Thanks to the memoir form of narration in the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter", the attention of the author (and, consequently, the reader) is concentrated mainly on the inner world of the characters, and not on the actual events, on the characters' personal perception of what is happening, their assessment, reaction, style of behavior in critical situations of difficult moral choice. The actions described in the work were not decisive in history, but you can still talk about the heroes of the "Captain's Daughter" as truly strong or at least bright
Characters.
At first glance, since Grinev is the central character of the work, the problem of choice should only arise before him. But this is a delusion. The novel is filled with very different and extraordinary characters, and each of them has to choose.
The first on the pages of the novel we see Peter Grinev. He is just entering adulthood, his youthful desire for an independent life, for enjoying its charms is comical, but this is already his choice of a further path, with his inevitable mistakes. Grinev does not heed Savelich's exhortations when he scolds him for giving the bearded tramp
Sheepskin coat, or for the desire to pay a loss. We see that the young man, despite his ardor and frivolity, has such qualities as a sense of gratitude and honesty.
Grinev will be very surprised in the future that the children's sheepskin coat, presented to the night leader, a drunkard from the inn, will later save him from the noose, and the tramp himself will be the one who will become famous throughout Russia. However, this surprise could not shake his moral foundations. “I swore allegiance to the empress, I can’t swear to you,” is the answer of the young man to Pugachev. The Belogorsk fortress is captured, and the conspirators carry out public executions, offering to join their ranks as an alternative. Grinev is faced with the same question as the rest of the defenders of the fortress: to die with honor, without changing the oath, or to go into the gang to the "robber" Pugachev. The young man does not deviate from his principles, preferring "fierce execution" to "vile humiliation." And only the intervention of Savelich saves him from this fate. But other participants in the defense did not escape reprisals. So the commandant perishes, his wife and many officers were mercilessly killed. Some solve this problem in favor of life, such as, for example, Shvabrin. He betrays the oath, this is his choice, for which later, by the way, he will pay.
Grinev came out with honor even from such a difficult situation as personal communication with Pugachev. Even then, the hero directly answers that he does not recognize him as king and, if he releases him, he will again fight against the conspirators, if ordered.
But what about Pugachev? Grinev expects that for such free words he will certainly be killed, just like the rest. But Pugachev also has his own ideas about honor. In the scene of the execution of the defenders of the fortress, he recalls the generosity of the young man who gave him his sheepskin coat, and responds kindly to kindness; in gratitude, he spares his life. He acts just as nobly by releasing Grinev, despite his confession (that he will continue to fight against him). The leader of the rebels could simply not pay attention to the young officer, execute him, just like the rest, but having nevertheless moral values, albeit peculiar ones, he does not allow himself to return evil for good.
Since there is a love line in the novel, the problem of moral choice, of course, concerns this topic as well. So Grinev in Orenburg, having received a letter from Masha Mironova, must choose between a soldier's duty, forcing him to stay, and a duty of honor, calling for help to his beloved girl. Naturally, the latter wins, and Grinev goes to the rescue. Here his fate is again closely intertwined with the will of Pugachev. He, as we already know, knows how to be grateful, and also does not tolerate injustice. He forgives that little lie about Masha's parents and helps free her from Shvabrin.
This strange, incomprehensible help of the rebel to the officer confuses Grinev's superiors, and he falls under investigation. But even under the threat of a military court, he does not allow his honor to mention the name of Masha before the judges, although this would save him, would justify his stay in the enemy camp. In those days, if someone's name is heard at a trial, then it will certainly be soiled in front of society. Grinev, based on his convictions, decides not to publicize his relationship with Masha Mironova for anything. Dignity, honor, human duty - this is his guide in life. Yes, and Masha herself turns out to be worthy of respect, Shvabrin forces her to choose: either she will marry him, or he will give her to the robbers (who, most likely, will kill her). It should be noted that she prefers death; it is later that she is saved from this fate.
By the way, Pugachev himself also at a certain moment decides to die, but not to lose his honor. It is an honor for him not to accept "alms". Grinev, in gratitude for the help, offers the conspirator to surrender, relying on the mercy of the Empress. For Pugachev, such a proposal is ridiculous (let us recall at least how he once told a young man a well-known tale about a raven), he is too proud and too sure of his innocence.
And it is not for nothing that in the epigraph to the novel there is a proverb: "Take care of honor from a young age." This once again proves that the moral choice of each of the heroes of the work is based on how dear his honor is to him and, in general, on what honor is in his understanding. And Pushkin, having shown many different opinions on this issue in the novel, nevertheless brings each of them to one or another result, "rewarding" someone with happy love, and leaving someone with nothing, thereby expressing his author's opinion.
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In the novel by A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" two opposite characters are depicted: the noble Pyotr Grinev and the dishonest Alexei Shvabrin. The history of their relationship is one of the main plot cores of The Captain's Daughter and reveals in detail the problem of protecting honor in the novel.
composition:
The novel by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" is devoted to the problem of protecting and preserving honor. To reveal this topic, the author depicts two opposite characters: the young officer Pyotr Grinev and Alexei Shvabrin, exiled to the Belogorsk fortress for a duel.
Young Pyotr Grinev appears in the novel as an infantile, poorly educated nobleman, not ready for adult life, but in every possible way wishing to break out into this adult life. The time spent in the Belogorsk fortress and in the battles near Orenburg changes his character and fate. He not only develops all his best noble qualities, but also finds true love, remaining an honest person as a result.
In contrast to him, the author depicts Alexei Shvabrin from the very beginning as a man who clearly crossed the line between honor and dishonor. According to Vasilisa Yegorovna, Alexei Ivanovich "was discharged from the guards for murder, he does not believe in the Lord God." Pushkin endows his hero not only with a bad character and a penchant for dishonest deeds, but also symbolically draws a portrait of a man with a “swarty face and remarkably ugly”, but at the same time “excessively lively”.
Perhaps it is Shvabrin's liveliness that attracts Grinev. The young nobleman is also very interesting to Shvabrin, for whom the Belogorsk fortress is a link, a dead place in which he does not see people. Shvabrin’s interest in Grinev is explained by the desire to “finally see a human face” after five years of being in the hopeless wilderness of the steppe. Grinev feels sympathy for Shvabrin and spends a lot of time with him, but gradually feelings for Maria Mironova begin to take over more and more. This not only alienates Grinev from Shvabrin, but also provokes a duel between them. Grinev wants to take revenge on Shvabrin for slandering his beloved, whom Shvabrin takes revenge on for rejecting him.
During all subsequent events, Shvabrin increasingly shows his dishonor and, as a result, turns into the ultimate villain. All the most disgusting features of Grinev wake up in him: a slanderer, a traitor who forcibly wants to marry Maria. He and Grinev are no longer friends and not even comrades-in-arms, Shvabrin not only becomes disgusting to Grinev, in the Pugachev uprising they become on opposite sides. Even entering into relations with Pugachev, Grinev cannot go to the end, he cannot betray his noble honor. For Shvabrin, honor is initially not so important, so it doesn’t cost him anything to run across to the other side, and then slander honest Grinev.
Grinev and Shvabrin are two opposites that diverge as quickly as they attract. These heroes choose different paths, but the denouement still turns out to be successful for honest Grinev, who was pardoned by the Empress and lived a long happy life, unlike Shvabrin, who disappeared without a trace under the ringing of chains in prison corridors.
Even more essays on the topic: “Relations between Grinev and Shvabrin”:
The historical story "The Captain's Daughter" is the last work of A.S. Pushkin, written in prose. This work reflects all the most important themes of Pushkin's work of the late period - the place of the "little" person in historical events, moral choice in harsh social circumstances, law and mercy, people and power, "family thought". One of the central moral problems of the story is the problem of honor and dishonor. The resolution of this issue can be seen primarily in the fate of Grinev and Shvabrin.
These are young officers. Both serve in the Belogorsk fortress. Grinev and Shvabrin are nobles, close in age, education, mental development. Grinev describes his impression that the young lieutenant made on him in the following way: “Shvabrin was very clever. His conversation was sharp and entertaining. With great gaiety, he described to me the commandant's family, his society and the land where fate had taken me. However, the characters did not become friends. One of the reasons for hostility is Masha Mironova. It was in the relationship with the captain's daughter that the moral qualities of the heroes were revealed. Grinev and Shvabrin turned out to be antipodes. The attitude to honor and duty finally divorced Grinev and Shvabrin during the Pugachev rebellion.
Pyotr Andreevich is distinguished by kindness, gentleness, conscientiousness, and sensitivity. It is no coincidence that Grinev immediately became “native” for the Mironovs, and Masha fell in love with him deeply and selflessly. The girl confesses to Grinev: "... until the grave, you alone will remain in my heart." Shvabrin, on the contrary, makes a repulsive impression on others. The moral defect is already manifested in his appearance: he was short in stature, with a "remarkably ugly face." Masha, like Grinev, is unpleasant to Shvabrin, the girl is scared away by his evil tongue: "... he is such a mocker." In the lieutenant, she feels a dangerous person: “He is very disgusting to me, but it’s strange: I would never want him to like me either. That would make me afraid." Subsequently, having become a prisoner of Shvabrin, she is ready to die, but not to submit to him. For Vasilisa Egorovna, Shvabrin is a “murderer,” and Ivan Ignatich, an invalid, admits: “I myself am not a fan of him.”
Grinev is honest, open, straightforward. He lives and acts at the behest of his heart, and his heart is freely subject to the laws of noble honor, the code of Russian chivalry, and a sense of duty. These laws are unchangeable for him. Grinev is a man of his word. He promised to thank the random guide, and did so despite Savelich's desperate resistance. Grinev could not give half a ruble for vodka, but he gave the counselor his hare sheepskin coat. The law of honor forces the young man to pay a huge billiard debt to the not-too-fairly playing hussar Zurin. Grinev is noble and ready to fight a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the honor of Masha Mironova.
Grinev is consistently honest, while Shvabrin commits immoral acts one after another. This envious, vicious, vengeful person is accustomed to act by deceit and deceit. Shvabrin intentionally described Grinev Masha as a "perfect fool", concealed from him his matchmaking for the captain's daughter. Grinev soon understood the reasons for Shvabrin's deliberate slander, with which he pursued Masha: "Probably, he noticed our mutual inclination and tried to distract us from each other."
Shvabrin is ready to get rid of the opponent by any means. Insulting Masha, he skillfully infuriates Grinev and provokes a challenge to a duel, not considering the inexperienced Grinev a dangerous opponent. The lieutenant planned the murder. This man stops at nothing. He is used to having all his desires fulfilled. According to Vasilisa Yegorovna, Shvabrin was “transferred to the Belogorsk fortress for murder”, for “stabbing a lieutenant in a duel, and even with two witnesses”. During the duel of officers, Grinev, unexpectedly for Shvabrin, turned out to be a skilled swordsman, but, taking advantage of a favorable moment for him, Shvabrin wounded Grinev.
Grinev is generous, and Shvabrin is low. After the duel, the young officer forgave the "unfortunate opponent", and he continued to treacherously take revenge on Grinev and wrote a denunciation to his parents. Shvabrin constantly commits immoral acts. But the main crime in the chain of his constant baseness is going over to the side of Pugachev not for ideological, but for selfish reasons. Pushkin shows how, in historical trials, all the qualities of nature are fully manifested in a person. The vile beginning in Shvabrin makes him a complete scoundrel. Grinev's openness and honesty attracted Pugachev to him and saved his life. The high moral potential of the hero was revealed during the most difficult tests for the strength of convictions. Grinev several times had to choose between honor and dishonor, and in fact between life and death.
After Pugachev "pardoned" Grinev, he had to kiss his hand, that is, recognize him as a king. In the chapter "The Uninvited Guest", Pugachev himself arranges a "test of compromise", trying to get a promise from Grinev "at least not to fight" against him. In all these cases, the hero, risking his life, shows firmness and intransigence.
Shvabrin has no moral principles. He saves his life by breaking his oath. Grinev was amazed to see "among the foremen Shvabrin, cut in a circle and in a Cossack caftan." This terrible man continues to relentlessly pursue Masha Mironova. Shvabrin is fanatically obsessed with the desire to achieve not love, but at least obedience from the captain's daughter. Grinev gives an assessment of Shvabrin’s actions: “I looked with disgust at the nobleman, wallowing at the feet of a runaway Cossack.”
The author's position coincides with the views of the narrator. This is evidenced by the epigraph to the story: "Take care of honor from a young age." Grinev remained faithful to duty and honor. He said the most important words to Pugachev: “Just don’t demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience.” Shvabrin violated both noble and human duty.
Source: mysoch.ru
The story "The Captain's Daughter" by A. Pushkin attracts the reader not only with interesting historical facts, but also with vivid, memorable images of heroes.
Young officers Petr Grinev and Aleksey Shvabrin are characters whose characters and views are completely opposite. This is evidenced by how differently they behave in everyday life, in critical situations, in love. And if you feel sympathy for Grinev from the very first pages of the story, then acquaintance with Shvabrin causes contempt and disgust.
The portrait of Shvabrin is as follows: "... a young officer of short stature, with a swarthy face and remarkably ugly." To match the appearance and his nature - evil, cowardly, hypocritical. Shvabrin is capable of dishonest deeds, it doesn’t cost him anything to slander or betray a person for his own benefit. This person most of all cares about his "selfish" interest.
Having failed to achieve the love of Masha Mironova, he not only seeks to stand in her way to happiness, but also tries to force the girl to marry him with the help of threats and force. Saving his life, Shvabrin is one of the first to swear allegiance to the impostor Pugachev, and when this is revealed and he is brought to trial, he gives false testimony against Grinev in order to somehow avenge all his failures.
In the image of Pyotr Grinev, all the best features of the nobility were embodied. He is honest, brave, courageous, just, knows how to keep his word, loves his fatherland and is devoted to his duty. Most of all, a young man has sincerity and straightforwardness. He is alien to arrogance and sycophancy. Having managed to win the love of Marya Ivanovna, Grinev reveals himself not only as a tender and devoted admirer. Above all, he puts her honor, her name, and is ready not only to defend them with a sword in his hand, but also to go into exile for the sake of Masha.
With his positive character traits, Grinev conquered even the robber Pugachev, who helped him free Masha from the hands of Shvabrin and wanted to be planted by his father at their wedding.
I am sure that in our time, many would like to be like Pyotr Grinev, while I would never want to meet Shvabrin.
Source: www.ukrlib.com
Aleksey Ivanovich Shvabrin is not only a negative character, but also the opposite of Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, the narrator on whose behalf the story is told in The Captain's Daughter.
Grinev and Shvabrin are not the only characters in the story who are somehow compared with each other: such “pairs” form almost all the main characters of the work: Empress Catherine - the false emperor Pugachev, Masha Mironova - her mother Vasilisa Yegorovna, - which allows us to say about comparison as one of the most important compositional techniques used by the author in the story.
It is interesting, however, that not all of these heroes are absolutely opposed to each other. So, Masha Mironova, rather, is compared with her mother and shows as much devotion to her chosen one and courage in the struggle for him as captain Mironova, who was not afraid of the villains and accepted death with her husband. The opposition of the "couple" Ekaterina - Pugachev is not as unambiguous as it seems at first glance.
These warring and warring characters have many close traits and similar actions. Both are capable of both cruelty and the manifestation of mercy and justice. In the name of Catherine, the supporters of Pugachev (a mutilated Bashkir with a cut off tongue) are brutally persecuted and subjected to brutal torture, and Pugachev commits atrocities and executions along with his comrades. On the other hand, both Pugachev and Ekaterina show mercy towards Grinev, saving him and Marya Ivanovna from trouble and finally arranging their happiness.
And only between Grinev and Shvabrin nothing but antagonism is found. It is already indicated in the names by which the author calls his heroes. Grinev bears the name of Peter, he is the namesake of the great emperor, for whom Pushkin, of course, had the most enthusiastic feelings. Shvabrin was given the name of a traitor to his father's cause - Tsarevich Alexei. This, of course, does not mean at all that every character in Pushkin's work bearing one of these names should be correlated in the reader's mind with the named historical figures. But in the context of the story, where the problem of honor and dishonor, devotion and betrayal is so important, such a coincidence seems to be no coincidence.
It is known how seriously Pushkin took the concept of ancestral honor of the nobility, to what is usually called roots. It is no coincidence, of course, that is why the story tells in such detail and in detail about the childhood of Petrusha Grinev, about his family, in which the traditions of centuries-old noble education are sacredly preserved. And let these "habits of dear old times" be described not without irony - it is obvious that the author's irony is full of warmth and understanding. And in the end, it was the thought of the impossibility of dishonoring the honor of the family, that did not allow Grinev to commit betrayal against his beloved girl, to violate the officer's oath.
Shvabrin is a man without a family, without a tribe. We do not know anything about his origin, about his parents. Nothing is said about his childhood, about his upbringing. Behind him, it seems, there is no spiritual and moral baggage that supports Grinev. Shvabrin, apparently, no one gave a simple and wise instruction: "Take care of honor from a young age." Therefore, he easily neglects it to save his own life and simply for personal well-being. At the same time, we note that Shvabrin is an inveterate duelist: it is known that he was transferred to the Belogorsk fortress for some kind of "villainy", probably for a duel. He challenges Grinev to a duel, moreover, in a situation where he himself is to blame: he insulted Maria Ivanovna, vilely slandering her in front of the lover Pyotr Andreevich.
It is important that duels in the story are not approved by any of the honest heroes: neither Captain Mironov, who reminded Grinev that "fights are formally prohibited in the military article", nor Vasilisa Yegorovna, who considered them "death murder" and "murder", nor Savelich. Grinev accepts the challenge, defending the honor of his beloved girl, Shvabrin, on the other hand, from the fact that he was rightly called a liar and scoundrel. Thus, in his addiction to duels, Shvabrin turns out to be a defender of a superficial, falsely understood honor, a zealot not of the spirit, but of the letter of the law, only of its external observance. This once again proves that he has no idea of true honor.
For Shvabrin, nothing is sacred at all: no love, no friendship, no duty. Moreover, we understand that the neglect of these concepts is a common thing for him. From the words of Vasilisa Egorovna, we learn that Shvabrin "does not believe in the Lord God," that he "was discharged from the guard for murder." Not every duel and not every officer was fired from the guard. Obviously, some ugly, vile story was connected with that duel. And, consequently, what happened in the Belogorsk fortress and subsequently was not an accident, not the result of momentary weakness, not just cowardice, in the end forgivable under certain circumstances. Shvabrin came to his final downfall naturally.
He lived without faith, without moral ideals. He himself was unable to love, and neglected the feelings of others. After all, he knew that Masha was disgusted, but, despite this, he harassed her, stopping at nothing. The advice that he gives Grinev in relation to Marya Ivanovna betrays a vulgarity in him (“... if you want Masha Mironova to come to you at dusk, then instead of gentle rhymes give her a pair of earrings”), Shvabrin is not only mean, but also cunning. After the duel, fearing new troubles, he plays a scene of sincere repentance in front of Grinev. Further events show that the simple-hearted Grinev believed the liar in vain. At the first opportunity, Shvabrin vilely takes revenge on Grinev by betraying Marya Ivanovna Pugacheva. And here the villain and criminal, the peasant Pugachev, shows nobility incomprehensible to Shvabrin: he, to Shvabrin's indescribable malice, releases Grinev and Masha Mironova with God, forcing Shvabrin to give them "a pass to all outposts and fortresses subject to him. Shvabrin, completely destroyed, stood as if dumbfounded "...
The last time we see Shvabrin, when he, arrested for his connection with Pugachev, chained, makes a last attempt to slander and destroy Grinev. Outwardly, he has changed a lot: “his hair, recently jet-black, has completely turned gray,” but his soul is still black: he uttered his accusations, albeit in a “weak, but bold voice” - so great were his anger and hatred for the happiness of the opponent.
Shvabrin will end his life as ingloriously as he lived: loved by no one and loved no one, serving no one and nothing, but only adapting all his life. He is like a tumbleweed, a plant without a root, a man without a family, without a tribe, he did not live, but rolled down,
until you fall into the abyss...
The historical story "The Captain's Daughter" is the last work of A. S. Pushkin, written in prose. This work reflects all the most important themes of Pushkin's work of the late period - the place of the "little" person in historical events, moral choice in harsh social circumstances, law and mercy, people and power, "family thought". One of the central moral problems of the story is the problem of honor and dishonor. The resolution of this issue can be seen primarily in the fate of Grinev and Shvabrin. These are young officers. Both serve in the Belogorsk fortress.
Grinev and Shvabrin are nobles, close in age, education, mental development. Grinev describes his impression that the young lieutenant made on him in the following way: “Shvabrin was very clever. His conversation was sharp and entertaining.
With great gaiety, he described to me the commandant's family, his society and the land where fate had taken me. However, the characters did not become friends. One of the reasons for hostility is Masha Mironova. It was in the relationship with the captain's daughter that the moral qualities of the heroes were revealed. Grinev and Shvabrin turned out to be antipodes.
The attitude to honor and duty finally divorced Grinev and Shvabrin during the Pugachev rebellion. Pyotr Andreevich is distinguished by kindness, gentleness, conscientiousness, and sensitivity. It is no coincidence that Grinev immediately became “native” for the Mironovs, and Masha fell in love with him deeply and selflessly.
The girl confesses to Grinev: "... until the grave, you alone will remain in my heart." Shvabrin, on the contrary, makes a repulsive impression on others. The moral defect is already manifested in his appearance: he was short in stature, with a "remarkably ugly face."
Masha, like Grinev, is unpleasant to Shvabrin, the girl is scared away by his evil tongue: "... he is such a mocker." In the lieutenant, she feels a dangerous person: “He is very disgusting to me, but it’s strange: I would never want him to like me either.
That would make me afraid." Subsequently, having become a prisoner of Shvabrin, she is ready to die, but not to submit to him. For Vasilisa Egorovna, Shvabrin is a “murderer,” and Ivan Ignatich, an invalid, admits: “I myself am not a fan of him.” Grinev is honest, open, straightforward.
He lives and acts at the behest of his heart, and his heart is freely subject to the laws of noble honor, the code of Russian chivalry, and a sense of duty. These laws are unchangeable for him. Grinev is a man of his word. He promised to thank the random guide, and did so despite Savelich's desperate resistance. Grinev could not give half a ruble for vodka, but he gave the counselor his hare sheepskin coat.
The law of honor forces the young man to pay a huge billiard debt to the not-too-fairly playing hussar Zurin. Grinev is noble and ready to fight a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the honor of Masha Mironova. Grinev is consistently honest, while Shvabrin commits immoral acts one after another. This envious, vicious, vengeful person is accustomed to act by deceit and deceit. Shvabrin intentionally described Grinev Masha as a "perfect fool", concealed from him his matchmaking for the captain's daughter.
During the classes
II. Discourse on Chapter IV
- Who and why disposes of the fortress?(He manages everything, acts on behalf of her husband Vasilisa Egorovna, the captain. She “looked at the affairs of the service as if they were her master’s, and ruled the fortress as accurately as her own house.”)
How and why did Grinev's opinion about the captain's family change?(The kindness and simplicity of the Mironovs may have reminded Grinev of life with his parents. In the captain’s house, he was “accepted as a native” and felt like in his family: “I imperceptibly became attached to a good family.” Grinev stopped trusting Shvabrin’s slander and composed own opinion about the Mironovs. The commandant turned out to be an uneducated and simple, but honest and kind person. The general, Andrei Karlovich, spoke about Mironov in the same words, which makes this impression reliable. Masha turned out to be a "prudent and sensitive girl." All this made Grinev's life in the fortress "Not only tolerable, but also enjoyable.")
What did Grinev do in the fortress?(Grinev was promoted to officer, but his service "did not burden him." He began to read, he "awakened a desire for literature": he translated and even composed poetry.)
Do you think Grinev's "poems" are good? Is Shvabrin right in mocking him?? (Grinev's poems, of course, were weak, but sincere, frankly expressing his feelings. Shvabrin mocked not so much the "rhymes" as Grinev's feelings.)
III. Expressive reading of the episode and its discussion
Let's read it expressively from the words "I already said that I was engaged in literature ..." to the words "Proud poet and modest lover! Shvabrin continued, irritating me more from the hour, “but listen to friendly advice: if you want to be in time, then I advise you to act not with songs.”
What was the reason, and what was the reason for the quarrel between Grinev and Shvabrin? (The reason was that Grinev did not like Shvabrin's "always-on jokes" about the commandant's family, he began to understand that Shvabrin was a dishonest and unkind person. Grinev irritated Shvabrin with his openness and simplicity, by the fact that he loves Masha, to whom Shvabrin but the reason for the quarrel and duel was not just a "rude and evil mockery", but Shvabrin's "deliberate slander" that Masha could be bought for a pair of earrings. The quarrel had been brewing for a long time and was inevitable.)
Find words showing the attitude to the duel of Vasilisa Egorovna, Ivan Kuzmich, Ivan Ignatievich, Marya Ivanovna, Savelich.(From the point of view of Vasilisa Yegorovna, a duel is “death murder”, “sticking” with swords is “nonsense.” Ivan Kuzmich rightly notes that “duels are formally prohibited in the military article.” Ivan Ignatievich believes that fighting a duel means “stabbing one’s neighbor". Savelich complains that the damned "Monsieur" taught Petrusha "to poke with iron skewers and stomp." Marya Ivanovna is sure that Shvabrin was the instigator of the quarrel and that the idea of \u200b\u200b"cutting himself" belongs to him.)
How was Grinev wounded?(Shvabrin took advantage of the fact that Grinev distracted Savelich's call and dealt him a vile blow.)
What did Grinev defend in a duel? What are his qualities manifested in the history of the duel? (He defended his honor and dignity and his beloved. He showed nobility by not mentioning Masha's name. Vasilisa Egorovna Grinev, without giving the real reasons, explained that he and Shvabrin quarreled "over a song." Grinev acted bravely and courageously, because Shvabrin was older and more experienced than him, including in the ability to fight with swords.)
IV. vocabulary work
How do you understand the words dignity, honor, nobility? Check the dictionary for the meaning of these words.
Dignity - awareness of their human rights, their moral value and respect for them in oneself.
Honor - a set of higher moral and ethical principles of the individual.
Nobility - 1) high moral qualities; 2) high dignity, beauty.
V. Discourse on Chapter V
- Why did Grinev reconcile with Shvabrin?(“I was too happy to keep a feeling of hostility in my heart.” Grinev decided that Shvabrin sincerely repented, believed that he slandered from a feeling of “insulted pride and rejected love”, and “magnanimously” forgave his “unfortunate rival.”)
Why did Andrei Petrovich Grinev refuse his son a blessing for marriage with Masha Mironova? (Andrei Petrovich decided that his son was behaving unworthily, that instead of serving he fought duels "with the same tomboys", that he should not marry him, but beat "nonsense" out of him.)
How did Grinev's father find out about his son's adventures?(Grinev "was indignant at Savelich," but it turned out that Shvabrin denounced his father. His repentance turned out to be insincere. He only hid and again, as in a duel, struck a blow stealthily, writing to the father of his opponent.)
- Why did Masha refuse to marry Grinev? (Masha believed that happiness was impossible without the blessing of her parents. She sincerely loves Grinev and wishes him happiness, at least with the “other”.)
How does the epigraph to Chapter V correlate with the character of Masha Mironova?
How do you understand the last sentence of the chapter:“Unexpected incidents, which had an important impact on my whole life, suddenly gave my soul a strong and good shock”? (The “good” shock that affected Grinev’s fate is in the sense that it cleansed and uplifted his soul. Grinev had to go through many trials, go through a lot and understand, grow up.)
VI . Summary of the lesson.
Homework
2. Prepare a retelling of the fall of the Belogorsk fortress, keeping the narrative style.
3. Expand the role of epigraphs to VI, VII chapters.
4. Compile a dictionary of obsolete words and expressions, words with an unclear meaning for you; clarify the meaning of words in the dictionary.
Sections: Literature
From work experience
Each of us has his own Pushkin. And the first acquaintance with him happens in his own way, in different ways. Everything probably starts from childhood, from a fairy tale. Remember:
Near Lukomorye there is a green oak;
Golden chain on an oak tree:
And day and night the cat is a scientist
Everything goes around in circles...
How I wanted then, in childhood, to find out where it is, this is Lukomorye, wander there, sit under the famous oak tree, listen to the fairy tales that the magic cat tells.
And how I wanted to catch a goldfish and ask it to fulfill at least one wish! But childhood ends, and you find out that all these heroes, these events will stay with you forever, thanks to the magical fantasy of the wonderful poet and writer Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
You grow up, and his works “grow up” with you. Only now these are other books and other heroes, with whom you think about the meaning of life, love, suffer, with whom you sympathize and for whom you worry.
Pushkin's works are destined for a long life, because the problems that the author poses in them are not passing, momentary. Take, for example, The Captain's Daughter. Over the years of working at school, when studying this work, I used the traditional way of analysis: by separate chapters (in the course of action), “by images” (when the hero of the work is in the center of attention). But one day, departing from tradition, she chose the path of analyzing the work by problems. Despite the fact that the events described in the novel date back to the 18th century, the problems posed by Pushkin have not lost their relevance today. This is a problem of honor and duty, the moral choice of a person; the problem of violence and compassion; the problem of love and mercy.
The study of The Captain's Daughter is a logical continuation of the acquaintance with The History of the Pugachev Rebellion, which became the basis for the novel, in which the main theme is people, their relationships, characters, as well as eternal values, without which human life is impossible.
Each character in the novel had to go through a lot. And all these trials are connected with the concepts of honor, duty, human dignity.
The main character of The Captain's Daughter, Pyotr Grinev, goes from yesterday's undergrowth, chasing pigeons and running around the girl's, to a man who has become an honest and decent officer. The moral concepts formed in the Grinev family help him to get out of difficult situations with honor. And the rash steps taken by Grinev led to an act that determined his entire subsequent life.
Bunny coat! What a valuable thing! But the point is not the value of the sheepskin coat, but humanity, compassion, mercy, finally. A tramp is also a person who is currently in a difficult situation. So, doesn't such a person deserve sympathy? Helping him, Pyotr Grinev did not think about the consequences of his act. Just helped. Because the duty of any person is to help another in trouble. But the tramp had a good memory. And a sense of duty was not alien to him either. Probably, fate was so pleased that these two people met: a nobleman and a runaway peasant. So different in origin, upbringing, attitude to life, politics, power. But the concepts of honor, duty, honesty, just about human decency bring these people closer.
Grinev is honest and open in his actions, bluntly declares that he cannot go over to the side of Pugachev. This is not what his father taught him, because the main thing for old Grinev is to protect the honor of the nobility and faithfully serve the Fatherland. We must pay tribute to the fact that Pugachev understands the state of Grinev, does not force him to change his principles, to step over himself.
But not at all such Shvabrin, who has his own ideas about honor, duty, human dignity. Does he have these qualities at all? What motivated him when he went over to the side of Pugachev? Sympathy for the oppressed people who rose up against the arbitrariness of the authorities? Or maybe the coincidence of political views with the rebels? Or can all his actions be explained solely by ardent love for Marya Ivanovna?
But does love make people cruel and soulless? Can a crime be committed, even in her name? After all, love is designed to give light and warmth, to make people kind, noble, and therefore happy. This is precisely what explains Grinev's reluctance to talk about Marya Ivanovna at the trial, when his own fate is being decided. After all, the happiness of a beloved girl, her spotless name - what could be more expensive for true love! Probably, a person will be happy only if he is able to make people close to him happy. Despite everything! Even if he himself is in mortal danger.
One can only admire the courage and determination of Marya Ivanovna when, being loved and loving, she goes to protect her fiancé. She does not demand justice, but asks for mercy, mercy.
The theme of mercy is revealed when comparing the characters of two rulers - Empress Catherine II and Emelyan Pugachev, Peter III, as he called himself. The empress is kind and caring, but this does not prevent her from giving orders, severely punishing the rebels. Pugachev can also be both merciful and cruel. Suffice it to recall the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, numerous executions. But after all, they were both from the side of the rebels, and from the side of government troops. It is impossible to remain indifferent when one reads and imagines a mutilated Bashkir, the execution of Captain Mironov, the death of Vasilisa Egorovna... Cruelty and atrocity are not a manifestation of the innate vices of only unenlightened men. One cruelty does not justify another, because as a result of such hostility the most important thing is lost - a person, human feelings are depreciated, there is a threat of destruction of the main qualities of a person: honor, dignity, duty to his Fatherland.
Ordinary people are also not alien to the idea of honor and duty. Savelyich, a servant devoted to his master, who served him faithfully for the best years, ready to give his life “for a master's child”, becomes his true friend at the end of the novel.
So what should be the basis of true human relationships? According to A.S. Pushkin, such a form of state life is needed, which is based on genuine human qualities: honor, conscience, respect for each other, mutual understanding, tolerance.
Let more than 170 years have passed, but the novel has not lost its relevance. After all, the choice of the right path for any person is not to have time to run from one camp to another in time, but to preserve human dignity, humanity, the ability to respect and appreciate the life of other people in any conditions. The formation of such moral concepts among schoolchildren will help the study of the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
