This can only happen in a nightmare.

The CIA-run Project MK-ULTRA paid Dr. Donald Even Cameron for Subproject 68, which was dedicated to experiments with mind-altering substances. The main goal of the project was to test methods of influence and mind control that would be able to extract information from resisting individuals.

To conduct his experiments, the doctor took patients admitted to his Allen Memorial Institute in Montreal and performed "therapy" with them. These patients were admitted mainly with a diagnosis of bipolar depression and irritability. The treatment they received was life-changing and just awful.

During the period of receiving payment from the CIA (1957-1964), Cameron performed electroshock therapy with a power of thirty to forty times the normal power. He put his patients in a pharmacological coma for many months and played them tapes of simple statements or repeated noises over and over again.
The victims of his experiments forgot how to speak, forgot their parents, and suffered severe amnesia.
And all this was carried out on the inhabitants of Canada, because the CIA did not want to risk and arrange such operations on the Americans.

In order for the project to continue to receive funding, Cameron in one case undertook a series of experiments on children, and in another he forced a child to have sex with a high-ranking government official and filmed it.

He and other important people of the MK-ULTRA project were ready to blackmail the authorities in order to obtain further funding.

2. Testing mustard gas on soldiers in training gas chambers

As bioweapon research intensified throughout the 1940s, the authorities also began testing their effects and how to defend against them on the military itself.

To test the effectiveness of various types of bioweapons, the authorities actually initiated the spraying of mustard gas and other irritating and light-damaging chemicals, such as lewisite, on soldiers without their consent or notification of the experiment.

They also tested the effectiveness of gas masks and protective clothing by locking soldiers in gas chambers and exposing them to mustard gas and lewisite, which immediately brings to mind images of the gas chambers of Nazi Germany.

Effects of lewisite: lewisite is a gas that can easily penetrate clothing and even rubber. Upon contact with the skin, the gas immediately causes severe pain, irritation, tissue swelling and even a rash. Large, fluid-filled sores develop within twelve hours of exposure in the form of extremely severe chemical burns. And this is just when the gas comes into contact with the skin.

Inhalation of the gas causes burning pain in the lungs, coughing, vomiting, and pulmonary edema.

Effects of Mustard Gas: Symptoms of mustard gas do not appear until twenty-four hours after exposure, and the gas itself has mutagenic and carcinogenic properties that have killed many exposed to it. Its main effects include severe burns that turn into yellow-oozing sores after a while. And although the possibility of treating the effects of mustard gas exists, burns from it are treated very, very slowly and extremely painful. The burns that the gas leaves on the skin are sometimes incurable.

There were also rumors that, in addition to soldiers, patients of military hospitals became guinea pigs, who were subjected to medical experiments, including the testing of biological weapons, and all such experiments were filed as mere "observations" to divert suspicion.

3. USA Gives Immunity to Forced Surgery Monster

As the head of Japan's famed Unit 731 (the secret biological and chemical weapons research unit of the Japanese army during World War II), Dr. Shiro Ishi (chief of medicine) conducted brutal experiments on tens of thousands of people during the Second Sino-Japanese and Second world war.
Ishi was responsible for researching vivisection techniques without anesthesia on prisoners. For the uninitiated, vivisection is the act of experimental surgery on living beings (with a central nervous system) and the examination of their entrails for scientific purposes. In other words, he performed brutal surgical experiments on prisoners, cutting them open and keeping them conscious without the use of anesthesia.

During his experiments, he also subjected pregnant women to procedures that led them to have abortions. Ishi also played God by subjecting the prisoners to changes in their physiological state and causing strokes, heart attacks, frostbite and hypothermia. Ishi considered his test subjects to be "logs".

After their defeat in 1945, Japan disbanded Division 731 and Ishi ordered the execution of all remaining logs. Shortly after that, Ishi himself was arrested. And then the respected General Douglas MacArthur made an agreement with Dr. Ishi. In exchange for immunity from the United States, he had to provide all the data he had on viral weapons, obtained during experiments on living people.

Thus, Ishi escaped punishment for all his crimes, because the United States was interested in the results of his experiments.

And although it was not directly responsible for these crimes, the actions of the US government clearly indicate that it was more than willing to conduct experiments on living people for the sake of progress in the field of biological weapons that could kill even more people.

Ishi lived until 1959, researching bioweapons and perhaps contemplating even more plans to exterminate humans until his very last day.

Source 4Spraying lethal chemicals over US cities

Demonstrating once again that the US always seeks to test the worst possible scenarios by getting there first, with the invention of biochemical warfare in the mid-twentieth century, the Army, CIA, and government ran a series of combat simulations in American cities to see how events would play out in the event of a real chemical attack. .

They carried out the following air and sea attacks:

• The CIA sprayed the whooping cough virus into Tampa Bay using boats and caused an epidemic of the disease. As a result, twelve people died.
• The Navy sprayed bacterial pathogens into San Francisco, causing many of the city's residents to develop pneumonia.
• In the cities of Savannah and Avon Park, the army released millions of mosquitoes in the hope that they would spread yellow and dengue fever. The insect swarm has left Americans battling fevers, typhoid fever, respiratory problems, and worse, stillbirth.

What's worse is that after the swarm, the Army showed up disguised as healthcare workers. Their secret goal during the entire time they were assisting the victims was to study and classify the long-term effects of the diseases caused.

5 The United States Infected Guatemalans With STDs

In the 1940s, the United States decided to test the effectiveness of penicillin as a cure for syphilis, and selected Guatemalans as test subjects.

To carry out this plan, they used infected prostitutes to infect unsuspecting prison inmates, psychiatric patients, and soldiers. And when the spread of the disease through prostitution was not as effective as they had hoped, they decided to resort to vaccinations.

After the transmission of the disease, the researchers treated most of the cases, but about one-third of them were left without treatment, even though this was the original goal of the study.
On October 1, 2010, Hillary Clinton issued a formal apology for these events, and a new study was launched to determine if any of the victims of these experiments survived and were still infected with syphilis. But since many of the test subjects have never received penicillin, it is possible and even likely that some of them passed the disease to the next generation.

6. Secret human experiments to study the effects of the atomic bomb

While researching and trying to harness the power of the atomic bomb, American scientists also secretly tested the effects of the bomb on humans.

During the Manhattan Project, which paved the way for the atomic bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, American scientists launched a series of secret experiments to inject plutonium into eighteen unsuspecting patients.

These experiments included the injection of several micrograms of plutonium into soldiers during the Oak Ridge Project, and subsequent injections into three patients at a Chicago hospital. Just imagine - you are a hospital patient, lying on a hospital bed, and assuming that nothing bad is happening, when all of a sudden government agents appear and inject weapons-grade plutonium into your bloodstream.

Of the eighteen patients who were known only by codenames and numbers, only five survived more than twenty years after the injection.

In addition to plutonium, the researchers also used uranium in their experiments. At a Massachusetts hospital between 1946 and 1947, Dr. William Sweet injected uranium into eleven of his patients. He also received funding from the Manhattan Project.

And in exchange for the uranium received from the government, he pledged to save the dead tissue from the bodies of people for scientific research on the effects of uranium exposure.

7 Agent Orange Injecting Prisoners

While he was receiving funding from Dow Chemical, the US Army, and Johnson & Johnson, which made Agent Orange, Dr. Albert Kligman used prisoners as test subjects. in what was passed off as "dermatological research".

Dermatological studies have focused on the effects of Agent Orange on the skin.

It is nonsense to say that the introduction or exposure to dioxin is a heinous crime against any person. Kligman, however, administered dioxin (Agent Orange's main ingredient) to prisoners to study its effects.

According to reports, he injected his victims with 468 times more of the substance than he was prescribed under the rules of the experiment. The documentation of the results of this study, of course, has never been declassified.

8 Operation Paperclip

While the Nuremberg trials were underway, and ethics and human rights were in the spotlight, the US was smuggling Nazi scientists out and giving them American citizenship.

During Operation Paperclip, so named because of the paper clips that attached new scientists' dossiers to their American documents, the Nazis who participated in the famous human experiments in Germany (which included the surgical fusion of twins, the removal of nerves from a human bodies without anesthesia, and human testing of the effects of a bomb explosion) were transported to participate in several top-secret projects in America.

Then, due to President Truman's anti-Nazi edicts, the project was kept strictly secret, and the scientists received fake political biographies that allowed them not only to live on American soil, but also to be free people.

So even though it wasn't direct experimentation, the US took some of the worst people in the world and put them to work on unknown but certainly creepy projects.

9Puerto Rican Infection With Cancer

In 1931, Dr. Cornelius Rhodes received funding from the Rockefeller Institute to conduct experiments in Puerto Rico. He infected the townspeople of Puerto Rico with cancer cells, presumably in order to study their effects. Thirteen of them have died.

What is most striking is the text of a note allegedly written by him:

“Puerto Ricans are the dirtiest, laziest, and most degenerate and thieving race of people that has ever inhabited this world… I did the best I could to further exterminate them by killing eight and transplanting cancer to a few more… All doctors enjoyed the torment of the victims failed experiments.

A man obsessed with killing Puerto Ricans by infecting them with cancer doesn't look like a good candidate to lead chemical weapons projects and a seat on the American Atomic Energy Commission, right?

But that's exactly what happened. He also became Vice President of the American Cancer Society.

Any shocking documentation from the period when he was involved in chemical weapons research has most likely been destroyed by now.

10 The Pentagon Treated Black Cancer Patients With Extreme Doses Of Radiation

In the 1960s, the Department of Defense undertook a series of radiation experiments on unsuspecting, impoverished African American patients with cancer. They were told that they would receive treatment, but they were not told that it would be a "Pentagon" type of treatment: that is, a study of the effects of high doses of radiation on the human body.

To avoid persecution, all medical forms were signed with only initials so that patients would not be able to make claims to the government.

In a similar case, Dr. Eugene Sanger, funded by the Defense Atomic Support Agency (a very bizarre name), undertook the same procedure on the same type of patient. Poor black Americans received an ultra-high dose of radiation that caused severe pain, vomiting, and bleeding from the nose and ears. At least twenty of them died.

11 Operation Midnight Climax

Operation Midnight Climax involved specially prepared safe havens in New York and San Francisco built for the sole purpose of studying the effects of LSD on non-consenting individuals.

But in order to lure people into them, the CIA disguised these houses as brothels.

CIA paid prostitutes (yes, such a thing really existed) lured "clients" back to these houses.
Instead of sex, however, they drugged them with various drugs, the most famous of which was LSD. Also heavily used.

The experiments were watched from behind a two-way mirror - in some ways the analogue of a twisted reality show.

The most terrifying part of it all was the very idea of ​​drugging unsuspecting adults with drugs that they might not even be aware of.

12. Fallout of radioactive substances in the Pacific Ocean

After dropping bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States decided to conduct a series of thermonuclear bomb tests in the Pacific Ocean in response to the increased activity of the Soviet Union regarding its own nuclear bombs. These tests were supposed to be secret. However, this secrecy failed.

Exploded in 1954 on Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands, Castle Bravo was the most powerful nuclear device ever tested by the United States. What they did not expect was that the radioactive fallout from the explosion would rise into the air and fall on other islands. The consequences of this were congenital malformations and radiation diseases among the inhabitants of the archipelago. The effects of radiation became more significant in later years, when many children whose parents were exposed to radiation developed thyroid cancer and multiple neoplasms.

This gave impetus to the creation of "Project 4.1" - a study dedicated to the effects of radiation fallout on human beings. As such, it was the latest in a long series of studies that used humans as guinea pigs without their consent, and the project is remembered in the US as a way to collect data that would otherwise be impossible to obtain.

However, the moral standards of the United States are such that even if the fallout that affected the Marshall Islanders was an accident, it could well have been planned.

13. Tuskegee

The recent revelation that the US was infecting Guatemalans with syphilis brings to mind this famous study. Between 1932 and 1972, scientists recruited four hundred black farmhands in Tuskegee, Alabama to study the natural course of syphilis.
But scientists never told their test subjects that they had syphilis. Instead, their patients believed they were being treated for a "bad blood" disease, while researchers used them to study the symptoms and effects of syphilis.

In 1947, penicillin became the standard treatment for syphilis. But in addition to hiding information about the disease, the scientists also "forgot" to tell their patients that their disease has a cure. And so the study continued for almost thirty more years.
When this became known, the backlash against the study was so strong that President Bill Clinton issued a formal apology, stating his regret that the government had "conducted such a racist study." And what is most sad, it must be admitted that one of the most inhuman experiments ever carried out on people was organized by the US government.

Psychology became popular in the early twentieth century. Many were very attracted to her goal - to learn more about the intricacies of human behavior, emotional state and perception. But, unfortunately, the methods of achieving this goal were not always humane. Some psychiatrists and psychologists have performed cruel experiments on animals and humans. Here are some of those experiences.

1. Raising a boy like a girl (1965-2004)
In 1965, an 8-month-old boy, Bruce Reimer, was circumcised on the advice of doctors. But the surgeon who performed the operation made a mistake, and the boy's penis was completely damaged. The child's parents turned to psychologist John Money from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore (USA) with their problem. He advised them a "simple", in his opinion, way out of the situation - to change the sex of the child and raise him as a girl in the future.

And so it was done. Very soon, Bruce became Brenda, and the unfortunate parents did not even know that their child was the victim of a very cruel experiment. Psychologist John Money has long been looking for an opportunity to prove that a person’s gender is due not to nature, but to upbringing, so Bruce became a suitable object for such observation.

Bruce's testicles were removed, and then Dr. Mani published reports in scientific journals for several more years about the "successful" development of his experimental subject. He argued that the child behaves like a little active girl and that her behavior is very different from the male inherent in her twin brother. But both at home and teachers at school observed the typical behavior of a boy in a child.

In addition, the parents, who hid the cruel truth from their son-daughter, themselves experienced very strong emotional stress, as a result of which the mother developed suicidal tendencies, and the father began to drink heavily.

While Bruce-Brenda was already in his teens, he was given estrogen to stimulate breast growth. Soon, Dr. Mani began to insist on another operation, as a result of which Brende was to form the female genital organs. But suddenly Bruce-Brenda rebelled and categorically refused to do the operation. Then the boy completely stopped coming to receptions with Mani.

Bruce's life was crippled. One after another, he made three suicide attempts, the last of which ended in a coma. But Bruce recovered and began the struggle for a return to normal human life. He cut his hair, started wearing men's clothes and changed his name to David.

In 1997, he had to endure a series of operations in order to regain the physical signs of sex. Soon he even married a woman and adopted her three children. But the happy ending never came: after a divorce from his wife in May 2004, David Reimer committed suicide. At that time he was 38 years old.

2. "Source of Despair" (1960)
Dr. Harry Harlow conducted cruel experiments on monkeys. He explored the issue of social isolation of the individual and methods of protection against it. Harlow took the baby monkey from its mother and placed it in a cage all alone. Moreover, he chose those kids who had the strongest connection with their mother.

The monkey sat in a cage for a whole year, and then it was released. Subsequently, it was found that most individuals exhibit various mental abnormalities. The scientist concluded: even a happy childhood is not a prevention of depression. However, such a simple conclusion could be reached without cruel experiments. By the way, the animal rights movement began precisely after the publicity of the results of this terrible study.

3. Milgram experiment (1974)
The experiment involved the experimenter, the subject, and an actor who played the role of another subject. Before the start of the experiment, the roles of "teacher" and "student" were distributed between the experimental subject and the actor. In fact, the subject was always given the role of "teacher", and the actor who was hired was always the "student".

Before the start of the experiment, the “teacher” was explained that the main goal
experience - to discover new methods of memorizing information, and in fact the experimenter investigated the behavior of a person who receives instructions from an authoritative source that are at odds with his own understanding of the norms of behavior.

The experiment went like this: the "student" was tied to a chair with a stun gun. "Student" and "teacher" received a common "demonstration" electric shock of 45 volts. Then the “teacher” went to another room and from there had to give the “student” simple memory tasks via voice communication. For each of his mistakes, the “student” received an electric shock of 45 volts. In fact, the actor was only pretending to get hit. Shortly after each mistake, the “teacher” had to increase the voltage by 15 volts.

As planned, at some point the actor began to demand to stop the experiment. At this time, the “teachers” were tormented by doubts, but the experimenter confidently said: “The experiment needs to be continued. Please continue." As the voltage increased, the actor showed more and more agony. Then he howled and broke into a scream.

The experiment continued up to a voltage of 450 volts. If the "teacher" began to have doubts, the experimenter assured him that he would take full responsibility for the results of the experiment and safety for the "student".

The results were shocking: 65% of the "teachers" gave a shock of 450 volts, knowing that the "student" was in terrible pain. Most of the subjects obeyed the experimenter's instructions and punished the "student" with electric shocks. Interestingly, out of 40 test subjects, none stopped at 300 volts, only five refused to obey after this level, and 26 "teachers" out of 40 reached the end of the scale.

Critics said that the test subjects were "hypnotized" by the authority of Yale University. In response, Dr. Milgram repeated the experiment by renting an ugly building in the town of Bridgeport, Connecticut, under the banner of the Bridgeport Research Association. The results did not change: 48% of the subjects agreed to reach the end of the scale. In 2002, the general results of all such experiments showed that 61-66% of "teachers" reach the end of the scale, and this does not depend on the time and place of the experiment.

The conclusion was terrible: a person really has a dark side of nature, which tends not only to mindlessly obey authority and carry out unthinkable instructions, but also finds an excuse for itself in the form of an order received. Many participants in the experiment, pressing the button, experienced dominance over the "student" and were sure that he was getting what he deserved.

4 Learned Helplessness (1966)
Psychologists Mark Seligman and Steve Meyer conducted a series of experiments on dogs in their practice. Animals were previously divided into three groups and then placed in cages. The control group was soon released without any harm, the second group of dogs were subjected to repeated shocks that could be stopped by pulling a lever from the inside, and the animals of the third group were the least fortunate: they were subjected to sudden shocks that could not be stopped.

As a result, the dogs developed "acquired helplessness" - a reaction to unpleasant stimuli. The animals became convinced that they were helpless in the face of the outside world, and soon the unfortunate animals began to show signs of clinical depression.
After a while, the dogs from the third group were released from the cages and placed in open enclosures, from which it was easy to escape.

The dogs were then electrocuted again, but none of them escaped. Animals simply passively reacted to pain, perceiving it as something inevitable. From previous experience, the dogs had firmly learned that escape was impossible for them, and therefore no further attempts were made to free themselves.

Based on the results of this experiment, scientists suggested that the human reaction to stress is similar to that of a dog: people also become helpless after several successive failures. But was such a predictable and banal conclusion worth the cruel suffering?
poor animals?

5. Baby Albert (1920)
Doctor of Psychology John Watson has been researching the nature of various phobias. The scientist decided to test the possibility of forming a fear reaction in front of a white rat in a 9-month-old orphan boy Albert, who had not been afraid of rats before and even liked to play with them.

For two months, Albert was shown a tame white rat, cotton wool, a Santa Claus mask with a beard, a white rabbit, and so on. Two months later, the boy was put on a rug and allowed to play with a rat. At first, the child did not feel any fear at all and calmly played. But then Watson, behind the child's back, began to beat with an iron hammer on a metal plate every time the boy touched the rat. It became noticeable that after repeated blows, Albert began to avoid contact with the rat. A week later, the experiment was repeated - this time the plate was hit five times when the rat was put into the cradle. Seeing the rat, the child began to cry.

A few days later, Watson decided to test whether the child would experience fear of similar objects. As a result, it turned out that the boy was afraid of the white rabbit, cotton wool, and the mask of Santa Claus, although the scientist no longer made any sounds when these items were shown. Watson made a conclusion about the transfer of fear reactions. The scientist suggested that most of the fears, dislikes and anxieties of adults are actually formed in early childhood. Alas, Watson did not manage to deprive Albert of an acquired phobia: it stuck with him for life.

6. Landis Experiments (1924)
Karin Landis of the University of Minnesota began studying human facial expressions in 1924. The purpose of his experiment was to discover the general patterns of work of facial muscle groups that are responsible for the expression of certain emotional states, namely, to find facial expressions that are typical of fear, confusion and other similar emotions.

He identified his students as experimental subjects. The scientist drew lines on the faces of his experimental subjects with cork soot to make their facial expressions more expressive. After that, Landis showed them something that could cause strong emotions: he made young people sniff ammonia, listen to jazz, watch pornographic films and put their hands in buckets of frogs. At the moment when emotions appeared on the faces of the students, the scientist photographed them.

The latest test that Landis prepared for his students simply outraged many psychologists. Landis ordered each test subject to cut off the head of a rat. At first, all participants in the experiment categorically refused to do this, many even cried and screamed, but in the end, most of them agreed. Many participants in the experiment did not even offend a fly in life and did not imagine how such an order should be carried out.

As a result, the animals were subjected to a lot of torment, and the experiment did not achieve its goal: scientists could not find any regularity in facial expressions, but psychologists received proof that people can easily obey authority and do even what they never did in ordinary life. would.

7. Study of the effect of drugs on the body (1969)
One of the experiments was designed to help scientists understand the speed and extent of human addiction to various drugs. The experiment began to be carried out on rats and monkeys, because it is these animals that are physiologically closest to humans.

The experiment proceeded in such a way that the unfortunate animals were taught to independently inject themselves with a dose of a certain drug: cocaine, morphine, codeine, amphetamine, etc. Once the animals were able to inject themselves on their own, the experimenters began their observation.

Under the strong influence of drugs, the animals were very maimed and did not feel pain. The monkeys who took cocaine began to suffer from convulsions and hallucinations: the poor animals pulled out their knuckles. Monkeys "using" amphetamines pulled out all their hair. Animals exposed to cocaine and morphine died within 2 weeks of starting the lethal drugs.

8 Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)
This experiment with the so-called "artificial prison" was not initially conceived as something unethical or harmful to the psyche of the participants, but the results of the study simply amazed the public.

Psychologist Philip Zimbardo set himself the goal of studying the behavior and social norms of people who find themselves in atypical prison conditions, where they are forced to play the role of a prisoner and / or guard.

For this experiment, a very realistic imitation of a prison was created in the basement of the psychology department, and student volunteers (there were 24 of them) were divided into “prisoners” and “guards”. It was assumed that the "prisoners" would be placed in situations in which they would experience personal disorientation and degradation, up to complete depersonalization, and the "guards" did not receive special instructions for their roles.

At first, the students had no idea how they should play their roles, but the second day of the experiment put everything in its place: the uprising of the "prisoners" was brutally suppressed by the "guards". That is, the behavior of both sides has changed dramatically. The “guards” developed a special system of privileges, designed to separate the “prisoners” and sow mistrust among them towards each other - in order to make them weaker, because alone they are not as strong as together.

As a result, the control system was so tightened that the "prisoners" were not left alone, even in the toilet. They began to appear emotional disorder, depression, helplessness. When the "prisoners" were asked what their names were, many of them gave their number. And the question of how they intend to get out of prison simply baffled them.

As it turned out, the “prisoners” got used to their roles so much that they began to feel like prisoners of a real prison, and the students who got the role of “guards” felt real sadistic emotions and intentions towards people who a few days ago were good for them friends. Both sides seemed to have completely forgotten that this was all just an experiment.

This experience was scheduled for two weeks, but it was terminated ahead of schedule - for ethical reasons.

9. Project Aversion (1970)
This is not an experiment, but real events that took place in the South African army from 1970 to 1989. There they carried out a secret program of cleaning the military ranks from military personnel of non-traditional sexual orientation. At that time, cruel means were used: both electroshock treatment and chemical castration.

The exact number of victims is still unknown, but army doctors said that during the "purges" about 1,000 people aged 16-24 were subjected to forbidden experiments on human nature.

On behalf of the command, army psychiatrists with might and main "eradicated" homosexuals: they sent them to shock therapy, forced them to take hormonal drugs, and even undergo a sex change operation.

10. "Terrible Experiment" (1939)
Wendell Johnson from the University of Iowa (USA) with his graduate student Mary Tudor in 1939 conducted a shocking experiment involving 22 orphans from Davenport.

Children were divided into two groups: control and experimental. One half of the subjects were told that their speech was impeccable, while the speech of other children was ridiculed in every possible way, they were inspired that they were stutterers.

As a result, many children of the second group, who had not previously had any problems with speech, developed stuttering, and it persisted for life. This experiment, which was later called monstrous, was hidden from the public for a very long time for fear of damaging Johnson's reputation. But later, similar experiments were still carried out on prisoners of concentration camps in Nazi Germany.

In 2001, the University of Iowa officially apologized to all those affected by the experiment. But did it make it much easier for them?!

A doctor cannot become a truly good doctor until he has killed one or two patients.
Indian saying

The human body is 78% water. A common truth, an aphorism that is known to everyone.
This fact was established in the mid-1940s. The honor of its discovery belongs to Lieutenant Colonel Eguchi of the Imperial Japanese Army. The experiment looked like this: a living person was tied to a chair in a closed room and pumped, pumped, pumped dry hot wind ... In 15 hours, the experimental person turned into a dried-up mummy. He usually died at the sixth or seventh hour, when most of the water had already evaporated from the body. 22% of the original body weight - the average for several dozen victims.
And now, at the very first biology lesson at school, the teacher says: a person is 80% water. "Seventy-eight!" I corrected it once. "Thank you," the teacher replied.

ATTENTION! THIS ARTICLE CONTAINS MATERIALS NOT INTENDED FOR READING BY CHILDREN, THE WEAK AND IMPRESSIVE PEOPLE. WE WARNED!

Voluntary experiments

Modern ethics and numerous human rights laws forbid experiments on living people, at least without their consent. For money, please. There is not a single pharmaceutical company that does not conduct experiments on humans, not one. And we are silent, because we know that if today a new drug is not tested on volunteers, then tomorrow it will not be released to the market, and someone will die, because ethics outweighed logic and common sense.

All pills, without exception, are tested on volunteers who receive money for participating in experiments. This is a legal and yet indispensable practice. My friend in 2007 rented out his body to a German pharmacological laboratory. They paid 300 euros per day and for two weeks they were fed with a new tranquilizer, sometimes in combination with other medicines, sometimes on an empty stomach, sometimes after a hearty meal. A week of oblivion, a week of discomfort, money in your pocket, medicine on the market. Everyone is happy.

But not every experiment will find a volunteer. For good money, many are ready to take some kind of medicine, to serve science. But how, for example, to find out the behavior of Koch's wand in the human body? Will you agree to be infected voluntarily or weakly?

Of course, the heroic scientists carried out the lion's share of this kind of experiments on themselves. Jacques Ponto injected himself with serum, and then he himself was exposed to the bite of a rattlesnake - the result of the experiments was the discovery of a working antidote. Or the last example: thirty years ago, no one really knew what gastritis, ulcers, and even more so stomach cancer. They were treated, operated on, drugs were created, but no one understood why gastritis occurs at all. In 1982, Australian professor Barry Marshall stated that gastritis is caused primarily by a culture of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in the body (although, of course, it is not the only cause). The scientific community ridiculed the scientist. Marshall experimented on pigs and other laboratory animals, but this did not lead to anything.

And then Marshall set up an experiment on himself, taking a dose of Helicobacter pylori culture and thus becoming infected. The results of the experiment were published - and became one of the most famous medical articles of the 1980s.

Today, in any clinic, they take a sample for Helicobacter pylori and, in the case of a positive analysis, direct the treatment to destroy them, since the fight against the cause allows you to eliminate the effect. In 2005, Marshall received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his research - not only because he is a brilliant scientist, but also because he is a brave, very brave person.

There were many of them - people who were ready to sacrifice themselves for the sake of others. The American Roger Smith studied the properties of curare poison on himself, the Frenchman Jacques Ponto tried serums against snake venom on himself, the German Emmerich Ullman proved the effectiveness of Pasteur's rabies vaccine on himself, the Frenchman Nikolaus Minovizzi investigated the symptoms of asphyxia on himself ... There are so many examples that it is impossible to list. And thanks to these people, medicine has moved and continues to move forward.

There are experiments that you can not put on yourself. They can only be placed on others. Is it possible?

Devil's Kitchen: Japanese Unit 731

There was once a man in Japan named Ishii Shiro. Ishii is a surname, but in Japanese it is written before the given name. He was born in 1892, graduated from the medical faculty of the Imperial University in Kyoto, and then postgraduate studies in serology, bacteriology, epidemiology and pathology. He chose the military path and by 1935 had risen to the rank of lieutenant colonel of the medical service. And in 1936, he was first appointed head of the Directorate for Water Supply and Prevention of the Kwantung Army. He left this post twice - and returned again.

Detachment 731: Security guard near the body disposal depot.

In the Directorate for Water Supply and Prevention of the Kwantung Army Units, there was only one department, the third, which was directly involved in issues of water supply and the manufacture of water filters in particular. The remaining three departments (No. 1, 2 and 4) had nothing to do with water supply. They were related to medicine and biological weapons.

In history, the Directorate is known as "Squad 731". After the publication of Morimura Seiichi's book "The Devil's Kitchen", this name became a household name. The detachment was based near the village of Pingfan (today - a suburb of Harbin, China), in the occupied territories, and over the years of its activity, more than 3,000 people died as a result of monstrous experiments. The main task of the detachment was the creation of bacteriological weapons (in fact, by 1944 Japan was ready to use it against the United States, but did not dare).

Unit 731: Quick disinfection of the subject with a special solution between experiments.

In parallel, purely scientific research was carried out, vaccines were created against rickettsia and typhoid viruses, Manchurian fever, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, tick-borne encephalitis, rabies, smallpox. Methods for treating frostbite and burns were studied, ceilings for pilots were determined in various conditions, and so on. Ethical question: was it worth it? How many people can be destroyed to save the rest from the plague?

Anda polygon. Test subjects tied to a pole awaiting the explosion of a plague flea bomb.

The test subjects were called "logs". Convicted criminals, spies, captured Russians - they all served as material. Of course, the Chinese suffered the most. Bombs stuffed with plague fleas and pathogens of gas gangrene were tested at a test site near Anta station. The test subjects were tied to poles at a certain distance from the planned drop site. Some - dressed, some - with naked parts of the body. And they measured the time during which a plague flea is able to cover the distance from the point of explosion to the immobilized victim ...

Another classic "devil's kitchen" experience was being cut open alive. They brought a person to the laboratory, injected him with anesthesia, opened it and divided it into organs, masterfully, so as not to damage anything. They did this for different purposes. For example, on an opened, but still living person, it was possible to study how the bacteria of a particular disease multiply inside. One was simply vaccinated with the plague, another was vaccinated with the plague and given the serum, the third was given a different kind of serum. And compared. So the effectiveness of vaccines was found out.

In the background is the legendary truck of Detachment 731, on which "logs" were delivered from the city to the location of the unit. Under the decorative awning is an all-metal body without windows.

The head of Detachment 731, Ishii Shiro, immediately after the surrender of Japan, surrendered to the American authorities. He bought his freedom and lack of jurisdiction by transferring to the United States all the results of the work of the detachment - both in biological weapons and in medicine. He died in 1959, secure and free.

Only a few doctors from the 731st were put on trial - those who were captured by the Soviet authorities. More than 2,500 employees lived their lives quietly in honor, became professors, doctors of science, received many grants and awards from the Japanese government. Surgeons trained in life-threatening experiments later became successful doctors. And the vaccines developed by the Japanese are still used today. Are we not ashamed?

The ruins of the crematorium at Pingfan.

Experiments in the camps of the Reich

The lion's share of what we know about emergency medicine comes from the monstrous experiments carried out during the war by Dr. Sigmund Rascher at Camp Dachau and Dr. Yoshimura Hisato of the Japanese Detachment 731. These experiments were carried out independently of each other and for different purposes. Rascher received a task from the leadership to find out the effect of hypothermia on the human body in order to use this knowledge to treat injured soldiers. Yoshimura conducted experiments in order to create a "refrigeration" bomb filled with liquid nitrogen. A lot has already been said about Unit 731; Let's turn to Rascher's experiments.

Unlike Japan, where all the experiments were carried out in one place, in a specially equipped laboratory complex, the German experiments were somewhat chaotic. If it was possible to create laboratory conditions for experiments at the camp, they were created. Poisons were tested at Buchenwald, mustard gas at Sachsenhausen, hypothermia at Dachau, and so on.

Sigmund Rascher was a very peculiar person. He more than once fell under the hot hand of his own leadership and was close to being expelled from the party and even shot. A well-known medical scam by Rascher was the assertion that a woman is able to give birth to a very old age (up to 80 years); huge funds were allocated for research in this area, subsequently appropriated by a cunning doctor. Actually, on this in 1944, his career ended in the same Dachau camp, where, ironically, Nazi experiments were carried out.

But since 1942, it was the disgraced Ruscher who experimented with frostbite. In the first series of experiments, the prisoners were immersed in ice-cold water - some up to the chest, others up to the neck, and others down the back of the head. Under different conditions, death occurred at different times. They tried to resuscitate some - in the final report, Ruscher described in detail the methods of rescuing people who survived severe general hypothermia.

In the second series of experiments, local frostbite and cold burns were investigated. People were doused with cold water and exposed to frost, brought limbs to frostbite of varying severity and tried to return them to normal. As already mentioned, exactly the same experiments were carried out in Japan. German and Japanese reports still serve as the basic material for the treatment of frostbite and resuscitation of people affected by hypothermia. Could such results have been achieved without human sacrifice? Unknown.

Nazi experiments on hypothermia. On the right - Sigmund Rascher, on the left - Doctor of Physiology Holzlöchner, "invited specialist".

The same Rascher initiated a series of experiments to find out the practical ceiling for pilots by concluding experimental subjects in sealed chambers and creating a vacuum there. The pressure chamber simulated the conditions existing at various altitudes - up to 20 kilometers. Detachment 731 carried out exactly the same experiments, only sometimes they brought them to the point of absurdity. The air was pumped out of the chamber to such an extent that the person inside was simply torn apart.

One of the problems of Nazi research was, oddly enough, Himmler - their immediate superior. Being not a very savvy person in this science, he regularly interfered in the work of doctors, covered promising research and financed meaningless ones, for example, warming frostbitten women's bodies (a lot of money was spent on these experiments).

It is worth noting that we deliberately do not focus on the infamous experiments of Dr. Josef Mengele. In the process of researching the materials, we were unable to find any sense of most of his terrible experiments carried out in Auschwitz and other death camps. Attempts to stitch twins together, transplanting organs from one twin to another, changing the color of the eyes by injecting chemicals have given medicine nothing. Everything suggests that Mengele was nothing more than a high-ranking madman.

Shameful biomedicine in the USA

The most controversial medical "event" in US history is not even the acceptance and justification of the Japanese medical criminals of Unit 731, but America's own experiments aimed at investigating the development of syphilis. Since 1932, the Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases of the US Public Health Service has conducted a study of syphilis in the black population of Tuskegee, Alabama. Why on black? Because the illiterate and uneducated Negroes did not know that there were ways to cure this pernicious disease.

Moreover, when penicillin began to be widely used to treat syphilis (from about 1947), doctors deliberately hid this fact from patients while continuing research. The attitude of doctors to the subjects was clearly expressed by Dr. John Heller. “They were subjects, not patients, clinical material, not patients,” he said in an interview given after the project was terminated.

1950s snapshot of a Tuskegee test subject injected with a placebo disguised as a real drug by a doctor.

The press put an end to the experiments in 1972. STD researcher Peter Bakstun published a devastating article about the Alabama experiment. The article appeared on the front pages of major American newspapers, including the New York Times, and under public pressure, the experiment was terminated, medical care was provided to the survivors, and all physician participants were deprived of the right to practice medicine. It should be noted that many data on the development of syphilis, on its transmission from mother to child, and on the possibility of infection were obtained precisely thanks to this unpleasant episode of American history.

CIA and mind manipulation

Declassified CIA document endorsing the use of LSD for testing

History has known many cases when mentally abnormal people who do not always understand what is happening became victims of experiments. Widely covered in the press are two similar American projects carried out under the auspices of the CIA - Bluebird (1951-1953, later renamed Artichoke) and MKULTRA (late 50s - early 60s). Actually, the goal of both projects was to gain control over the human mind. Patients of neurological clinics were involved as experimental subjects - some voluntarily, in the hope of being cured (they were informed that experiments were a new type of therapy), others unconsciously, without the permission of relatives and with the silent connivance of doctors.

The experiments were carried out for the most part under various psychotropic drugs, in particular, LSD and cocaine, as well as with the active use of electroshock therapy. Bluebird made it a priority to create an absolute truth serum; in the course of experiments, doctors learned to cause artificial amnesia in people for specified periods of time, as well as to “plant” false memories by hypnosis. For example, in the descriptions of the project there is a case of an artificial split personality in a 19-year-old girl.

Another document describes a situation where a female volunteer (CIA employee) was planted with a false identity; the patient forgot everything about her past life and zealously defended a new, invented one. After the reverse procedure, she did not remember anything about the second "I". In most cases, the Bluebird test subjects remained more or less healthy (or as sick as they were at the beginning of the experiments).

Much more serious was the second project of the Office - MKULTRA. Officially opened on April 3, 1953, renamed MKSEARCH in 1964, it was scandalously closed in 1972, with the lion's share of the documents being secretly destroyed to prevent an investigation into anti-social activities of the CIA. It did start three years later, but didn't really lead to anything.

The project was divided into 149 (!) subprojects, the budgets of many of them went off scale for several million dollars, which was unheard of at that time. For example, within the framework of one of the subprojects, more than 1,500 soldiers of the American army received a portion of LSD in their daily diet in order to test their combat capability and consciousness under the influence of the drug. MKULTRA explored all possible ways to influence the mind - chemical, biological, hypnotic and even radiological. The scandal arose when data were revealed on numerous experiments on children, including on the reproduction of still undeveloped consciousness under the influence of psychotropic substances and radiation.

It should be noted that the experience gained in the course of both projects is still used by special services and some medical organizations. In particular, a number of truth sera developed within the framework of Bluebird are in service with various countries of the world.

What's going on today

The main document regulating the relationship between doctors and participants in medical experiments is the Declaration of Helsinki, adopted in 1964 and since then has undergone many amendments and changes. The last edition was published in 2008. The declaration was based on the Nuremberg Code, adopted during the trial of Nazi criminals. The Code prescribed that “…before an affirmative decision is made, the subject of the experiment should be informed of its nature, duration and purpose; the method and means by which it will be carried out; about all possible inconveniences and risks; about the consequences for his health or personality. In addition, the code required "observance of the right of the subject to refuse to participate in the study at any stage of its conduct."

However, sometimes there are cases that in no way fall under the law, but still go unpunished. The story of the girl Stephanie Faye Beauclair, nicknamed "Baby Fay", received wide publicity. Faye was born in California in 1984 with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and needed an immediate organ transplant. A suitable donor for the newborn was not found, and the surgeon Leonard Bailey transplanted the child - for the first time in history! - heart of a baboon. The girl died 21 days later from a kidney infection - but her heart was working.

Is Bailey's behavior ethical? Is he legal? The discussions did not stop for ten years after the operation, but then came to naught. In principle, the great surgeon Christian Barnard, who performed the first successful heart transplant in history, was once subjected to exactly the same persecution.

In Russia, there is a serious loophole in the legislation for experiments on humans: the federal law “On Medicines” includes the notorious Article 40, which allows “testing drugs intended for the treatment of mental illness on mentally ill people who are incapacitated.” That is, in fact, the article allows experiments on people without their consent.

So, experiments with the participation of volunteers are still being carried out today - there is neither a legal nor a moral problem here. What to do with studies for which volunteers cannot be found? How to investigate what carries a real risk to life or guaranteed injury? No answer. Ethics versus science is an eternal conflict that humanity is unlikely to be able to resolve.

Experiments on corpses

The anatomical reference book of Vesalius was, among other things, superbly illustrated.

In the past, ethics sometimes forbade not only experiments on people, but also things that now seem normal - for example, experiments on corpses.

The great Andrei Vesalius, the founder of anatomy, violated all possible prohibitions of the church in the 16th century by buying out buried corpses from the cemetery guards and opening them in his anatomical theater. During the experiments, he found more than 300 (!) errors in the works of Galen, which taught medicine for more than ten centuries before Vesalius.

Galen only worked with animal corpses, because ethics did not allow him to work with human ones. And therefore he described the structure of many organs "in the image and likeness." And Vesalius considered the real human body and created a voluminous work “On the structure of the human body” (1543), which formed the basis of anatomy as a science.

The Inquisition did not forgive the great doctor - but that's a completely different story.

• Alexander Belyaev "Lord of the World"
• Kirill Benediktov "Blockade"
• Imre Kertész "Without Destiny"
• Seiichi Morimura "Devil's Kitchen"
• Tim Skorenko "The Laws of Applied Euthanasia"
• H. G. Wells "The Island of Dr. Moreau"

What to see?

• Clockwork Orange (A Clockwork Orange, US-UK, 1971)
• Experiments on people (Human Experiments, USA, 1980)
• Cube (Cube, Canada, 1997)
• Experiment (Das Experiment, Germany, 2000)
• Island (The Island, USA, 2005)
• The Human Centipede (The Human Centipede, Holland, 2009)
• Shutter Island (USA, 2010)

Human experimentation and research ethics have evolved over time. Sometimes experiments were performed on prisoners, slaves, and even family members. In some cases, doctors performed experiments on themselves, not wanting to risk the lives of others. This list contains the most cruel and unethical cases.

Stanford Prison Experiment

The Stanford Prison Experiment was a psychological study of human responses to incarceration and behavioral changes in prison workers and inmates. The experiment was carried out in 1971 by a team of researchers led by psychologist Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University. Student volunteers, playing the roles of guards and prisoners, lived in a makeshift prison, equipped in the basement of the building of the Faculty of Psychology.

Prisoners and guards quickly got used to their roles and, having exceeded all forecasts, began to provoke dangerous and psychologically traumatic situations. During the study, every third guard showed hidden sadistic tendencies, while many prisoners received emotional trauma, two of them dropped out of the experiment ahead of time. Ultimately, Zimbardo, alarmed by his subjects' increasingly aggressive anti-social behavior, completed the project ahead of schedule.

Terrible experiment

In 1939, Wendell Johnson at the University of Iowa conducted an experiment on stuttering on 22 orphans. Johnson selected one of his graduate students, Mary Tudor, to work and supervised her research. After dividing the children into control and experimental groups, Tudor began to conduct a special speech therapy: participants in one group were praised for their fluency, while other children were humiliated for every shortcoming and called stutterers. Many of the normal-speaking orphans who received negative "therapy" during the experiment suffered from negative psychological effects, they developed speech problems that persisted for life. Johnson’s colleagues called the experience “terrible,” shocked at what he went to confirm the theory. The fact that the study was carried out was long hidden for fear of tarnishing Johnson's reputation in connection with human experiments conducted by the Nazis during World War II. In 2001, the University of Iowa issued a public apology for the horrific events.

Project 4.1

Project 4.1 was an American medical study of Marshall Islanders who were exposed to radiation on March 1, 1954, during the Castle Bravo nuclear test at Bikini Atoll. During the first decade after the explosion, there were conflicting consequences: the number of miscarriages and the stillbirth rate among residents of the radioactively contaminated Rongelap Atoll doubled in the first five years after the disaster, but then returned to their previous levels; children showed developmental disorders and growth retardation, but without a clearly traceable trend. In the following decades, however, the presence of negative consequences became undeniable. Children began to develop thyroid cancer (due to exposure to radioactive iodine), and almost a third of them developed neoplasms by 1974.

As the U.S. Department of Energy report on human radiation experimentation put it: “It appears that the joint task force administering the testing realized almost immediately that radiation exposure studies could be done in conjunction with the treatment of exposed populations.” The specialists concluded that "the dual purpose of the medical program provided to the victims was to use them as 'guinea pigs' in a 'radiation experiment'."

Project "MK-Ultra"

Project MK-Ultra was the code name for a CIA mind control research program launched by the Scientific Intelligence Division in the early 1950s and lasting until at least the late 1960s. Much evidence has been released of the secret use of various types of drugs, as well as other methods of manipulating a person's mental states and changing brain functions.

The experiments involved supplying LSD to CIA personnel, the military, physicians, other government agents, mentally ill patients, and the general public in order to study their reactions. LSD and other drugs were usually administered without the knowledge and consent of the subject, which was a violation of the Nuremberg Code, which the US agreed to follow after World War II.

Attempts to "recruit" participants were often illegal, even though LSD was legal in the United States prior to October 6, 1966. For Operation Midnight Climax, the CIA organized several brothels to select men who would be too ashamed to talk about what had happened. The "guinea pigs" were given a dose of LSD and their "sessions" were filmed through one-way mirrors installed in the brothels for later viewing and study.

In 1973, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered the destruction of the MK-Ultra files. So most of the documents related to the project disappeared, practically putting an end to further investigation.

Project "Aversion"

The apartheid-era South African Army forced gay white soldiers to undergo "gender reassignment" operations in the 1970s and 1980s. Many gays and lesbians were subjected to chemical castration, electric shocks and other unethical medical experiments. Although the exact figures are unknown, former apartheid army surgeons believe that between 1971 and 1989, about 900 forced "change of orientation" operations may have been performed in military hospitals as part of a top-secret program to eradicate homosexuality.

Army psychiatrists, with the support of priests, found suspected homosexuals from the military and sent them to military psychiatric wards. Those who could not be "cured" with drugs, aversive shock therapy, hormonal treatments, and other radical methods were subjected to chemical castration or sex reassignment surgery.

Although several incidents of violence against lesbian soldiers have been documented, including one failed operation, in most cases the victims were young, 16-24-year-old white males drafted into the army.

Dr. Aubrey Levin, study leader, is now a clinical professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Calgary School of Medicine. He is also in private practice and has a good reputation as a member of the Alberta College of Physicians and Surgeons.

North Korean experiment

Numerous reports have been written about the North Korean human experiment, revealing human rights abuses similar to the Nazi and Japanese experiments during World War II. These allegations are denied by the North Korean government, which claims that all prisoners in the country are treated humanely.

One former North Korean prisoner recounted a case in which 50 healthy female prisoners were selected and given poisoned cabbage leaves, which the women had to eat while listening to the desperate cries of previous "test subjects." All 50 were dead after 20 minutes of suffering from hematemesis and anal bleeding. Refusal to eat poison meant reprisals against them and their families.

Kwon Hyuk, the former head of prison security at Camp 22, described laboratories specially equipped for experiments with poisonous gases, asphyxiating gases, and experiments with blood, in which 3 or 4 people (usually a family) acted as test subjects. After the medical examinations, the chambers were sealed and filled with poison through a special tube, while the "scientists" watched what was happening from above through the glass. Kwon Hyuk stated that he saw one family of two parents, a son and daughter, die from asphyxiation gas, and adults tried to save the children by doing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation for as long as they had the strength.

USSR Toxicological Laboratory

The Toxicological Laboratory of the USSR secret services, also known as Laboratory No. 1, Laboratory No. 12, and "Chamber", was a secret institution for the research and development of poisons. A number of deadly substances were tested on Gulag prisoners (“enemies of the people”), including mustard gas, ricin, digitoxin, and many others. The aim of the experiments was to find an odorless and tasteless chemical that could not be detected after death. Poison samples were given to victims with food or drink under the guise of medicine.

Finally, a drug with the desired properties was developed - C-2. According to the testimony of witnesses, the victim changed physically, shortened in height, quickly weakened, became calm and quiet, and died after 15 minutes. Mairanovsky brought people of various ages and levels of physical condition to the laboratory to get a more complete picture of the effect of each poison.

In addition to experimentation, Mairanovsky personally executed people with poisons under the direction of Pavel Sudoplatov.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

The Study of Untreated Syphilis in African Americans was a clinical study that ran from 1932 to 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama, in which 399 (plus 201 initially healthy controls) poor and mostly illiterate sharecroppers were denied treatment for syphilis.

The experiment was tragically notorious for being conducted without proper care for the subjects, and led to major changes in patient safety in clinical trials. The patients involved in the Tuskegee study did not give informed consent and were not informed of their diagnoses. Instead, they were told they had "bad blood" and were offered free treatment, clinic trips, food, and life insurance in exchange for participating in the program. In 1932, when the study began, the standard treatments for syphilis were toxic, dangerous, and ineffective. Part of the original goal of the experiment was to determine if patients would get better without the use of these dangerous drugs. Many participants were intentionally denied treatment. Patients were shammed and treated with a placebo to follow the fatal progression of the disease.

By the end of the study, only 74 subjects were still alive. 28 men died directly from syphilis, 100 from various complications, 40 patients' wives were infected and 19 children were born with syphilis.

Unit 731 was a secret division of the Imperial Japanese Army engaged in the research and development of biological and chemical weapons and lethal experiments on humans during the Second Sino-Japanese (1937-1945) and World War II. The detachment had a hand in some of the most notorious war crimes committed by the Japanese military.

Some of the many atrocities committed by Commander Shiro Ishii and other members of Unit 731: vivsection of living people (including pregnant women impregnated by doctors), amputation of prisoners' limbs and attaching them to other body parts, frostbite and thawing of body parts of test subjects for examination of subsequent untreated gangrene. People were also used as live targets for testing grenades and flamethrowers. The prisoners were injected with strains of viruses under the guise of vaccinations to study their effects on the body. To study the consequences of untreated sexually transmitted diseases, men and women were deliberately infected with syphilis and gonorrhea through rape. And this is not the whole list of terrible experiments of the detachment.

At the end of the war, the American occupation authorities granted Ishii immunity, he never spent a minute in prison for his crimes, and died at the age of 67 from throat cancer.

Nazi experiments

Medical experiments on humans during the Nazi regime in Germany, carried out in concentration camps during World War II, affected a huge number of people. In Auschwitz, under the direction of Dr. Eduard Vers, selected prisoners were subjected to various experiments, which were supposed to help German soldiers in a combat situation, help in the treatment of the wounded and promote the racial ideology supported by the Third Reich.

Experiments were carried out on twin children in the camps to show the similarities and differences in their genetics and eugenetics, and to see if the human body could withstand unnatural manipulation. The chief director of the experiments was Dr. Joseph Mengel, who conducted studies on more than 1,500 pairs of arrested twins, of which less than 200 survived. The captives were separated by age and sex and kept in barracks. The experiments ranged from injecting various chemicals into the eyes to see if they would change color, to literally stitching subjects together in hopes of creating Siamese twins.

In 1942, the Luftwaffe conducted experiments to find a cure for hypothermia. In one study, subjects were forced to lie in a tank of ice water for several (up to 3) hours. For another experiment, the prisoners were stripped naked and kept at temperatures below freezing for several hours. The experimenters evaluated different ways of keeping the survivors warm.

From about July 1942 to September 1943, studies were conducted in Ravensbrück on the effectiveness of sulfonamide, a synthetic antimicrobial agent. The wounds inflicted on the subjects were infected with streptococci, the causative agents of gas gangrene and tetanus. Blood circulation was stopped by tying off the blood vessels on both sides of the wound to create conditions similar to being wounded on a battlefield. Infection was intensified by sprinkling the wounds with wood shavings and crushed glass. The infection was treated with sulfonamide and other drugs to see if they were effective.

Fascist Germany, besides starting the Second World War, is also notorious for its concentration camps, as well as for the horrors that took place there. The horror of the Nazi camp system consisted not only in terror and arbitrariness, but also in those colossal experiments on people that were carried out there. Scientific research was organized on a grand scale, and their goals were so diverse that it would take a long time to even name them.

In German concentration camps on living "human material", scientific hypotheses were tested and various biomedical technologies were tested. Wartime dictated its priorities, so doctors were primarily interested in the practical application of scientific theories. So, for example, the possibility of maintaining the working capacity of people under conditions of excessive stress, blood transfusion with different Rh factors, and new drugs were tested.

Among these monstrous experiments are pressure tests, hypothermia experiments, the development of a typhoid vaccine, experiments with malaria, gas, sea water, poisons, sulfanilamide, sterilization experiments, and many others.

In 1941 experiments with hypothermia were carried out. They were led by Dr. Rascher under the direct supervision of Himmler. The experiments were carried out in two stages. At the first stage, they found out what temperature and how long a person can withstand, and the second stage was to determine how to restore the human body after frostbite. To carry out such experiments, prisoners were taken out in the winter without clothes for the whole night or placed in ice water. Hypothermia experiments were carried out exclusively on men to simulate the conditions in which the German soldiers were on the Eastern Front, since the Nazis were ill-prepared for the winter time period. So, for example, in one of the first experiments, prisoners were lowered into a container of water, the temperature of which ranged from 2 to 12 degrees, in pilots' suits. At the same time, they were wearing life jackets that kept them afloat. As a result of the experiment, Rascher found that attempts to revive a person who fell into ice water are practically zero if the cerebellum was supercooled. This was the reason for the development of a special vest with a headrest, which covered the back of the head and did not allow the back of the head to sink into the water.

The same Dr. Ruscher in 1942 began to experiment on prisoners using pressure changes. Thus, doctors tried to establish how much air pressure a person can withstand, and for how long. For the experiment, a special pressure chamber was used, in which the pressure was regulated. At the same time there were 25 people in it. The purpose of these experiments was to help pilots and skydivers at high altitude. According to one of the doctor's reports, the experiment was carried out on a 37-year-old Jew who was in good physical shape. Half an hour after the start of the experiment, he died.

200 prisoners took part in the experiment, 80 of them died, the rest were simply killed.

The fascists also conducted large-scale preparations for the use of bacteriological. The emphasis was mainly on short-lived diseases, plague, anthrax, typhus, that is, diseases that could cause mass infection and death of the enemy in a short time.

The Third Reich had large stocks of typhus bacteria. In the case of their mass use, it was necessary to develop a vaccine for the disinfection of the Germans. On behalf of the government, Dr. Paul took up the development of a typhoid vaccine. The first to experience the effect of vaccines were the prisoners of Buchenwald. In 1942, 26 gypsies were infected with typhus there, who had previously been vaccinated. As a result, 6 people died from the progression of the disease. This result did not satisfy the management, since the mortality rate was high. Therefore, research was continued in 1943. And the next year, the improved vaccine was again tested on humans. But this time, the victims of vaccination were the prisoners of the Natzweiler camp. Conducted experiments Dr. Chretien. 80 gypsies were selected for the experiment. They were infected with typhus in two ways: with the help of injections and by airborne droplets. Of the total number of test subjects, only 6 people became infected, but even such a small number did not receive any medical assistance. In 1944, all 80 people who were involved in the experiment either died of illness or were shot by concentration camp overseers.

In addition, in the same Buchenwald, other cruel experiments were carried out on prisoners. So, in 1943-1944, experiments with incendiary mixtures were carried out there. Their purpose was to solve the problems associated with bomb explosions, when soldiers received phosphorus burns. Basically, Russian prisoners were used for these experiments.

Here, experiments were carried out with the genitals, in order to identify the causes of homosexuality. They involved not only homosexuals, but also men of traditional orientation. One of the experiments was a genital transplant.

Also in Buchenwald, experiments were carried out on infecting prisoners with yellow fever, diphtheria, smallpox, and poisonous substances were also used. So, for example, to study the effect of poisons on the human body, they were added to the food of prisoners. As a result, some of the victims died, and some were immediately shot for an autopsy. In 1944, all participants in this experiment were shot using poison bullets.

A series of experiments were also carried out in the Dachau concentration camp. So, back in 1942, some of the prisoners aged 20 to 45 were infected with malaria. A total of 1200 people were infected. Permission to conduct the experiment was obtained by the head Dr. Pletner directly from Himmler. The victims were bitten by malarial mosquitoes, and, in addition, they were also injected with sporozoans, which were taken from mosquitoes. For treatment, quinine, antipyrine, pyramidon, as well as a special drug, which was called "2516-Bering", were used. As a result, about 40 people died from malaria, about 400 died from complications after the disease, and another part died from excessive doses of medicines.

Here, in Dachau, in 1944, experiments were carried out to turn sea water into drinking water. For the experiments, 90 gypsies were used, who were completely deprived of food and forced to drink only sea water.

No less terrible experiments were carried out in the Auschwitz concentration camp. So, in particular, throughout the entire period of the war, sterilization experiments were carried out there, the purpose of which was to identify a quick and effective way to sterilize a large number of people without large time and physical costs. During the experiment, thousands of people were sterilized. The procedure was carried out with the help of surgery, x-rays and various drugs. Initially, injections with iodine or silver nitrate were used, but this method had a large number of side effects. Therefore, irradiation was more preferable. Scientists have found that a certain amount of X-rays can deprive the human body of producing eggs and sperm. During the experiments, a large number of prisoners received radiation burns.

The experiments with twins conducted by Dr. Mengele in the Auschwitz concentration camp were especially cruel. Before the war, he dealt with genetics, so the twins were especially "interesting" to him.

Mengele personally sorted the "human material": the most interesting, in his opinion, were sent for experiments, the less hardy - for labor work, and the rest - to the gas chamber.

The experiment involved 1,500 pairs of twins, of which only 200 survived. Mengele conducted experiments on changing the color of the eyes, injecting chemicals, resulting in complete or temporary blindness. In addition, he attempted to "create Siamese twins" by stitching the twins together. In addition, he experimented with infecting one of the twins with an infection, after which he performed autopsies on both to compare the affected organs.

When Soviet troops approached Auschwitz, the doctor managed to escape to Latin America.

Not without experiments and in another German concentration camp - Ravensbrück. In the experiments, women were used who were injected with tetanus, staphylococcus, gas gangrene bacteria. The purpose of the experiments was to determine the effectiveness of sulfanilamide preparations.

Prisoners were made incisions, where fragments of glass or metal were placed, and then bacteria were planted. Subjects were carefully monitored after infection, recording changes in temperature and other signs of infection. In addition, experiments on transplantology and traumatology were carried out here. Women were deliberately mutilated, and to make it easier to follow the healing process, they cut out parts of the body down to the bone. Moreover, their limbs were often amputated, which were then taken to a neighboring camp and sewn on to other prisoners.

Not only did the Nazis mock the prisoners of the concentration camps, they also carried out experiments on the "true Aryans". So, recently a large burial was discovered, which at first was mistaken for the Scythian remains. However, later it was possible to establish that there were German soldiers in the grave. The find horrified archaeologists: some of the bodies were decapitated, others had sawn tibia bones, and still others had holes along the spine. It was also found that during life, people were exposed to chemicals, and cuts were clearly visible in many skulls. As it turned out later, these were the victims of the experiments of the Ahnenerbe, a secret organization of the Third Reich, which was engaged in the creation of a superman.

Since it was immediately obvious that carrying out such experiments would be associated with a large number of victims, Himmler took responsibility for all deaths. He did not consider all these horrors to be murder, because, according to him, the prisoners of concentration camps are not people.