In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Death of an official" Chervyakov is incredibly infected with the spirit of servility: having sneezed and splashed his bald head in front of the sitting general, the official was so frightened that, after humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.
Hero story by A.P. Chekhov "Thick and thin”, the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the railway station and found out that he was a privy councilor, i.e. moved up significantly in career. In an instant, the “thin” turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate and fawn.
Molchalin, a negative character comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" I am sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog, so that it is affectionate." The need to tirelessly please is also his affair with Sophia, Famusov's daughter. Maxim Petrovich, about whom Famusov tells Chatsky as a warning, in order to earn the favor of the empress, has turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls.
In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon" police warden Ochumelov grovels before those who are above him in the ranks and feels like a formidable boss in relation to those who are below. He changes his opinions in each situation to the opposite, depending on which person - significant or not - is hurt in it: the general's dog or not.
N.V. Gogol-comedy "The Government Inspector". In this comedy, N.V. Gogol presents us with the world of city officials. The writer exposes bribery, embezzlement, sycophancy, strict observance of official subordination. All officials speak to Khlestakov obsequiously, with trepidation. They know that everyone takes bribes, so they immediately start thinking about how to bribe the auditor. It is characteristic that the merchants, who are under the bureaucratic world in the play, come to Khlestakov with "a body of wine and sugar heads." Officialdom is depicted in the play grotesquely. So, the tyranny of the Governor is limitless. He appropriates the money earmarked for the construction of the church, subjected the non-commissioned officer to the rods. The trustee of charitable institutions believes that a simple person "if he dies, then he will die anyway, if he recovers, then he will recover anyway," and instead of relying on oatmeal soup, he gives the sick one cabbage. The judge, confident that in his papers “Solomon himself will not decide what is true and what is not true in it,” turns the judicial institution into his own fiefdom. Dr. Gibner is unable to communicate with his patients due to complete ignorance of the Russian language. The finale of this mess, according to the writer, is natural - the imaginary auditor leaves, but the real auditor arrives, who will be able to punish the guilty.
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin - "The history of one city." This
the work is a bold and evil satire on the administrative arbitrariness that reigned in Russia. The writer creates grotesque images of mayors replacing each other in the city of Foolovo. Each of them has its own characteristic feature, something different from the rest. So, Perechvat-Zalikhvatsky rode into the city on a white horse, "burned the gymnasiums and abolished the sciences." Another mayor, Brodysty, instead of a head had a vessel with an organ, giving out only two phrases: “I will not tolerate it!” and "I'll ruin it!" Major Pimple had a stuffed head. Thus, the city of Foolov near Shchedrin is a grotesque image of all of Russia.
A.P. Chekhov - the story "Thick and thin." In this story, the author raises the problem of bureaucratic subordination, servility. Its plot is simple. Two old friends meet, at first they are very glad to each other, they communicate easily, but then the “thin” learns that his old acquaintance occupies an important government post. And all the simplicity of communication is immediately replaced by the observance of bureaucratic subordination. "Thin" begins to talk to the "fat" obsequiously, curry favor with him. The second hero maintains equanimity and good nature throughout the story. Thus, the writer here opposes the slavish psychology of a person, which leads to servility, flattery and servility.
V.V. Mayakovsky - the poem "The Sitting Ones".
In this poem, the poet raises the problem of bureaucracy. We see officials coming to serve in institutions and a pile of papers, from which "fifty" are selected for the next meeting. Moreover, these meetings follow one after another, their subject matter is ridiculous: the theater department meets with the main department for horse breeding, the purpose of another meeting is to resolve the issue of “purchasing a bottle of ink by the Sponge Operative”. The lyrical hero, vainly seeking an audience with officials, is sincerely indignant. He breaks into one of the meetings and sees "half people". The hero from this terrible picture "has lost his mind." The secretary calmly explains that the officials are "at two meetings at once." So in the plot of Mayakovsky's poem, a phraseological unit unfolds: "I can't be torn in two." The realistic, life situation merges in Mayakovsky with hyperbole, fantasy, and the grotesque.
Arguments for writing
Problems 1. Education and culture 2. Human upbringing 3. The role of science in modern life 4. Man and scientific progress 5. Spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries 6. The struggle between the new and the old as a source of development Affirming theses 1. Knowledge of the world cannot be stopped by anything. 2. Scientific progress should not be ahead of the moral possibilities of man. 3. The purpose of science is to make a person happy. Quotes 1. We can as far as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher). 2. Not every change is development (ancient philosophers). 3. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist). 4. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet left us (A. Regulsky). Arguments Scientific progress and moral qualities of man 1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slips over his eyes... Doesn't this picture resemble a modern person? Having failed to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth. 2) Mankind has achieved great success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it's a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner. 3) In ancient mythology there is a legend about Pandora's box. A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending. 4) In M. Bulgakov's story, Dr. Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility. 5) “We boarded the plane, but we don’t know where it will fly to!” - wrote the famous Russian writer Y. Bondarev. These words are a warning to all mankind. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something “get on a plane”, without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal. 6) The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person? 7) Until now, disputes about how legitimate, from a moral point of view, experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Human? Cyborg? means of production? 8) It is naive to believe that some kind of bans, strikes can stop scientific and technological progress. So, for example, in England, during the period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who, in desperation, broke cars. People could understand: many of them lost their jobs after the machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, so the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that with their protest they forced society to think about the fate of specific people, about the penalty that has to be paid for moving forward. 9) In one science fiction story, it is said how the hero, being in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which his double was alcoholized - a genetic copy. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How could you create a creature like yourself, and then kill him?” And they heard the answer: “Why do you think that I created it? He made me!" 10) Nicolaus Copernicus, after long, long studies, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist did not dare to publish the data on his discovery for a long time, because he understood that such news would turn people's ideas about the world order upside down. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences. 11) Today, we have not yet learned how to treat many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, and the most acute problems have not been resolved. However, technically man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real killing machines. In the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of the dinosaurs? 12) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could harm humanity were deliberately destroyed. In particular, in 1903, the Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method for transmitting shock waves from an explosion over long distances by radio, was found dead in his laboratory. After that, by order of Nicholas II, all the documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not known whether the tsar was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of mankind, but such means of transmitting the power of an atomic or hydrogen explosion would be really disastrous for the population of the globe. 13) Recently, newspapers reported that a church under construction was demolished in Batumi. A week later, the district administration building collapsed. Seven people died under the ruins. Many residents took these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a dire warning that society had chosen the wrong path. 14) In one of the Ural cities, they decided to blow up an abandoned church so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion thundered, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for momentary gain leads a person to senseless destruction. Laws of social development. Man and power 1) History knows many unsuccessful attempts to forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then paradise turns into a dungeon. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the appointed hours, their children were to be sent to schools, they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And a man deprived of his freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev's reforms were curtailed. 2) They decided to help one African tribe that lived in the equatorial zone. Young Africans were taught to beg for rice, tractors and seeders were brought to them. A year has passed - they came to see how the tribe, gifted with new knowledge, lives. What a disappointment it was when they saw that the tribe both lived and lives in a primitive communal system: they sold tractors to farmers, and with the proceeds they arranged a national holiday. This example is eloquent evidence that a person must mature to understand his needs, you can’t make anyone rich, smart and happy by force. 3) In one kingdom there was a severe drought, people began to die of hunger and thirst. The king turned to a soothsayer who came to them from distant lands. He predicted that the drought would end as soon as a stranger was sacrificed. Then the king ordered to kill the soothsayer and throw him into the well. The drought ended, but since then a constant hunt for foreign wanderers has begun. 4) The historian E. Tarle, in one of his books, tells about Nicholas I's visit to Moscow University. When the rector introduced him to the best students, Nicholas 1 said: “I don’t need wise men, but I need novices.” The attitude towards smart people and novices in various fields of knowledge and art eloquently testifies to the nature of society. 5) In 1848, the tradesman Nikifor Nikitin was exiled to the remote settlement of Baikonur "for seditious speeches about flying to the moon." Of course, no one could have known that a century later, a cosmodrome would be built in this very place, in the Kazakh steppe, and spaceships would fly to where the prophetic eyes of an enthusiastic dreamer were looking. Man and knowledge 1) Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off. 2) Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger. 3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning. 4) One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons." 5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery. 6) The Early Middle Ages are called the "Dark Ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, the diligently drew letters. 7) Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at a familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion. 8) It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people have brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, no harvest, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, with their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil. 9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship. 10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life. 11) New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, who lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding" - 12) At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joel decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person. 13) In the middle of the 17th century, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. The masts were not broken on the court, the gear was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique. This story allegorically reflects the difficult path of any scientific truth. A person carefully cherishes in his soul a sprout of an as yet unknown discovery, waters it with moisture of hope and inspiration, shelters him from worldly storms and storms of despair. .. And here it is - the saving shore of the final insight. The ripened tree of truth will give seeds, and whole plantations of theories, monographs, scientific laboratories, technical innovations will cover the continents of knowledge.
Arguments for writing
Problems 1. The role of art (science, mass media) in the spiritual life of society 2. The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person 3. The educational function of art Affirming theses 1. Genuine art ennobles a person. 2. Art teaches a person to love life. 3. Bring people the light of high truths, "pure teachings of goodness and truth" - this is the meaning of true art. 4. The artist must put his whole soul into the work in order to infect another person with his feelings and thoughts. Quotes 1. Without Chekhov, we would be many times poorer in spirit and heart (K Paustovsky. Russian writer). 2. The whole life of mankind consistently settled in books (A. Herzen, Russian writer). 3. Conscientiousness is the feeling that literature is obliged to excite (N. Evdokimova, Russian writer). 4. Art is called upon to preserve the human in a person (Yu. Bondarev, Russian writer). 5. The world of the book is the world of a real miracle (L. Leonov, Russian writer). 6. A good book is just a holiday (M. Gorky, Russian writer). 7. Art creates good people, shapes the human soul (P. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer). 8. They went into darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer). 9. Art is a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and artist). 10. The purpose of art is to condense the beauty dissolved in the world (French philosopher). 11. There is no poet's career, there is a poet's destiny (S. Marshak, Russian writer). 12. The essence of literature is not fiction, but the need to speak the heart (V. Rozanov, Russian philosopher). 13. The artist's business is to give birth to joy (K Paustovsky, Russian writer). Arguments 1) Scientists, psychologists have long argued that music can have a different effect on the nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music arouses compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child. 2) Can art change a person's life? Actress Vera Alentova recalls such a case. One day she received a letter from an unknown woman who said that she was left alone, she did not want to live. But, after watching the film “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears”, she became a different person: “You won’t believe it, I suddenly saw that people are smiling and they are not so bad as it seemed to me all these years. And the grass, it turns out, is green, And the sun is shining ... I have recovered, for which I thank you very much. 3) Many front-line soldiers talk about the fact that soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for clippings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important for the fighters than food. 4) The outstanding Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky, talking about his impressions of Raphael's painting "The Sistine Madonna", said that the hour he spent in front of her belongs to the happiest hours of his life, and it seemed to him that this picture was born in a moment of miracle. 5) The famous children's writer N. Nosov told an incident that happened to him in childhood. Once he missed the train and stayed overnight at the station square with homeless children. They saw a book in his bag and asked him to read it. Nosov agreed, and the children, deprived of parental warmth, breathlessly began to listen to the story of a lonely old man, mentally comparing his bitter, homeless life with their own fate. 6) When the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the 7th Symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich had a huge impact on the inhabitants of the city. which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy. 7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of the Undergrowth. They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland. 8) In Moscow, a gang was operating for a long time, which was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior, their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life. 9) The artist serves eternity. Today we imagine this or that historical person exactly as it is depicted in a work of art. Before this truly royal power of the artist, even tyrants trembled. Here is an example from the Renaissance. Young Michelangelo fulfills the order of the Medici and behaves quite boldly. When one of the Medicis expressed displeasure at the lack of resemblance to the portrait, Michelangelo said: "Do not worry, your Holiness, in a hundred years he will look like you." 10) In childhood, many of us read the novel by A. Dumas "The Three Musketeers". Athos, Porthos, Aramis, d "Artagnan - these heroes seemed to us the embodiment of nobility and chivalry, and Cardinal Richelieu, their opponent, was the personification of deceit and cruelty. But the image of the novel villain bears little resemblance to a real historical figure. After all, it was Richelieu who introduced almost forgotten into the time of religious wars, the words "Frenchman", "homeland". He forbade duels, believing that young, strong men should shed blood not because of petty quarrels, but for the sake of their homeland. But under the pen of the novelist, Richelieu acquired a completely different look, and Dumas' invention affects the reader much stronger and more vividly than historical truth. 11) V. Soloukhin told such a case. Two intellectuals argued about what snow is. One says that there is also blue, the other proves that blue snow is nonsense, an invention of the Impressionists, decadents, that snow is snow, white as ... snow. Repin lived in the same house. Let's go to him to resolve the dispute. Repin: he did not like it when he was interrupted from work. He angrily shouted: - Well, what do you - What kind of snow is it? - Just not white! - and slammed the door. 12) People believed in the truly magical power of art. So, some cultural figures offered the French during the First World War to defend Verdun - their strongest fortress - not with forts and cannons, but with the treasures of the Louvre. “Put the Gioconda or the Madonna and Child with Saint Anna, the great Leonardo da Vinci, in front of the besiegers - and the Germans will not dare to shoot!”, They argued.
Arguments for writing
Problems 1. The moral responsibility of a person (artist, scientist) for the fate of the world 2. The role of the individual in history 3. The moral choice of a person 4. The conflict between a person and society 5. A person and nature Affirming theses 1. A person comes into this world not to say what he is, but to make it better. 2. It depends on each person what the world will be like: light or dark, good or evil. 3. Everything in the world is connected by invisible threads, and a careless act, an inadvertent word can turn into the most unpredictable consequences. 4. Remember your High human responsibility! Quotes 1. There is one undoubted sign that divides the actions of people into good and evil: the act increases the love and unity of people - it is good; he produces enmity and separation - he is bad (L. Tolstoy, Russian writer). 2. The world in itself is neither evil nor good, it is a receptacle for both, depending on what you yourself turned it into (M. Montaigne, French humanist philosopher). 3. Yes - I'm in the boat. The spill will not touch me! But how can I live when my people are drowning? (Saadi, Persian writer and thinker) 4. It is easier to light one small candle than to curse the darkness (Confucius, an ancient Chinese thinker). 5. Love - and do what you want (Augustine the Blessed, Christian thinker). 6. Life is a struggle for immortality (M. Prishvin, Russian writer). 7. They went into darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer). Arguments Everyone has the fate of the world in their hands 1) V. Soloukhin tells a parable about a boy who did not obey an unknown voice and frightened away a butterfly. An unknown voice sadly announced what would happen next: the disturbed butterfly would fly into the royal garden, the caterpillar from this butterfly would crawl onto the neck of the sleeping queen. The queen will be frightened and die, and the power in the country will be seized by an insidious and cruel king who will cause a lot of trouble to people. 2) There is an ancient Slavic legend about the Plague Maiden. One day the farmer went to mow the grass. Suddenly, a terrible Plague Maiden jumped on his shoulders. The man begged for mercy. The Plague Maiden agreed to take pity on him if he carried her on his shoulders. Where this terrible couple appeared, all people died: both small children, and gray-haired old men, and beautiful girls, and stately guys. This legend is addressed to each of us: what do you bring to the world - light or darkness, joy or sorrow, good or evil, life or death? 4) A. Kuprin wrote the story "The Wonderful Doctor", based on real events. A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, his life and the life of his family changes in a very happy way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people. 5) In a military operation near Pervomaisk, the fighters who repulsed the attack of the militants rushed to the box with grenades. But when they opened it, they found that the grenades had no fuses. The packer at the factory forgot to put them in, and without them, a grenade is just a piece of iron. The soldiers, suffering heavy losses, were forced to retreat, and the militants broke through. The mistake of a nameless person turned into a terrible disaster. 6) Historians write that the Turks were able to capture Constantinople by going through a gate that someone forgot to close. 7) A terrible accident in Asha occurred due to the fact that an excavator with a bucket hooked a gas pipeline pipe. In this place, many years later, a gap formed, the gas escaped, and then a real disaster came: about a thousand people died in a terrible fire. 8) An American spacecraft crashed when an assembler dropped a screw into the Fuel Bay. 9) Children began to disappear in one of the Siberian cities. Their mutilated bodies were found in different parts of the city. The police were on the run looking for the killer. All archives were raised, but the one on whom suspicions fell was at that time inseparably in the hospital. And then it turned out that he had already been discharged a long time ago, the nurse had simply forgotten to complete the paperwork, and the killer calmly carried out his bloody deed. 10) Moral irresponsibility turns into monstrous consequences. At the end of the 17th century, in one of the provincial American towns, two girls showed signs of a strange illness: they laughed for no reason, convulsed. Someone timidly suggested that a witch had sent a curse on the girls. The girls seized on this idea and began to name the names of respectable citizens, who were immediately thrown into prison and, after a short trial, executed. But the disease did not stop, and more and more convicts were sent to the chopping block. When it became clear to everyone that what was happening in the city looked like a crazy dance of death, the girls were severely interrogated. The patients admitted that they were just playing, they liked being the center of attention from adults. But what about the innocent? The girls didn't think about it. 11) The twentieth century is the first century in the history of mankind of world wars, the century of the creation of weapons of mass destruction. There is an incredible situation: humanity can destroy itself. In Hiroshima, on the monument to the victims of the atomic bombing, it is written: "Sleep well, the mistake will not be repeated." So that this and many other mistakes are not repeated, the struggle for peace, the struggle against weapons of mass destruction, acquires a universal character. 12) Sowed evil turns into new evil. In the Middle Ages, there was a legend about a city that was filled with rats. The townspeople did not know where to get away from them. One man promised to rid the city of vile creatures if he was paid. The residents, of course, agreed. The rat-catcher began to play his pipe, and the rats, bewitched by the sounds, followed him. The sorcerer took them to the river, got into the boat, and the rats drowned. But the townspeople, having got rid of the misfortune, refused to pay the promised. Then the sorcerer took revenge on the city: he again played the pipe, children came running from all over the city, and he drowned them in the river. The role of personality in history 1) "Notes of a hunter" by I. Turgenev played a huge role in the social life of our country. People, having read bright, bright stories about peasants, understood that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement began in the country for the abolition of serfdom. 2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, made society take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation. 3) The American writer G. Beecher Stowe wrote the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin", which told about the fate of a mild-mannered Negro who was beaten to death by a ruthless planter. This novel stirred up the whole society, the Civil War broke out in the country, and shameful slavery was abolished. Then they said that this little woman started a big war. 4) During the Great Patriotic War, G. F. Flerov, using a short vacation, went to the scientific library. He drew attention to the fact that there were no publications on radioactivity in foreign journals. Hence, these works are classified. He immediately wrote an alarming letter to the government. Immediately after that, all nuclear scientists were called from the front and active work began on the creation of an atomic bomb, which in the future helped stop possible aggression against our country. 5) It is unlikely that King Edward III of England fully understood what his impudence would lead to: he depicted delicate lilies on the state emblem. Thus, the English king showed that from now on, neighboring France is also subject to him. This drawing of a power-hungry monarch became the reason for the Hundred Years War, which brought countless disasters to people. 6) “A holy place is never empty!” - this saying with offensive frivolity expresses the idea that there are no irreplaceable people. However, the history of mankind proves that a lot depends not only on the circumstances, but also on the personal qualities of a person, on his belief in his own righteousness, on his adherence to his principles. The name of the English educator R. Owen is known to all. Taking over the management of the factory, he created favorable conditions for the life of the workers. He built comfortable houses, hired scavengers to clean up the territory, opened libraries, reading rooms, a Sunday school, a nursery, reduced the working day from 14 to 10 hours. For several years, the inhabitants of the town were literally reborn: they mastered the letter, drunkenness disappeared, enmity ceased. It would seem that the centuries-old dream of people about an ideal society has come true. Owen has many successors. But, deprived of his fiery faith, they could not successfully repeat the experience of the great reformer. Human and nature 1) Why did it happen that in ancient Rome there were too many destitute, distressed "proletarians"? Indeed, riches from all over the ecumene flocked to Rome, and the local nobility bathed in luxury and went mad with excesses. Two factors played a major role in the impoverishment of the lands of the metropolis: the destruction of forests and the depletion of soils. As a result, the rivers became shallow, the groundwater level decreased, land erosion developed, and crops decreased. And this - with a more or less constant population growth. The ecological crisis, as we now say, has worsened. 2) Beavers build amazing dwellings for their offspring, but their activity never turns into the extermination of that biomass, without which they are finished. Man, in front of our eyes, continues the fateful work that he began millennia ago: in the name of the needs of his production, he destroyed the forests filled with life, dehydrated and turned entire continents into deserts. After all, the Sahara and Kara Kum are obvious evidence of the criminal activity of man, which continues to this day. Isn't the pollution of the oceans a testament to this? A person deprives himself in the near future of the last necessary food resources. 3) In ancient times, man was clearly aware of his connection with nature, our primitive ancestors deified animals, believed that it was they who protect people from evil spirits, bestow good luck on hunting. For example, the Egyptians treated cats with respect; the death penalty was due for the murder of this sacred animal. And in India, even now, a cow, confident that a person will never harm her, can calmly go into a greengrocer's shop and eat whatever she wants. The shopkeeper would never turn this sacred guest away. To many, such reverence for animals will seem ridiculous superstition, but in fact it expresses a feeling of deep, blood relationship with nature. The feeling that became the basis of human morality. But, unfortunately, today many have lost it. 4) Often it is nature that gives people lessons of kindness. The famous scientist recalled an incident that stuck in his memory for a long time. Once he, walking with his wife through the forest, saw a chick lying in the bushes. Some large bird with bright plumage darted about anxiously near him. People saw a hollow in an old pine tree and put a chick there. After that, for several years, the grateful bird, meeting the saviors of its chick in the forest, joyfully circled over their heads. Reading this touching story, one wonders whether we always show such sincere gratitude to those who helped us in difficult times. 5) In Russian folk tales, the unselfishness of a person is often glorified. Emelya was not going to catch a pike - she herself got into his bucket. If a wanderer sees a fallen chick - he will put it in a nest, a bird will fall into a snare - he will free it, throw a fish ashore in a wave - he will release it back into the water. Do not seek benefits, do not destroy, but help, save, protect - this is taught by folk wisdom. 6) The tornadoes that broke out over the American continent brought countless disasters to people. What caused these natural disasters? Scientists are increasingly inclined to believe that this is the result of rash human activity, which often ignores the laws of nature, believes that it is designed to serve his interests. But for such a consumer attitude, a cruel retribution awaits a person. 7) Human intervention in the complex life of nature can lead to unpredictable consequences. One famous scientist decided to bring deer to his region. However, the animals could not adapt to the new conditions and soon died. But the ticks that lived in the skin of deer settled in, flooded forests and meadows and became a real disaster for the rest of the inhabitants. 8) Global warming, which is being talked about more and more lately, is fraught with catastrophic consequences. But not everyone thinks that this problem is a direct consequence of the life of a person who, in the pursuit of profit, violates the stable balance of natural cycles. It is no coincidence that scientists are talking more and more about the reasonable self-limitation of needs, that not profit, but the preservation of life should be the main goal of human activity. 9) The Polish science fiction writer S. Lem in his "Star Diaries" described the story of space vagrants who ruined their planet, dug up all the bowels with mines, sold minerals to the inhabitants of other galaxies. The retribution for such blindness was terrible, but fair. That fateful day came when they found themselves on the edge of a bottomless pit, and the earth began to crumble under their feet. This story is a formidable warning to all mankind, which predatory plunders nature. 10) One by one, entire species of animals, birds, and plants disappear from the earth. Rivers, lakes, steppes, meadows, even seas are spoiled. In dealing with nature, a person is like a savage who, in order to get a cup of milk, kills a cow and cuts up her udder instead of feeding, grooming and getting the same bucket of milk every day. 11) Recently, some Western experts have proposed dumping radioactive waste into the depths of the ocean, believing that there they will be forever mothballed. But timely work carried out by oceanologists showed that active vertical mixing of water covers the entire thickness of the ocean. This means that radioactive waste will certainly spread throughout the oceans and, consequently, will infect the atmosphere. What innumerable harmful consequences this would lead to is clear and without any additional examples. 12) There is a small Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean where foreign companies mine phosphate. People cut down tropical forests, cut off the top layer of soil with excavators and take out valuable raw materials. The island, once covered with lush greenery, has turned into a dead desert with bare rocks sticking out like rotten teeth. As tractors scrape off the last kilo of fertilizer-laden soil. People on this island will have nothing to do. Perhaps the sad fate of this piece of land in the middle of the ocean reflects the fate of the Earth, surrounded by the boundless ocean of space? Maybe the people who barbarously plundered their native planet will have to look for a new haven? 13) The mouth of the Danube is abundant in fish. But fish is caught not only by people - it is also hunted by cormorants. For this reason, cormorants, of course, are “harmful” birds, and it was decided to destroy them at the mouth of the Danube in order to increase catches. They destroyed it ... And then it was necessary to artificially restore the population of "harmful" birds - predators in Scandinavia and "harmful" cormorants at the mouth of the Danube, because mass epizootics began in these areas (infectious animal diseases exceeding the level of normal morbidity), which killed a huge number and birds, and fish. After that, with a considerable delay, it was found that the "pests" feed mainly on sick animals and thereby prevent massive infectious diseases ... This example once again shows how intricately everything is intertwined in the world around us and how carefully we need to approach the solution of natural problems . 14) Seeing a worm washed by rain on the pavement, Dr. Schweitzer put it back into the grass, and took out an insect floundering in a puddle from the water. “When I help an insect get out of trouble, I am trying to atone for part of the guilt of mankind for the crimes committed against animals.” For the same reasons, Schweitzer spoke out in defense of animals. In an essay written in 1935, he called for "being kind to animals for the same reasons that we are kind to people."
In the process of creating an essay, review, essay, oral statement, it is necessary to substantiate the main idea (thesis) with arguments, quotations and examples relevant to the topic, which causes difficulties for schoolchildren.
Here are some examples abstracts, quotes and arguments on the following issues:
1. Education and culture.
2. Education of a person.
3. The role of science in modern life.
4. Man and scientific progress.
5. Spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries.
6. Struggle between the new and the old as a source of development.
Possible theses:
1. Knowledge of the world cannot be stopped by anything.
2. Scientific progress should not be ahead of the moral possibilities of man.
3. The purpose of science is to make a person happy.
Quotes:
1. We can as far as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher).
2. Not every change is development (ancient philosophers).
3. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist).
4. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet left us (Antony Regulsky).
Arguments:
1. Scientific progress and moral qualities of a person.
1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slips over his eyes... Doesn't this picture resemble a modern person? Not having time to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth.
2) Mankind has achieved great success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it's a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.
3) In ancient mythology there is a legend about Pandora's box. A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.
4) In M. Bulgakov's story, Dr. Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.
5) “We boarded the plane, but we don’t know where it will fly to!” - wrote the famous Russian writer Y. Bondarev. These words are a warning to all mankind. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something, i.e. “getting on a plane” without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal.
6) Information is constantly flashing in the press that the elixir of immortality will soon appear. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?
7) Until now, disputes about how legitimate, from a moral point of view, experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Human? Cyborg? means of production?
8) It is naive to believe that some kind of bans, strikes can stop scientific and technological progress. So, for example, in England, during the period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who, in desperation, broke cars. People could understand: many of them lost their jobs after the machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, so the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that by their protest they forced the society to think about the fate of specific people, about the price that has to be paid for moving forward.
9) One sci-fi story tells how the hero, being in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which the double of the scientist was alcoholized - his genetic copy. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How could you create a creature like yourself, and then kill him?” And he heard in response: “Why do you think that I created it? He made me!"
10) Nicolaus Copernicus, after long, long studies, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist did not dare to publish data about his discovery for a long time, because he understood that such news would turn people's ideas about the world order, and this could lead to unpredictable consequences.
11) Today, we have not yet learned how to treat many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, and the most acute problems have not been resolved. However, technically man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real killing machines. In the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of the dinosaurs?
12) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could harm humanity were deliberately destroyed. In particular, in 1903, the Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method for transmitting shock waves from an explosion over long distances by radio, was found dead in his laboratory. After that, by order of Nicholas II, all documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not known whether the tsar was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of mankind, but such means of transmitting the power of an atomic or hydrogen explosion would be really disastrous for the population of the globe.
13) Recently, newspapers reported that a church under construction was demolished in Batumi. A week later, the district administration building collapsed. Seven people died under the ruins. Many residents took these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a dire warning that society had chosen the wrong path.
14) In one of the Ural cities, they decided to blow up an abandoned church so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion thundered, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for momentary gain leads a person to senseless destruction.
2. Laws of social development.
A) Man and power.
1) History knows many unsuccessful attempts to forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then paradise turns into a dungeon. The favorite of Tsar Alexander I, General Arakcheev, creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the appointed hours, their children were to be sent to schools, they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good, they were forced to love, work, study... And a man deprived of his freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev's reforms were curtailed.
2) They decided to help one African tribe that lived in the equatorial zone. Young Africans were taught to grow rice, tractors and seeders were brought to them. A year has passed - they came to see how the tribe, gifted with new knowledge, lives. What a disappointment it was when they saw that the tribe lived and lives on: they sold tractors to farmers, and with the proceeds they arranged a national holiday. This example is eloquent evidence that a person must mature to understand his needs, you can’t make anyone rich, smart and happy by force.
3) In one kingdom there was a severe drought, people began to die of hunger and thirst. The king turned to a soothsayer who came to them from distant lands. He predicted that the drought would end as soon as a stranger was sacrificed. Then the king ordered to kill the soothsayer and throw him into the well. The drought ended, but since then a constant hunt for foreign wanderers has begun.
4) The historian Yevgeny Tarle, in one of his books, talks about Nicholas I's visit to Moscow University. When the rector introduced him to the best students, Nicholas I said: “I don’t need smart people, but I need novices.” The attitude towards smart people and novices in various fields of knowledge and art eloquently testifies to the nature of society.
5) In 1848, the tradesman Nikifor Nikitin was exiled to the remote settlement of Baikonur "for seditious speeches about flying to the moon." Of course, no one could have known that a century later, a cosmodrome would be built on this very spot in the Kazakh steppe and spaceships would fly to where the prophetic eyes of an enthusiastic dreamer were looking.
B) Man and knowledge.
1) Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.
2) Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought and famine, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped starving.
3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
4) One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century came up with an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons."
5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
6) The Early Middle Ages are called the "Dark Ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he diligently drew letters.
7) Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at a familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion.
8) It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people have brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of any thing - was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, with their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.
9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and oil. Young Xenophon answered briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
11) New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, lecturing students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding."
12) At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor assembled by him from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joel decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person.
13) In the middle of the 17th century, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. The ship's masts were broken and the rigging was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique. This story allegorically reflects the difficult path of any scientific truth. A person carefully cherishes in his soul a sprout of a yet unknown discovery, waters it with moisture of hope and inspiration, shelters it from worldly storms and storms of despair... And here it is - the saving shore of final insight. The ripened tree of truth will give seeds, and whole plantations of theories, monographs, scientific laboratories, technical innovations will cover the continents of knowledge.
The influence of the teacher on the fate of the student is the most important problem that is often raised by the authors of texts to prepare for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. For each of its aspects, we have selected arguments from the literature. They can be downloaded as a table, link at the end of the collection.
- The teacher often influences the future life of his students. The role of the teacher is on a par with the importance of parental care and the influence of the environment. A striking example can be found in Ch. Aitmatov's story "The First Teacher". The protagonist, reading the syllables himself, having no special knowledge, is trying to turn the old barn into a school. In harsh winters, he helps children cross the icy rivers and tries in every possible way to give them knowledge. One day he saves the orphan Altynai from rape and her aunt's desire to forcibly marry the girl. The hero, overcoming obstacles, sends her to study in the city, thereby saving her life. In the future, Altynai will become a doctor of sciences and, when building a new school, will name it after his first teacher - Dyushayn.
- Teachers who helped us in childhood are remembered for a long time. So for V.G. Rasputin his wise teacher played an important role in the life of the author. He dedicates his autobiographical story to her. "French lessons". The main character, having learned that one of her students is trying to earn a living through gambling, does not punish the boy. On the contrary, she tries to talk to him and help. Secretly, she sends the boy a package of food and even with a little trick gives him money so as not to hurt his pride. Of course, having learned about her methods of education, namely about gambling with a student, the director fires the teacher, but she still does not leave the hero in trouble, helping him get a decent education.
Negative influence
- From childhood, we are accustomed to the fact that a teacher is a noble profession. However, do not forget about human nature, which can manifest itself negatively anywhere. The difference in attitude towards students of different people in the work is well shown. DI. Fonvizin "Undergrowth". Three teachers are trying to teach the main character different sciences: Tsiferkin, Kuteikin and Vralman. Soon realizing that the hero is very stupid, lazy and hopeless in his studies, they stop trying and only pretend to teach the boy. The teachers themselves are also poorly educated, but Mitrofan's mother is not particularly interested in teaching her son. When Starodum denounces dishonest teachers, only Tsiferkin refuses to take money for education. After all, he could not pass on his knowledge to the student.
- Children quickly and easily adopt behavior, moral principles from their teachers. Unfortunately, this kind of upbringing is not always positive. Let's remember the main character of the same name novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Talking about the upbringing of a young man, the author mentions that his teacher was a Frenchman who was “joking” about everything. He tried to give him the material in an easy manner, did not particularly strain, did not force him to work. Onegin was never severely punished, they were not told about morality, but they were only taken for a walk in the summer gardens. As a result, we see a superficial man who is used to getting the joy of life in an easy way and does not care about others.
The feat of the teacher
- A teacher is not only a mentor, for many it is a hero who is ready to do a lot for the sake of his students. In the story of V. Bykov "Obelisk" Morozov does not leave his students with the onset of the war, he continues to teach. When the Nazis capture five of his guys, he agrees to come after them, realizing that he is going to his death. He realized that if he refused, then the enemies could use this situation for evil. And Morozov sacrifices himself for the good of his school and country. Even if he cannot save the children, at least he will encourage and support them in this test.
- The desire to convey to others the foundations of a correct, noble life can already be considered a feat. In Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "The Scaffold" the main character Obadiah gets a job in a newspaper. On one of the assignments of the editorial board, he is sent to investigate a case of drug trafficking. Along the way, he meets Petrukha and Lyonka, two ragamuffins with a dark past who went to get marijuana. Obadiah, based on his past training in the seminary, tries to guide the guys on the true path, he calls them to live by the rules, turn to God. However, all the nobility of the hero does not save him, because of righteous speeches, he finds his death. And yet, his attempt shook the worldview of these people, because for the first time in their lives someone tried to pull them out of the abyss of moral decline.
The role of the teacher
- In the story of F. Iskander "The thirteenth feat of Hercules" The author talks about the teacher's unusual approach to learning. He never punished children, but only joked with them. One of the students was so afraid of becoming a laughing stock for not doing his homework that he pulls off a whole "scam" with vaccinations. Despite all his efforts, he is still called to the blackboard, where he does not cope with the task. The teacher calls this whole situation the thirteenth feat of Hercules, accomplished because of cowardice. Only years later, the main character realizes that the teacher wanted to show them that they should not be afraid to be funny.
- Teachers should respect their students and set them on the right path. In M. Kazakov's story "It's hard with you, Andrey" the reader is told the story of a little boy who was a real bully. He ran away from lessons, was often rude and rude. All teachers have long hung on him the label of a child who is not amenable to education. And only the new teacher of the Russian language saw good qualities in him and was able to help the child.
The influence of nature on the human soul.
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the wonderful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly feel the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, when he sees an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the soul of the hero are associated with the beauty and grandeur of a mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.
In V. Astafiev's story "Tsar - Fish", the main character, the fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to let her go free. An encounter with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature makes this poacher reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
About caring for nature.
Nature is alive and spiritualized, endowed with moral and punishing power, it is able not only to defend itself, but also to bear retribution. An illustration of the punishing power is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev's story "The King is a Fish." This hero is punished for arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. The imbalance is a threat to all mankind if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.
The relationship between fathers and children.
Bulba believed that only then the education of Ostap and Andriy could be completed, when they learned the wisdom of battle and became his worthy heirs. However, Andriy's betrayal made Taras a murderer, he could not forgive his son for betrayal. Only Ostap warmed his father's soul with his courage in battle, and then during the execution. For Taras, partnership turned out to be above all blood ties.
Loss of spiritual values.
The events of Boris Vasiliev's story "Glukhoman" allow us to see how in today's life the so-called "new Russians" seek to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values are lost because culture has left our lives. The society has split, in it the bank account has become the measure of a person's merits. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.
Meanness and dishonesty.
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin! The captain's daughter, ”is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and having been refused, he takes revenge, speaking ill of her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of notions of honor also predetermines social treason: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.
Vandalism, thoughtless attitude to one's culture.
D.S. Likhachev, in Letters about the Good and the Beautiful, tells how indignant he felt when he learned that in 1932 a cast-iron monument on the grave of Bagration had been blown up on the Borodino field. Then someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero - Tuchkov: "Enough to keep the remnants of the slave past!" At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve, not to destroy. Likhachev believes that "the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: after all, they are always individual."
Ecology.
Our fellow countryman, writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories tells about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story “Ivan's Memory” is so touching.
In this small work, Yurovsky raises an important issue: the impact of man on the environment.
Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in the swamp, which frightened people and animals.
Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, every year the magpie began to build a nest, magpie hatch. No one else wandered through the forest, because the willow tree became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bushes, you can hide from the heat, and drink some water, and just relax.
Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.
The role of the family in the education of the individual.
In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became truly good people. They are responsive to other people's pain, able to understand the experiences and suffering of others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to free the carts loaded with their family valuables in order to give them to the wounded soldiers.
And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.
Motherhood as a feat.
Bukhara, the heroine of L Ulitskaya's story "The Daughter of Bukhara", accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being mortally ill, the mother thought out the whole future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that she allowed herself to die.
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin's story "The Mother of Man", during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people's children, saved them, became their Mother. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burnt farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the children of the world destitute of the war. That is why she is the Mother of Man.
The role of the teacher in human life.
The teacher Lidia Mikhailovna from Rasputin's story taught the hero not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness, sympathy, and compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else's pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.
Influence of parents on children.
In the story "The Captain's Daughter", the instructions of his father helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest man, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero commands respect for his behavior.
Following his father's behest to "save a penny", Chichikov devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. From his school years, he valued only money, so in his life there were never true friends, a family that the hero dreamed of.
About the Russian language.
K.I. Chukovsky in the book "Alive as Life" analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves distort and disfigure our great and mighty language.
The ratio of the name and the inner essence of the hero.
In the comedy, many heroes have "talking" surnames: Vralman, a former coachman, lied that he was a foreign teacher; the name Mitrofan means “like his mother”, who is depicted in the comedy as a stupid and impudent ignoramus. Skotinin Taras - Mitrofan's uncle; he loves pigs very much and, in terms of the rudeness of his feelings, is like cattle, as indicated by the surnames
Reverence and human insignificance.
The official Chervyakov in Chekhov's story "The Death of an Official" is incredibly infected with the spirit of servility: having sneezed and splashed his bald head in front of the sitting General Bryzzhalov (who did not pay attention to this), the hero was so frightened that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.
The hero of Chekhov's story "Thick and thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the station of the Nikolaev railway and found out that he was a privy councilor, i.e. moved up significantly in career. In an instant, the “thin” turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate and fawn.
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog, so that it is affectionate." The need to tirelessly please also gave rise to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the "character" of the historical anecdote, which Famusov tells Chatsky as an edification, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls.
Scientific progress and moral qualities of man
1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slips over his eyes... Doesn't this picture resemble a modern person? Not having time to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth.
2) Mankind has achieved tremendous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it is strange: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.
3) In ancient mythology there is a legend about Pandora's box.
A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.
4) In M. Bulgakov's story, Dr. Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.
b) “We got on the plane, but we don’t know where it will fly to!” - wrote the famous Russian writer Y. Bondarev. These words are a warning to all mankind. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something “get on a plane”, without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal.
8) The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?
9) Until now, disputes about how legitimate, from a moral point of view, experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Human? Cyborg? means of production?
10) It is naive to believe that some kind of bans, strikes can stop scientific and technological progress. So, for example, in England, during the period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who, in desperation, broke cars. People could understand: many of them lost their jobs after the machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, so the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that with their protest they forced society to think about the fate of specific people, about the penalty that has to be paid for moving forward.
11) One sci-fi story tells how the hero, being in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which his double, a genetic copy, was alcoholized. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How could you create a creature like yourself, and then kill him?” And they heard the answer: “Why do you think that I created it? He made me!"
12) Nicolaus Copernicus, after long, long studies, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist did not dare to publish the data on his discovery for a long time, because he understood that such news would turn people's ideas about the world order upside down. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences.
13) Today we have not yet learned how to treat many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, the most acute problems have not been resolved. However, technically, man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real machines for killing. In the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of the dinosaurs?
14) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could harm humanity were deliberately destroyed. In particular, in 1903, the Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method for transmitting shock waves from an explosion over long distances by radio, was found dead in his laboratory. After that, by order of Nicholas II, all the documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not known whether the king was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of mankind, but such means of transferring power
an atomic or hydrogen explosion would be really disastrous for the world's population.
15) Recently, newspapers reported that a church under construction was demolished in Batumi. A week later, the district administration building collapsed. Seven people died under the ruins. Many residents took these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a formidable warning that society had chosen the wrong path.
16) In one of the Ural cities, they decided to blow up an abandoned church, so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion thundered, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for momentary gain leads a person to senseless destruction.
Man and knowledge
1) Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.
2) Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
4) One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons."
5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
6) The Early Middle Ages are called the "Dark Ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, the diligently drew letters.
7) Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at a familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion.
8) It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people have brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, no harvest, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, with their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.
9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and oil. Young Xenophon answered briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
11) New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, who lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding" -
12) At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor assembled by him from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joel decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person.
13) In the middle of the 17th century, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. The masts were not broken on the court, the gear was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.
