While serving a term in hard labor, Dostoevsky conceived the novel The Drunk Ones. The difficult life, the corresponding environment, the stories of prisoners - all this prompted the writer to the idea of describing the life of an impoverished ordinary Petersburger and his relatives. Later, already in the wild, he began to write another novel, where he entered the previously conceived characters. The images and characteristics of the members of the Marmeladov family in the novel "Crime and Punishment" occupy a special place among other characters.
This family is a symbolic image that characterizes the life of ordinary ordinary people, a collective one - people living almost on the verge of a final fall in morality, however, despite all the blows of fate, who managed to preserve the purity and nobility of their souls.
Marmalade family
The Marmeladovs occupy almost a central place in the novel, they are very closely connected with the main character. Almost all of them played a very important role in the fate of Raskolnikov.At the time Rodion met this family, it consisted of:
- Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich - the head of the family;
- Katerina Ivanovna - his wife;
- Sofya Semyonovna - Marmeladov's daughter (from his first marriage);
- children of Katerina Ivanovna (from her first marriage): Polenka (10 years old); Kolya (seven years old); Lidochka (six years old, still called Lenechka).
Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich
Head of the family, with which Dostoevsky introduces the reader at the time of Marmeladov's meeting with Raskolnikov. Then, gradually, the writer reveals the life path of this character.Marmeladov once served as a titular adviser, but he drank himself, was left without a job and practically without a livelihood. He has a daughter from his first marriage - Sonya. At the time of the meeting between Semyon Zakharovich and Raskolnikov, Marmeladov had been married to a young woman Katerina Ivanovna for four years. She herself had three children from her first marriage.
The reader will learn that Semyon Zakharovich married her not so much out of love, but out of pity and compassion. And they all live in St. Petersburg, where they moved a year and a half ago. At first, Semyon Zakharovich finds a job here, and quite a decent one. However, due to his addiction to drinking, the official very soon loses her. So, through the fault of the head of the family, the whole family is begging, left without a livelihood.
Dostoevsky does not tell - what happened in the fate of this man, what once broke in his soul so that he began to drink, in the end - he drank himself, which condemned the children to begging, brought Katerina Ivanovna to consumption, and his own daughter became a prostitute, so that at least somehow earn and feed three young children, a father and a sick stepmother.
Listening to the drunken outpourings of Marmeladov, involuntarily, however, the reader is imbued with sympathy for this man who has fallen to the very bottom. Despite the fact that he robbed his wife, begged for money from his daughter, knowing how she earns it and why, he is tormented by pangs of conscience, he is disgusted with himself, his soul hurts.
In general, many heroes of "Crime and Punishment", even very unpleasant at the beginning, eventually come to the realization of their sins, to an understanding of the full depth of their fall, some even repent. Morality, faith, inner mental suffering are characteristic of Raskolnikov, Marmeladov, and even Svidrigailov. Who can not stand the pangs of conscience and commits suicide.
Here is Marmeladov: he is weak-willed, cannot cope with himself and stop drinking, but he sensitively and accurately feels the pain and suffering of other people, injustice towards them, he is sincere in his good feelings towards his neighbors and honest to himself and others. Semyon Zakharovich did not harden in his fall - he loves his wife, daughter, children of his second wife.
Yes, he did not achieve much in the service, he married Katerina Ivanovna out of compassion and pity for her and her three children. He remained silent when his wife was beaten, was silent and endured when his own daughter went to the bar to feed his children, stepmother and father. And Marmeladov's reaction was weak-willed:
"And I ... lay drunk, sir."
He can’t even do anything, he just can’t drink alone - he needs support, he needs to confess to someone who will listen to him and console him, who will understand him.
Marmeladov prays for forgiveness - the interlocutor, the daughter whom the saint considers, his wife, her children. In fact, his prayer is addressed to a higher authority - to God. Only the former official asks for forgiveness through his listeners, through his relatives - this is such a frank cry from the depths of the soul that it evokes in the listeners not so much even pity as understanding and sympathy. Semyon Zakharovich is executing himself for his weak will, for his fall, for his inability to stop drinking and start working, for having come to terms with his current fall and not looking for a way out.
Sad result: Marmeladov, being very drunk, dies after falling under a horse. And perhaps this is the only way out for him.
Marmeladov and Raskolnikov
The hero of the novel meets Semyon Zakharovich in a tavern. Marmeladov attracted the attention of a poor student with a contradictory appearance and an even more contradictory look;“It was as if even enthusiasm shone, - perhaps, there was both sense and intelligence, - but at the same time, madness seemed to flicker.”
Raskolnikov drew attention to the drunken little man, and eventually listened to the confession of Marmeladov, who spoke about himself and his family. Listening to Semyon Zakharovich, Rodion once again understands that his theory is correct. The student himself during this meeting is in some strange state: he decided to kill the old money-lender, driven by the "Napoleonic" theory of superhumans.
At first, the student sees an ordinary drunkard frequenter of taverns. However, listening to Marmeladov's confession, Rodion is curious about his fate, then imbued with sympathy, not only for the interlocutor, but also for his family members. And this is in that feverish state when the student himself is focused only on one thing: "to be or not to be."
Later, fate brings the hero of the novel to Katerina Ivanovna, Sonya. Raskolnikov helps the unfortunate widow with a commemoration. Sonya, with her love, helps Rodion to repent, to understand that not everything is lost, that one can still know both love and happiness.
Katerina Ivanovna
Middle-aged woman, about 30. She has three young children from her first marriage. However, enough suffering and grief, trials have already fallen to her lot. But Katerina Ivanovna did not lose her pride. She is smart and educated. As a young girl, she was carried away by an infantry officer, fell in love with him, ran away from home to get married. However, the husband turned out to be a player, eventually lost, he was judged and soon died.So Katerina Ivanovna was left alone with three children in her arms. Her relatives refused to help her, she had no income. The widow and children were in complete poverty.
However, the woman did not break down, did not give up, she was able to maintain her inner core, her principles. Dostoevsky characterizes Katerina Ivanovna in the words of Sonya:
she “… seeks justice, she is pure, she believes so much that there should be justice in everything, and demands… And even torture her, but she does not do anything unfair. She herself does not notice how all this is impossible to be fair in people, and gets irritated ... Like a child, like a child!
In an extremely distressed situation, the widow meets Marmeladov, marries him, tirelessly busies around the house, caring for everyone. Such a hard life undermines her health - she falls ill with consumption and on the day of Semyon Zakharovich's funeral she herself dies of tuberculosis.
Orphaned children are sent to an orphanage.
Children of Katerina Ivanovna
The writer's skill was manifested in the highest way in the description of the children of Katerina Ivanovna - so touchingly, in detail, realistically, he describes these eternally hungry children, doomed to live in poverty.\"... The smallest girl, about six years old, was sleeping on the floor, somehow sitting, crouching and burying her head in the sofa. The boy, a year older than her, was trembling all over in the corner and crying. He had probably just been nailed. The eldest a little girl, about nine years old, tall and thin as a match, in one thin shirt, torn everywhere, and in a shabby dradedam's burnous coat draped over her bare shoulders, probably sewn for her two years ago, because now it did not even reach her knees, stood in the corner near little brother, clasping his neck with her long hand, dried up like a match, she... followed her mother with her big, big dark eyes, which seemed even larger on her emaciated and frightened face...\"
It touches to the core. Who knows - it's possible that they end up in an orphanage, a better way out than to stay on the street and beg.
Sonya Marmeladova
The native daughter of Semyon Zakharovich, 18 years old. When her father married Katerina Ivanovna, she was only fourteen. Sonya has a significant role in the novel - the girl had a huge influence on the main character, became Raskolnikov's salvation and love.Characteristic
Sonya did not receive a decent education, but she is smart and honest. Her sincerity and responsiveness became an example for Rodion and awakened in him conscience, repentance, and then love and faith. The girl suffered a lot in her short life, she suffered from her stepmother, but she did not harbor evil, she was not offended. Despite the lack of education, Sonya is not stupid at all, she reads, she is smart. In all the trials that fell to her lot during such a short life so far, she managed not to lose herself, retained the inner purity of her soul, her own dignity.The girl was capable of complete self-sacrifice for the good of others; she is endowed with the gift to feel someone else's suffering as her own. And then she thinks least of all about herself, but only about how and with what she can help someone who is very ill, who suffers and needs even more than herself.
Sonya and her family
Fate seemed to test the girl for strength: at first she began to work as a seamstress to help her father, stepmother and her children. Although at that time it was accepted that the family should be supported by a man, the head of the family, however, Marmeladov turned out to be absolutely incapable of this. The stepmother was sick, her children were very small. The seamstress's income was insufficient.And the girl, driven by pity, compassion and a desire to help, goes to the panel, receives a “yellow ticket”, becomes a “harlot”. She suffers greatly from the realization of her external such a fall. But Sonya never reproached her drunken father or her sick stepmother, who knew very well who the girl was now working for, but they themselves were unable to help her. Sonya gives her earnings to her father and stepmother, knowing full well that the father will drink this money away, but the stepmother will be able to somehow feed her little children.
meant a lot to a girl
"the thought of sin and they, those ... poor orphans and this pathetic half-crazy Katerina Ivanovna with her consumption, with her head banging against the wall."
This kept Sonya from wanting to commit suicide because of such a shameful and dishonorable occupation, which she was forced to engage in. The girl managed to preserve her inner moral purity, to preserve her soul. But not every person is able to save himself, to remain a man, going through all the trials in life.
Sonya love
It is not by chance that the writer pays such close attention to Sonya Marmeladova - in the fate of the protagonist, the girl became his salvation, and not so much physical as moral, moral, spiritual. Having become a fallen woman, in order to be able to save at least the children of her stepmother, Sonya saved Raskolnikov from a spiritual fall, which is even worse than a physical fall.Sonechka, sincerely and blindly believing in God with all her heart, without reasoning or philosophizing, turned out to be the only one capable of awakening in Rodion humanity, if not faith, but conscience, repentance for what he had done. She simply saves the soul of a poor student who has lost his way in philosophical reasoning about the superman.
The novel clearly shows the opposition of Sonya's humility to Raskolnikov's rebelliousness. And it was not Porfiry Petrovich, but it was this poor girl who was able to direct the student on the true path, helped to realize the fallacy of his theory and the gravity of the crime committed. She suggested a way out - repentance. It was her who obeyed Raskolnikov, confessing to the murder.
After the trial of Rodion, the girl followed him to hard labor, where she began working as a milliner. For her kind heart, for her ability to sympathize with other people, everyone loved her, especially the prisoners.
The spiritual revival of Raskolnikov became possible only thanks to the selfless love of the poor girl. Patiently, with hope and faith, Sonechka takes care of Rodion, who is sick not so much physically, but spiritually and mentally. And she manages to awaken in him the awareness of good and evil, to awaken humanity. Raskolnikov, if he had not yet accepted Sonya's faith with his mind, accepted her beliefs with his heart, believed her, in the end he fell in love with the girl.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the writer in the novel reflected not so much the social problems of society as more psychological, moral, spiritual. The whole horror of the tragedy of the Marmeladov family is in the typicality of their destinies. Sonya became a bright ray here, who managed to preserve a person in herself, dignity, honesty and decency, purity of soul, despite all the trials that fell to her. And today, all the problems shown in the novel have not lost their relevance.
The novel by F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” is one of the deepest and most complex works of Russian literature, in which the author told about the story of the death of the main character’s soul after he committed a crime, about the alienation of Rodion Raskolnikov from the whole world, from the people closest to him - mother, sister, friend. Dostoevsky argued that it is possible to return to this world, to become a full-fledged member of society again, only by opposing misanthropic ideas, having cleansed ourselves by suffering. Thoughtfully reading the novel, you involuntarily realize how deeply the author penetrated into the souls and hearts of his heroes, how wonderfully he comprehended the human character, with what genius he told about the moral upheavals of the protagonist.
The central figure of the novel is, of course, Rodion Raskolnikov. But there are many other characters in Crime and Punishment. These are Razumikhin, Avdotya Romanovna and Pulcheria Alexandrovna, the Raskolnikovs, Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov, the Marmeladovs.
The Marmeladov family plays a special role in the novel. After all, it was Sonechka Marmeladova. Raskolnikov owes his spiritual rebirth to her faith and selfless love. Her great love, suffering, but a pure soul, capable of seeing a person even in a murderer, empathizing with him, suffering with him, saved Raskolnikov.
Yes, Sonya is a “harlot,” as Dostoevsky writes about her, but she was forced to sell herself in order to save her stepmother’s children from starvation. Even in her terrible situation, Sonya managed to remain a person, drunkenness and debauchery did not affect her soul. But in front of her was a vivid example of a father who had fallen, completely crushed by poverty and his own impotence to change something in life. Sonya's patience and vitality are largely derived from her faith. She believes in God, in justice with all her heart, without going into complex philosophical reasoning, she believes blindly, recklessly. And what else can an eighteen-year-old girl believe in, whose entire education is “a few books of romantic content”, seeing around her only drunken quarrels, squabbles, illnesses, debauchery and human grief?
Dostoevsky contrasts Sonya's humility with Raskolnikov's rebellion. Subsequently, Rodion Raskolnikov, not accepting Sonya's religiosity with his mind, decides with his heart to live by her convictions. But if the image of Sonya appears to us throughout the entire novel, then we see her father, Semyon Zakharych and stepmother Katerina Ivanovna with her three small children, only in a few episodes. But these few episodes are unusually significant.
The first meeting of Semyon Zakharych Marmeladov and Rodion Raskolnikov takes place at the very beginning of the novel, when Raskolnikov decided to kill, but did not fully believe in his "Napoleonic" theory. Rodion is in some kind of feverish state: the world around him exists, but as if in unreality: he sees and hears almost nothing. His mind drills with only one question: “To be or not to be?” For Raskolnikov, Marmeladov is just a drunken frequenter of the tavern. At first inattentively listening to Marmeladov's monologue, Raskolnikov soon imbued the narrator with curiosity, and then sympathy. This dirty, dehumanized retired official who robs his own wife
And asking a prostitute daughter for money for a hangover touches Raskolnikov in some way, he remembers it. In Semyon Zakharych, something human nevertheless peeps through his repulsive appearance. It is felt that his conscience is tormenting him, that his present position is painful and disgusting. He does not blame his wife for the fact that she, perhaps, does not want toga herself (“this was not said in common sense, but with agitated feelings, in illness and with the crying of children who did not eat, and it was said more for the sake of insult than in exact sense. “), pushed Sonya into the street. Marmeladov generally considers his daughter a saint. Semyon Zakharych repents of his “weakness”, it is hard for him to see hungry children and consumptive Katerina Ivanovna, in his temper he shouts: “I am a born cattle!?” Marmeladov is a weak, weak-willed person, but he is able to acutely feel someone else's pain and injustice. His soul did not harden, did not become, in spite of everything, deaf to the suffering of people. Marmeladov loves his wife and her little children. Particularly touching are the words of Katerina Ivanovna at Marmeladov's funeral that after his death, a mint cockerel was found in her husband's pocket.
Marmeladov, perhaps, is ridiculous and pitiful with his plea for forgiveness, but he is sincere, and this unfortunate person does not need much: just to be listened to without ridicule and at least tried to understand. Sonya was able to understand Raskolnikov the murderer, which means that Marmeladov deserves, if not justification, then at least compassion.
A completely different person is Katerina Ivanovna. She is of noble origin, from a ruined noble family, so she has many times harder than her stepdaughter and husband. The point is not even in everyday difficulties, but in the fact that Katerina Ivanovna does not have an outlet in life, like Sonya and Semyon Zakharych. Sonya finds solace in prayers, in the Bible, and her father, at least for a while, is forgotten in a tavern. Katerina Ivanovna, on the other hand, is a passionate, impudent, rebellious and impatient nature. It seems to her that the environment is a real hell, and the human meanness that she encounters at every turn hurts her painfully. Katerina Ivanovna does not know how to endure and be silent, like Sonya. A strongly developed sense of justice in her encourages her to take decisive action, which leads to a misunderstanding of her behavior by others.
The author of “Crime and Punishment” tells about the plight of the Marmeladov family, the death of Katerina Ivanovna and Semyon Zakharych in order for the reader to feel that stuffy, cramped, unbearable atmosphere of St. Petersburg, in which the social lower classes of society were forced to live. But the protagonist of the novel belonged to them, and the theory of the “superman” was born precisely in such an environment.
The Marmeladov family is one of thousands of poor families like it. The history of this family is, as it were, the prehistory of Raskolnikov's crime. However, the role of the Marmeladov family is not limited to creating the background against which the tragedy of the crime of Rodion Raskolnikov developed.
The term "Petersburg of Dostoevsky" is widely known. In "Crime and Punishment" "Dostoevsky's Petersburg" - these are entertainment establishments, taverns, drunken suicide women, meanness, anger and cruelty of the vast majority of people, petty quarrels, terrifying external living conditions.
F. M. Dostoevsky, by contrasting the characters of the Marmeladov family members and Luzhin, Raskolnikov and Razumikhin, Svidrigailov and Dunechka Raskolnikova, emphasizes the contrasts of contemporary reality with its social inequality, the oppression of some and the wealth of others. And, perhaps, the most important thing is that in the depiction of the Marmeladov family, the reader clearly sees Dostoevsky the humanist with his love for “little people” and the desire to understand the soul of even the most terrible criminal.
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The novel by F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” is one of the deepest and most complex works of Russian literature, in which the author told about the story of the death of the main character’s soul after he committed a crime, about the alienation of Rodion Raskolnikov from the whole world, from the people closest to him - mother, sister, friend. Dostoevsky argued that it is possible to return to this world, to become a full-fledged member of society again, only by opposing misanthropic ideas, having cleansed ourselves by suffering. Thoughtfully reading the novel, you involuntarily realize how deeply the author penetrated into the souls and hearts of his heroes, how wonderfully he comprehended the human character, with what genius he told about the moral upheavals of the protagonist.
The central figure of the novel is, of course, Rodion Raskolnikov. But there are many other characters in Crime and Punishment. These are Razumikhin, Avdotya Romanovna and Pulcheria Alexandrovna, the Raskolnikovs, Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov, the Marmeladovs.
The Marmeladov family plays a special role in the novel. After all, it is precisely Sonechka Marmeladova, her faith and disinterested love, that Raskolnikov owes his spiritual rebirth. Her great love, suffering, but a pure soul, capable of seeing a person even in a murderer, empathizing with him, suffering with him, saved Raskolnikov.
Yes, Sonya is a “harlot,” as Dostoevsky writes about her, but she was forced to sell herself in order to save her stepmother’s children from starvation. Even in her terrible situation, Sonya managed to remain a person, drunkenness and debauchery did not affect her soul. But in front of her was a vivid example of a father who had fallen, completely crushed by poverty and his own impotence to change something in life. Sonya's patience and vitality are largely derived from her faith. She believes in God, in justice with all her heart, without going into complex philosophical reasoning, she believes blindly, recklessly. And what else can an eighteen-year-old girl believe in, whose entire education is “a few books of romantic content”, seeing around her only drunken quarrels, squabbles, illnesses, debauchery and human grief?
Dostoevsky contrasts Sonya's humility with Raskolnikov's rebellion. Subsequently, Rodion Raskolnikov, not accepting Sonya's religiosity with his mind, decides with his heart to live by her convictions. But if the image of Sonya appears to us throughout the entire novel, then we see her father, Semyon Zakharych and stepmother Katerina Ivanovna with her three small children, only in a few episodes. But these few episodes are unusually significant.
The first meeting of Semyon Zakharych Marmeladov and Rodion Raskolnikov takes place at the very beginning of the novel, when Raskolnikov decided to kill, but did not fully believe in his "Napoleonic" theory. Rodion is in some kind of feverish state: the world around him exists, but as if in unreality: he sees and hears almost nothing. His mind drills with only one question: “To be or not to be?” For Raskolnikov, Marmeladov is just a drunken frequenter of the tavern. At first inattentively listening to Marmeladov's monologue, Raskolnikov soon imbued the narrator with curiosity, and then sympathy. This dirty, dehumanized retired official who robs his own wife
And asking a prostitute daughter for money for a hangover touches Raskolnikov in some way, he remembers it. In Semyon Zakharych, something human nevertheless peeps through his repulsive appearance. It is felt that his conscience is tormenting him, that his present position is painful and disgusting. He does not blame his wife for the fact that she, perhaps, does not want toga herself (“this was not said in common sense, but with agitated feelings, in illness and with the crying of children who did not eat, and it was said more for the sake of insult than in in the exact sense ...”), pushed Sonya into the street. Marmeladov generally considers his daughter a saint. Semyon Zakharych repents of his “weakness”, it is hard for him to see hungry children and consumptive Katerina Ivanovna, in his temper he shouts: “I am a born cattle!?” Marmeladov is a weak, weak-willed person, but he is able to acutely feel someone else's pain and injustice. His soul did not harden, did not become, in spite of everything, deaf to the suffering of people. Marmeladov loves his wife and her little children. Particularly touching are the words of Katerina Ivanovna at Marmeladov's funeral that after his death, a mint cockerel was found in her husband's pocket.
Marmeladov, perhaps, is ridiculous and pitiful with his plea for forgiveness, but he is sincere, and this unfortunate person does not need much: just to be listened to without ridicule and at least tried to understand. Sonya was able to understand Raskolnikov the murderer, which means that Marmeladov deserves, if not justification, then at least compassion.
A completely different person is Katerina Ivanovna. She is of noble origin, from a ruined noble family, so she has many times harder than her stepdaughter and husband. The point is not even in everyday difficulties, but in the fact that Katerina Ivanovna does not have an outlet in life, like Sonya and Semyon Zakharych. Sonya finds solace in prayers, in the Bible, and her father, at least for a while, is forgotten in a tavern. Katerina Ivanovna, on the other hand, is a passionate, impudent, rebellious and impatient nature. It seems to her that the environment is a real hell, and the human meanness that she encounters at every turn hurts her painfully. Katerina Ivanovna does not know how to endure and be silent, like Sonya. A strongly developed sense of justice in her encourages her to take decisive action, which leads to a misunderstanding of her behavior by others.
The author of “Crime and Punishment” tells about the plight of the Marmeladov family, the death of Katerina Ivanovna and Semyon Zakharych in order for the reader to feel that stuffy, cramped, unbearable atmosphere of St. Petersburg, in which the social lower classes of society were forced to live. But the protagonist of the novel belonged to them, and the theory of the “superman” was born precisely in such an environment.
The Marmeladov family is one of thousands of poor families like it. The history of this family is, as it were, the prehistory of Raskolnikov's crime. However, the role of the Marmeladov family is not limited to creating the background against which the tragedy of the crime of Rodion Raskolnikov developed.
The term "Petersburg of Dostoevsky" is widely known. In "Crime and Punishment" "Dostoevsky's Petersburg" - these are entertainment establishments, taverns, drunken suicide women, meanness, anger and cruelty of the vast majority of people, petty quarrels, terrifying external living conditions.
F. M. Dostoevsky, by contrasting the characters of the Marmeladov family members and Luzhin, Raskolnikov and Razumikhin, Svidrigailov and Dunechka Raskolnikova, emphasizes the contrasts of contemporary reality with its social inequality, the oppression of some and the wealth of others. And, perhaps, the most important thing is that in the depiction of the Marmeladov family, the reader clearly sees Dostoevsky the humanist with his love for “little people” and the desire to understand the soul of even the most terrible criminal.
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- How should the surname of the protagonist be understood in the context of F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"? Starting a discussion on this issue, emphasize that the names of the heroes of F. M. Dostoevsky often carry ...
- CLASSICS FM DOSTOYEVSKY THE WORLD OF THE "HUMILIATED AND OFFENDED" IN THE NOVEL "CRIME AND PUNISHMENT" Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky entered literature as a defender of the "humiliated and insulted". His novels show terrible pictures...
- CLASSICS F. M. DOSTOYEVSKY LUZHIN AND SVIDRIGAILOV AS RASKOLNIKOV’S TWIN IN F. M. DOSTOYEVSKY’S NOVEL “CRIME AND PUNISHMENT” In F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”, the antithesis technique is widely used,...
- Some say that this man is a great Christian. Others remember that he was a revolutionary, participated in the conspiracy of the Petrashevists. This man with such a hard fate, so poor, downtrodden, working terribly, this...
- The human soul, its suffering and torment, pangs of conscience, moral decline, and the spiritual rebirth of man have always interested F. M. Dostoevsky. In his works there are many characters endowed with a truly reverent and sensitive ... The novel "Crime and Punishment" was written in 1866 by the great Russian writer F. M. Dostoevsky. This work reproduces the life of the urban poor, reflects the growth of social inequality and crime. The main theme of the novel is...
- Dostoevsky in the novel “Crime and Punishment” thinks about eternal questions^ “What is the meaning of life? What is the essence of goodness and truth? Where is the line between good and evil?” Answers to these questions and...
- The hero of F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" is a poor student Rodion Raskolnikov, who is forced to make ends meet and therefore hates the powerful of this world because they trample on the weak...
- The novel by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky begins with a description of the events taking place in the poor part of St. Petersburg in the second half of the 19th century. Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich is the main character of this work. He doesn't live in a very...
- The central problem of F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" is the explanation of the causes of the crime of Rodion Raskolnikov. Why did an educated, kind, conscientious, obviously “heart and soul” young man commit the brutal murder of an old pawnbroker...
- In the modern reading of the novel, it seems to me especially important to emphasize that not a single person is freed from the laws of morality, morality. Georgy Taratorkin Plan I. Dostoevsky is the creator of the socio-psychological novel. II. Theory...
The novel by F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” is one of the deepest and most complex works of Russian literature, in which the author told about the story of the death of the main character’s soul after he committed a crime, about the alienation of Rodion Raskolnikov from the whole world, from the people closest to him mother, sister, friend. Dostoevsky argued that it is possible to return to this world, to become a full-fledged member of society again, only by opposing misanthropic ideas, having cleansed ourselves by suffering. Thoughtfully reading the novel, you involuntarily realize how deeply the author penetrated into the souls and hearts of his heroes, how wonderfully he comprehended the human character, with what genius he told about the moral upheavals of the protagonist. The central figure of the novel is, of course, Rodion Raskolnikov. But there are many other characters in Crime and Punishment. These are Razumikhin, Avdotya Romanovna and Pulcheria Alexandrovna, the Raskolnikovs, Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov, the Marmeladovs.
The Marmeladov family plays a special role in the novel. After all, it is precisely Sonechka Marmeladova, her faith and disinterested love, that Raskolnikov owes his spiritual rebirth. Her great love, suffering, but a pure soul, capable of seeing a person even in a murderer, empathizing with him, suffering with him, saved Raskolnikov.
Yes, Sonya is a "harlot", as Dostoevsky writes about her, but she was forced to sell herself in order to save her stepmother's children from starvation. Even in her terrible situation, Sonya managed to remain a person, drunkenness and debauchery did not affect her soul. But in front of her was a vivid example of a father who had fallen, completely crushed by poverty and his own impotence to change something in life. Sonya's patience and vitality are largely derived from her faith. She believes in God, in justice with all her heart, without going into complex philosophical reasoning, she believes blindly, recklessly. And what else can an eighteen-year-old girl believe in, whose entire education is “several books of romantic content”, seeing around her only drunken quarrels, squabbles, illnesses, debauchery and human grief?
Dostoevsky contrasts Sonya's humility with Raskolnikov's rebellion. Subsequently, Rodion Raskolnikov, not accepting Sonya's religiosity with his mind, decides with his heart to live by her convictions. But if the image of Sonya appears to us throughout the entire novel, then we see her father, Semyon Zakharych and stepmother Katerina Ivanovna with her three small children, only in a few episodes. But these few episodes are unusually significant.
The first meeting of Semyon Zakharych Marmeladov and Rodion Raskolnikov takes place at the very beginning of the novel, when Raskolnikov decided to kill, but did not fully believe in his "Napoleonic" theory. Rodion is in some kind of feverish state: the world around him exists, but as if in unreality: he sees and hears almost nothing. His brain drills with only one question: "To be or not to be?" For Raskolnikov, Marmeladov is just a drunken frequenter of the tavern. At first inattentively listening to Marmeladov's monologue, Raskolnikov soon imbued the narrator with curiosity, and then sympathy. This dirty, dehumanized retired official who robs his own wife
and asking a prostitute daughter for money is NOT a hangover, something touches Raskolnikov, he remembers it. In Semyon Zakharych, his repulsive appearance still peeps through something human. It is felt that his conscience is tormenting him, that his present position is painful and disgusting. He does not blame his wife for the fact that she, perhaps, does not want toga herself (“this was not said in common sense, but with agitated feelings, in illness and with the crying of children who did not eat, and it was said more for the sake of insult than in in the exact sense ... "), pushed Sonya into the street. Marmeladov generally considers his daughter a saint. Semyon Zakharych repents of his “weakness”, it is hard for him to see hungry children and consumptive Katerina Ivanovna, in his temper he shouts: “I am a born cattle! Marmeladov is a weak, weak-willed person, but he is able to acutely feel someone else's pain and injustice. His soul did not harden, did not become, in spite of everything, deaf to the suffering of people. Marmeladov loves his wife and her little children. Particularly touching are the words of Katerina Ivanovna at Marmeladov's funeral that after his death, a mint cockerel was found in her husband's pocket.
