Conventional signs of geographical maps swamp. Conventional signs of topographic maps

All elements of the situation of the area, existing buildings, underground and above-ground communications, characteristic forms of relief are displayed on the topographic survey by conventional signs. They can be divided into four main types:

1. Linear symbols (display linear objects: power lines, roads, product pipelines (oil, gas), communication lines, etc.)

2. Explanatory captions (indicate additional characteristics of the depicted objects)

3. Areal or contour signs (depict those objects that can be displayed in accordance with the scale of the map and occupy a certain area)

4. Off-scale conventional signs (display those objects that cannot be expressed on a map scale)

The most common topographic survey symbols are:

-Points state. geodetic network and densification points

— Land use and allotment boundaries with landmarks at turning points

- Buildings. Numbers indicate the number of storeys. Explanatory signatures are given to indicate the fire resistance of the building (w - residential non-fire resistant (wooden), n - non-residential non-fire resistant, kn - stone non-residential, kzh - stone residential (usually brick), smzh and smn - mixed residential and mixed non-residential - wooden buildings with thin cladding brick or with floors built from different materials (the first floor is brick, the second is wooden)). The dotted line shows the building under construction

- Slopes. They are used to display ravines, road embankments and other artificial and natural landforms with sharp elevation changes.

- Pillars of power lines and communication lines. Symbols repeat the shape of the section of the column. Round or square. At reinforced concrete pillars, there is a dot in the center of the symbol. One arrow in the direction of the electrical wires - low-voltage, two - high-voltage (6kv and above)

— Underground and overground communications. Underground - dotted line, aboveground - solid. The letters indicate the type of communication. K - sewerage, G - gas, H - oil pipeline, V - water supply, T - heating main. Additional explanations are also given: The number of wires for cables, gas pipeline pressure, pipe material, their thickness, etc.

— Various areal objects with explanatory captions. Wasteland, arable land, construction site, etc.

— Railways

- Car roads. The letters indicate the coating material. A - asphalt, U - crushed stone, C - cement or concrete slabs. On dirt roads, the material is not indicated, and one of the sides is shown as a dotted line.

— Wells and wells

- Bridges over rivers and streams

— Horizontals. They serve to display the terrain. They are lines formed when the earth's surface is cross-sectioned by parallel planes at equal intervals of height change.

- Marks of heights of characteristic points of the terrain. As a rule, in the Baltic system of heights.

— Various woody vegetation. Indicates the dominant species of woody vegetation, the average height of trees, their thickness and the distance between trees (density)

- Free standing trees

– Shrubs

– Various meadow vegetation

– Waterlogged with reed vegetation

- Fences. Fences made of stone and reinforced concrete, wooden, picket fence, chain-link mesh, etc.

Commonly used abbreviations in surveying:

Buildings:

N - Non-residential building.

J - Residential.

KN - Stone non-residential

KZh - Stone residential

PAGE — Under construction

FUND. — Foundation

SMN - Mixed non-residential

CSF - Mixed Residential

M. - Metallic

development - Destroyed (or collapsed)

Gar. - Garage

T. - Toilet

Communication lines:

3pr. - Three wires on a power pole

1 cab. - One cable per pole

b/pr — without wires

tr. - Transformer

K - Sewerage

Cl. - Storm sewer

T - Heating main

H - Oil pipeline

cab. - Cable

V - Communication lines. Numeric number of cables, for example 4V - four cables

n.a. — Low pressure

s.d. — Medium pressure

o.d. - High pressure

Art. — Steel

chug – cast iron

bet. – Concrete

Areal symbols:

bld. pl. - Construction site

og. — Kitchen garden

empty - Wasteland

Roads:

A - Asphalt

U - Crushed stone

C - Cement, concrete slabs

D - Wooden coating. Almost never occurs.

dor. zn. - Road sign

dor. decree. - Road sign

Water objects:

K - Well

well — Well

art.well - artesian well

vdkch. — Water tower

bass. - Pool

vdkhr. - Reservoir

clay - Clay

Symbols may differ on plans of different scales, therefore, to read the topoplan, it is necessary to use the symbols for the appropriate scale.

To correctly use a topographic map, you need to familiarize yourself with the generally accepted symbols and designations. When drawing up topographic maps and plans, various objects located on the displayed area are indicated by special conventional signs.

The main objects on the map include the following items:

1. Cities.
2. Settlements.
3. Rivers, ponds and other bodies of water.
4. Mountains.
5. Industrial enterprises.

The presented list does not include all the objects placed on the maps.

Varieties of symbols

Conventional signs of topographic maps are large-scale (contour), off-scale, linear, explanatory.

Scale symbols of topographic maps are used to depict terrain objects, which are expressed in the appropriate scale. The area of ​​such objects can be measured directly on the map using a ruler with divisions.

For example, in order to approximately know the size of a lake, forest, settlement, you need to calculate the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe object on the map (draw it into cells of 1 cm2, count the number of full and incomplete cells), and then, using the scale, translate the result into kilometers.

With the help of off-scale symbols, specific objects located on the ground are shown, which are not depicted on the map scale. For example, if it is necessary to put on a map, a stand-alone pole, tree, building, geodetic point, etc. They are deliberately depicted in an enlarged form.

To indicate the exact position of a given object on the map, the main point is placed in the center of a symbol - a square, a circle, an asterisk, etc.

Linear conventional signs depict horizontal lines and extended objects on the ground. These include the following designations:

• railways;
• highways;
• electrical lines;
• glades;
• rivers, streams;
• border markings.

The length of such objects is expressed in accordance with the scale of the map. The width of these symbols is displayed regardless of the scale. It usually exceeds the actual size. The longitudinal axis of the conventional sign is applied to the terrain plan in accordance with the location of the object (parallel).

To give an additional description of one or more objects on the ground, explanatory conditional topographic signs, symbols and signatures are used.

Eg:

• the outlines of a deciduous or coniferous tree in the forest area indicate the prevailing species of plantations, the average height and thickness of their trunks;
• with the help of transverse strokes on the conditional icon of the railway track, the number of tracks is indicated;
• letters and numbers on the highway - road surface material, track width;
• designation of the dimensions of the bridges, as well as their carrying capacity.

Explanatory symbols on topographic maps and plans provide more complete information about the nature of the area.

Proper names, explanatory inscriptions, etc. are applied to the topographic map in a special font, the letters have a certain size.

Permissible conventions on the map

Sometimes a topographic map contains an image of individual objects in a conditional form. For example, the outer boundaries of a particular settlement are applied. In this case, the main highways and intersections are indicated. If some buildings are depicted, they characterize the building density, but not their exact number.

In order to show the dense arrangement of homogeneous objects (houses, mounds, wells, etc.), only objects that stand on the boundaries of a given area are depicted, in accordance with their exact location.

Conventional symbols of industrial enterprises (factories, factories) are placed in places where the main building or the highest factory chimney is located.

Symbol sizes

To the left of the conventional symbol are numbers that display its dimensions in millimeters on the map. The two captions indicate the height and width of the rectangular character. If the inscription is one, this indicates that both values ​​​​are equal to each other.

The familiar conventional icon - a circle has a digital signature indicating its diameter. The star is the diameter of the circumscribed circle, the equilateral triangle is its height.

Symbol colors

Regardless of the scale of the map, various topographic symbols are painted in certain colors and shades:

1. The contours of the borders, dashed signs of land plots are black.
2. Relief elements - brown background shading.
3. Rivers, glaciers, swamps - blue lines, hatching.
4. Water mirror - blue background.
5. Areas with trees, shrubs - green.
6. Vineyards - light green.
7. Fire-resistant buildings, asphalt roads - orange.
8. Non-fireproof buildings, dirt roads - yellow.

In addition to conventional signs, topographic maps are marked with their own names in abbreviated form of various regions, districts, and other significant objects (Moscow, el.-st., SW, Bol. - swamp). Topographic maps provide additional information using standard fonts.

For example, the depth, the course of the river, as well as the possibility of navigation along it. Heights of hills, depths of wells, the number of people in towns and cities are marked with special fonts.

10.08.2017

All geodesists know that during the construction of a topographic survey, symbols are needed on the topographic survey of engineering communications and objects.

All components of the situation of the area, the existing buildings, engineering communications, certain relief forms are displayed on topographic surveys and on the geo-base with the help of special conventional signs. In accordance with GOST, they are divided into the main 4 varieties:

Linear designate power lines, routes, product pipelines (oil, gas), telecommunication lines, and so on). Their width is off-scale.

Explanatory captions further define the objects that are depicted.

So, at the river, the speed of the current is signed, as well as its direction, at the bridge, its length, width and cargo capacity are signed, and at the roads, surface features and the width of the carriageway, and so on.

Areal signs (they are also called contour signs) display those objects that can be depicted according to the scale of the map - they occupy a specific area. Such signs are outlined by a solid thin line, intermittently or as a dotted line. The created contour is filled with symbols (vegetation in the meadow, trees, vegetable garden, garden, shrubs, and so on).

Off-scale signs depict those objects that cannot be expressed on the scale of the map. In this case, the location of such an off-scale object is established by its specific point. In particular, radio centers, TV towers, factory pipes.

Topographic plans differ in their own scales by 1: 500, 1: 1000, 1: 2000 and 1: 5000. Based on the parameters of the object on the ground, an extensive range of designations is used, regulated by the Russian government - it must be executed by all departments and organizations.

On topographic surveys, the depicted objects are usually divided into 8 main segments (groups):

mathematical basis;

• hydrography;

  vegetation and soils;

  manufacturing enterprises;

  road network;

  signatures and borders;

  settlements.

Collections, which indicate the designation on the topographic survey of different scales, are created in accordance with such a division into objects. They are approved by the relevant government departments and are considered the same for each topographic plan, they must be drawn on any topographic survey and geodetic map.

It is important to bear in mind that symbols can differ on plans of different scales, therefore, in order to correctly read the topographic plan, it is necessary to use symbols for a specific scale.

Various designations on topographic surveys come to the rescue when “reading” the terrain, and new projects are created based on this information. It differs from simple geographical maps in that it is more universal: objective relief specifics (topographic maps), plant composition (natural maps), production facilities, engineering lines and the location of settlements are indicated here. Symbols of the topographic survey of the microdistrict are partially similar to the general plan of the city.

Lettering on topographic surveys often gives a different meaning to schematic representations. In particular, a simple rectangle will depict simply non-scale residential buildings - only in a set with explanations in the form of letters does the map get a new meaning. So, the image on the topographic survey tp inside the specified rectangle will mean that the building acts as a transformer electrical substation.

Designation of some conventional signs

Experts identify the following conventional signs, which can most often be seen on topographic surveys:

1 - places of condensation and places of the state geodetic network

2 - land use limits, as well as allotments, together with boundary signs at the points where they turn.

3 - buildings. With the help of numbers, experts indicate the number of storeys of the building. Thanks to the explanatory captions, the fire resistance of the building is indicated

g - residential not distinguished by fire resistance (built of wood);

n - non-residential not distinguished by fire resistance;

Kn - non-residential, made of stone;

Kzh - residential, as a rule, built of brick;

smn and smzh - mixed non-residential and mixed residential - woody buildings with thin brick cladding or floors that are built from various building materials (for example, the 1st floor can be built of brick, the 2nd - of their wood).

The designation of buildings on the topographic survey, which are just being built, is carried out using a dotted line.

4 - slopes are used to display ravines, road embankments and other natural and artificial relief forms where the heights drop sharply.

5 - pillars of communication lines and power lines. Such designations reproduce the column configuration of the section. Made in the form of a square or a circle. Signs of pillars, which are made of reinforced concrete, have a dot in the center. When one arrow points in the direction of the electrical wires, then this is a low-voltage pole, two - high-voltage (6 kV or more)

6 - symbols of engineering networks on topographic surveys are carried out in relation to communications that are located both underground and above it. Symbols on the topographic survey of utilities located underground are made using a dotted line, and above the ground - a solid line. Letters indicate the types of communication. K - this is a sewerage system, the designation KL on the topographic survey is a storm sewer, G - the designation of a gas pipeline on the topographic survey, H - an oil wire, T - a thermal route, V - a water supply system. At the same time, certain explanations are additionally established. So, if a cable is designated on a topographic survey, then the number of wires, the pressure that is present in the gas pipeline, the material from which the pipes are made, their thickening, and so on are indicated.

The design of power supply and communication cables is carried out as follows:

7 - traditionally denote the cable

8 - network that is being designed

9 - working line

Most citizens do not encounter topographic surveys. As a rule, reading, deciphering and compiling such maps is the responsibility of builders and cartographers, with the engineering lines being the most in demand. Conditionally designate engineering communications on a topographic survey is an indispensable condition for their objectivity.

It is necessary to conditionally designate engineering networks on a topographic survey using a linear method - dashed or solid straight lines:

the designation of all operating pipelines and networks located above the ground is carried out using a straight solid line with a thickness of 0.3 mm;

the designation of all design, partially faulty or non-working communications located above the ground is carried out by a dotted line with a thickening of 0.2 mm;

the designation of all communications located underground is carried out by a dotted line.

As a rule, all signs are applied in black tone. However, for greater clarity, it is possible to transfer the lines in a different color. The generally accepted designations are:

plumbing - green tone;

sewers - in brown color;

gas pipeline - in blue;

heating networks - in blue.

Often in practice there are discrepancies between how to designate on a topographic survey and a master plan - the colors of engineering networks can be depicted by lines of different colors. In particular, a communication cable on a topographic survey, according to the rules of cartography, is indicated in black, and in general plans it can be depicted in yellow, red or another color convenient for visual perception.

In general, surveying requires special skills in order to be able to compose and decipher it. But the unification of symbols helps to facilitate the work with maps.

On topographic plans, the contours of buildings must be depicted according to their true outlines in kind (in the form of a rectangle, oval, etc.). This is the main requirement for all buildings that are expressed to scale, and if possible, those that can be displayed exclusively by off-scale signs.

With the utmost detail, it is necessary to display buildings that go to the red line of blocks, high-rise buildings and buildings that are considered places of interest.

The presence of towers or towers on the top of the building, which serve as a guide, should be depicted on the topographic plan by drawing their conventional signs into the image of the building at a certain place (signs N ° 24, 25), and if the objects are of sufficient size, then you need to highlight the contours using explanatory notes.

Prominent buildings should be displayed on topographic maps along with inscriptions such as vyd. 60 (where the figure indicates the height of the building, which is inscribed when the height of the building is fifty meters or more). This is necessary in order to ensure further mapping on a smaller scale.

The number of storeys of buildings is displayed on topographic plans of all scales with a specific figure, starting from 2 floors. When the number of floors is calculated, there is no need to take into account small attics on the roofs of high-rise buildings and semi-basements, regardless of the nature of their use.

Buildings with columns instead of the entire 1st floor or its
parts (and at the same time those that start directly from the ground) must be distinguished on topographic plans of scale sizes 1: 2000 - 1: 500. If it is graphically possible, then each column is depicted, if selection is necessary - located along the edges in their own place, and others - three or four millimeters. On topographic maps of 1:5000 scale, buildings with columns are displayed as ordinary.

The symbol of the buildings under construction is used when their foundation is laid and walls are being erected. When a building is built up to the roof, its contour is already depicted as a solid line, not a dashed one, and is accompanied on topographic maps of scales 1: 2000 - 1: 500 with indications of purpose, fire resistance and number of storeys of the building. The explanatory inscription of the page is preserved at this stage. The construction is considered completed only after the building has been put into operation.

When depicting buildings that are close together, all residential buildings are delimited using contour lines. Be sure to graphically distinguish between residential buildings and non-residential buildings that are adjacent to them, as well as fire-resistant buildings with non-fire-resistant ones.

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Plans and topographic maps have a single system of symbols. This system is based on the following principles:

• each graphic sign always corresponds to a certain type of object or phenomenon;
• each conventional sign has its own clear pattern;
• on and on plans that have a different but close scale, the symbols of the same objects differ, as a rule, only in size;
• in the drawings of conventional signs, techniques and means are used that ensure the reproduction of the profile or appearance of the corresponding objects on the earth's surface, contributing to the establishment of an associative connection between the sign and the object. Usually there are 10 ways to form compositions of signs.

1. Icons way.

It is used to indicate the location of objects that are not expressed in (icons of free-standing trees, buildings, deposits, settlements, tourist sites). In their form, they can be geometric, literal, picture. In any case, these signs indicate the location of a given object, the relative position of various objects.

2.Linear sign method.

It is used to convey objects and phenomena of linear extent that are not expressed in their width on the scale of the map. In this way, rivers, borders, and communication routes are shown on topographic maps or plans.

3. Contour method(from the Greek "isos" - equal, identical).

This method is designed to characterize the phenomena of continuous propagation on the Earth, having a numerical expression, -, etc. In this case, contour lines are called curves connecting points with the same quantitative value. Depending on what phenomenon they characterize, the isolines will be called differently:

• - lines connecting points with the same temperature;
• isogists- lines connecting points with the same amount of precipitation;
• isobars- lines connecting points with the same pressure;
• isohypses- lines connecting points with the same height;
• isotachs- lines connecting points with the same speed.

4. Quality background method.

It is used to identify qualitatively homogeneous areas of the earth's surface according to natural, socio-economic, political and administrative features. In this way, for example, states are shown on or districts on maps of the administrative division of regions, age on tectonic maps, types of vegetation on soil maps or maps of the location of the flora.

5.Diagrams way.

It is used to display any quantitative characteristics of continuous propagation phenomena at specific points, for example, the annual temperature variation, the amount of precipitation by month or by meteorological stations.

6. Point method.

It is used to show mass phenomena dispersed throughout the territory. For example, this method shows the distribution of the population, sown or irrigated areas, livestock, etc.

7. Habitat method.

It is used to display the area of ​​\u200b\u200bdistribution of a phenomenon (not continuous across the field), for example, plants, animals. The graphical design of the boundary and the area of ​​the contour of the area can be very diverse, which makes it possible to characterize the phenomenon in a multifaceted way.

8. Way of traffic signs.

It is designed to show various spatial movements (bird flights, travel routes, and others). Arrows and stripes are used as graphic signs of movement. With the help of them, you can show the path, method, direction and speed of movement of the phenomenon, as well as some other characteristics. On plans and topographic maps, the direction of the current is also shown in this way.

9. Cartogram method.

It is usually used to show in the form of diagrams the quantitative characteristics of phenomena within individual territorial units. The method is widely used in the analysis and processing of statistical and economic indicators, such as, for example, production volume, structure, timber stock, and others.

10. Cartogram method are used, as a rule, to compare the relative indicators of a phenomenon characterizing a territory as a whole. In this way, for example, they show the average population density per 1 km2 for administrative units, the average of regions, etc. This method, as well as the method of cartographic diagrams, is widely used in the analysis of statistical indicators.

The very methods of depicting conventional signs contain information about what objects and phenomena they can be used for, what are their possible and best combinations when expressing one or another content of maps. Some conventional signs cannot be combined on one map at all: for example, the point method is not combined on the map with the method of icons and cartograms. The methods of icons are well combined with the cartogram. This is very important to know in order to use conventional signs.

Before creating a map of any scale, there is a selection of phenomena or objects that need to be displayed on it in the form of conventional signs.

Having studied the symbols well, you can then work with any topographic maps or plans. The rules for the use of these signs constitute important sections of the grammar of the language of a map or plan.

Name and characteristics of topographic objects. Symbols of topographic objects of scales 1:5000, 1:2000. Symbols of topographic objects of scales 1:1000, 1:500

Structures, buildings and their parts in the legend on the geo-base and topoplan.

45(13-18). The term "building" is used for the general definition of buildings, small houses, light buildings and such structures that are covered premises. Buildings are called solid structures, i.e., predominantly capital, as well as distinguished by their size and intended for housing, office or industrial use.

On topographic plans, the contours of buildings should be reproduced in accordance with their true outlines in nature (rectangular, oval, etc.). This basic requirement applies to all buildings expressed in scale, and, if possible, to those that can be shown on the plans only by off-scale symbols.

46(13-18). Buildings expressed on a scale are depicted on plans for the projection of the base with the transfer of its ledges, ledges and figured architectural details, having a size of 0.5 mm or more.

With the greatest detail, buildings that go to the red line of quarters, multi-storey buildings and are a landmark of this settlement (for example, in historical terms) should be reproduced.

The presence of turrets or towers on the top of the building, which have a reference value, should be shown on the plan by drawing in the image of the building in the appropriate place of their conventional signs (signs N ° 26, 27), and if these objects are of sufficient size, by highlighting the contours with explanatory inscriptions .

47 (13, 14). Prominent buildings should be depicted on topographic plans in combination with inscriptions of the type vyd. 60 (where the figure means the height of the building, inscribed at a building height of 50 m or more). This is necessary to enable subsequent mapping at smaller scales.

48(13-18). Depending on the nature of the settlement and the requirements of the customer, on topographic plans, such parts of buildings as porches, entrances, terraces, protruding beyond the line of the base of buildings by 0.5 mm or more, can be shown separately from the general contour of the building (sign No. 35- 40, 47) or included in it in the form of protrusions, for example, when depicting one-story houses. Smaller extensions are not subject to selection on topographic plans (except for the cases provided for in clause 80).

49 (14, 16). For the representation on topographic plans of such small buildings as pavilions, individual garages, cellars, a separate regulation is provided (clauses 99, 102-104, 106). Lightweight buildings of portable (except for yurts - p. 105) or temporary (in particular, at construction sites) purposes are not shown at all.

50 (13-18). All buildings in large-scale topographic surveys are divided into residential, non-residential and public purposes; fire-resistant, non-fire-resistant and mixed; one-story and above one floor.

Residential buildings include both those specially built for housing and buildings that at first had a different purpose, but then adapted and actually used as a housing stock. Buildings suitable for habitation only in any season of the year are considered non-residential (for example, light buildings in summer camps).

51(13-18). Buildings for public purposes, when depicted on plans of scales 1:2000-1:500, should not be classified as either residential or non-residential. Instead, their contours should be accompanied by explanatory inscriptions: adm. (i.e. administrative building), maet, (workshop), lolikl. (polyclinic), mag. (shop), cinema, etc."; their further specification is not required.

If one part of the building is occupied by residential premises (apartments, dormitories), and the other has a service or production purpose, then this is reproduced on the plan by the appropriate placement of inscriptions.

Inscriptions near public buildings are given inside their contours, if this is not possible, then next to them, and with a large concentration of such buildings (or corresponding different rooms in one building) - in a selective order, giving preference to larger and more important for their intended purpose.

52(13-18). On plans of scales 1:2000-1:500, the division of buildings according to the nature of their use is graphically carried out as follows: the image of residential buildings is placed with a capital letter Zh, non-residential buildings - Z, for the image of public buildings - instead of letter indices, an explanatory inscription is given (paragraph 51 ). Each of these designations, when characterizing buildings, must be combined with an indicator of their fire resistance.

53(13-17). On topographic plans at a scale of 1:5000, public buildings (usually suitable for habitation) are marked in the same way as residential buildings, but with the corresponding inscriptions preserved (paragraph 51).

On these plans, residential fire-resistant buildings are rendered with a solid fill of their outline, non-residential fire-resistant buildings - with double scribing, residential non-fire-resistant buildings - with single scribing, non-residential non-fire-resistant buildings without filling the outline of the building.

54 (13, 14, 19). When showing building material on topographic plans at a scale of 1:2000-1:500, which is provided only for fire-resistant buildings, the following letter designations should be used: K - for brick, stone, concrete and lightweight concrete (arbolite, cinder concrete, etc.); M- for metal, S-B- for glass concrete, S-M- for glass-metal.

According to additional requirements, wooden buildings can be distinguished from non-fire-resistant residential buildings with their designation with a capital letter D.

55 (17, 18). Mixed fire resistance buildings should include those in which the lower floor is built of fire-resistant materials, and the upper and (or) roof are made of non-fire-resistant materials, or the entire structure is wooden, but with a thin fire-resistant lining (brick, etc.).

On plans of scales 1:2000-1:500, buildings mixed in terms of fire resistance are distinguished by SM indices (solid, without a dash), which supplement the indices and inscriptions characterizing the purpose of the buildings.

On plans of a scale of 1:5000, residential mixed buildings are indicated by a combination of a central point and a diagonal in their contours, and non-residential mixed buildings - by one diagonal.

56 (20). The number of storeys of buildings is transmitted on topographic plans of all scales with the corresponding figure, starting from two floors. When calculating the number of floors, semi-basements and small attics on the roofs of multi-storey buildings, regardless of the nature of their use, should not be taken into account.

If the building consists of parts of different floors, then on plans of scales 1:2000-1:500, the number of storeys is given separately for each of these parts, within their contours. On plans on a scale of 1: 5000, two numbers are given in the general contour of the building, or, if there is a lack of space, one corresponding to a larger part of the building, and if the parts of different floors are equal, the one that has more floors. In cases where the building is multi-storey due to its location on a slope, the numbers characterizing its number of storeys are given through a dash (for example, 5-ZKZH).

57(13-20). When applying indexes to topographic plans that convey the purpose, fire resistance and number of storeys of buildings, there is not enough space for their placement inside the contour only on plans of a scale of 1:2000. In such cases, these indices are given next to the contour of the buildings, parallel to the long side.

When showing non-residential and non-fire-resistant small extensions to houses and detached small buildings (for example, in garden plots), the use of the I index on these plans is optional.

58(19). When transferring buildings that interlock closely, all residential areas are delimited by contour lines.

To depict interlocking residential fire-resistant buildings on plans at a scale of 1:5000, according to additional requirements, to separate houses with different numbering, it is planned to introduce gaps in the fill of the sign (0.3 mm wide) along their junction.

Interlocking non-residential buildings are reproduced with a general contour with the allocation on the plans of scales of 1: 2000 and larger only fire-fighting firewalls, if any (paragraph 76). Rows of metal garages are also among the non-residential interlocking buildings, the general outline of which should be accompanied by the inscription garages M, in contrast to the garage for collective use, mainly brick, represented by a single structure (but with internal boxes), and drawn up on the plans with the inscription garage K.

A graphical distinction between residential buildings and non-residential buildings adjoining them, as well as between fire-resistant buildings and non-fire-resistant buildings adjoining them, is mandatory.

59 (21). Buildings with columns instead of the entire ground floor or its
parts (as well as those starting directly from the ground) are to be highlighted on plans of scales 1:2000-1:500. If there are graphic possibilities, each column is shown, if necessary, selection - the extreme ones in their place, and the rest - after 3-4 mm. On plans of scale 1:5000 buildings with columns are depicted as usual.

60. Buildings on piles instead of a solid foundation, constructed in areas with permafrost soils or subject to systematic floods, on topographic plans of all scales should be reproduced in the same way as ordinary buildings, but if there is space on plans of a scale of 1: 2000 and larger - with additional the inscription of St. (after other indexes).

61. (22). The symbol of buildings under construction is used when their foundation is laid and walls are being erected. If the building is brought to the roof, then its contour is no longer given by a dashed line, but by a solid one and is accompanied on plans of scales 1:2000-1:500 with a characteristic of the purpose, fire resistance and number of storeys of the building. The explanatory inscription of the page at this stage is preserved.

Construction is considered completed when the building is put into operation.

62. (23). The conventional sign of destroyed and dilapidated buildings on topographic plans should be the remains of more or less solid individual buildings or the ruins of entire villages that remain on the ground for a long time. The use of this sign to show buildings demolished in the course of reconstruction is not provided.

If on plans of a scale of 1:5000 the area occupied by images of destroyed or dilapidated buildings is 1 cm2 or more, then instead of the designation given in the table, it is advisable to limit ourselves to showing their contours in combination with the inscription once. (i.e., as on plans of larger scales).

63. (24). Blind areas are called asphalt or concrete strips that border modern buildings from those sides where there are no sidewalks or other hard surfaces of the earth's surface adjacent to them.

On plans of scales 1:500 and 1:1000, all blind areas of scale 1:2000 are shown - with a natural width of 1.2 m or more, or which are the only footpaths along the building in this place. On plans of scale 1:5000, blind areas and sidewalks are not separated from the carriageway of streets (squares, courtyards).

64. (24). House numbers are recorded during topographic surveys in the following order: on plans of scales 1:500 and 1:1000 - on images of all houses of the settlement, scales of 1:2000 and 1:5000 - on corner houses of each quarter, but on plans of scale 1:5000 only for additional requirements and subject to the availability of graphical capabilities.

House numbers are inscribed, as a rule, parallel to their contours in the corner facing the street. It is allowed to place these inscriptions next to the contours of houses, and with a significant load on the plan, house numbers can be highlighted in red.

65. (25). On topographic plans of scales 1:500 and 1:1000, based on the requirements of the technical project, the images of some houses give elevations of certain points. Separate conventional signs are established for them, namely:

Filled triangle - to transfer the corresponding points of the floor of the first floor, as well as the basement or foundation of the house (in the latter case, with the letter and or f before the mark number);
a filled circle - for blind area points of a house, sidewalk or earth at its very corner.

66. (26). Tower-type capital structures, including utility tower buildings, are shown on topographic plans according to their actual outlines, i.e. round, polygonal, square, etc. If the upper part of the tower is wider than the lower, then to transfer its planned contours two closed lines should be given: an internal solid line - along the projection of the base, and an external dotted line - along the projection of the top of the tower.

67. (26). In cases where it is important to emphasize that a given structure is a tower-type structure, it is envisaged, in addition to its graphic designation, to put on the plan an abbreviated inscription of the tower, placed in the outline of the tower, or next to it.

When transferring tower cooling towers (a device for air cooling of water in systems of circulating water supply of industrial enterprises), the explanatory inscription is supplemented to the type of tower. deg. The symbol of the capital towers should also be used to show the ancient watchtowers that have been preserved on the ground, built of boulders or hewn stone. The image of such towers is given the inscription bash. historical

68. (26). The material for the construction of towers on plans of scales 1:2000-1:500 is characterized by letter indices: M - for metal, K - for all other capital ones; on plans of scale 1:5000 - the established conventional sign (paragraph 66).

69. (27). When transferring towers of light type on topographic plans, expressed on a scale, each of them is shown with a subdivision according to the materials of the supports (signs No. 106-108). For those towers that will be characterized in terms of dimensions on plans of scales 1:2000 and 1:5000 by an off-scale image, a symbol is provided without filling the circle in its lower part (unlike the sign of capital towers).

70. The buildings and structures of stadiums, hippodromes, cycle tracks, ski jumps and other permanent sports facilities are shown on topographic plans by lines of their external contours and main internal details in combination with explanatory inscriptions.

For these objects with stands, the designation of the material of construction is provided (paragraph 54) and on the plans of scales 1:2000-1:500 division of the stands into sectors (by showing stairs between them).

The image of sports fields and grounds without stands is limited to their contouring and the inscription - stadium, sports ground

The contour of a sports field or ground is given with a solid line if they are bordered by a curb (a narrow strip of side stone), or a dotted dashed line if there is no curb.

71. (28-31). Buildings built for religious worship and having a specific architecture, namely: churches, churches, churches, mosques, Buddhist temples and pagodas, chapels, etc. - are shown on topographic plans by accepted symbols, regardless of whether they are used according to original purpose or for other purposes (such as museums, concert halls, etc.). Conventional signs of such buildings should be used regardless of the safety of crosses, crescents or other symbols of various religions on them.

72. (28). In the symbols of churches, churches and kirchs, the sign of the Christian cross is timed to the place corresponding to the location of the dome, if it is single, or the higher of the domes, if there are several. In the presence of two domes of equal height, the sign of the cross is given in the contour of each dome. The same provision applies to the case when the cathedral has a bell tower.

On the plans of scale 1:5000, the bases of the domes of the main building of the church and the tent of the bell tower are not outlined.

73. (29). When depicting mosques, towers-minarets and domes of the main buildings are to be highlighted. At the same time, minarets expressed on a scale are indicated by a contour line of their base in combination with the inscription minaret or minar., and not expressed on a scale (1:5000, small in area - and 1:2000) - with an established conventional sign.

74. (30). When showing Buddhist temples and usually smaller Buddhist pagodas, their symbol should be placed in the contour of the building in a place corresponding to the position of the highest part of this building.

This sign is also applicable when depicting buildings built for religious worship close to Buddhism; like lamaism,

75. (31). Chapels, like all buildings for religious purposes, are reproduced on topographic plans according to their actual outlines, subdivided into stone and wooden ones. For chapels that are not expressed in scale (which is possible on plans of scale 1:5000), a special symbol is established.

76. (32). Firewalls are called fire walls made of non-flammable materials, designed to separate adjacent premises of one building or adjoining two buildings.

As a rule, firewalls are shown on topographic plans at a scale of 1:2000-1:500. However, their symbol, in the sizes adopted for plans of a scale of 1:2000, should also be used on plans of a scale of 1:5000 when transferring outstanding buildings with fire walls.

77. (33). The conventional sign of entrances under the arches is provided for topographic plans of all scales in order to convey the entrances.

Leading to the courtyards of buildings, from one street to another or to the square.

The same sign should depict monumental arches, but in combination with an explanatory inscription (for example, arch, triumph, arch, etc.) and an alphabetic index indicating the material of the building (paragraph 54).

78. (34). When transferring entrances to the second floor (for some hotels, garages, warehouses), their symbol on geo-bases, on plans of 1:500 and 1:1000 scales, should be supplemented by absolute marks of the lower end of the entrance at the level of the earth's surface and the upper end - on the site near the wall building.

79. (35-39). For cases when, during topographic survey at a scale of 1:2000-1:500, porches and entrances should be reproduced separately from the general outline of the building, and not included in it (paragraph 48), a special classification of these objects is provided for their display on the plans. According to this classification, the porches are divided into closed ones with a distinction between stone and wooden ones and open ones with a distinction between having steps up or down, entrances to the underground parts of buildings - open and closed.

80. (35-39). On topographic plans on a scale of 1:2000, porches and entrances to the underground parts of buildings that are not expressed in scale (with an area of ​​\u200b\u200bless than 4 mm2) are shown only for buildings facing the red line from their front side, buildings that are outstanding in size, administrative, architectural or otherwise value. In addition, these off-scale signs are needed for cases where plans of a scale of 1:2000 are to be increased to a scale of 1:1000.

81. (37, 38). In the symbolic designation of porches on topographic surveys open with steps upwards, the latter should be shown with at least three solid lines so that this sign differs from the sign of the pit (sign No. 54). Porches with steps down and open entrances to the underground parts of buildings should be depicted with a break in the middle of the lines of their symbol.

82. (40). When depicting the entrances to the metro station on the geo-bases, the capital letter M is placed at a point that directly corresponds to the place of the entrance in kind, namely: in the contour of the building, outside it on the front side or at the underpass, if the station does not have an external building.

83. (41). Subway fans are to be reproduced on topographic plans of all scales, subdivided into ground ones, usually in the form of stone boxes with vertical lattice walls, and underground ones, represented on the earth's surface by horizontal bars raised above it.

84. (42). To transfer on the topographic plans of the ground parts, underground buildings, a special designation has been introduced in the form of a short (1.5 mm) dashed dotted line, which accompanies from the inside a solid contour line outlining these parts of the buildings.

On plans at a scale of 1:5000, this designation should be used

Only as an exception, for example, when reproducing large underground garages or warehouses.

85. (43). The overhanging parts of buildings that do not have supports include various shop windows shown only on plans of a scale of 1:500, and other structural elements without supports to be reproduced on plans of scales of 1:2000-1:500, for example, in the form of capital protrusions in one -two or more floors.

86. (44). Conventional signs of elevated passages and galleries for conveyors between buildings are used in two versions: with a width of these objects on a plan scale of 2 mm or more - according to the top row of their designations in the table (i.e., with intersecting diagonals), with a width of less than 2 mm - according to the bottom row (i.e. double dashed line).

Explanatory inscriptions are required for these designations. So, in the first variant, if the plan does not show a closed elevated passage, but often a gallery for a conveyor (a continuous machine for moving goods in a horizontal or inclined plane) that is open on one side, then, depending on the terminology adopted on the spot, they give inscription gallery (abbreviated galley) or transporter (abbreviated transp.). In the second variant, explanatory inscriptions are necessary when showing any of the real objects, including the actual ground crossing (abbreviated trans.).

When transferring overhead crossings with supports, they are divided according to the material (sign No. 106-108).

87. (45). Niches in the walls of buildings are recesses for the installation of statues, decorative vases, etc. The subject of topographic surveys are only those niches that are confined to the outer walls.

Loggias are called premises that are part of the general contour of the building and are fenced from the outside with a solid parapet, lattice or colonnade (p. 96). On topographic plans at a scale of 1:2000, niches are shown provided that their area on a given scale is 4 mm^ or more. Smaller niches may be given as an exception for buildings of special architectural significance.

88. (46). Balconies include open areas, reinforced on the walls of buildings using protruding beams or support pillars and fenced with balustrades (figured columns), bars or parapets. On topographic plans, only balconies on pillars are subject to image (on a scale of 1: 2000 - according to additional requirements), and with the separation of pillars by material.

89. (47). Terraces are light extensions to buildings, mostly open (or glazed) on three sides, but with a roof. On topographic plans, terraces are depicted depending on their size - separately (albeit close) from the contour of the main building or included in it. Small terraces are usually not showing

They do it in general (item 48), but for the transfer on plans of a scale of 1: 2000 of small terraces near houses that are a local landmark, an appropriate off-scale sign has been introduced.

90. (48-50). Sheds in large-scale topographic surveys are divided into those located between adjacent buildings, based on poles and struts, as well as canopies. Some sheds are combined by the nature of the construction, for example, sheds for truck scales.

The contours of the canopies are shown as a dotted line, except for the sides where they adjoin houses or structures, or have their own wall. The designations adopted for canopies between buildings are also used to show ceilings over internal passages (if they are in the nature of canopies, and not arches - item 77). When these canopies or ceilings rest not only on the walls of buildings, but also on intermediate pillars, the latter should also be shown on the plan.

91. (49). When reproducing canopies on plans of scales 1:2000 and 1:5000, in the case of their significant load, it is allowed to halve the size of the conventional signs of the supporting pillars (sign No. 106-108). through 3-4 mm, but with the obligatory display of all corners), and the use of out-of-scale designation of canopies.

Sheds-canopies, including those on struts, which are mainly inherent in the entrances to modern buildings, are usually depicted on plans only at a scale of 1:2000-1:500.

92. (50). Canopies for truck scales are installed with support on two walls or on poles. A booth is attached to each shed outside, into which a device is brought out to record the results of weighing. The main building is shown on the plans according to its general contour and building material, and the presence of scales should be indicated by an explanatory inscription by the author. scales.

93. (51). All large fans (in the residential sector, factory, etc.) in the form of special devices outside buildings are reproduced on topographic plans at a scale of 1:2000-1:500 according to their external outlines or off-scale symbol. In both cases, an explanatory inscription is required vent, or c. The same symbol, but with a different inscription, is used for emergency exits from the basements.

When showing subway fans, one should be guided by the explanations given in clause 83.

94. (52-54). The basement parts of buildings that are subject to transfer during large-scale topographic surveys include basement hatches, pits (pits) and windows. On plans of scale 1:2000, they are allocated only when these plans are intended to be enlarged or when there are additional requirements of city services.

Basement hatches are used for ventilation, descent and lifting of small-sized cargoes, etc. Pits (pits) are excavations in front of the windows of semi-basements and basements, providing penetration of daylight into them.

95. (53). Portholes of buildings are called horizontal lattice windows made of thick glass in the ceiling of underground rooms; serving for their lighting and ventilation. These windows are cut through mainly within the sidewalks and areas of squares, squares, courtyards free from passage.

96. (55). Colonnades are rows of columns united by horizontal ceilings, as a rule, they are adjacent to monumental buildings, but they can also be in the form of independent structures. When showing colonnades on topographic plans, their conventional signs are delimited based on the material of the construction of the columns.

If in any colonnade not all columns can be reproduced at a given survey scale, then they are selected according to the same principle as when transferring buildings with columns instead of the first floor (paragraph 59).

97. (56). The chimney pipes of boiler rooms, when creating plans on a scale of 1:500 and 1:1000, are shown according to the actual outlines of their plinths (rounded, square, etc.) and with the image of guy wires often present on the pipes.

On topographic plans of scales 1:2000 and 1:5000, pipes of boiler houses, as a rule, are reproduced with an off-scale symbol. If these pipes have a significant reference value, then for their depiction on the plans it is advisable to use a different sign, namely, factory pipes (sign No. 74), but in combination with an explanatory inscription boiler room or cat.
Small metal pipes of various workshops, communal baths, etc. can also be shown as a conventional sign for boiler room chimneys.

98. (57). Fire escapes are to be reproduced on plans only at scales of 1:500 and 1:1000, provided that they are installed on the ground or start directly from the basement of the building. The bases of the stairs must be transferred according to their dimensions and exactly in place.

99. (58). Pavilions and pavilions on plans of scale 1:5000 are depicted with an off-scale sign if there are additional requirements. The same applies to the display of these objects when surveying at a scale of 1:2000, when their area on the plan is less than 4 mm2. They are located inside the estates and are built from lightweight materials.

100. (59). The posts of traffic controllers on highways, which are special structures, are transmitted on topographic plans of all scales indicating the material of the building and the inscription of the GAI section. The booths of traffic controllers are marked with a special sign on plans of scale 1:2000 and larger.

101. (60). Honor boards, memorials and stands of various indicators are depicted on topographic plans in those cases when they are located on the outside of buildings or at some distance from them (in squares, squares, etc.). These designations should
divided on the plans according to the building material (metal, stone, etc.) and accompanied by an explanatory inscription.

Poster pedestals are shown on the plans of scales 1:1000 and 1:500 in those places where they are placed for a long time.

102. (61). Individual garages, toilets and other small buildings are to be reproduced mainly on 1:500 and 1:1000 scale plans, and on 1:2000 only when the latter are supposed to be enlarged for use as large-scale plans. All these objects are given a contour in combination with an explanatory inscription.

103. (61). When depicting individual garages on plans of scales of 1:500 and 1:1000, within the contours of these buildings, the material of the building is fixed with letter indices (M - metal garage, K - brick, stone, concrete slabs, etc.).

If several such garages are installed close to each other, then they are shown on the plans as non-residential interlocking buildings, that is, with a common contour, without jumpers (paragraph 58).

104. (61). The symbol of the toilet on the topographic survey of the land plot consists of the outline of this building and the explanatory inscription T placed inside it or next to it. In cases where a public toilet is located in a large building (in the underground part, semi-basement or on the first floor), the letter index is applied on the plan at the entrance sign to the building.

105. (62). The conventional sign for yurts, tents, yarangs is used if these or other structures of a similar type, necessary for nomadic cattle breeding, are installed from year to year in the same place for at least a season.

With their large \" concentration in any particular area, the corresponding designations on the plans of scales 1:2000 and 1:5000 do not show all these structures, but only larger ones and confined to the center and edges of the parking lot.

106. (63). Cellars are depicted on topographic plans of all scales, and on plans of a scale of 1: 5000, depending on the size of the cellar, it must be applied with an orientation according to nature or a special off-scale sign applied parallel to the southern frame. On plans of scale 1:2000, cellars are usually shown with their area on a scale of 4 mm2 or more.

The designations of the cellars should be combined with explanatory inscriptions, which are located along their long axis, and if these designations are small, next to them, parallel to the southern frame. On plans of scale 1:2000, cellars, as a rule, are shown only outside the built-up part of the settlement.

Small cellars located in the form of a strip close to each other should be transferred with one common designation and cellar inscription.

In cases where a vegetable store is designed in kind in the form of a large cellar, the symbol of the cellar (and not the vegetable store) is used, but with the inscription cellar-vegetable, or vegetable.

107. (64). Vegetable stores, greenhouses and greenhouses are depicted in topographic surveys in the same way (on plans of a scale of 1: 5000 - with a special symbol), but with different explanatory inscriptions.

If these objects are of a capital nature, then in the corner of the contour they give an alphabetic index of the material of the building (for example, K, S-M).

108. (64). The contours of greenhouses on plans of scales 1:2000-1:500 are conveyed by a dashed dotted line, scale 1:5000 - by the established symbol, and for greenhouses expressed in scale - according to their actual outlines.

In topographic surveys, greenhouses should also include greenhouses with high metal or wooden frames, covered with foil, without heating. Their contours are given in solid lines and accompanied by the inscription hotbeds (and not greenhouses).

109. (65). Cesspools on topographic plans of scales 1:1000 and 1:500 are shown with a special symbol, but according to their actual size. On plans of scale 1:2000, these objects are distinguished by an off-scale designation only according to additional requirements.

110. (66). Separately standing sculptures, tours (signs for various purposes made mainly of stone, having a cylindrical or pyramidal shape) and stone pillars 1 m or more high are depicted on topographic plans with the same off-scale designation, but when transferring sculptures and tours - in combined with inscriptions sk., tour.

Sculptures of considerable size in topographic surveys at a scale of 1:1000 and 1:500 are reproduced along the contour of their pedestal with the established symbol drawn into it.

111. (67). The terms "monument" and "monument" have a close semantic meaning, but those of them that were built in honor of living people can only be called monuments. In addition, the latter, unlike monuments, often represent single sculptural and architectural complexes. In this case, all the buildings and structures of the complex are depicted according to their actual outlines on a given scale, and in the center of the compositionally main object, the symbol of the monument itself is given.

In the designation of the monument "Eternal Flame" with a multi-color edition of topographic plans (mainly at a scale of 1: 5000), the torch is highlighted in red.

112. (68). Mass graves are depicted on topographic plans, taking into account the same explanations that are given in paragraph 111.

113. (69). When showing individual graves and various landmarks with religious images, the design of the upper parts of their designations in the form of crosses corresponds to topographical traditions and is not associated with any particular cult symbolism.

114. (70). Mazars and suburgans are tomb structures in areas of the Muslim and Lamaist religions, respectively. Obo are small mounds (mainly made of stone) that were used as religious and cult (near individual burials), boundary or landmark signs.

If mazars or suburgans are built of baked bricks on plans of scales 1:1000 and 1:500, then in their contours they give the letter index K. The symbol obo, in accordance with the size of this object, can be combined not only with the sign of the barrow, but also with the sign of the accumulation stones (sign No. 348).

115. (71). Cemeteries in large-scale topographic surveys are reproduced with a detailed transfer of existing buildings, paths, vegetation, etc.

Taking into account local features, the contours of cemeteries on topographic plans can be filled not only with the designations of crosses inherent in Christian burials, but also with the corresponding designations adopted in other religions, and with an additional inscription (for example, Buddhist cemetery or abbreviated budd, cemetery.)

116. (71). Buildings, structures, lanterns and other topographic objects located within the cemeteries are shown on the plans in the usual manner.

The main walls of some cemeteries used as a columbarium should be distinguished during topographic surveys with a sign of stone and reinforced concrete fences and a full explanatory inscription of the columbarium, placed at the image of such walls on their inner side.

Paths in cemeteries are reproduced during topographic surveys with a division into those with coatings (asphalt, gravel, etc.) and without it.

117. (72). When transferring cemeteries with various tree and shrub vegetation, it is depicted according to nature with a division into dense wood, light forest, individual trees, as well as undergrowth, solid and group shrubs. In addition, terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (meadow, steppe, etc.) should be shown in the outlined reserve areas of cemeteries, and at the same time, they should not be filled in with the designations of crosses or other corresponding ones (paragraph 115).

118. (71-73). Cemeteries and cattle burial grounds that do not have external fences on the ground are outlined when they are depicted on topographic plans with a solid thin black line.

119. (71-73). If a cemetery or cattle burial ground during topographic surveys at a scale of 1:5000 can only be shown in size by an off-scale designation, then in this case a square with a side of 2 mm is given on the plan (for cemeteries - with the corresponding icon in the center), which must be oriented according to nature and is accompanied by an explanatory inscription cemetery, livestock. could.