Is Buryatia part of the Russian Federation. How to get to Buryatia

The subject of the Russian Federation
The Republic of Buryatia Buryaad Ulas
Capital
Square	15th
Total - % aq. pov.	351,334 km² 6,86
Population
Total - Density	↗ 984 511 (2018) 2.80 people/km²
Total, at current prices	RUB 199.2 billion (2016)
Per capita	202.6 thousand rub.
federal district	Siberian
economic region	East Siberian
Official language	Russian, Buryat
Head of the Republic and Prime Minister of the Republic	Alexey Tsydenov (since September 11, 2017)
Chairman of the People's Khural	Tsyren-Dashi Dorzhiev
Hymn	Anthem of Buryatia
Code of the subject of the Russian Federation	03
ISO 3166-2 code	RU-BU
OKATO code	81
Timezone	MSK+5 (UTC+8)
Awards
Official site	egov-buryatia.ru

Physical map of Buryatia

The Republic of Buryatia(bur. Buryaad Ulas; short name: Buryatia) - a subject of the Russian Federation, a republic in its composition. It is part of the Siberian Federal District, part of the East Siberian economic region.

It was founded on May 30, 1923 as the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Area - 351,334 km² (2.05% of the territory of Russia).

Population - 984 511 people. (2018).
Population density - 2.80 people / km² (2018).

It borders in the west, north and east with the subjects of the Russian Federation -, (with a five hundred-kilometer section along the water area of ​​​​Baikal) and the Trans-Baikal Territory. The southern border of Buryatia is the state border of the Russian Federation.

State languages: Russian, Buryat.

Story

The oldest finds of primitive people on the territory of Buryatia are bone remains from the Tuyana site on the right bank of the Irkut River in the Tunka Valley.

Proto-Mongolian tribes living on the territory of present-day Buryatia created the so-called culture of slab graves.

At the turn of our era, the Baikal region was the northern part of the Xiongnu state (Chinese 匈奴 Xiongnu) - an ancient nomadic people, from 220 BC. e. to the 2nd century AD e. inhabiting the Mongolian plateau. According to the widespread opinion, part of the Xiongnu reached Europe and, having mixed with the Ugrians, gave rise to a new people, which in Europe is known as the Huns.

After the collapse of the Xiongnu in the 1st century AD. e. The Baikal region came under the control of the Mongol-speaking people of Xianbi (93-234).

In the IV-VI centuries, the territory of Buryatia was part of the Zhuzhan Khaganate (330-555).

In 924, the state of the Mongol-speaking Khitan - Liao (907-1125) defeated the Kyrgyz Khaganate (840-924).

1206 - the formation of the Great Mongol Empire, which included the territories around Lake Baikal.

In the XIII-XVI centuries, many Mongolian-speaking ethnic groups, including the Merkits, Bayats, Hori-Tumats and Barguts migrated from the territory of modern Buryatia.

XIV century - the collapse of the Mongol Empire. Until the 17th century, the Baikal and Transbaikal regions were part of the Mongolian state of the Northern Yuan.

Mongolia. 16th century

After the withdrawal of foreign invaders from the Far East and the accession of the Far East to the RSFSR in November 1922, both autonomous regions merged and on May 30, 1923, the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed with its capital in Verkhneudinsk, which became part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. This date is considered the day of the formation of the Republic of Buryatia.

On July 30, 1930, the East Siberian Territory was formed (the regional center is Irkutsk), which included the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

In 1934, Verkhneudinsk was renamed into.

In 1936, the East Siberian Territory was abolished with the division into the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the East Siberian Region.

On September 26, 1937, during the division of the East Siberian region into and the Chita region, the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug were separated from the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR.

On July 7, 1958, the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR was renamed the Buryat ASSR by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. On December 25, 1958, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved this decision, making a corresponding change to the constitution of the USSR.

On October 8, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Buryat ASSR adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Buryat Soviet Socialist Republic. According to this document, Buryatia renounced the status of autonomy and proclaimed the state sovereignty of the Buryat SSR on its territory. On May 24, 1991, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR approved this decision by amending Article 71 of the 1978 RSFSR Constitution.

On March 27, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of Buryatia adopts a law renaming the Buryat SSR into the Republic of Buryatia. On April 21, 1992, the new name was approved by the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia.

Geography

The republic is located in the center, in the south of Eastern Siberia, stretching from west to east between 98°40` and 116°55` E. and from north to south between 57°15` and 49°55` n. sh.

A large territory, elongated from the southwest to the northeast in the form of a crescent, determines the various conditions for managing and staying in the region. There is a significant remoteness of the republic from the capital of the country (the distance from Ulan-Ude to - 5532 km).

Buryatia is in the Irkutsk time zone, which is 8 hours ahead of UTC and 5 hours ahead of Moscow time (UTC+8:00, Moscow+5).

Relief

In the Valley of Volcanoes, Okinsky district

Landscape near Severobaikalsk

The Republic of Buryatia is included in the mountainous zone with altitudinal zonality, which occupies a significant part of the south of Eastern Siberia. The relief is characterized by powerful mountain ranges and extensive deep and sometimes almost closed intermountain basins. The area of ​​the mountains is more than 4 times the area occupied by the lowlands. Buryatia is characterized by a significant elevation above sea level, and as a result, a very low average atmospheric pressure. The lowest mark is the level of Lake Baikal - 456 m in the Pacific mark, and the highest is the Munku-Sardyk peak covered with glaciers in the Eastern Sayan - 3491 m above sea level.

Southern Buryatia, represented by the Selenginsky middle mountains, covers a significant part of the basin of the Selenga River - the largest water artery of Baikal, including all its large tributaries, and is characterized by the predominance of mountains of an average height of 1000-1800 meters above sea level.

The high ridges of the Baikal region with wide intermountain basins separating them adjoin Lake Baikal. Their belt includes the highlands of the Eastern Sayan, stretching from northwest to southeast for a distance of about 1000 km, with a width of 200-300 km, and rising in the central part of the ridges by more than 2500-3000 m. Khamar-Daban, Sea Range, Ulan-Burgasy, Ikat, Barguzinsky and Baikal Ranges. The watersheds of the Barguzinsky Range are classic alpine landforms.

In northern Buryatia, there are the ridges of the Stanovoy Uplands: South Muisky, North Muisky, Udokan, Kalarsky. The Vitim Plateau adjoins the northeast of the Baikal region. The entire northern Baikal region is characterized by a continuous distribution of permafrost, sometimes occurring at a depth of 0.5 meters and with a thickness of up to 500-600 meters.

Climate

Area south of Ulan-Ude

The climate of Buryatia is sharply continental. Winter is cold, with dry frost. In November-December, the main snowfalls fall. The second half of winter is characterized by a small amount of snow. Spring is windy, with prevailing northwest winds, with frosts and almost no precipitation. Summers are short, with hot days and cool nights, with heavy rainfall in July and August. Autumn comes imperceptibly, without a sharp change in weather; in some years it is long and warm. The average temperature in summer is +26 °С, in winter -25 °С, and the average annual temperature is -1.6 °С. During the year, an average of 244 mm of precipitation falls.

In general, the climate is formed under the influence of three contrasting components: the dry and cold climate of the northern regions, the hot and dry Mongolian deserts, and the humid Pacific.

An essential feature of the climate of Buryatia is the long duration of sunshine - 1900-2200 hours, according to this indicator it is not inferior, and sometimes exceeds the southern regions.

Barguzinsky, Bauntovsky Evenki, Kurumkansky, Muysky, Okinsky, Severo-Baikalsky districts are equated with the regions of the Far North.

Reserves and national parks

Borgoisky reserve - the largest resting place for migratory birds in Eurasia

There are several large reserves and national parks in Buryatia. Among them are the Barguzinsky State Biosphere Reserve, the Baikal State Biosphere Reserve, the Dzherginsky State Nature Reserve, the Zabaikalsky National Park, and the Tunkinsky National Park.

Flora and fauna

Buryatia has a unique and diverse flora and fauna. Currently, 446 species of terrestrial vertebrates are registered on the territory of the republic. Amphibians of Buryatia are represented by six species from two orders. There are 7 species of reptiles in the republic. There are more than 348 species of birds in the avifauna of the republic. Mammals in Buryatia are 85 species from 7 orders.

Baikal seal

Seagulls on Baikal

Lake Baikal and its surrounding area are inhabited by 2,500 different species of animals and fish, 250 of which are endemic. The most famous are the Baikal omul - a commercial fish of the salmon family, as well as the viviparous golomyanka - a transparent fish without scales and a swim bladder. The symbol of Baikal is the seal. The mystery of the origin of this freshwater seal in the lake has not yet been solved.

Most of the territory of Buryatia is occupied by forests (83% of the area). In spring, the Daurian rhododendron blooms (called rosemary by the local population). Medicinal plants are successfully used in folk and Tibetan medicine. The taiga is inhabited by sable, squirrel, fox, Siberian weasel, ermine, lynx, roe deer, musk deer, red deer, elk, wild boar, and bear.

The Baikal sturgeon, davatchan, white Baikal grayling, taimen and tench are listed in the Red Book of Russia and Buryatia.

Water resources

The water resources of the Republic of Buryatia are represented by surface and ground waters. In total, more than 30,000 rivers flow on its territory with a total length of about 150 thousand km. Of these, only 25 belong to the category of large and medium.

Baikal, Zmeinaya Bay in the Chivyrkuisky Bay

Thus, more than 99% of the republic's rivers are small rivers less than 200 km long. The rivers of the republic belong to three large water basins: Lake Baikal, the Lena and Angara rivers. At the same time, 52% of the territory of Buryatia is located in the basin of Lake Baikal.

The river runoff resources of Buryatia are 98 km³; 94.3 thousand m³/year per inhabitant (almost 3 times more than the average for Russia); per 1 km² of territory 279.8 thousand m³ / year. It should be noted that 61% of the republic's river flow falls on the Baikal basin.

On the territory of the republic there are about 35 thousand lakes with a total mirror area of ​​1795 km². The most significant reservoirs include Gusinoe, Bolshoye Eravnoe, Maloe Eravnoe, and Baunt.

Most of (60% of the coastline) of Lake Baikal is located on the territory of Buryatia.

Population

The population of the republic according to Rosstat is 984,511 people. (2018). Population density - 2.80 people / km² (2018). Urban population - 59.01% (2018).

The death rate at the end of 2017 was 10.7 ppm. Taking into account the total population, it turns out that 10,534 people die in the region of the Republic of Buryatia per year.

Hospitable Buryatia. Sculptural composition in Ulan-Ude. Sculptor Alexander Mironov

National composition

People	1939 thousand people	1959 thousand people	1970 thousand people	1979 thousand people	1989 thousand people	2002 thousand people	2010 thousand people
Russians	393,1 (72,1 %)	↗ 502,6 (74,6 %)	↗ 597,0 (73,5 %)	↗ 647,8 (72,1 %)	↗ 726,2 (69,9 %)	↘ 665,5 (67,8 %)	↘ 630,8 (64,9 %)
Buryats	116,4 (21,3 %)	↗ 135,8 (20,1 %)	↗ 178,7 (22,0 %)	↗ 206,9 (23,0 %)	↗ 249,5 (24,0 %)	↗ 272,9 (27,8 %)	↗ 286,8 (29,5 %)
Tatars	3,8 (0,7 %)	↗ 8,0 (1,2 %)	↗ 10,0 (1,2 %)	↗ 10,3 (1,1 %)	↗ 10,5 (1,0 %)	↘ 8,2 (0,8 %)	↘ 6,8 (0,7 %)
Ukrainians	13,4 (2,4 %)	↘ 10,1 (1,3 %)	↗ 10,8 (1,2 %)	↗ 15,3 (1,7 %)	↗ 22,9 (2,2 %)	↘ 9,6 (1,0 %)	↘ 5,6 (0,7 %)
soyots	…	…	…	…	…	2,7 (0,3 %)	↗ 3,6 (0,4 %)
Evenki	1,8 (0,3 %)	↘ 1,3 (0,2 %)	↗ 1,7 (0,2 %)	↘ 1,5 (0,16 %)	↗ 1,7 (0,16 %)	↗ 2,3 (0,2 %)	↗ 2,9 (0,3 %)
Showing peoples with a population of more than 5,000 people, as well as indigenous peoples of the North

healthcare

In the region of the Republic of Buryatia, according to data available for 2018, the following are annually registered:

• 611 patients diagnosed with HIV infection;
• 3152 patients diagnosed with a malignant neoplasm, i.e. suffering from various cancers. This category of the population receives modern and effective treatment in the best clinics in the region;
• 758 patients with tuberculosis disease;
• 69 patients being treated for drug addiction;
• 554 people with the disease of alcoholism;
• 529 patients diagnosed with syphilis.

Administrative-territorial division

Administrative map of Buryatia

According to the Law of the Republic of Buryatia "On the administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Buryatia", the subject of the Russian Federation includes the following administrative-territorial units:

• 2 cities of republican significance,

21 districts which include:

• • 85 soums,
  • 156 village councils.

Within the framework of the municipal structure of the republic, within the boundaries of the administrative-territorial units of Buryatia, 287 municipalities were formed, including:

• 2 city districts,
• 21 municipal districts, which include:
  • 16 urban settlements,
  • 248 rural settlements.

Cities of republican significance (urban districts) and districts (municipal districts)

№	Russian name	Buryat name	Population, Human	Territory, thousand km²	Administrative center
Cities of republican significance (urban districts)
	city ​​of Ulan-Ude	Ulaan Ude Hoto	↗ 434 869	0,348	city
	city ​​of Severobaikalsk	Hoyto Baigalai hoto	↘ 23 673	0,119	city
Districts (municipal districts)
1	Barguzinsky district	Bargazhanai aimag	↘ 22 294	18,5	Barguzin village
2	Bauntovsky Evenki District	Bounty aimag	↘ 8743	66,8	Bagdarin village
3	Bichursky district	Beshүurey aimag	↘ 23 233	6,2	Bichura village
4	Dzhidinsky district	Zedin aimag	↘ 24 611	8,6	Petropavlovka village
5	Yeravninsky district	Yaruunyn aimag	↘ 17 211	30,7	Sosnovo-Ozerskoye village
6	Zaigraevsky district	Zagarain aimag	↗ 51 251	6,6	town Zaigraevo
7	Zakamensky district	Zakhaaminay aimag	↘ 26 091	15,3	city
8	Ivolginsky district	Ebilgyn aimag	↗ 52 227	2,7	Ivolginsk village
9	Kabanskiy district	Khabaanshyn aimag	↘ 57 094	13,5	Kabansk village
10	Kizhinginsky district	Hezhengyn aimag	↘ 15 112	7,9	Kizhinga village
11	Kurumkansky district	Khuramkhaanay aimag	↘ 13 852	12,5	Kurumkan village
12	Kyakhtinsky district	Khyaagtyn aimag	↘ 37 465	4,7	city
13	Muisky district	Muyayn aimag	↘ 10 264	25,2	Taksimo
14	Mukhorshibirsky district	Muhar Shebarey aimag	↘ 23 413	4,5	Mukhorshibir village
15	Okinsky district	Ahyn aimag	↗ 5470	26,0	Orlik village
16	Pribaikalsky district	Baigal shadarai aimag	↘ 26 756	15,5	Turuntayevo village
17	Severo-Baikalsky District	Hoyto Baigalai aimag	↘ 12 262	54,0	urban-type settlement Nizhneangarsk
18	Selenginsky district	Selengyn aimag	↘ 42 605	8,3	city
19	Tarbagatai district	Tarbagatayn aimag	↗ 20 509	3,3	Tarbagatai village
20	Tunkinsky district	Tunghenei aimag	↘ 20 795	11,8	Kyren village
21		Khoriin aimag	↘ 17 281	13,4	village Khorinsk

Settlements

There are 6 cities, 12 urban-type settlements and 631 rural settlements in Buryatia.

Settlements of Buryatia with a population of more than 2000 people.

Kabansk ↘ 6038 Turuntayevo ↘ 5901 Barguzin ↘ 5702 Kurumkan ↘ 5465 Zaigraevo ↗ 5362 Kyren ↘ 5210 Mukhorshibir ↘ 5128 Bagdarin ↗ 4735 Novoilinsk ↘ 4700 Babushkin ↘ 4542 Nizhneangarsk ↘ 4520 Vydrino 4374 Tarbagatai ↗ 4308 New Bryan ↘ 4276 Ilyinka ↘ 4203 Sagan Nur ↘ 3985 settlement ↗ 3797

Power

People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia

Consulate General of Mongolia in Ulan-Ude

The state power of the republic is exercised by the Head, the People's Khural, the Government and the courts.

The head is the highest official of the republic and at the same time the Chairman of the Government. Legislative power is exercised by the republic's parliament, the People's Khural.

On February 22, 1994, the Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Buryatia.

Awards

• Order of Lenin (July 3, 1959) - for the successes achieved in economic and cultural construction, and in commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the voluntary entry of Buryatia into the Russian state;
• Order of Friendship of Peoples (December 29, 1972) - in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the USSR.
• Order of the October Revolution (1973) - in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Buryat ASSR;

Economy

The Republic of Buryatia is one of the regions of Russia with an industrial-agrarian type of economy. Economic development: The total gross regional product (GRP) of the Republic of Buryatia in 2012 amounted to 167 billion rubles. According to this indicator, Buryatia ranks 60th in Russia, between the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Novgorod Region. According to the per capita indicator of the gross regional product (GRP), the Republic of Buryatia ranks 47th in the rating of subjects of the Russian Federation, between the Republic of Mordovia and the Oryol region. In 2011, the gross income per capita amounted to 159.2 thousand rubles. ($10,684 in terms of purchasing power index, which roughly corresponds to those of Serbia, Iran and South Africa).

Prospects for the development of the economy

According to the assessment of the government of Buryatia on the socio-economic development of the republic for the planning period until 2015, by 2015 the gross regional product (GRP) will increase by 16.2 - 20.6% compared to 2011. Under a more optimistic scenario, GRP may reach 236.3 billion rubles, which will be 120.6 percent of the 2011 level in comparable prices. In the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water, the growth rate is projected at the level of 121.9 - 128.7%. The growth rate of investments in fixed assets in 2015 compared to 2011 is projected at the level of 120.9 - 136.9%. Per capita cash income will increase by 1.2-1.3 times compared to 2011 and will amount to about 18.6-19.9 thousand rubles. The annual growth of real disposable money income until 2015 will be 1.7 - 4.2%.

In the structure of GRP, the sectors that produce services (46%) have the largest share: more than half of them (54.5%) are provided by transport, 28% - by trade and public catering, 3% - by communications. The share of industries producing goods accounts for 33.1% of GRP, of which about 60% is provided by industry, approximately 27% by agriculture and forestry, and 15% by construction. Other sectors account for 20.9% in the structure of the region's GRP.

Minerals

More than 700 deposits of various minerals have been explored on the territory of Buryatia. Among the identified - 247 gold deposits (228 alluvial, 16 ore and 3 complex). The list of strategic types of mineral raw materials includes 7 deposits of tungsten, 13 - uranium, 4 - polymetals, 2 - molybdenum and beryllium, 1 - tin and aluminum. Also explored are 8 deposits of fluorspar, 10 deposits of brown and 4 deposits of coal, 2 deposits of asbestos, a number of jade and building materials, as well as apatites, phosphorites, graphites and zeolites.

The bowels of Buryatia contain:

• 48% of the balance reserves of zinc in Russia,
• 24% - lead,
• 37% - molybdenum,
• 27% - tungsten,
• 16% - fluorspar,
• 15% - chrysotile asbestos.

Beryl crystal

• In the Kizhinginsky district, near the village of Novokizhinginsk, there is the Ermakovskoye beryllium deposit, the largest in Russia. It has a uniquely high content of beryllium (more than 1%) and a large amount of beryllium minerals. This is the only beryllium deposit in Russia suitable for profitable development, characterized by favorable mining, hydrogeological conditions, ease of ore dressing and concentrate processing, as well as being in an easily accessible area. Among the known large-scale beryllium deposits, it stands out for its rich ores. After its discovery in 1964, exploration and the start of development (1975), the problem with the supply of beryllium to the industry of the USSR was successfully resolved.
• Gold mining is one of the main items of income for the Republic of Buryatia. Geologists have discovered more than 240 deposits of this precious metal on its territory. Buryatia, occupying a little more than 2 percent of the area of ​​Russia, contains a large gold potential in its bowels. In terms of balance reserves of gold, the Republic of Buryatia ranks 14th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In general, as of January 01, 2010, gold reserves in the republic amounted to 100.7 tons, the tested forecast resources of ore gold are estimated at 1311 tons. In terms of gold mining, Buryatia ranks 9th in Russia and third in the Siberian Federal District. In the Soviet years, gold mining was carried out almost exclusively from placers and did not exceed 1.5-2 tons per year. In 1991, with the establishment of CJSC Buryatzoloto, work on the development of the main ore deposits - Zun-Kholby and Irokindy reached a new qualitative level. With the commissioning of the Zun-Kholbinsky mine in 1994, production in Buryatia increased sharply to 5 tons. Gold mining in Buryatia in 2011 amounted to 6.1 tons.
• Coal mining in Buryatia in 2009 amounted to about 16.5 million tons. Of these, the Tugnuisky open pit produces 8.5 million tons per year, the Nikolsky open pit - approx. 8 million tons. According to geological exploration data, coal reserves at the Tugnuisky open pit today amount to 230 million tons. The total area of ​​the Nikolskoye field is 15 km², reserves are over 274 million tons. Brown coal production in 2010 reached 1.5 million tons. The Okino-Klyuchevskoye (Bichursky district), Talinskoye and Daban-Gorkhonskoye (Yeravninsky district), Zagustayskoye and certain sections of the Gusinoozyorskoye (Selenginsky district) brown coal deposits are being developed by open pit mining. The main brown coal deposits of Buryatia are Okino-Klyuchevskoye (coal reserves - 125.75 million tons), Gusinoozerskoye (explored reserves - 451 million tons), Akhalikskoye (1.1 million tons), Zagustayskoye (1.0 million tons). On the territory of Buryatia, there are 10 deposits of brown and 4 deposits of hard coal on the balance sheet. This is 1.1% of the balance reserves of coal in Russia, but production is only 0.1% of the total Russian. With a fairly large fuel and energy base, Buryatia is forced to import, mainly for energy producers, about 3 million tons of hard coal and 1.5 million tons of brown coal annually.
• Uranium mining in Buryatia is carried out in the Bauntovsky Evenk region at the Khiagda deposit using the borehole underground leaching method. In 2013, the Khiagda deposit produced 440 tons of uranium, which is 38% more than in 2012. The mineral resource base of uranium at the Khiagda deposit is about 47 thousand tons.
• The main deposits of non-ferrous metals in Buryatia are Ozernoye, Kholodninskoye, Dzhidinskoye.
  • The lake pyrite-polymetallic deposit is located in the Yeravninsky district, 450 km east of the city of Ulan-Ude. It is unique in terms of lead (1.6 million tons) and zinc (8.3 million tons) reserves, with their average grades in the ore being 1.2 and 6.2%. Impurity elements - cadmium, antimony, arsenic, silver, thallium. In the period 2008-2010, a mining and processing plant was built.
  • The Kholodninskoe deposit of pyrite-polymetallic ores contains industrial concentrations of lead, zinc, sulfur and other valuable components. The Pb:Zn ratio is 1:7. A combined development system was designed: a quarry to a depth of 200-300 m, with a gradual transition to underground mining. However, in 2006, by order of the Russian government, the boundaries of the Central Ecological Zone (CEZ) of Lake Baikal were approved, in which the Kholodninskoye field is located, and where any economic activity was prohibited.
  • Tungsten mining at the Dzhidinskoye deposit in Zakamensk was stopped in 1998 due to the economic crisis.
• The extraction of jade in Russia on an industrial scale began in the middle of the 19th century in the Eastern Sayan. Prior to that, all the jade supplied to the stone-cutting enterprises of Russia was purchased abroad. In the Soviet years, starting from 1964 (since the creation of the Jade Party of the Irkutsk Geological Administration), the production of jade in Buryatia ranged from 30 to 100 tons, and in some years it reached 500 tons. After the 1990s, the accounting is only approximate, since more part of the turnover of the stone is carried out on the shadow market.

Power industry

Gusinoozyorskaya GRES

The energy system of the republic operates as part of the Unified Energy System of Russia. In 2013, electricity consumption in the Buryat energy system amounted to 5,484 million kWh, generation of power plants - 5391.8 million kWh, maximum power consumption - 969 MW, installed capacity of power plants at the end of the year - 1333.77 MW. The historical maximum power consumption is 1255 MW and was reached in 1992.

On the territory of the republic there are two power plants of the wholesale market:

Gusinoozyorskaya GRES (branch of JSC Inter RAO - Elektrogeneratsiya, city of ) is a thermal power plant (GRES) with an installed capacity of 1130 MW at the end of 2013. In 2013, the GRES generated 4823.1 million kWh of electricity (or 89.45% of the total output of Buryatia).

Ulan-Ude CHPP-1 (a branch of TGC-14, Ulan-Ude) is a combined heat and power plant with an installed capacity of 148.77 MW at the end of 2013. In 2013, the CHPP generated 442.8 million kWh of electricity (or 8.2% of the total output of Buryatia).

Electric power is supplied to the retail market by CHPPs of OAO Selenginsky TsKK (36 MW, a station of an industrial enterprise owned by OOO Bail, Ulan-Ude) and diesel power plants used in emergency and repair modes. The total capacity of diesel power plants at the end of 2013 amounted to 18.4 MW.

The power plants of the republic use brown and hard coal as the main fuel, fuel oil - as a backup and kindling.

The general scheme for the placement of electric power facilities until 2020 provided for the construction of the Mokskaya and Ivanovskaya HPPs with a design capacity of 1,410 MW.

Services for the transmission of electrical energy on the territory of the republic are provided by FGC UES JSC (electric networks and substations with a voltage of 220 kV and above), a branch of IDGC of Siberia JSC - Buryatenergo, Ulan-Ude Energo JSC, ENCOM LLC and 24 other territorial grid companies.

Since June 2014, Chitaenergosbyt OJSC has been the supplier of last resort in the Republic of Buryatia. The largest consumers of electrical energy are the East Siberian Railway, the Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant, the Ulan-Ude Locomotive Car Repair Plant, the Timlyuisky Cement Plant, the Selenginsky CCC, Buryatzoloto, and the Tugnuisky open-pit mine.

The functions of operational dispatch control on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia are carried out by the Branch of JSC SO UES "Regional Dispatch Control of the Energy System of the Republic of Buryatia", which is included in the operating area of ​​the Branch of JSC SO UES ODU Siberia.

Thermal power engineering

The consumption of thermal energy from district heating systems in the Republic of Buryatia in 2013 amounted to 7,395 thousand Gcal. The largest suppliers of thermal energy are the enterprises of TGC-14 OJSC (Ulan-Ude CHPP-1 - 1596.7 thousand Gcal, Ulan-Ude CHPP-2 - 893.1 thousand Gcal, Timlyuiskaya CHPP - 74.9 thousand Gcal ), Gusinoozyorskaya GRES - 240.2 thousand Gcal, CHP JSC "Selenginsky CCC" - 158.2 thousand Gcal. In addition to the listed stations, about 673 boiler houses supply heat energy.

At the end of 2013, the total installed capacity of heat sources of district heating systems is 2798.1 Gcal/h, of which 1030.5 Gcal/h - boiler houses, 688 Gcal/h - Ulan-Ude CHPP-1, 419 Gcal/h - CHP JSC Selenginsky TsKK, 221 Gcal/h - Gusinoozerskaya TPP, 380 Gcal/h - Ulan-Ude CHPP-2, 59.6 Gcal/h - Timlyuiskaya CHPP. At the same time, the last two CHPPs have zero installed electric capacity and actually function as boiler houses.

Transport

Most of the territory of Buryatia is characterized by an extremely underdeveloped internal communication infrastructure, lack of railway communication, paved roads.

Automotive

In the Republic of Buryatia, public motor transport is developed, which in 2009 transported more than 59,010 thousand people. and 933 thousand tons of cargo. The total length of roads in Buryatia is more than 14 thousand km.

Federal highways P258 "Baikal" Irkutsk - Chita, A340 Ulan-Ude - Kyakhta - the border with Mongolia (checkpoint "Kyakhta - Altanbulag") and the highway A333 Kultuk - Mondy - the border with Mongolia (checkpoint "Mondy - Khankh") pass through the republic . There are enough gas stations and roadside services on federal roads.

The total length of motor roads of federal significance is 827 km, regional significance is 3327 km, and local significance is 4132 km. Federal roads are all asphalt concrete. From regional roads: asphalt concrete - 1997.5 km, gravel and crushed stone - 1257.7 km, unpaved - 280.2 km. On the roads of Buryatia there are 4 ferry crossings and 461 bridges with a total length of 15428 meters. 24% of these bridges are in disrepair and require immediate overhaul, reconstruction and restructuring. The share of local public roads in Buryatia that do not meet regulatory requirements, according to the Deputy Minister of Transport and Roads of the Republic of Belarus, is 72.3%, while in some municipalities, such as Bauntovsky and Tunkinsky districts, this figure is 100%, and in Tarbagatai district - 90.8%.

Highway "Baikal"

P258 "Baikal" - the federal highway Irkutsk - Ulan-Ude - Chita passes through the territory of the Irkutsk region, the Republic of Buryatia and the Trans-Baikal Territory. It has an asphalt concrete pavement along its main length with a carriageway width of 7 m (there are sections with cement concrete and crushed stone pavement). The length is 1,113 kilometers. Technical category - III, IV, mainly IV, characterized by difficult terrain, numerous sections that do not correspond to category IV, as a rule, these are sharp oversized turns, long descents, closed horizontal and vertical visibility. The estimated traffic intensity is 6,511 vehicles per day. The design speed is 90 km/h, there are numerous long sections with speed limits, mainly 50 and 40 km/h.

Railway station Naushki station

Railway

The length of railway tracks in Buryatia is 2044 km. The Trans-Siberian Railway (Ulan-Ude is the junction station of the East Siberian Railway) and the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) pass through the territory of the republic.

The East Siberian Railway (VSZhD) is an integral part of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Includes the southern line to Mongolia Ulan-Ude - Naushki.

The Baikal-Amur Mainline crosses the territory of the republic in its northern part and passes through the Severomuysky tunnel.

The Metals of Eastern Siberia Corporation, which is starting to develop the Ozernoye lead-zinc deposit in the Yeravninsky district, plans to build a 165 km railway from the Mogzon station on the Trans-Siberian Railway to the deposit. According to preliminary estimates, the construction will cost 5-7 billion rubles. Then there are plans to extend the branch line to Novy Uoyan at BAM in order to export metals and ore along two highways. The Corporation intends to invest up to 25% of the necessary funds in the construction of the railway infrastructure in the Republic of Buryatia. Now the corporation is negotiating with the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, Russian Railways, Rosatom on a possible equity participation in the project. In addition, the technical director said that the group expects to raise funds from the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation.

Aviation

The emblem of the Baikal airport

Baikal Airport is the international airport of the city of Ulan-Ude. It is located within the urban district of Ulan-Ude, 15 km west of the city center, and 75 km southeast of Lake Baikal. In 2008, the People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia named the airport "Baikal". It performs the functions of an airport of federal importance, is the base for air communication with hard-to-reach and remote areas of the republic. Two airlines are based at the Baikal airport - PANH and Buryat Airlines.

In regional centers there are small airports for republican air communication. Air communication is difficult due to the deterioration of the fleet of regional aircraft and the infrastructure of local airports.

River

The East Siberian River Shipping Company is a company that provides passenger and freight transportation by river transport in the Irkutsk Region and the Republic of Buryatia. The East Siberian River Shipping Company is the main cargo carrier on the waterways of the Angara, Baikal and its tributaries - the Selenga, the Upper Angara. In essence, it is a natural monopolist, possesses a full set of property necessary for the provision of services for its core business. The company's fleet consists of 142 self-propelled vessels. The activity of the East Siberian River Shipping Company extends over an area of ​​several thousand square kilometers and is associated with the functioning of such subjects of the Russian Federation as the Irkutsk region, Buryatia. In Buryatia, navigation along the Selenga River is carried out to the city (). The upper Angara flows for the most part through the swampy Angara basin and has a flat character, in the lower reaches it is navigable. Navigation on Lake Baikal has been carried out since the 17th century. In 1643, the Pentecostal Kurbat Ivanov came to the coast of Lake Baikal. The Cossacks built light rowboats, crossed the strait and landed on Olkhon Island. In 1648, the boyar son Ivan Pokhabov from the Angara, through Baikal and the Selenga, made a trip to Mongolia. In the 1650s, craftsmen from Arkhangelsk, from the White Sea and the middle Volga built kochi, kasovka, planks on Lake Baikal. Ships are being built for the military expeditions of P. I. Beketov (1652) and Vasily Krasilnikov (1655). In 1738, the first military boat was launched on Baikal. There were pirates on Baikal. Robbers plundered both merchant ships and small fairs. The most famous Baikal pirate was a robber named Prongs.

Icebreaker "Angara"

The first navigation of the first steamship in Siberia began on June 26, 1844. In addition to sailing on the main line Listvennichnoye - Posolsk, steamers made trips to the mouth of the Selenga for a cargo of tea, to the Turkinskie mineral waters, to Barguzin and Verkhneangarsk for fish.

On November 21, 1924, the Savnarkom of the RSFSR decided to separate the Selenginsky State Shipping Company from the Amur State Shipping Company. The Board of the Selenga State Shipping Company was located in Verkhneudinsk (Ulan-Ude). When it was formed, the Selenga Shipping Company had at its disposal: on the Selenga, the ships Burlak, Spartak, Ulyanov and Kooperator, 6 barges. On Baikal, the steamships Angara, Lieutenant Schmidt and Circum-Baikalets, 4 barges. On the Angara steamships "Vladimir Lenin", "Buryat" and "Tarzan". 10 barges. In the 1930s, the shipping company's rivermen carried out a large program to create a powerful material and technical base for the shipping company. At the same time, piers were being built: Irkutsk, Zaryansk, Makaryevo, Ulan-Ude and the port of Baikal. In the same years, transportation began for the Mongolian People's Republic along the rivers: Selenga, Orkhon, Lake Kosoyul. A special fleet was built for foreign transportation. With the start of the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, the ships of the port of Baikal transported over 840 thousand tons of cargo for BAM, a large group of employees of the shipping company were awarded medals. In the 1960s - 1970s, the steam fleet on Lake Baikal was completely replaced by a metal non-self-propelled fleet, ships with integrated automation appeared.

Public

City transport includes tram, bus, fixed-route taxi. Passengers are transported by 71 bus and 4 tram routes. Up to 100 million passengers are transported to Ulan-Ude annually. Every day more than 270 thousand citizens use passenger transport services. Up to 70% of passengers are transported by private transport.

The total number of road transport - 2015 units. Including 90 buses of Municipal Unitary Enterprise "City Routes" and 51 - JSC "City Routes", 85 private buses of large and medium capacity, 1800 buses of small capacity.

1,340 buses run daily on the line. Including 140 buses of large and medium capacity, 1200 buses of small capacity, 45 tram cars

Tourist and recreational SEZ "Baikal harbor"

Signpost "Baikal Harbor"

By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 3, 2007 No. 68, a tourist and recreational special economic zone (SEZ) "Baikal Harbor" was created on the territory of the Pribaikalsky district. The SEZ is planned as an all-season world-class resort with a highly developed infrastructure with an area of ​​700 km².

It is positioned as a center of tourism in the East of Russia, as well as a key destination and object of the cross-border tourist route "Eastern Ring" for the countries of Northeast Asia.

By 2027, more than 2 million arrivals per year are planned, including 30% from and from tourist civil traffic from citizens of the Russian Federation and Belarus and the CIS, 40% from tourist traffic from China and Mongolia, and 30% from tourist traffic and from frontier in the form of tourists from Japan, USA, Australia and Canada.

Industry

The basis of the industrial complex of Buryatia today is mechanical engineering, metalworking, electric power, non-ferrous metallurgy, food, fuel, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, which account for 95.1% of the gross volume of industrial output in the republic.

In 1923, the year of the formation of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, there were 17 small industrial enterprises on its territory, employing only 854 workers. The share of industry in the national economy was 11.6%. Currently, in the economy of the republic, industry provides the production of about 27% of the gross regional product. Up to 30% of the labor resources of material production falls on this branch of the economy. In total, there are just over 1,600 enterprises, of which the main ones are 147 large and medium-sized enterprises, on which its main production potential is concentrated and more than 52.3 thousand people are employed. Industry is ahead of other sectors of the economy in terms of the number of employees, output, and the volume of fixed assets.

Modern industry of Buryatia

Currently, Buryatia produces and exports aviation equipment, metal bridge structures, wood, cellulose, cardboard, packaging, woolen fabrics, building materials, electrical equipment, canned meat, pasta, alcoholic beverages, cement and much more. The republic has one of the largest enterprises in Russia producing canned meat - Buryatmyasoprom LLC, which provides one third of the country's needs for these food products.

The largest industrial enterprises of the republic are: OJSC "Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant", OJSC "Buryatzoloto", State Unitary Enterprise "Ulan-Ude Locomotive Car Repair Plant", CJSC "Ulan-Udestalmost", OJSC "Ulan-Ude Instrument-Making Production Association", OJSC "Selenginsky Cellulose -cardboard mill”, OJSC “Baikal Forest Company”, OJSC “Razrez Tugnuisky”, OJSC “Buryatmyasoprom”, CJSC Confectionery Factory “Amta”, OJSC “Baikalfarm”, OJSC “Makbur”, LLC “Timlyuisky Cement Plant”.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking

Logo of the Ulan-Ude Instrument-Making Production Association

The share of the industry in the volume of industrial production of Buryatia is maximum and amounts to 36.2%. The volume of shipped goods, performed works and services by enterprises of the machine-building and metal-working complex of the republic in 2007 amounted to 13,179 million rubles. or 34.2% of the volume of shipped products for the industry of the republic as a whole. The decisive role in the fulfillment of the 2007 program task and in the further growth of production volumes in mechanical engineering was played by the implementation of strategic plans for the development of the largest organizations in the industry: JSC Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant, Ulan-Ude LVRZ-branch of JSC Russian Railways, CJSC Ulan-Udestalmost ”, OJSC “Ulan-Ude Instrument-Making Production Association”. As a result of the reformation of JSC "Ulan-Ude plant "Teplopribor" and JSC "Ulan-Ude shipbuilding plant", CJSC "Plant Teplopribor Komplekt" and CJSC "Baikal Shipbuilding Company" were created with the preservation of specialized industries. The share of defense industries has always been high in the structure of mechanical engineering in the region To date, the number of defense engineering enterprises has significantly decreased (including aviation and power instrumentation enterprises, the production of computers, televisions, and some others).

mining industry

One of the most important industries in Buryatia is the mining industry - gold mining, coal mining, and non-ferrous metal mining.

Fuel production of the future

In the future (starting from the 2030s) Buryatia may become a world leader in the production of the fuel of the future - hydrogen. According to scientists, it is possible to produce hydrogen in the Tunka Valley, equivalent to 200 million tons of reference fuel per year.

Agriculture

Borgoi steppe, a region of developed sheep breeding

The agro-industrial complex of Buryatia produces a significant part of the food of Eastern Siberia. The unique combination of southern latitudes, the availability of water resources provides the basis for the active development of agriculture in the republic. Local raw materials form the basis of the food industry, represented by enterprises producing meat, dairy, fish, flour and cereals, animal feed, alcoholic beverages, confectionery and other products.

In the agro-industrial complex of Buryatia, about 10% of the GRP is created, 9.8% of the employed population works. After a significant decline in production in 1992-1998, the main indicators of the industry are in a steadily stagnant state. In 1999-2005, there was an outflow of personnel, since 2006 the situation has changed dramatically and agriculture is actively gaining momentum. In particular, industrial pig breeding is developing. In 2012, the Vostochno-Sibirsky Pig Complex was launched for 140,000 heads. Agroholding "Nikolaevsky" - the largest pork producer in Siberia - has been operating for 10 years already. There are two poultry farms in the republic. It is planned to build another one in the Zaigraevsky district.

The area of ​​agricultural land is 3.154 million hectares, including arable land - 847 thousand hectares. In the structure of land, hayfields and pastures occupy the largest share. The lands are characterized by low fertility, soils are subject to wind and water erosion. 82% of agricultural land, 92% of cattle is privately owned. State agricultural enterprises belonging to federal and republican property occupy 8.7% of the land. In 2006, farms of all categories produced goods worth 10.4 billion rubles.

International trade

In 2011, the foreign trade turnover of Buryatia amounted to 903.3 million US dollars. Foreign trade transactions were carried out with 40 countries of the world. The main trading partners of the republic in exports are,. The main export commodities: engineering products - 79.4%, wood and pulp and paper products - 14.9%, food products and agricultural raw materials - 3.4%. The value of exports of the republic in 2011 amounted to 724 million US dollars, imports - 179.3 million US dollars. The main trading partners for import deliveries: China, Italy, Mongolia,.

Education

In the 1914-1915 academic year on the territory of Buryatia, 13.4 thousand students studied in general education, mainly in elementary schools; there were no secondary specialized and higher educational institutions.

In the 1969/1970 academic year, there were 203,900 students in 711 general education schools, 8,900 students in 33 vocational schools, and 20,900 students in 23 specialized secondary schools. 19.8 thousand students studied at four universities. In 2009, there were 517 general education schools in Buryatia, of which 104 were primary, 43 were basic, and 370 secondary. Also: 20 lyceums and gymnasiums, 46 schools with in-depth study of individual subjects, 6 copyright schools, 152 national schools and other schools.

Higher education institutions

Buryat State University. Main academic building

• Buryat State University,
• Buryat State Agricultural Academy. V. R. Filippova,
• East Siberian State Institute of Culture,
• East Siberian State University of Technology and Management,
• Baikal Institute of Economics and Law,
• Ulan-Ude Institute of Railway Transport and others.

Secondary specialized educational institutions

• Baikal College of Tourism and Service,
• Buryat Republican Industrial College,
• Buryat Republican Pedagogical College,
• Buryat Agrarian College. M. N. Erbanova,
• Buryat Forestry College,
• College of Arts. P. I. Tchaikovsky,
• Republican Basic Medical College. E. R. Radnaeva,
• Republican Multilevel College (College of Sports and Service of the Republic of Buryatia),
• Ulan-Ude Engineering and Pedagogical College,
• Ulan-Ude Trade and Economic College,
• Ulan-Ude Aviation College and others.

The level of education

The level of qualification and education of the able-bodied population is characterized as quite high. By 2005, 15% of the population had a higher education (the Russian average is 17%). 17.1% of the population has secondary vocational education. In recent years, many specialists with economic education have been added to the technical specialists that prevailed earlier.

Mass media

There were 315 registered mass media in Buryatia, including 214 print and 101 electronic media (including 9 news agencies).

printed

The first Buryat newspaper Shene Baidal (New Life) was published in Chita on January 20, 1921. In 1922, the first issue of the newspaper "Krasny Buryat-Mongol" in Russian was published in Irkutsk. After the formation of the autonomous republic in 1923, the Buryat book publishing house was created, newspapers began to be published: "Buryat-Mongolskaya Pravda" (in Russian), "Buryat-Mongoloi Unen" (in the Buryat language). In 1925, the youth newspaper "Buryatsky Komsomolets" (later "Youth of Buryatia") began to be published. In 1955, the literary and artistic magazine "Baikal" began to be published in Russian and Buryat languages. In 1969, 3 republican newspapers, 17 aimak (district) newspapers were published, with a total circulation of more than 40 million copies; 15 magazines were published with a total circulation of 220,000 copies.

Currently, the most circulated newspapers are the following:

• New Buryatia,
• Inform-Policy,
• Youth of Buryatia,
• Moskovsky Komsomolets in Buryatia,
• The truth of Buryatia,
• Buryaad unen,
• Friday,
• Central newspaper.

Television and radio

Broadcasting in the Buryat language has been conducted since 1934. In 1961, a television center in Ulan-Ude began to operate. Since 1967, Moscow TV programs have been relayed through the ground receiving station Orbita.

TV channels:

• Tivik,
• Arig Us,
• Buryat state television and radio company,
• STS-Baikal,
• World Buryatia,

culture

Museums

Buryat yurt

Old Believers-Semeyskie Tarbagatay

In 2007, there were 5 state, 19 municipal, more than a hundred settlement and school museums in Buryatia. Their collections include more than 250 thousand items.

The most visited and widely known museums of the republic are:

• Museum of the History of Buryatia
• Ethnographic Museum of the Peoples of Transbaikalia,
• Museum of Nature of Buryatia,
• Art Museum. Sampilova,
• Museum of the history of the city of Ulan-Ude,
• Museum of the Decembrists in Novoselenginsk.

Theaters

Opera and Ballet Theatre

Buryat Drama Theater

Russian Drama Theater

The first amateur performances began to be staged in Verkhneudinsk in the 1870s. In the 1880s, N. S. Nelyubov, a full-time superintendent of the district school, created an amateur theater. The theater staged plays by A. Ostrovsky "Profitable Place" and "Forest", vaudevilles by Russian and French authors.

In the early 1920s, a lecturer at the Pribaikalsky People's University, Viktor Nikolaevich Dobronravov, tried to create an Artistic Proletarian Theater.

On August 21, 1924, an organizational bureau for theatrical affairs was created under Burpolitprosvet. The goal of the bureau is to create a national theatre.

On December 22, 1928, the Moscow Mobile Organizing Theater gave a performance in Ulan-Ude "A Man with a Briefcase" by A. Faiko, which can be considered the beginning of professional theatrical activity in Buryatia. basis - technical school of arts. Among the authors of the first Buryat plays are S. P. Baldaev, I. D. Daduev, Kh. N. Namsaraev, A. I. Shadayev. In 1932, the first play by N. G. Baldano "Breakthrough" was staged on the stage of the national drama theater.

• Buryat State Academic Drama Theater named after Hots Namsaraev is the oldest theater in Buryatia.
• The State Russian Drama Theater named after N. A. Bestuzhev is the first professional theater in Buryatia.
• The Buryat State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater is the oldest opera and ballet theater in Siberia and the Far East.
• Buryat State National Theater of Song and Dance "Baikal".
• Puppet theater "Ulger".
• Youth Art Theatre.

Libraries

National Library of Buryatia

On November 1, 1881, on the initiative of N. S. Nelyubov, the first public library in the city (now the National Library of the Republic of Buryatia) began to work in Verkhneudinsk. In the early years, the library was located in the building of the county school. In 1885, the library had 78 subscribers. In 1924, there were 10 libraries and 49 reading rooms in Buryatia.

As of January 1, 1970, there were 518 public libraries in the republic. Their total fund was 3,703 thousand copies of books and magazines. In 2009, there were 443 school libraries.

Ivolginsky datsan. Object of cultural heritage

Major Libraries:

• National Library of the Republic of Buryatia;
• State Republican Youth Library. BEFORE. Batozhabay;
• State Republican Children's Library. B. Abidueva;
• Central city library of the city of Ulan-Ude. I. K. Kalashnikov.

Circus

The State Circus of the Republic of Buryatia was established on November 10, 2000 by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia on the basis of graduates of the Buryat National Circus School-Studio under the leadership of the People's Artist of Russia Maidari Zhaphandaev. S.N. Oreshkova. Over the 17 years of its activity, the Buryat circus has significantly expanded its repertoire: circus performances have been created: Call of the Jungle, Peter Pan, Jumanji, Journey of Santa Claus and the Snow Maiden, Legends of the White Month, Mowgli, Fabulous cruise Know-it-all and Dunno”, “Legends of Baikal”.

Cultural heritage sites

In Buryatia, as of January 1, 2010, 1,632 cultural heritage sites were under state protection.

Buryatia in art

Memoirs

In their memoirs, Buryatia was described:

• Timofey Petrovich Kalashnikov - the father of the writer I. T. Kalashnikov - the author of the notes "The Life of the Unfamous Timofey Petrovich Kalashnikov, Written in Simple Style from 1762 to 1794". "Russian archive". Moscow, 1904;
• Decembrist Baron A.E. Rosen. "Notes of the Decembrist" were published in "Notes of the Fatherland" for 1876.

Fiction

In 1922, the first collection of poems by Solbone Tuya (P. N. Dambinov, 1882-1937) “Color Steppe” was published. The first Buryat stories were written by Ts. Don (Ts. D. Dondubon, 1905-1938): "The Moon in Eclipse" (1932), "Poisoning from cheese" (1935).

In the late 1930s, Buryat writers began to write books for children. In 1938, children's literary tales by B. D. Abiduev were published: “The Tale of the Baban Goat”, “Riding the Tiger”, “Shalay and Shanai”, in 1939 the tales “Cat Bator”, “The Bat”, “The Brave Goat Baban” . Fairy tales are based on folk tales.

In 1949, the first Buryat novel, The Steppe Woke Up, by Zh. T. Tumunov, was published in Ulan-Ude. It was followed by novels: X. Namsaraev "At the morning dawn" (1950), Ch. Tsydendambaev "Dorzhi, the son of Banzar" (1952), "Far from the native steppes" (1956). Zh. T. Tumunov in 1954 wrote his second novel, Golden Rain.

I. K. Kalashnikov was awarded the Republican Prize of the Buryat ASSR in the field of literature and art for 1968-1969 for the novel "Gap-Grass".

Music, ballet

In 1938, the first national musical drama "Bair" by P. Berlinsky was staged at the Buryat Drama Theater to the text by G. Ts. Tsydynzhapov and A. Shadayev. In 1940, the drama was staged in the second edition jointly by B. B. Yampilov. In many national theaters of the USSR at that time, musical drama was a transitional genre to opera.

On October 20, 1940, the First Decade of Buryat-Mongolian Art began in Moscow. The theater showed the musical dramas "Bair" by P. M. Berlinsky and "Erzhen" by V. Moroshkin and the first Buryat opera "Enkhe-Bulat Bator" based on the national epic.

The first Buryat ballet "Light over the Valley" by Ryauzov was staged in 1956 by the Buryat Opera and Ballet Theatre.

The ballet-poem "Beauty Angara" is one of the main performances of the Buryat State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre. The ballet was first staged in 1959, Igor Moiseev took part in its production as a consultant. Choreographer M. Zaslavsky, libretto by N. Baldano. "Beauty Angara" is the only national ballet awarded the prize. M. Glinka.

Movie

In 1928, V.I. Pudovkin filmed the feature film "The Descendant of Genghis Khan" in the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

In 1951, Ya. B. Frid was awarded the title of Honored Artist of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic for the documentary film "Soviet Buryat-Mongolia" (Lenfilm, 1951). Sergeev and Bayar Tumurovich Zhigmytov) a full-length documentary film "Circle of Sansara" about Buryatia of the 20th century was shot.

Art films:

• Herdsman's song - 1957, based on the novel by D. O. Batozhabay;
• Golden House - 1960, according to the scenario of V. I. Yezhov, D. Batozhabay and G. Tsydynzhapov;
• It's time for the taiga snowdrop - director Yaropolk Lapshin;
• The cry of silence - according to the script of I.K. Kalashnikov;
• Morning of the doomed mine - 1985;
• Bitter juniper - director B. Khalzanov.
• Kettle - director Zh. Badmatsyrenov.

Symbol of Buryatia

Flowering wild rosemary near Baikal

As part of the all-Russian action "Alley of Russia", all subjects of Russia by open voting must choose plants that symbolize their region. According to the results of a survey conducted on the official portal of Buryatia, the Daurian rhododendron, better known as wild rosemary, became the symbol of Buryatia.

Numismatics

In honor of the 350th anniversary of the voluntary entry of Buryatia into the Russian state, the Bank of Russia on April 1, 2011 issued the following commemorative coins (only reverses are shown):

3 silver rubles depicting a woman in a national costume	100 silver rubles depicting the inhabitants of Buryatia in scenes of life against the backdrop of temples	50 gold rubles with the coat of arms of the Republic of Buryatia	10 brass-cupronickel rubles with the coat of arms of the Republic of Buryatia

Sport

Athletes of the Republic of Buryatia in 2007 took part in major competitions of both Russian and international levels and won 380 medals, including 133 gold, 117 silver, 130 bronze. The Republican Agency for Physical Culture and Sports, together with sports federations, held more than 600 physical culture and health and sports events, including mass and nationwide ones.

see also

• Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia
• List of full holders of the Order of Glory from Buryatia
• List of Heroes of the Russian Federation from Buryatia
• Tunkinsky experiment

Notes

1. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018.
2. Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016 (Russian) (xls). Rosstat.
3. Gross regional product per capita for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016 MS Excel document
4. People's Khural
5. Buryaad Ulas, and nothing else: the official list of correspondences of terms and positions in the Buryat language (Russian). Buryaad Unen (December 9, 2015). Archived from the original on December 22, 2015.
6. A day in history: On May 30, 1923, the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed.
7. Vasiliev S. V., Borutskaya S. B., Rogovskoy E. O., Berdnikova N. E., Lipnina E. A., Berdnikov I. M. Report on anthropological finds at the Paleolithic site of Tuyana in the Tunkinskaya rift valley (South-Western Baikal region) // News of Irkutsk State University, 2017
8. N. Navaan, Bronze Age of Eastern Mongolia, 1975
9. History of Mongolia, Volume I, 2003
10. Xiongnu. Wayback Machine (unavailable link - story) (August 8, 2007). Retrieved October 2, 2017. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007.
11. LAW of the Buryat SSR dated March 27, 1992 No. 213-XII "On changing the name of the Buryat Soviet Socialist Republic". Archived from the original on January 13, 2016.
12. Law of the Russian Federation of April 21, 1992 No. 2708-I "On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic". This law came into force from the moment of its publication in Rossiyskaya Gazeta on May 16, 1992.
13. Demoscope Weekly
14. Application. Handbook of statistical indicators.. Demoscope Weekly. demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
15. Application. Handbook of statistical indicators.. Demoscope Weekly. demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
16. Application. Handbook of statistical indicators.. Demoscope Weekly. demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
17. Application. Handbook of statistical indicators.. Demoscope Weekly. demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
18. All-Russian population census of 2002
19. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
20. Republic of Buryatia: population, authorities, health care, regions (Russian). femida.guru. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
21. ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BURYATIA (as amended on: 07/07/2017), Law of the Republic of Buryatia dated September 10, 2007 No. 2433-III. TechExpert
22. ON THE REGISTER OF ADMINISTRATIVE TERRITORIAL UNITS AND SETTLEMENTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF BURYATIA (as amended on November 13, 2015), Decree of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia dated November 18, 2009 No. 431. TechExpert. docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
23. ON ESTABLISHMENT OF BORDERS, FORMATION AND STATUS OF MUNICIPALITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF BURYATIA (as amended on: 07/07/2017), Law of the Republic of Buryatia dated December 31, 2004 No. 985-III. TechExpert. docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
24. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2017 (July 31, 2017). Retrieved July 31, 2017. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017.
25. Results of the 2010 All-Russian population census. 5. The population of Russia, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - district centers and rural settlements with a population of 3 thousand people or more. Retrieved November 14, 2013. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013.
26. All-Russian population censuses of 2002 and 2010
27. List of subjects of the Russian Federation by GRP - Wikipedia
28. List of Russian regions by GRP per capita (rus.). Documentation. newsruss.ru. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
29. Ermakovskoe (Be) deposit, Transbaikalia, Russia. Description, minerals, photos.. Minerals and deposits. www.webmineral.ru Retrieved 2 October 2017.
30. POSSIBILITY OF TOXIC MANIFESTATION OF BERYLLIUM AT THE ERMAKOVSKOYE DEPOSIT Sandakova D.M., Kislov E.V. "Fundamental sciences and practice Vol. 1, No. 3"
31. Ermakovskoe deposit. St. Petersburg State Mining Institute. Plekhanov in the Republic of Buryatia
32. "The Golden Land of Buryatia" Verkhoturova G. A., Zherlov V. F.
33. Golden potential of Buryatia
34. Coal of Buryatia: we use one tenth
35. GUSINOOZYORSKOYE DEPOSIT:: Portal geography - Electronic Earth - Eearth
36. Uranium mining will increase in Buryatia (Russian) . BaikalFinance. www.baikalfinans.com Retrieved 2 October 2017.
37. Barun-Khobinskoye deposit / Deposits of minerals. Catalog of minerals. www.catalogmineralov.ru Retrieved 2 October 2017.
38. Colored stones of the Transbaikal region (Russian). Jade mining. lavrovit.ru. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
39. Scheme and program for the development of the electric power industry of the Republic of Buryatia for 2015-2019. (Russian) (unavailable link - story) . Official site of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia. Retrieved September 19, 2014. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
40. System operator of the Unified Energy System: The fact of generation and consumption of the IPS of Siberia (eng.). so-ups.ru Retrieved 30 September 2017.
41. Order of the Federal Tariff Service of Russia No. 904-e dated 06/03/2014 "On the inclusion of organizations in the Federal Information Register of SEs and areas of their activities." Retrieved 19 September 2014.
42. Branch of JSC "SO UES" Buryat RDU
43. egov-buryatia.ru›index.php…
44. How to get there - VisitBuryatia.rf
45. vt-inform.ru›News of Buryatia›187/62015.php
46. Ministry of Transport: Over 70% of roads in Buryatia do not meet the standards, Vostok Teleinform. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
47. BAM will be connected with the Trans-Siberian in Buryatia
48. international airports. Federal Air Transport Agency.
49. Collection of aeronautical information. Urals and Western Siberia of the Russian Federation. FSUE CAI, 2013.
50. Molodykh I.F. Tasks of waterways in Eastern Siberia. Irkutsk, 1926.
51. "Prongs" (Siberian legend) "// N. A. Polevoy, Dennitsa, Moscow, 1830
52. On the establishment of a shipping company in Siberia by the merchant Myasnikov // Journal of manufactories and trade. 1844.
53. Landarma Selenginsky state shipping company and the tasks of transport in the Burrepublic // Life of Buryatia. Verkhneudinsk. No. 4-No. 5 October - November 1924. pp. 55 - 64
54. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 3, 2007 No. 68
55. Socialist construction of Buryatia for 10 years. - Verkhneudinsk, 1933.
56. Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking (English).
57. Source of infinite energy
58. In Buryatia, the export of goods increased by 1.6 times - Economy and business - New Buryatia (rus.) . www.newbur.ru Retrieved 2 October 2017.
59. Education (English) . State authorities of Buryatia. egov-buryatia.ru. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
60. East Siberian State University of Technology and Management. www.esstu.ru Retrieved 30 September 2017.
61. Main page of CHOU VO BEPI. www.bepi-edu.ru. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
62. A. Markhaev On the organization of the Buryat-Mongolian National Theater and Club//Buryat-Mongolskaya Pravda. No. 247 (345) November 2, 1924. page 5
63. T. V. Badlaeva History of secular libraries in Transbaikalia. BNTs SB RAS Publishing House. Ulan-Ude, 2008
64. Government activities for the year // Buryat-Mongolskaya Pravda. No. 171 (269) August 6, 1924. page 2
65. "Monuments of architecture and history". Volume I. Code of objects of cultural heritage of the Republic of Buryatia.// Scientific editor V. K. Guryanov. Ulan-Ude. 2010
66. Information on the site of the action.
67. 350th anniversary of the voluntary entry of Buryatia into the Russian state 350th anniversary of the voluntary entry of Buryatia into the Russian state
68. Report of the Republican Agency for Physical Culture and Sports on the results and main activities for 2008-2010.

Literature

• Buryatia / M. N. Petrushina (Nature.); G. I. Gladkevich (minerals, Population, Economy), I. L. Kyzlasov, T. E. Sanzhieva, K. N. Fedorov (Historical essay), A. N. Prokinova (Health), A. D. Tsendina (Literature) // Greater Caucasus - Great Canal. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2006. - S. 392-400. - (Great Russian Encyclopedia: [in 35 volumes] / editor-in-chief Yu. S. Osipov; 2004-2017, v. 4). - ISBN 5-85270-333-8.
• Buyantuev B. R., Radnaev G. Sh. Soviet Buryat-Mongolia: (Economic and geographical review) / Acad. sciences of the USSR. East-Sib. branch. - Ulan-Ude: Buryat book publishing house, 1957. - 352 p.
• Elaev A. A. Buryat people: formation, development, self-determination. - M.: RAGS under the President of the Russian Federation, 2000. - 351 p. ISBN 5-9200-0008-2
• Zhukov V. M., Climate of the Buryat ASSR, Ulan-Ude, 1960;
• History of Buryat Soviet Literature, Ulan-Ude, 1967;
• Literature about the Buryat ASSR. Recommendation index, Ulan-Ude, 1968.
• Writers of Soviet Buryatia. Bio-bibliographic reference book, Ulan-Ude, 1959;
• Sanzhiev G. L., Sanzhieva E. G. Buryatia. Issue. 4: History (XVII-XIX centuries) / Buryat. state un-t. - Ulan-Ude: Publishing House of the Buryat State University, 1997. - 356 p.
• Shulunov N. D. Formation of the Soviet national statehood in Buryatia (1919-1929). / Ed. P. T. Khaptaeva; BF SO AN USSR. - Ulan-Ude: Buryat book publishing house, 1972. - 493 p.

Links

• All-Russian population census 2002. National composition of the population by regions of Russia
• Official website of the Administration of the city of Ulan-Ude - Capitals of the Republic of Buryatia
• Official server of state authorities of the Republic of Buryatia
• Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Republic of Buryatia

Geography

Main article: Geography of Buryatia

The Republic is located in the center of the Asian continent, in Eastern Siberia, stretching from west to east between 98°40` and 116°55`E. and from north to south between 57°15` N. sh. and 49°55` N. sh.

From the north and west, a significant part of the water area of ​​the lake. Baikal, the republic borders on the Irkutsk region, in the extreme west at a relatively short distance lies the border with the Republic of Tuva, in the south is the state border with Mongolia, in the east - the border with the Trans-Baikal Territory.

A large territory, elongated from north to south in the form of a crescent, determines the various conditions for managing and staying in the region. There is a significant remoteness of the republic from the capital of the country (the distance from Ulan-Ude to Moscow is 5532 km).

Relief

Okinsky district - in the Valley of Volcanoes

Landscape near Severobaikalsk

The Republic of Buryatia is included in the mountainous zone, which occupies a significant part of the south of Eastern Siberia. The relief is characterized by powerful mountain ranges and extensive, deep and sometimes almost closed intermountain basins. The area of ​​the mountains is more than 4 times the area occupied by the lowlands. The Republic of Buryatia is characterized by a significant elevation above sea level. The lowest mark is the level of Lake Baikal - 456 m in the Pacific mark, and the highest peak covered with glaciers Munku-Sardyk in the Eastern Sayans is 3491 m above sea level.

The southern part of the republic, represented by the Selenga middle mountains, covers a significant part of the Selenga river basin, the largest waterway of Baikal, including all its large tributaries, and is characterized by the predominance of mountains of an average height of 1000-1500 meters above sea level.

The high ridges of the Baikal region with wide intermountain basins separating them adjoin Lake Baikal. Their belt includes the Eastern Sayan Highlands, which extends from northwest to southeast for a distance of about 1000 km with a width of 200-300 km and rises in the central part of the ridges by more than 2500-3000 m. Daban, Morskoy ridge, Ulan-Burgasy, Ikatsky, Barguzinsky and Baikalsky ridges. The watersheds of the Barguzinsky Range are classic alpine landforms.

To the north of the Baikal region, the ridges of the Stanovoy Upland continue: South Muisky, North Muisky, Udokan, Kalarsky.

The Vitim Plateau adjoins the northeast of the Baikal region. The entire Northern Baikal region is characterized by a continuous distribution of permafrost, sometimes occurring at a depth of 0.5 meters and with a thickness of up to 500-600 meters.

Climate

Area south of Ulan-Ude

Water resources

At the same time, 52% of the territory of Buryatia is located in the basin of Lake Baikal. The river runoff resources of Buryatia are 98 km³; 94.3 thousand m³/year per inhabitant (almost 3 times more than the average for Russia); per 1 km² of territory 279.8 thousand m³ / year. It should be noted that 61% of the republic's river flow falls on the Baikal basin.

On the territory of the republic there are about 35 thousand lakes with a total mirror area of ​​1795 km². The most significant reservoirs include Gusinoe, Bolshoye Eravnoe, Maloe Eravnoe, Baunt.

Most of (60% of the coastline) of Lake Baikal is located on the territory of Buryatia.

Flora and fauna

Buryatia has a unique and diverse flora and fauna. Currently, 446 species of terrestrial vertebrates are registered on the territory of the republic. Amphibians of Buryatia are represented by 6 species from 2 orders. There are 7 species of reptiles in the republic. There are more than 348 species of birds in the avifauna of the republic. Mammals in Buryatia are 85 species from 7 orders.

Baikal seal

Seagulls on Baikal

The Red Data Book of Russia and Buryatia includes the Baikal sturgeon, davatchan, white Baikal grayling, taimen and tench.

Minerals

The bowels of Buryatia contain:

• 48% of the balance reserves of zinc in Russia,
• 15% - chrysotile asbestos.

Story

Main article: History of Buryatia

Thus, by the beginning of the 17th century, the Russian Empire, having conquered Western Siberia, had already approached the western and northern borders of the settlement of the Mongol tribes, but temporarily stopped and began to build fortresses and fortifications there in the Baikal region. Simultaneously with the appearance in 1618 on the map of East Asia of a new powerful Manchurian state, the policy of the new Chinese dynasty in relation to Mongolia, which turned out to be in close proximity to the new possessions of the Russian and Chinese empires, was activated. Taking advantage of the internecine conflicts between the descendants of the Genghisid dynasty, Russia concluded agreements with China in 1689 and 1727, according to which the Baikal and Transbaikal regions are part of tsarist Russia, and the rest of Mongolia becomes a Chinese province.

Until the 17th century, Mongolian tribes roamed freely throughout the territory of modern Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and Buryatia. At the time of the annexation of the territory of Buryatia to Russia, in this region, due to the nomadic way of life, there were various tribes of Mongolian origin (Khori, Sartuls, Songols, Khongodors, etc.), which determined the presence of various dialects of the Buryat language, differences in national dress , customs, etc. After the Russian-Mongolian (at that time Russian-Chinese) border was drawn in 1729, the above-mentioned Mongolian tribes, being cut off from the bulk of the Mongolian tribes, began to form into the future Buryat people.

18th century

Old Believer house in the village of Desyatnikovo, Tarbagatai district.

19th century

After the withdrawal of foreign invaders from the Far East and the self-liquidation of the Far East (in November 1922), both autonomous regions merged and on May 30, 1923, the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (with its capital in Verkhneudinsk) was formed as part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. This date is considered the day of the formation of the Republic of Buryatia.

On October 8, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Buryatia adopted the "Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Buryat Soviet Socialist Republic". According to this document, Buryatia renounced the status of autonomy and proclaimed the state sovereignty of the Buryat SSR on its territory. From now on, the people of Buryatia were proclaimed the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the republic. The position was fixed that the Buryat SSR is independent in resolving any issues of state life, including the conduct of its national, economic, environmental, social, cultural, scientific and personnel policy. The supremacy of the Constitution and laws of the Buryat SSR was proclaimed on the territory of the republic. The laws of the RSFSR and the USSR were declared to have the highest legal force on the territory of the republic in the event that they were adopted in accordance with the powers voluntarily delegated to the jurisdiction of the federal authorities. It was pointed out that the Buryat SSR has its own citizenship, and the state languages ​​in the republic are Russian and Buryat. 04/24/2012 The People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia adopted the Law of the Republic of Buryatia No. 1004-II "On Recognizing the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Republic of Buryatia as invalid"

Awards

• Order of Lenin (July 3) - for the successes achieved in economic and cultural construction, and in commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the voluntary entry of Buryatia into the Russian state;
• Order of the October Revolution () - in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Buryat ASSR;
• Order of Friendship of Peoples (December 29) - in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the USSR.

Population

Administrative regions

Administrative map of Buryatia

№	Municipal district of Buryatia	Administrative center
1	Barguzinsky district	Barguzin village
2	Baunt District	Bagdarin village
3	Bichursky district	Bichura village
4	Dzhidinsky district	Petropavlovka village
5	Yeravninsky district	Sosnovo-Ozerskoye village
6	Zaigraevsky district	the village of Zaigraevo
7	Zakamensky district	city ​​of Zakamensk
8	Ivolginsky district	Ivolginsk village
9	Kabanskiy district	Kabansk village
10	Kizhinginsky district	Kizhinga village
11	Kurumkansky district	Kurumkan village
12	Kyakhtinsky district	city ​​of Kyakhta
13	Muisky district	Taksimo village
14	Mukhorshibirsky district	Mukhorshibir village
15	Okinsky district	Orlik village
16	Pribaikalsky district	Turuntayevo village
17	Severo-Baikalsky District	Nizhneangarsk settlement
18	Selenginsky district	city ​​of Gusinoozyorsk
19	Tarbagatai district	Tarbagatai village
20	Tunkinsky district	Kyren village
21	Khorinsky district	village Khorinsk

Settlements

Settlements with more than 5 thousand inhabitants according to the 2010 census

Ulan-Ude ▲ 404.4 Ivolginsk 7,0 (2003) Severobaikalsk ▼ 24.9 Falcon 6,7 (2009) Gusinoozersk ▲ 24.6 Kizhinga 6,6 (2003) Kyakhta ▲ 20.0 Turuntayevo 6,4 (2003) Selenginsk ▼ 14.5 Kabansk 6,4 (2003) Zarechny 11,8 (2009) Barguzin 6,0 (2005) Zakamensk ▼ 11.5 Kurumkan 6,0 (2003) Onohoe ▲ 10.7 Sosnovo-Ozerskoe 5,9 (2003) Bichura 9,7 (2003) Zaigraevo ▲ 5.6 Taksimo ▼ 9.6 Mukhorshibir 5,5 (2003) Khorinsk 8,1 (2003) jida 5,4 Petropavlovka 7,7 (2003) Vydrino 5,3 (2003) Kamensk ▼ 7.2 Novoilinsk 5,1 (2003) Ust-Barguzin ▲ 7.2 Nizhneangarsk ▼ 5.0

Economy

Main article: Economy of Buryatia

Infrastructure

Bank building in Kyakhta

The Trans-Siberian Railway (Ulan-Ude is the junction station of the East Siberian Railway), the Baikal-Amur Mainline, federal highways pass through the territory of the republic. The length of railway lines in Buryatia is 2044 km. The operational length of motor roads is about 10 thousand km.

At the same time, most of the territory of Buryatia is characterized by an extremely underdeveloped internal communication infrastructure, lack of railway communication, paved roads; air traffic is also hampered by the deterioration of the fleet of regional aircraft and the infrastructure of local airports.

There is one airport in Buryatia (Baikal International Airport in the city of Ulan-Ude), but it also has a number of restrictions on accepted air transport.

The main productive forces are concentrated in the city of Ulan-Ude, where there are transport and engineering communications, communications, and other infrastructure facilities that provide an opportunity for economic development. They also create conditions for the development of transport links not only with the regions of the country, but also with European countries, the countries of Southeast Asia.

Industry

At present, the leading sector of the republic's economy is industry, which ensures the production of about 27% of the gross regional product. Up to 30% of the labor resources of material production falls on industry. In total, there are just over 1,600 enterprises in the industry. The basis of the industry is formed by approximately 147 large and medium-sized enterprises, on which its main production potential is concentrated and about 52.3 thousand people are employed. Industry is ahead of other sectors of the economy in terms of the number of employees, output, and the volume of fixed assets.

The main industries are mechanical engineering and metalworking, electric power industry, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, non-ferrous metallurgy, fuel, food and light industries.

Currently, Buryatia produces and exports: aviation equipment, metal bridge structures, wood and cellulose, woolen fabrics, building materials, electrical equipment, canned meat, pasta, alcoholic beverages and much more.

In the future (starting from the 30s of the 21st century), Buryatia may become a world leader in the production of the fuel of the future - hydrogen. According to scientists in Buryatia, it is possible to produce hydrogen equivalent to 200 million tons of standard fuel per year in the Tunka depression.

The largest industrial enterprises:

• CJSC "Ulan-Udestalmost"
• JSC "Ulan-Ude Instrument-Making Production Association"
• JSC "Selenginsky Pulp and Cardboard Plant"
• OAO Baikal Forest Company
• JSC "Razrez Tugnuisky"
• OJSC "Buryatmyasoprom"
• OJSC "Baikalpharm"

Agriculture

The Borgoy Valley is famous throughout Russia for its delicious meat - lamb.

Despite the fact that the region belongs to the zone of risky farming, the agro-industrial complex of Buryatia produces a significant part of the food it needs. Local resources of agricultural raw materials form the basis of the food industry of Buryatia, represented by enterprises producing meat, dairy, fish, flour and cereals, mixed fodder, alcoholic beverages, confectionery and some other products.

In the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Buryatia, about 10% of the GRP is created, 9.8% of the employed population works. After a significant decline in output in - years. the main indicators of the industry are in a stable stagnant state. In - gg. there was an outflow of personnel, which has slowed down to date.

The area of ​​agricultural land is 3.154 million hectares, including arable land - 847 thousand hectares. In the structure of land, hayfields and pastures occupy the largest share. The lands are characterized by low fertility, soils are subject to wind and water erosion. 82% of agricultural land, 92% of cattle is privately owned. State agricultural enterprises belonging to federal and republican property occupy 8.7% of the land.

Tourist and recreational SEZ "Baikal harbor"

Ivolginsky datsan - the main Buddhist temple in Russia. Photo: Arkady Zarubin

By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 3, 2007 No. 68, a tourist and recreational special economic zone (SEZ) "Baikal Harbor" was created on the territory of the municipality "Pribaikalsky district of Buryatia".

The special economic zone of the tourist and recreational type "Baikal Harbor" is planned as an all-season world-class resort with a highly developed infrastructure with an area of ​​700 km².

SEZ "Baikal Harbor" is positioned as a center of tourism in the East of Russia and a key tourist destination and an object of the cross-border route "Eastern Ring" for the countries of Northeast Asia. By 2027, more than 2 million arrivals per year are planned, including 20% ​​from abroad.

Reserves and national parks

Main article: Reserves and national parks of Buryatia

There are several large reserves and national parks in Buryatia. Among them:

Government

Consulate of Mongolia in Ulan-Ude.

State power is exercised by the Head, the People's Khural, the Government and the courts. The head is the highest official of the republic and at the same time the Chairman of the Government. Legislative power is exercised by the republic's parliament, the People's Khural.

On February 22, 1994, the Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Buryatia.

Education

In the 1914/1915 academic year, on the territory of Buryatia, 13.4 thousand students studied in general education, mainly primary schools; there were no secondary specialized and higher educational institutions.

In the 1969/1970 academic year, there were 203,900 students in 711 general education schools, 8,900 students in 33 vocational schools, and 20,900 students in 23 specialized secondary schools. 19.8 thousand students studied at four universities.

Higher education institutions

Sculptural composition "Student" in front of the Buryat Agricultural Academy in Ulan-Ude

Secondary specialized educational institutions

• Music College. P. I. Tchaikovsky
• Buryat Republican School of Culture and Arts
• Buryat Republican Pedagogical College
• Ulan-Ude Engineering Pedagogical College

and others.

• Baikal Medical College
• Republican Multilevel College (College of Sports and Service of the Republic of Buryatia)

The level of education

The level of qualification and education of the able-bodied population is characterized as quite high. By 2005, 15% of the population had a higher education (the Russian average is 17%). 17.1% of the population has secondary vocational education. In recent years, many specialists with economic education have been added to the technical specialists that prevailed earlier.

Mass media

In Buryatia, 315 mass media were registered, of which 214 were print media and 101 electronic media (including 9 news agencies.

Newspapers and magazines

Print media of Buryatia

The first Buryat newspaper Shene Baidal (New Life) was published in Chita on January 20, 1921. In 1922, the first issue of the newspaper "Red Buryat-Mongol" in Russian was published in Irkutsk. After the formation of the autonomous republic in 1923, the Buryat book publishing house was created, newspapers began to be published: "Buryat-Mongolskaya Pravda" (in Russian), "Buryat-Mongoloi Unen" (in Buryat language). In 1925, the youth newspaper "Buryatsky Komsomolets" (later "Youth of Buryatia") began to be published. In 1955, the literary and artistic magazine "Baikal" began to be published in Russian and Buryat languages. In 1969, 3 republican newspapers, 17 aimak (district) newspapers were published, with a total circulation of more than 40 million copies; 15 magazines were published with a total circulation of 220,000 copies.

Currently, the most circulated newspapers are the following:

• New Buryatia
• Inform policy
• Youth of Buryatia
• Moskovsky Komsomolets in Buryatia
• Friday
• Central newspaper

Television and radio

Broadcasting in the Buryat language has been conducted since 1934. In 1961, a television center in Ulan-Ude began to operate. Since 1967, Moscow TV programs have been relayed through the ground receiving station Orbita.

TV channels:

• Tivik
• Arig-Us

culture

Museums

Buryat yurt

In 2007, there were 5 state, 19 municipal, more than a hundred settlement and school museums in Buryatia. Museum collections number more than 250 thousand items.

On May 9, 1919, the first meeting of the "Society for the Study of the Baikal Region" was held. A museum was created at the society - now the Museum of the History of Buryatia named after M.N. Khangalov. One of the first receipts of the museum was the wall clock of the Decembrist N.A. at the Petrovsky factory.

In 1921, the Baikal Regional Museum was opened in the building of the former Real School. In 1923, by the decision of the Buryat Revolutionary Committee, under the representation of M. N. Erbanov, the museum was reorganized into the Buryat-Mongolian National Museum (Verkhneudinsky Museum of Local Lore). Currently, the Museum of the History of Buryatia (Profsoyuznaya St., 29).

• Art Museum. Ts.S. Sampilova

Theaters

Buryat State Opera and Ballet Theatre.

Buryat State Drama Theatre.

Distinctive features. Buryatia is located on the eastern coast of Lake Baikal - the deepest and cleanest lake on Earth. 20% of the world's fresh water reserves are concentrated here. Baikal is surrounded by mountains on all sides, and its level is 445 m above sea level.

Lake Baikal is the sacred lake of the Buryats. Photo by bereza10 (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/vera-shhukina/)

The flora and fauna of Baikal is extremely diverse. Scientists predict that about 1,500 species still unknown to science live here. Only here lives the Baikal seal - seal.

Buryats have been living around Lake Baikal for many centuries - one of the Mongolian peoples, formed into a separate ethnic group during their stay in the Russian Empire. Despite the fact that many Buryats live to the west of Lake Baikal, only the eastern Buryats have the status of national autonomy. Historically, there were both nomadic and settled Buryats. The latter also used a yurt as a dwelling, but already made of wood.

Yurt in the ethnographic museum of Ulan-Ude. Photo by Andrey Nazimov (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/andreinazimov/)

The Republic of Buryatia is one of the few regions in the Russian Federation where Buddhism is practiced. One of the most important spiritual centers of the Buryats is the Ivolginsky datsan, opened in 1945. It is visited by many pilgrims and tourists. There are about a dozen temples (dugans), sacred stupas and a Buddhist university where novice huvaraks study.

One of the main mysteries of the monastery is the imperishable body of Khambo Lama Itigelov, an outstanding ascetic and spiritual leader of the Buddhists of Eastern Siberia. Before leaving for nirvana, he gathered his students and asked to look at his body in 30 years. When in 1955 the lamas took out the sarcophagus with his body, they saw that the great lama was sitting in a lotus position, as before death, and his body was completely preserved. It still remains intact. There is no scientific explanation for this phenomenon yet.

Ivolginsky datsan. Photo by serebrennikowaolya (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/serebrennikowaolya/)

Another Buryat religion is shamanism. The Buryats, like many peoples of Siberia, believe that spirits live everywhere around us - good and evil. Therefore, without their permission, you can not build houses or do some other things that may disturb them. The work of modern shamans is highly paid.

Thanks to the unique nature, tourism is developing in the Republic of Buryatia. Now a special zone of tourist and recreational type is being created here - "Baikal Harbor".

Geographic location. The Republic of Buryatia is located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, in Transbaikalia. To Moscow - 5519 km. The republic is part of the Siberian Federal District. The Republic of Buryatia borders on the Irkutsk Region, the Republic of Tuva and the Trans-Baikal Territory.

Buryatia is a mountainous country. It is divided into 4 large regions: the Eastern Sayan Mountains, the Baikal mountain region, the Selenga Dauria and the Vitim Plateau. 4/5 of the territory of the republic is occupied by mountain taiga forests.

Nature of Buryatia. Photo by tatyana-rzheneva (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/tatyana-rzheneva/)

That's really something, but the water in Buryatia - at least fill up. 9000 rivers and rivulets flow through its territory. But if this is not enough, there is also Lake Baikal, which was mentioned above.

Population. 973982 people live in the Republic of Buryatia. There is a very high birth rate here (17.4 per 1000 inhabitants), the death rate is slightly lower - 12.4 people. per 1000 inhabitants. Most of the population of the republic are Russians (64.89%). The Buryats are in second place - 29.51%. In total, 112 nationalities live on the territory of Buryatia. The level of education is slightly below the average for Russia - 15% have higher education (against 17% in the Russian Federation).

Buryat and Buryat beauties. Photo by amk59 (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/amk59/)

Crime. The Republic of Buryatia is one of the three most criminal regions of the Russian Federation (“honorary” 3rd place). The 13.12 crimes committed per 1,000 inhabitants in six months is a lot. Here you can find a full range of crimes: drug trafficking, murder, rape, theft and so on. All this is in the head of any normal person. Most likely, the main reasons are unemployment, drunkenness and drug addiction among the local population.

Unemployment rate in the Republic of Buryatia - 7.9%. The average salary is 22930 rubles. The highest salaries are for employees engaged in financial activities (45.6 thousand rubles) and mining, except for fuel and energy (43 thousand rubles).

Real estate value in Ulan-Ude - an average of 51 thousand rubles per sq. m. meter. A one-room apartment can be bought for 1.5 million rubles, a two-room apartment - for 2-2.5 million rubles.

Ulan-Ude. Photo by Andrey (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/andre-kramarenk/)

Climate Buryatia is sharply continental. The winter here is long, but there is little snow. On the coast of Baikal the situation is different. The huge water mass of the lake, like an ocean, softens the climate. The average January temperature is −24°C. Summer is short, but warm, sometimes even hot. The average July temperature is +18°C, but sometimes it reaches +35-40°C. On the coast of Lake Baikal, summers are cooler. The maximum amount of precipitation is 250-300 mm per year, in the mountains 300-500 mm.

Cities of the Republic of Buryatia

- the capital of the republic, population - 416079 people. Previously, the city was called Verkhneudinsk. In 1666, the Udinsky prison was built. Located on the tea route, the city became a major trading center, where wholesale fairs were held. The city developed and grew rich. Now Ulan-Ude is a large industrial, commercial, scientific, cultural and tourist center of Eastern Siberia. Mechanical engineering is developed in Ulan-Ude, and the equipment produced here is one of the most advanced. These are An, Mig, Su aircraft, as well as Mi-171Sh helicopters. Also, Ulan-Ude is an important tourist center, since 1990 it has been one of the historical cities of Russia.

Severobaikalsk(25 thousand people) - the second largest city of the republic. Its construction is connected with the Baikal-Amur Mainline. The settlement, founded in 1974, was to become one of its main points. When the construction of the BAM was completed, it turned out that no one needed the highway, and the city began to decline, and its population began to decline at a catastrophic rate.

Gusinoozersk(24 thousand people) - the third largest city of the republic, founded in 1939. The city would be unremarkable if not for Goose Lake, after which it is named. This lake is Gusinoozersky datsan - a Buddhist monastery.

In May 1923, the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR was formed. In 1990, the Supreme Council of Buryatia adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, and in 1991, a law was adopted introducing the post of president.
Supreme legislative body of the Republic of Buryatia - People's Khural.
The state flag of Buryatia has blue, white and yellow colors, symbolizing the sky, purity and eternity. On the coat of arms of the republic at the top is the traditional soyombo: moon, sun, fire; in the center - the waters of Lake Baikal and mountains, below - a khadag, symbolizing hospitality.
Capital of the Republic of Buryatia - Ulan-Ude. The population is about 400 thousand people.
The area of ​​the republic is 351.3 thousand square meters. km.
Population- 1059 thousand people, including Buryats - 249.5 thousand people (23%), Russians - 726.2 thousand people (68%). Population density per 1 km2 - 3 (at 8.7 - in Russia). State languages ​​- Buryat, Russian.
As part of the Republic of Buryatia - 21 districts, 6 cities and 29 urban-type settlements, 614 settlements.
The republic is located in the central part of the Asian continent and borders on the Irkutsk and Chita regions, the Republic of Tuva and Mongolia. The area of ​​the republic is 351.3 thousand square meters. km (which is approximately equal to the territory of Germany).

Nature of Buryatia.

The Republic of Buryatia is located in the south of Siberia. The lowest point is Lake Baikal (456m), the highest peak of Mount Munku-Sardyk (3491m) in the west of the republic on the border with Mongolia. The ancient crown of Asia is the name of this land.
Almost all the rivers of Buryatia, and there are up to 9 thousand of them, carry their waters to Baikal. The largest of them are Selenga, Uda, Barguzin, Chikoi, Khilok and Upper Angara.
In Buryatia, there are many large and small lakes of the most beautiful corners of nature. The deepest and largest of them is Baikal, the repository of a fifth of the world's reserves of fresh water of excellent quality, an object of spiritual worship and special care.
The huge length of the republic from north to south has led to a wide variety of nature and climatic zones from the tundra in the north to the steppes in the south. Here you can see landscapes similar to the Swiss Alps, the expanses of Mongolia or the forests and plains of European Russia. 4/5 of the territory of the republic is covered with forest.
The climate is sharply continental. Average January temperatures are -24, July +17. Precipitation is about 300 ml per year. Clear sunny days prevail in the republic, there are more than three hundred of them a year: from 2700 hours of sun per year in the extreme south to 1500 hours in the northern regions, which is comparable in duration to the Crimea, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
The flora and fauna of Buryatia is rich and diverse. There are many rare and unique species listed in the Red Book. Barguzin sable, Baikal seal and omul are world famous. The abundance of the Baikal flora is an inexhaustible pantry for traditional oriental medicine.

Culture of Buryatia.

Historically, Buryatia found itself at the crossroads of many cultures that are closely intertwined and mutually enriched. It was this that became the basis for the original and original culture of Buryatia.
Buryat musical culture has deep roots originating in folk melodies. The sounds of the national Buryat instrument khur were heard as early as the 10th century. Buryatia is a land of folk craftsmen, talented artists whose sources of inspiration are traditions, the heritage of the masters of religious icon painting, and the beauty of the surrounding nature. The rich material culture of the past of Buryatia is carefully preserved in museum funds: in the museum of history, ethnography, nature and local history.
Along with the all-Russian holidays, Buryatia also celebrates its own. Sagaalgan Lunar New Year is celebrated in January-February and lasts for a month. Surkharbaan is celebrated in the summer, it is accompanied by sports competitions and folk festivals. Buryatia has been at the crossroads of many religions since ancient times. Shamanism and Buddhism, Old Believers and Orthodoxy coexist peacefully here.
Traditional beliefs in the form of shamanism are known on the shores of Lake Baikal long before the advent of Buddhism and Christianity. The rituals of shamanism have survived to this day. On a long journey, the traveler always pays tribute to the sacred shamanic places of obo or barisa.
Buddhism in Buryatia exists in the form of Lamaism. In Transbaikalia, it began to spread from the 17th century, closely intertwined with shamanism. Buddhist cult complexes of datsans stand out for their magnificent architectural decorations and multi-colored interior decoration. The first Orthodox churches appeared on the territory of Buryatia in the second half of the 17th century with the construction of the first Russian prisons. In many settlements, churches and chapels have been preserved, testifying to the spread of Christianity in Buryatia.
Many legends and traditions are associated with people professing the Old Believers. They settled in Buryatia from the 18th century after the split of the Russian Orthodox Church. Together with their faith, the family brought their culture and a special way of life.
The peoples inhabiting the republic are carriers of various cultural traditions, which is the reason for the interest in the culture and art of the republic.

Customs and traditions

From ancient customs, a respectful attitude to the fire of one's hearth has been preserved. Cleansing by fire was considered a necessary ritual, so that the guests did not arrange or bring any evil. A case is known from history when the Mongols mercilessly executed Russian ambassadors only for refusing to pass between two fires in front of the khan's headquarters. Cleansing by fire is widely used today in Siberian shamanic practices. It is forbidden to stick a knife into the fire, as well as in any way touch the fire with a knife or a sharp object, or take meat out of the cauldron with a knife. It is considered a great sin to sprinkle milk on the fire of the hearth. You can not throw garbage, rags into the fire of the hearth. It is forbidden to give the fire of the hearth to another house or yurt.
There are certain rules when visiting Buryat yurts. When entering a Buryat yurt, one should not step on the threshold of the yurt, it is considered impolite. In the old days, a guest who deliberately stepped on the threshold was considered an enemy, announcing his evil intentions to the host. Weapons and luggage as a sign of their good intentions must be left outside. You can not enter the yurt with any burden. It is believed that the person who did this has the bad inclinations of a thief, a robber. The northern half of the yurt is considered more honorable; guests are received here. You can not sit arbitrarily without an invitation on the northern honorary side. The eastern half of the yurt (as a rule, to the right of the door, the entrance of the yurt is always facing south) is considered female, the left half is male. This division continues to this day.
The custom of hospitality: bringing tea to the guest, the hostess, as a sign of respect, gives the bowl with both hands. The guest must also accept it with both hands - by this he shows respect for the house. In Mongolia and Buryatia, there is a custom of the right hand. The bowl during the greeting ceremony is passed only with the right hand. And of course, you need to accept any offering with your right hand or with both hands. To emphasize special respect, the guest is greeted with two hands clasped with palms, as in a Buddhist bow, the handshake in this case is also done simultaneously with both hands. When visiting Buddhist datsans, one must move clockwise inside the temple and, before visiting, go around the territory of the temple in the direction of the sun, rotating all the prayer wheels. You can not go to the center of the temple during the service and take pictures without permission. Inside the temple, you should avoid moving and fussy actions, talking loudly. Shorts are not allowed to enter the temple. At tailagans or shamanic rites, one should not strive to touch shamanic clothes, a tambourine, and even more so to put on oneself from shamanic attributes in order to be photographed. Even a shaman rarely puts on another shaman's thing, and if he does, it is only after the appropriate rite of purification. There is a belief that some items, especially those associated with magic, carry a certain amount of power. It is strictly forbidden for an ordinary person to say aloud shamanic prayers (durdalga) for the sake of entertainment.
Among the main traditions is the sacred veneration of nature. Nature must not be harmed. Capture or kill young birds. Cut down young trees at the springs. No need to tear plants and flowers. You can not throw garbage and spit in the sacred waters of Baikal. Leave traces of your stay behind, for example, turned over turf, garbage, an unextinguished fire. Dirty things should not be washed at the Arshan water source. It is impossible to break, dig out, touch the serge - hitching post, kindle a fire nearby. One should not desecrate a sacred place with bad actions, thoughts or words, one should not shout loudly and get drunk heavily. Special respect must be shown to elders. You can't hurt old people. Offending elders is the same sin as depriving a living being of life.

Feast of the White Month of Sagaalgan

Under the conditions of nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralism, a special economic cycle developed, determined by the lunar calendar. The beginning of this cycle among the ancestors of the Mongolian peoples meant the onset of a new annual period, accompanied by solemn rites and ceremonies. The name of the holiday comes from the word sagaan, which means white, or the expression sagaan sar, which is a white (bright) month. Initially, it was celebrated in autumn, in October, before the wintering of livestock.
After the spread and establishment of Buddhism among the Mongolian peoples, the celebration of Sagaalgan was moved from autumn to the very end of winter or, in Mongolian, to the first month of spring, that is, approximately to February. The reasons and the exact date of the postponement of the holiday are unknown. It is only clear that he was one of the most popular, which is why the Buddhist clergy could not but include him in their religious and cult system. In Buryatia, which was part of the Mongolian world, Sagaalgan was also largely lamaized.
In the 1930s, the holiday was banned. The revival of the tradition began only in the post-war period. In 1990, the national holiday Sagaalgan was given the official status of a national holiday.
There are two forms of celebration - official datsan and folk household. The Datsan holiday begins the day before on the night of the traditional New Year according to the lunar calendar and is accompanied by appropriate prayers and ritual actions. In the process of worship for well-being in the coming year, a special bonfire sor is burned, symbolizing human sins over the past year, a prayer service is served dedicated to the guardian of the faith, the goddess Lhamo, who allegedly reconsiders the world on this night. After the onset of the New Year, a divine service was held in honor of the victory of the founder of Buddhism over six opponents of Buddhist teachings. The legend says that the Buddha won the victory through the manifestation of miracles, which lasted from the 1st to the 15th day of the first spring month. Therefore, during these 15 days, a Khural (worship) is performed in datsans in the name of spreading and strengthening Buddhism. It was believed that this time is the most favorable for the remembrance of the dead. Each believer made offerings to the datsan in the name of deceased relatives.
The holiday lasts for 15 days. Before it began, in houses and earlier in yurts, images of deities burkhans were hung out (rite burkhan delgeelte). Dishes were placed in front of the goddess, lampadas (zula) and pressed sticks of aromatic herbs-incense (huzhe) were lit. Each family carefully prepares for the celebration. On the day of the holiday, they usually visit each other, especially the children of their parents, if they live separately. Earlier in the days of Sagaalgan, horse races and other games were organized.

Buryat cuisine

The local cuisine developed on the basis of the characteristics of subsistence livestock farming; in each season of the year, the meat of a particular type of animal was eaten. In rural areas, this order has been preserved to this day. In summer, preference is given to young lamb, closer to winter horse meat, and beef in winter. The meat of wild animals was mined only in autumn.
Connoisseurs who are well versed in cooking invariably note the high merits of the Buryat national cuisine. They especially appreciate meat dishes. Buhler, buuzy (poses), ubsun, khirmasa, oreomog, chiime, black pudding. can satisfy the tastes of people with the most refined tastes

History of Buryatia.

Since ancient times, various tribes and peoples have lived on the Trans-Baikal land. In the Stone Age, forest tribes lived here - hunters and fishermen. In the Bronze Age, the creators of the culture of slab graves appeared, leaving behind a large number of ancient monuments. They were engaged in cattle breeding, but they knew how to process bronze, copper, made beautiful jewelry and household items from gold and copper.
One of the interesting pages in the history of Transbaikalia is connected with the legendary Huns, who pushed the tilers out. The centuries-old domination of the Hunnic tribes, who created the first state association in Central Asia (a nomadic state was formed in 209 BC), is reflected in mythological legends and in art monuments. The Huns invented a stirrup, a curved saber, an improved long compound bow, throwing arrows at a distance of up to 700 m, a round yurt. In the north, the Huns built a fortified outpost; in the south, a large number of their burials are known.
After the collapse of the state of the Huns in the 1st c. the nomadic tribes of Transbaikalia were drawn into the struggle for dominance in the steppe. Replacing each other, different tribes lived here, including the Kurykan tribes, who assimilated with the Mongol-speaking tribes that later appeared on this territory and became the progenitors of the Western Buryats.
At the end of the XII beginning of the XIII century. Transbaikalia turned out to be at the center of the unification of the Mongol tribes and the creation of a single Mongolian state, in which Temujin, who later received the title of Genghis Khan, played a key role. He was born in the Mongolian family of the Borgegins (8 km north of the modern Russian-Mongolian border), the land of the ancestors of the family was revered by the Mongols as sacred.
In 1206, a great kuriltai (meeting of all troops, the highest authority) was held on the banks of the Onon River, at which a new nomadic empire was proclaimed, and the name Mongols was assigned to the people-army. Later, by order of Genghis Khan, the Land of the Ancestors (the territory of present-day Buryatia) was declared a forbidden zone Ikh-khorig (Their great, horig prohibition) a sacred reserve where it was impossible to cultivate the land, build cities, hunt. For several centuries, Ikh-Khorig was revered as a reserved place for the ancestors of Genghis Khan.
Until the end of the XVII century. there were no state borders in the Baikal region. Different tribes moved freely within the limits from Baikal to the Gobi desert. Only with the establishment of the Russian-Chinese border in 1727 did this movement stop. The Buryats agreed to accept the citizenship of the Russian state. Many archaeological and ethnographic data confirm that the process of formation and consolidation of the Buryat people began in the 17th century. Presumably, the name of the nation comes from the Mongolian root bul, which means forest man, according to another version, from the root bu - a hunter, a sable catcher.
Russians settled Transbaikalia in three main waves: in the 17th century. Cossacks explorers came, in the XVII-XIX centuries. the Old Believers (Semei) were exiled here, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. peasant settlers. Close contact was established between the indigenous people and the newcomer population, which subsequently led to the formation of a mixed ethnic group of Karyms, which arose as a result of mixed marriages of Russian settlers, lacking Russian women, with Buryat women.
At the end of XIX beginning of XX century. the population was already ethnically mixed

Buryatia is located in the center of the Asian continent, in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, to the south and east of the lake, enclosing the lake with a crescent.
Buryatia occupies a mountainous zone, and the area of ​​the mountains is four times the area of ​​the lowlands. Another characteristic detail of the relief is the general elevation above sea level.
In the south, there is the Selenga midlands with altitudes of 1000-1500 m, covering most of the Selenga river basin, the largest river flowing into Lake Baikal. Baikal itself is closely adjacent to the high ridges of the Baikal region - the Eastern Sayan, 2500-3000 m high. To the north, the ridges of the Stanovoy Upland stretch, and the Vitim Plateau approaches the northeast of the Baikal region.
The entire Northern Baikal region is a zone of continuous permafrost, occurring at a depth of half a meter to 500-600 m.
It has very cold winters, with dry frost and little snow cover, windy springs, short summers, and short and dry autumns, often with early frosts. Such conditions here were formed for three reasons: the dry and cold climate of the northern regions, the hot and dry Mongolian deserts and the humid Pacific. There are significant annual and daily fluctuations in air temperature.
With a total length of the Baikal coastline of 2100 km, Buryatia accounts for about 60%. Baikal is the deepest freshwater lake in the world: the maximum depth is 1637 m, the average is 730 m.
The history of Buryatia is closely connected with the history of the surrounding lands, which were in the possession of nomadic tribes.
At the end of the III century. BC e. and up to the end of the 1st century. n. e. Buryatia was part of the state of the Huns (Xiongnu or Xiongnu), in which various ethnic tribes gathered. The strong state of the nomads of Central Asia lasted three hundred years, and the Huns themselves disappeared as a people.
Over the next thousand years, various state formations of nomads appeared in these places. This continued until the beginning of the 13th century, when the Mongol Empire was formed and the reign of Genghis Khan began, uniting the main Mongol tribes. They captured the Baikal region, later the ancestors of modern Buryats came out of these tribes.
The word “buryat”, or “buriyat”, is first found in the Secret History of the Mongols (circa 1240). Currently, there are about a dozen versions explaining the origin of the name "Buryat". The most common version claims that this name came from the ancestor of all Mongols, Burte Chino. According to another version, the Mongols called the inhabitants of Cisbaikalia "bu-raad" (forest people), from the word "bu-raa", or forest jungle.
The ancestors of today's Buryats participated in the conquests of Genghis Khan and all his successors. Even after the collapse of the empire, the state of nomads in Transbaikalia survived and the local tribes were dependent on the Mongol khans, who were paid tribute.
Starting from the XVI century. The Russian Empire began to actively expand its eastern borders. In 1609, the documents of the Siberian order for the first time mentioned the "bratskaya zemlyanitsa". The Buryats themselves were called “brotherly people” in Russian documents of that time.

In 1666, Russian Cossacks erected a wooden fortress on the banks of the Uda River, around which a large trading city of Verkhneudinsk was formed, which later became the capital of Buryatia - the city.
The economic development of Buryatia began after the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (1895-1905), which passed through the territory of Transbaikalia.
Since 1990, the sovereignty of the Buryat SSR has been declared, which later became part of the Russian Federation.
Due to its large territory, variety of climatic conditions and complex relief, Buryatia is known for its unique nature. The republic is rich in fauna: there are 446 species of terrestrial vertebrates and 348 species of birds. Such biological diversification is also explained by the fact that large areas of Buryatia are poorly developed. 40 species of birds are listed in the Red Book of Buryatia. 30 species of mammals, more than 20 species of insects and 120 plants.
The most famous natural site in Buryatia is Lake Baikal, included by UNESCO in the list of World Natural Heritage Sites. The lake is inhabited by 1550 species of animals and 1085 species of plants, about a thousand species are endemic. 27 out of 52 fish species are unique.
The most amazing fish of Baikal is the viviparous golomyanka, a transparent fish without scales. Also in the lake lives Baikal omul, grayling, whitefish, Baikal sturgeon, burbot, taimen, pike. Of the birds of the Baikal region, the most characteristic are the golden eagle, the steppe eagle, the greater spotted eagle, the white-tailed eagle, the long-tailed eagle. The Baikal seal, or the Baikal seal, is an endemic of Baikal, its fishing is prohibited.
The Barguzin sable is the most famous small predator of lakeside forests, an object of fur trade.
Baikal is also a natural reservoir of one fifth of the world's fresh water reserves of the highest quality.
Forests occupy 83% of the area of ​​the entire Buryatia, and a significant part of them are dense coniferous forests.
The most famous of the local plants is Dahurian rhododendron, which is called wild rosemary here and is used in folk medicine.
The brown bear, squirrel, fox, Siberian weasel, ermine, lynx, roe deer, red deer, elk, wild boar, wolverine, musk deer live in the taiga forests.
The flora and fauna of Buryatia are located in an area that is extremely sensitive to changes in the ecological situation. In order to preserve the flora and fauna, a network of nature protection reserves has been created here. , created in 1916 to increase the sable population, today has 41 species of mammals, 280 species of birds, 46 species of fish. Sable, like many other species, lives in cedar forests. Since 1986, the reserve has been a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.
Buryatia is distinguished not only by the diversity of nature, but also by the unique wealth of mineral resources. More than 700 mineral deposits have been found on the territory of the republic, of which only about 250 are gold. A significant part of the local population is employed in the development of mineral deposits, a smaller part in traditional crafts.
The urban population of the Republic of Buryatia is about 60% of the total population, about a third of the population of the republic lives in Ulan-Ude.
The indigenous population of the Republic of Buryats. Among the sub-ethnic groups of Buryatia, the Ekhirites, Bulagats, Khorints, Khongodors and Selengins stand out.
The Buryat language belongs to the northern subgroup of the Mongolian group of the Altai language family, and 15 more dialects are distinguished in it. This is not surprising, given the significant dispersion of the Buryat settlements due to the difficult terrain.
The traditional occupations of the western Buryats are cattle breeding and agriculture, the eastern ones are exclusively cattle breeding: breeding small cattle, horses, camels.
Western Buryats profess Orthodoxy and shamanism, Eastern Buddhism of the lamaist variety. Buryatia is one of the centers of Buddhism in Russia. Many sights of the republic are connected with Buddhism, mainly Buddhist temples - datsans: Atsagatsky, Kyrensky, Nilovsky, Ivolginsky.

general information

Location: Central Asia, Siberian region of Russia.
Administrative affiliation: subject of the Russian Federation, as part of the Siberian Federal District.
Economic region: East Siberian.
Administrative division: 6 cities. 21 administrative districts, 29 urban-type settlements and 614 rural settlements.
Capital: Ulan-Ude, 404,400 people (2010).
Ethnic composition: Russians - 66.1%, Buryats - 30%, Ukrainians - 0.6%, Tetars - 0.7%, others - 2.6% (2010).
Languages: Russian, Buryat.
Religions: Orthodoxy, Buddhism, Shamanism.
Major cities: Ulan-Ude, Severobaikalsk, Gusinoozersk, Kyakhta, Selenginsk, Zakamensk.
Major rivers: Selenga, Vitim, Temnik, Nikoy, Kurba, Khudun.
Major lakes: Baikal, Goose, Big Eravnoe, Small Eravnoe, Baunt.
Airport: Baikal International Airport (Ulan-Ude).
Outer border: Irkutsk region (along the waters of Lake Baikal) - in the north and west, the Republic of Tuva - in the extreme west, Mongolia - in the south, Trans-Baikal Territory - in the east.

Numbers

Area: 351,334 km2.
Population: 972,021 (2011).
Population density: 2.77 people / km 2.
highest point: Mount Munku-Sardyk (Eastern Sayan, 3491 m).
Minimum altitude above sea level: 456 m (Lake Baikal).

Economy

Minerals: tungsten, uranium, polymetals, molybdenum, beryllium, tin, lead, aluminum, fluorspar, brown and hard coal, asbestos, jade, apatite, phosphorite, graphite, zeolites.
Transit railways: Trans-Siberian Railway, Baikal-Amur Mainline.
Industry: mechanical engineering and metalworking, electric power industry, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper, non-ferrous metallurgy, fuel, food and light industries.
Agriculture: plant growing, animal husbandry (meat sheep breeding).
Service sector: tourism, transport.

Climate and weather

Sharply continental.
January average temperature:-22°C.
July average temperature:- 13.5°С.
Average annual rainfall: 244 mm.
Long Sunshine Duration: 1900-2200 hours per year.

Attractions

■ Lake Baikal;
■ Selenga River;
■ Mount Munku-Sardyk;
■ reserves: Barguzinsky State Biosphere Reserve. Baikal State Biosphere Reserve. State natural reserve "Dzherginsky";
■ National parks: "Transbaikalsky", "A certain Tunka";
■ City of Ulan-Ude: Large seating rows, Museum of the History of Buryatia, Geological Museum. Ethnographic Museum of the Peoples of Transbaikalia, Museum of Nature of Buryatia, Museum of the History of the City of Ulan-Ude;
■ City of Kyakhta: Museum of Local Lore named after Obruchev;
■ City of Severobaikalsk: BAM Museum;
■ Barguzin valley: Arangatui lake, Suva rocks, Bukhe-shulun stone, Baragkhan-Uula mountain; in the Barguzin Bay; sh Religious buildings: Holy Ascension Church (Novaya Bryan village, 1989), Holy Annunciation Church (Zaigraevo village), St. Peter and Paul Church (2005). Ambassador's Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery (1995); Datsans "Tushita" (1806), Atsagatsky (v. Atsagat. 1825), Nilovsky (1867), Ivolginsky (1946), Kurumkansky (1991), "Bodhidharma" (1991) ; Buddhist stupa "Dashi-Goman".
■ Valley of Volcanoes (Eastern Sayan);
■ Paleolithic site of ancient man (Zaigraevsky district);
■ Angirskaya cave and petroglyphs of birds and people (the village of Staraya Bryan);
■ Group of rocks "Khara-Shibir pillars";
■ Resorts: "Arshan" (mineral springs); Nilova desert (radon), Goryachinsk (hot springs);
■ Waterfalls on the river Kyngarga;
■ Slyudyansky lakes.

Curious facts

■ Until 1931, the Buryats used the old Mongolian alphabet based on the Uyghur script, in 1931 the Latin alphabet was introduced, and in 1939 a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet.
■ Khara-Shibir Pillars - an ensemble of rocks resembling the panorama of a modern city. The pillars are 2 million years old.
■ The name “Slyudyanskiye Lakes” is associated with a deposit of mica, which was mined here as early as the 17th century.
■ In the lake of glacial origin Frolikha, there is a rare for Siberia red fish davatchan - a subspecies of the Arctic char, reducing its population, a relict species of the ice age.
■ The Barguzin Valley is mentioned in the "Secret History of the Mongols" (XII century) as the country of Bargudzhin-Tokum, or "Edge of the World".
■ Svyatoy Nos peninsula is the only large mountainous peninsula on Baikal. Length - 53 km, width - up to 20 km, maximum height - 1877 m.
■ “Semei” villages in Buryatia are called the villages of the Old Believers: Bolshoi Kunaley. Saratovka, Mukhor-Tala, Kalinovka. The Old Believers were settled beyond Baikal from the second half of the 18th century. They were called "Semey" because they arrived at the settlement and lived all together, in large families of different ages.
■ The Selenga Delta is known as the largest concentration of birds in Eastern Siberia: 100-120 thousand ducks nest here, and during the autumn migration period 5-7 million birds fly through the delta.