy who loves the barrel organ to play, and then he dances. The barrel organ is such a musical instrument. That's how beautiful she is. (Points to the hurdy-gurdy) And her sound is very melodic. Hey, musician, play something funny for us, and I'll go and call my friend Petrushka. Let him show himself to the guys, let him dance. (calls, retreating behind the screen). Parsley. Petr Ivanovich. Petrusha where are you?
(the musician starts to turn the hurdy-gurdy handle. An old hurdy-gurdy melody sounds)
"Parsley"
A play in five scenes.
Characters
Parsley
Gypsy 
Horse 
Musician 
Praskovya Stepanovna - Petrushka's Bride 
Doctor 
Mukhtarka dog 
Picture one
Musician: (calling) Petrushka. Petrusha, come out. Show yourself to the people.
Parsley: (from behind the screen) As. Nope.
Musician. Petrusha, come out. You see people are waiting. Come out.
Parsley. I'm afraid.
Musician. Do not be afraid. We will slap you. Well, people, do not spare your hands, clap louder so that fluff flies.
Parsley. Ahhh here I am. We wish you well, gentlemen. Be healthy, with that day and the holiday that is today. (bows quickly and a lot) Well, stop clapping, otherwise I have redness on my face from embarrassment.
Musician. And what happened?
Parsley. (Turns to the Musician.) Musician! You know, I, brother, want to get married.
Musician. Not a bad thing, but on whom?
Parsley. Oh-ee-ee! On Praskovya Stepanovna, on the merchant's daughter.
Musician. Do you take a lot of dowry?
Parsley. Forty-four thousand pancakes, a barrel where there is water, from the floor of the dress wardrobe and one boot.
Musician. The dowry is not bad, but the bride is good?
Parsley. Eee, very good!
Musician. Well, show me.
Parsley. I'll call now. (Calls.) Paraskovia Stepanovna! Darling, my angel, flower, please come here! (Parascovia goes. At this time, Petrushka meets and presses and kisses her tightly to her heart and asks.)
Parsley. (Turns to the Musician.) Musician! What about my fiancee?
Musician. Good, good, but a little blind.
Parsley. Not true! What an eye, what an eyebrow, mouth, nose, and what beads.
Musician. So does she have a mustache? Why do you need a mustachioed bride.
Parsley. Yes, not a mustache, but beads. (and at this time he kisses) Oh, you are deaf. And also a musician. Better play us a dance!
Petrushka and the Bride dance and sing:
Folklore group "Zhuraveyka" - "The moon shines"
Then Petrushka hugs her and escorts her home.
Picture two.
Parsley. Hey musician!
Musician. What's happened?
Parsley. Thank God I got married.
Musician. It's good, you need to buy a horse for your young wife.
Parsley. Who?
Musician. At the gypsy.
Parsley. And what is his name?
Musician. Gavrilo.
Parsley. Come on, call him.
Musician (refuses). Not a great gentleman, you will call yourself.
Parsley. Where does he live?
Musician. On the corner, in the right tavern.
Parsley (calling Gypsy). Hey, Gavrylo, smeared snout, come here!
Gypsy (walks and sings). Ay, my streamlet is a streamlet
Ay, I took water for seagulls, romals
Ai nane chavalele.
Parsley. I heard that you have a sales horse. Do you want expensive? And is she good?
Gypsy. Good is good. Not a sopat, not a humpback, he runs - the earth trembles, but if he falls - he lies for three days.
Parsley. As much as you want?
Gypsy. One hundred thousand
Parsley. It is expensive.
Gypsy. How much pan will give?
Parsley. A thousand.
Gypsy. Not enough, sir, give.
Parsley. Musician!
Musician. What?
Parsley. How much for a horse?
Musician. Yes, five thousand.
Parsley. Ten thousand ladies.
Gypsy. Come on, sir, a deposit.
Parsley. Bring a horse.
Gypsy. I won't give you a horse without a deposit. Farewell, sir.
Parsley. Wait, I'll bring the deposit. I'll borrow from my sister.
Gypsy. And who is she?
Parsley. The girl is young. Skalochka Drakulovna Kolotushkina. She will kiss you...
Parsley takes out a good stick in return for the deposit and begins to give the deposit.
Parsley. Here's a ruble for you, here's two for you!
Gypsy. Ah ah ah! Where are the doors! Ah ah ah!
Parsley. Expensive ... Get a curly stick and a club-hump both on your neck and in your back.
Gypsy. Add, Petrushka, to the kids for fat ...
Parsley. So it's not enough for you?
Petrushka (begins to beat the Gypsy). Here's a thousand, here's two! (Gypsy runs away.) Wow! From such a deposit will not be healthy!
Musician! Come here horse. Whoa, whoa! Stop, don't jump! Ooh, not a horse, but fire! Stop! You need to count the teeth, how old she is. (Looks into her mouth.) The horse is quite young: there is not a single tooth in her mouth yet!
(Tries to mount the horse) Whoa, whoa, whoa! Turn around, horse, like this. Musician! What a agile horse! .
Parsley. Whoa-whoa-whoa, stop, Persian, don't kick! Here's a toy for you, here's a devil bought for your money. (Falls off the horse.) Oh, little head, oh, my Praskovya Stepanovna is gone! Oh, oh, musician! Call the doctor!
Picture three
During the ride, the horse throws off and beats Petrushka and then runs away. At this time, Petrushka screams.
Musician. And here comes the doctor.
Doctor. I am a doctor-healer, a German pharmacist. They bring me on their feet, and send them on crutches. What are you screaming, squealing here? Well, get up.
Parsley. I can't sit on my feet. And he lost his head.
Doctor. Let's add a new one. Get up.
Parsley. Oh oh oh, my death has come.
Doctor. Where was she before?
Parsley. In field.
Doctor. What did she do there.
Parsley. Digging potatoes. Oh, oh, oh save me, oh it hurts, oh it hurts.
Doctor. Yes, where do you refill? Here.
Parsley. Higher!
Doctor. Here "- where exactly?
Parsley. Lower!
Doctor. Here "- where exactly?
Parsley. Higher!
Doctor. The devil will sort you out: then higher, then lower, then higher, then lower! Get up and show me!
Parsley. Get up and show?
Doctor. Yes, show me.
Parsley. And now I will show and explain. (Petrushka leaves and carries a stick and beats the Doctor, showing him.) First higher, then lower.
Doctor. Ah ah ah! (runs away
Parsley. A musician, a musician!
Musician. What's happened?
Parsley. So I showed him and even explained. And now I'll sit down and sing a song.
At this time, Barbos runs in, Vanya stops and starts teasing him.
Parsley. Qiu-qiu! , Shavochka-kudlavochka, what a mess you are
Mukhtarka. Bow-wow! (Seizes Vanya.)
Parsley (teasing for the second time). Tsyu-tsyu-tsyu!
Mukhtarka. Bow-wow! (Seizes him.)
Parsley. Mukhtarka grabs Petrushka by the shirt.) Stop, stop, Mukhtarka, you'll tear your shirt! Stop, Mukhtarka, it hurts! (The dog rushes at him and grabs his nose.) Ay, fathers, intercede! My little head will disappear completely with a cap and a brush! Oh! Oh oh!
Vedas: Well, guys, did you like my friend Petrushka?
(yes) Guys, have you watched carefully?
Do you remember what animals Petrushka met today?
Stroking - caressing
Teasing - biting.
Answer to the puzzle: dog
(The student who plays the dog comes out)
I have a big mane
Ears and hooves.
I'll ride that playfully
Who is not afraid.
My fur is smooth
Who am I?…
Answer to the riddle: horse
(the student who plays the horse comes out)
Vedas: And let's guys play with a horse and a dog.
Tell me, how does the horse talk? No way. Right. The horse does not talk, but only neighs and snorts. And now let's imagine that each of you is an artist of such a fair theater and he needs to portray a horse. Let's snort and now snort. Fine.
GAME "Rap-crackers"
And now for our horse to jump, let's pat our knees with our hands. Yes, louder, louder, and now quieter, quieter. And now, as I raise my hand up, it means the horse has galloped close and you need to click louder. As I lower my hands, it means the horse has galloped away. You need to be quieter. All clear. And as I clap my hands, the horse stopped. Whoever remains clattering after my clap is inattentive and lost.
Vedas: Guys, each hero in the theater has his own voice. For example, a cat purrs, a frog croaks. And what a dog's voice. Guys tell me we have a good dog or evil. And how an angry dog barks. Guys, how a kind little dog barks. Well, that's enough, otherwise all the dogs will come running now. Let's give our animals a round of applause.
Vedas: Guys, look carefully at Petrushka. What animal does he look like? Here is a riddle to help you.
The master walks around the yard, finds fault with everything,
Double beard, side cap.
Who screams the most
Yes, he does the least.
What kind of bird is not afraid of people
Doesn't fly high, but sings: "Ko-ko-ko-ko"
After all, it is not for nothing that His name is Petrushka and his voice is as sonorous as that of a cockerel.
Vedas: Guys, do you know that Petrushka has a surname. (no) So his full name is Peter Ivanovich Uksusov, and sometimes he is called Petrushka Samovarov, and when he plays pranks, his name is Vanka Rototuy or Vanka Rutyutyu.
Vedas: Guys, let's remember what people Petrushka met today. (Bride, Doctor, Gypsy). Let's give them a round of applause. These artists are very fond of dancing and playing different games. Let's play with them. I ask everyone to dance.
Game-dance "Like grandfather Makar"
Children stand in a circle, hold hands. The leader is in the center. The players walk in a circle and sing the words:
Like Uncle Makar
Had ten sons
They drank, they ate
Together they did this.
Like this, like this, like this, like this, like this!!!
Here and there, here and there!
At the last words, everyone begins to repeat his gestures. The one who repeated the movements best of all becomes the leader.
Game-dance "A grandmother lived near the river"
The facilitator invites the children to memorize the words of the songs.
There lived a grandmother near the river itself. Grandma wanted
swim in the river. I bought soap. I bought a washcloth. uh, and a song
okay, start over!
Then it is proposed to memorize the movements that
later replace the words in the song:
"Grandma" - depicted with hands,
like a grandmother tying a scarf under her chin,
"river" - waves,
"Swim" - depict a swimmer,
"bought" - clap,
"soap" - right hand up,
"bast" - left hand up,)
“start over” - turntable with hands in front of the chest
With each repetition of the song, the tempo of the performance is faster.
Game dance. "I have one aunt"
Aunt - let's go forward hands to the sides
We repeat the movements after the leader. After the verse in the loss, we mix 2 squares to two, the movements of the verse with a turn to the right, and then to the left.
Pens
legs
Shoulders
Boki
Jumping
Russian folklore
Parsley performances were especially popular at fairs and festivities and were a form of urban spectacular folklore.
Petrushka is one of the characters of Russian folk puppet shows. Depicted in a red shirt, canvas pants and a pointed cap with a tassel; traditionally Petrushka is a glove doll. PETRUSHKA, "the nickname of a farce doll, a Russian jester, a joker, a wit in a red caftan and a red cap; the whole clownish, puppet den is also called Petrushka" (V. Dal).
The origin of this doll, which appeared in Russia in the second half of the 19th century, has not been reliably clarified. Although in Russia (Encyclopedia Around the World) Parsley has been known since the 17th century. Russian puppeteers used marionettes (puppet theater on strings) and parsleys (glove puppets). Until the 19th century, preference was given to Petrushka, by the end of the century - puppets, as parsley-makers teamed up with organ-grinders. The parsley screen consisted of three frames fastened with staples and covered with chintz. She was placed directly on the ground and hid the puppeteer. The hurdy-gurdy gathered the audience, and behind the screen the actor began to communicate with the audience through a squeaker (whistle). Later, with laughter and a reprise, he ran out himself, in a red cap and with a long nose. The organ-grinder sometimes became Petrushka's partner: because of the squeaker, speech was not always intelligible, and he repeated Petrushka's phrases, carried on a dialogue. The comedy with Petrushka was played out at fairs and in booths. From some memoirs and diaries of the 1840s, it follows that Petrushka had a full name - he was called Pyotr Ivanovich Uksusov. The famous Russian puppeteer Sergei Obraztsov called Petrushka Petr Petrovich Uksusov (the story "Four Brothers") or Vanka Ratatuy. There were main plots: the treatment of Petrushka, training in the soldier's service, the scene with the bride, buying a horse and testing it. The stories were passed from actor to actor, by word of mouth. Not a single character in the Russian theater had the popularity equal to Petrushka.
The first puppet shows with the main character, Petrushka, appeared in the first half of the 19th century. On the pages of everyday essays and popular prints, his name has been mentioned since the 1840s.
In Russia of the last century, the comedy about Petrushka was unparalleled among other types of puppet theater in terms of the degree of popularity among the common population, the breadth of distribution (from St. Petrushka was perceived as the main and perhaps the only hero of the Russian puppet theater.
Petrushka's comedy was constantly in the process of development, replenished with new characters, became more and more relevant and socially saturated.
The Petrushki Theater was created not only under the influence of Russian, Slavic, Western European puppet traditions. It was a kind of folk theatrical culture, part of the extremely developed in Russia (spectacular folklore). Therefore, a lot of things unite it with folk drama, with performances of farce grandfathers-barkers, with sentences of friends at a wedding, with amusing popular prints, with jokes of raeshniks, etc.
The special atmosphere of the city's festive square explains, for example, Petrushka's familiarity, his unbridled gaiety and promiscuity as an object of ridicule and shame. After all, Petrushka beats not only class enemies, but everyone in a row - from his own bride to the quarter, often beats for no reason at all (Arapa, a beggar old woman, a German clown, etc.), in the end he hits him too: the dog is merciless pats him on the nose. The puppeteer, as well as other participants in the fair, square fun, is attracted by the very opportunity to ridicule, parody, bludgeon, and the more, louder, unexpected, sharper, the better. Elements of social protest, satire were very successfully and naturally superimposed on this ancient comic base.
Like all folklore amusements, "Petrushka" is stuffed with obscenities and curses. The primordial meaning of these elements has been studied quite fully, and how deeply they penetrated into the folk culture of laughter and what place swearing, verbal obscenity and degrading, cynical gestures occupied in it, is fully shown by M.M. Bakhtin.
Performances were shown several times a day in different conditions (at fairs, in front of the booth, on the streets of the city, in the suburbs). "Walking" Petrushka was the most common use of the doll.
A light screen, puppets, miniature backstage and a curtain were specially made for the mobile folklore theater. Petrushka ran around the stage, his gestures and movements created the appearance of a living person.
The comic effect of the episodes was achieved by techniques typical of folk culture of laughter: fights, beatings, obscenities, imaginary deafness of the partner, funny movements and gestures, mocking, fun funerals, etc.
There are conflicting opinions about the reasons for the extraordinary popularity of the theater: topicality, satirical and social orientation, comic character, a simple and understandable game for all segments of the population, the charm of the main character, acting improvisation, freedom of choice of material, the puppet's sharp language.
The Petrushki Theater is a kind of folk theater that was not only watched, but also listened to, so most of the scenes included both movement and conversation in different proportions. In episodes of bargaining (the scene of buying a horse), treatment, ridicule of a soldier's drill, the word and gesture, as a rule, are equivalent, they mutually complement each other, combining visual and auditory perception.
Songs and dances turned out to be an integral part of most of the performances of the Petrushki Theater. The heroes of the comedy performed lyrical songs, dance songs, couplets of a ditty warehouse, cruel romances, songs of literary origin. They danced Russian, Komarinskaya, trepak, "lady", polka, waltz, etc. A large role in the comedy was given to musical exhibitions. Dances and songs, hurdy-gurdy melodies were not just a musical setting for the performance, they are designed to set the audience in a cheerful, festive mood, create an additional comic effect by contrasting the ratio of melody and action, serve as a characteristic of the characters, diversify those, in other words, along with other poetic and stage performances. techniques to make the performance a lively and vivid spectacle.
The structure of a theatrical performance is also determined by the relationship between spectators and actors. Orientation to the audience existed and exists in all types of theatrical art, in varying degrees, of course, and in different qualities.
For the Russian "Petrushka", as well as for the folk theater in general, communication with the audience was an indispensable condition and an extremely important moment of the performance.
Parsley is a folk holiday fun.
Parsley is a manifestation of popular optimism, a mockery of the poor over the powerful and the rich.
The Petrushka Theater remained a part of the festive entertainment for a long time. As a mass phenomenon of folk fair culture, it ceased to exist at the beginning of the 20th century.
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