History Report
on the topic of:
"The War of White and Scarlet Roses".
Did the job:
6th grade student "B"
GBOU "School No. 883"
Moscow SZAO
Latyntsev Mikhail
2017-11-25
22,312
The Wars of Roses
THE WAR OF THE RED AND WHITE ROSES.
THE WAR OF THE ROSE AND WHITE (The Wars of Roses) (1455-85), bloody internecine conflicts between feudal cliques in England, which took the form of a struggle for the throne between two lines of the royal Plantagenet dynasty: Lancaster (in the coat of arms of a scarlet rose) and Yorks (in the coat of arms of White Rose).
Causes:
The causes of the war were the difficult economic situation in England (the crisis of a large patrimonial economy and the fall in its profitability), the defeat of England in the Hundred Years War (1453), which deprived the feudal lords of the opportunity to plunder the lands of France; the suppression of the Jack Cad uprising in 1451 (see Cad Jack uprising) and with it the forces opposed to feudal anarchy. The Lancasters relied mainly on the barons of the backward north, Wales and Ireland, the Yorks on the feudal lords of the economically more developed south-east of England. The middle nobility, merchants and wealthy citizens, interested in the free development of trade and crafts, the elimination of feudal anarchy and the establishment of firm power, supported the Yorks.
The course of the war:
The rivalry between the two dynasties in England resulted in a civil war that began in 1455. Since the last months of the Hundred Years War, two branches of the Plantagenet family - Yorks and Lancasters - have fought for the throne of England. The War of the Two Roses (the York coat of arms had a white rose, and the Lancaster had a scarlet) put an end to the Plantagenet rule.
1450
England was going through hard times. King Henry VI Lancaster was unable to calm the differences and strife between large aristocratic families. Henry VI grew up weak-willed and sickly. Under him and his wife, Margaret of Anjou, the Dukes of Somerset and Suffolk were endowed with unlimited power.
In the spring of 1450, the loss of Normandy was a signal of collapse. Internecine wars are multiplying. The state is collapsing. Condemnation and then murder of Suffolk does not lead to peace. Jack Cad raises an uprising in Kent and moves to London. The royal forces defeat Cad, but the anarchy continues.
The king's brother Richard, Duke of York, who at that time was in exile in Ireland, is gradually strengthening his position. Returning in September 1450, he tries with the help of Parliament to reform the government and eliminate Somerset. Henry VI responded by dissolving Parliament. In 1453, the king lost his mind as a result of a strong fright. Taking advantage of this, Richard York achieved the most important position - the protector of the state. But sanity returned to Henry VI, and the duke's position was shaken. Not wanting to part with power, Richard York gathers armed detachments of his followers.
Lancasters vs Yorks
York enters into an alliance with the earls of Salisbury and Warwick, who are armed with a strong army, which in May 1455 defeats the royal troops in the town of St. Albans. But the king takes the initiative again for a while. He confiscates the property of York and his supporters.
York abandons the army and flees to Ireland. In October 1459, his son Edward occupies Calais, from where the Lancasters try unsuccessfully to dislodge them. There he gathers a new army. In July 1460, the Lancasters were defeated at Northampton. The king is in prison and York is declared heir by Parliament.
At this time, Margaret of Anjou, determined to protect the rights of her son, gathers her loyal subjects in the north of England. Surprised by the royal army at Wakefield, York and Salisbury perish. The Lancaster army moves south, devastating everything in its path. Edward, son of the Duke of York, and the Earl of Warwick, having learned of the tragedy, hurried to London, whose inhabitants greeted their army with joy. They defeated the Lancasters at Towton, after which Edward was crowned as Edward IV.
Continuation of the war
Having taken refuge in Scotland and supported by France, Henry VI still has supporters in the north of England, but they are defeated in 1464 and the king is imprisoned again in 1465. It seems that everything is over. However, Edward IV is facing the same thing as Henry VI.
The Neville clan, led by the Earl of Warwick, who elevated Edward to the throne, is starting a fight against the clan of Queen Elizabeth. The king's brother, the Duke of Clarence, is jealous of his power. Warwick and Clarence mutiny. They defeat the troops of Edward IV, and he himself is captured. But, seduced by various promises, Warwick releases the captive. The king does not fulfill his promises, and the struggle between them flares up with renewed vigor. In March 1470, Warwick and Clarence take refuge with the King of France. Louis XI, being a subtle diplomat, reconciles them with Margaret of Anjou and the House of Lancaster.
He did this so well that in September 1470, Warwick, supported by Louis XI, returned to England already a supporter of the Lancasters. King Edward IV flees to Holland to his son-in-law Charles the Bold. At the same time, Warwick, nicknamed the "kingmaker", and Clarence restore Henry VI to the throne. However, in March 1471, Edward returns with an army financed by Charles the Bold. At Barnet, he wins a decisive victory - thanks to Clarence, who betrayed Warwick. Warwick is killed. The southern Lancastrian army is defeated at Tewkesbury. In 1471, Henry VI died (and possibly killed), Edward IV returned to London.
Union of two roses
Problems arise again after the king's death in 1483. Edward's brother, Richard of Gloucester, who hates the queen and her supporters, orders the killing of the king's children in the Tower, London, and takes possession of the crown under the name of Richard III. This act makes him so unpopular that the Lancasters regain hope. Their distant relative Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, son of the last representative of the Lancasters and Edmond Tudor, whose father was a Welsh captain, bodyguard of Catherine of Valois (widow of Henry V), whom he married. This secret marriage explains the interference in the discord of the Welsh dynasty.
Richmond, along with supporters of Margaret of Anjou, weaves a web of conspiracy and lands in Wales in August 1485. The decisive battle took place on August 22 at Bosworth. Betrayed by many of his entourage, Richard III was assassinated. Richard ascends the throne as Henry VII, then marries Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville. The Lancasters are related to the Yorks, the war of the Scarlet and the White Rose ends, and the king builds his power on the union of the two branches. He introduces a system of strict control of the aristocracy. After the accession of the Tudor dynasty, a new page is being written in the history of England.
Consequences:
The War of the Scarlet and White Roses was the last rampage of feudal anarchy before the establishment of absolutism in England. It was conducted with terrible bitterness and was accompanied by numerous murders and executions. Both dynasties were exhausted and perished in the struggle. The war brought strife, oppression of taxes, theft of the treasury, the lawlessness of large feudal lords, the decline of trade, direct robberies and requisitions to the population of England. During the wars, a significant part of the feudal aristocracy was exterminated, numerous confiscations of land holdings undermined its power. At the same time, land holdings increased and the influence of the new nobility and the merchant merchant class increased, which became the mainstay of Tudor absolutism.
The Lancaster dynasty in England was ruled by a Frenchwoman - Margarita, this caused dissatisfaction with the York dynasty.
The barons of northern England and Ireland sided with the Lancasters. While the Yorks were helped by feudal lords, merchants and townspeople.
The Lancasters have a scarlet rose on their coat of arms, and the Yorks have a white rose. A war broke out between them, distinguished by particular cruelty. The advantage in war was constantly changing.
Richard (of the York dynasty) in 1455 destroyed the supporters of the Lancasters and 5 years later captured Margaret's husband, Henry VI. To which she returned with reinforcements and killed Richard. All prisoners were executed.
The following year, Richard's son Edward avenged his father by forcing Margaret and her husband to retreat to Scotland, becoming Edward IV. He also executed those who surrendered.
In 1964 he attacked the Lancasters and captured Henry VI. However, Edward's supporters changed sides, so he fled. Henry VI returned to his post.
Soon Edward IV restored his strength and destroyed the enemy troops. The son of King Henry died, and later he himself. Margarita after some time was redeemed from captivity.
When Edward IV died, his minor son Edward was supposed to take the post, but Richard of Gloucester became a traitor, locking up two sons of Edward IV (soon disappeared) and calling himself Richard III.
He tried with all his might to restore order, but failed.
Henry Tudor united both dynasties and opposed Richard. In 1485, at Bosworth, the latter was betrayed and died. King appointed Henry (VII) Tudor, who ended the Thirty Years' War.
Henry Tudor married the daughter of Edward IV in order to reconcile both sides and connected two roses on the coat of arms. At the same time, he founded his dynasty.
Later, no one was able to find out if the sons of Edward IV were alive. Henry VII ensured that Richard III was remembered as the man who brutally murdered his nephews.
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War of the Scarlet and White Roses - 1455-85, internecine war in England, for the throne between the two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - the Lancasters (in the coat of arms a scarlet rose) and the Yorks (in the coat of arms a white rose). The death in the war of the main representatives of both dynasties and a significant part of the nobility facilitated the establishment of Tudor absolutism.
The Wars of Roses (1455-85), bloody internecine conflicts between feudal cliques in England, which took the form of a struggle for the throne between two lines of the royal Plantagenet dynasty: Lancaster (in the coat of arms of a scarlet rose) and Yorks (in the coat of arms of White Rose).
Reasons for the war.
The causes of the war were the difficult economic situation in England (the crisis of a large patrimonial economy and the fall in its profitability), the defeat of England in the Hundred Years War (1453), which deprived the feudal lords of the opportunity to plunder the lands of France; the suppression of the Jack Cad uprising in 1451 (see Cad Jack uprising) and with it the forces opposed to feudal anarchy. The Lancasters relied mainly on the barons of the backward north, Wales and Ireland, the Yorks on the feudal lords of the economically more developed south-east of England. The middle nobility, merchants and wealthy citizens, interested in the free development of trade and crafts, the elimination of feudal anarchy and the establishment of firm power, supported the Yorks.
Under the imbecile King Henry VI Lancaster (1422-61), the country was ruled by a clique of several large feudal lords, which aroused discontent in the rest of the population. Taking advantage of this discontent, Richard, Duke of York, gathered his vassals around him and went with them to London. At the Battle of St. Albans on May 22, 1455, he defeated the supporters of the Scarlet Rose. Soon removed from power, he again rebelled and declared his claims to the English throne. With an army of his adherents, he defeated the enemy at Blore Heath (September 23, 1459) and North Hampton (July 10, 1460); during the last, he captured the king, after which he forced the upper house to recognize himself as the protector of the state and heir to the throne. But Queen Margaret, wife of Henry VI, with her followers unexpectedly attacked him at Wakefield (December 30, 1460). Richard was utterly defeated and fell in battle. The enemies cut off his head and put it on the wall of York in a paper crown. His son Edward, with the support of the Earl of Warwick, defeated the supporters of the Lancastrian dynasty at Mortimers Cross (February 2, 1461) and Toughton (March 29, 1461). Henry VI was deposed; he and Margarita fled to Scotland. The winner became King Edward IV.
Edward IV.
However, the war continued. In 1464 Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians in the north of England. Henry VI was captured and imprisoned in the Tower. The desire of Edward IV to strengthen his power and limit the freedom of the feudal nobility led to an uprising of his former supporters, led by Warwick (1470). Edward fled from England, Henry VI in October 1470 was restored to the throne. In 1471, Edward IV at Barnet (April 14) and Tewkesbury (May 4) defeated the army of Warwick and the army of Henry VI's wife Margaret, who landed in England with the support of the French king Louis XI. Warwick was killed, Henry VI was again deposed in April 1471 and died (presumably killed) in the Tower on May 21, 1471.
End of the war.
After the victory, in order to strengthen his power, Edward IV began brutal reprisals against both the representatives of the Lancaster dynasty and the rebellious Yorks and their supporters. After the death of Edward IV on April 9, 1483, the throne passed to his infant son Edward V, but power was seized by the younger brother of Edward IV, the future King Richard III, who first declared himself the protector of the infant king, and then deposed him and ordered him to be strangled in the Tower along with his younger brother Richard (August (?) 1483). Attempts by Richard III to consolidate his power caused uprisings of the feudal magnates. Executions and confiscations of property turned supporters of both factions against him. Both dynasties, Lancaster and York, united around Henry Tudor, a distant relative of the Lancasters, who lived in France at the court of King Charles VIII. On August 7 or 8, 1485, Henry landed at Milford Haven, passed unhindered through Wales and joined with his supporters. From their combined army, Richard III was defeated at the battle of Bosworth on August 22, 1485; he himself was killed. Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor dynasty, became king. Having married the daughter of Edward IV, Elizabeth, heiress of the Yorks, he combined scarlet and white roses in his coat of arms.
Results of the war.
The War of the Scarlet and White Roses was the last rampage of feudal anarchy before the establishment of absolutism in England. It was conducted with terrible bitterness and was accompanied by numerous murders and executions. Both dynasties were exhausted and perished in the struggle. The war brought strife, oppression of taxes, theft of the treasury, the lawlessness of large feudal lords, the decline of trade, direct robberies and requisitions to the population of England. During the wars, a significant part of the feudal aristocracy was exterminated, numerous confiscations of land holdings undermined its power. At the same time, land holdings increased, and the influence of the new nobility and merchant class, which became the mainstay of Tudor absolutism, increased.
You are involuntarily amazed at the time during which they were conducted. Just think -! The sieges of castles and cities lasted for years, and sometimes decades! So the war, called very romantically, the War of the Scarlet and White Roses lasted for three whole decades.
In fact, of course, there was nothing romantic in this war. Like any other war, it was bloody and dirty, driven by the ambitions of a handful of people, resulting in the death and suffering of thousands upon thousands of innocents. This war was due to the struggle for the English throne between the two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - the Lancasters, whose coat of arms was decorated with a scarlet rose and the Yorks, whose coat of arms, respectively, flaunted a white rose.
The Hundred Years War between England and France ended, thousands of disappointed people began to return to Foggy Albion. England lost the war! Henry the Sixth Lancaster, the king of England, not only suffered from bouts of insanity, but in moments of rare enlightenment he was not particularly eager to rule the country. He preferred a quiet, secluded life, rather than the routine of state affairs, and even more so, war. So, in fact, England was ruled by the wife of the king, Margaret of France (Valois) and her numerous associates. And disappointment and awareness of the bitterness of defeat in the war with France somehow did not add to the queen of people's love.
Richard of York was the first to declare that the royal power in the hands of a woman is an absolutely unacceptable thing. And the fact that this woman was also a Frenchwoman made the queen the first enemy of the state. Richard of York demanded guardianship, that is, a regency over the incapacitated king, and after his death, the English crown. And Richard had every reason for such high demands. King Henry the Sixth was the great-grandson of the third son of King Edward the Third, John of Gaunt, and Richard York himself was the great-grandson of Edward's second son, Lionel, though through the female line. In the male line, Richard of York was the grandson of Edward III's fourth son, Edmund. Well, plus everything, the fact that the grandfather of Henry the Sixth, Henry the Fourth Lancaster forced him to abdicate by force, having seized power in 1399, called into question the legitimacy of the entire royal dynasty of Lancasters.
Richard York found support in the face of many families of the English aristocracy. The other half of the nobility took the side of the Lancasters. And so a bloody civil strife ensued, dividing the country into two irreconcilable warring camps for as much as thirty years. (The war lasted from 1455 to 1485.) This war was periodically won by the Yorks, periodically by the Lancasters, and their supporters often forgot their vassal oaths and ran from camp to camp. In a word, in this war all the knightly ideals of that time were forgotten and trampled. The word "loyalty" lost all meaning for many nobles, they easily changed their political beliefs, as soon as one of the sides of this great confrontation beckoned them with a more generous reward. And this war was distinguished by rare cruelty even for that time. In 1455, Richard of York defeated the Lancastrian army, took King Henry the Sixth himself prisoner and forced the Upper House of Parliament to recognize himself as regent and heir to the throne. Of course, Queen Margarita did not agree with this decision.
She fled north and soon returned to England with thousands of troops. She won the battle, ordering to cut off the head of the already dead Richard, who died in this battle. The head was adorned with a gold-colored paper crown, and for a long time it flaunted over the gates of the city of York. Queen Margaret also broke the knightly custom of leaving life to all the vanquished. She ordered the execution of all supporters of Richard York who surrendered. The son of the murdered Richard of York, Edward, in 1461, with the support of the Earl of Warwick, gathered an army and defeated the Lancasters, forcing Margaret to flee again to Scotland. Henry the Sixth, who by that time hardly understood what was happening in the country at all, was deposed, and Edward was crowned in Westminster as the new English monarch under the name of Edward the Fourth. The new king decided to follow the example of Margarita and ordered to cut off the heads of all noble supporters of the Lancasters. But the war did not end there either. The weak-minded King Henry was imprisoned in the Tower, and Edward's fanatical desire to strengthen his power, while weakening the power of his barons, only led to the fact that his former supporters sided with Henry the Sixth.
As a result, King Edward was forced to flee England. The unfortunate King Henry was placed back on the English throne in 1470. A year later, Edward returned with an army and again won the crown for himself. Now, just in case, he decided to still kill the king, whom he immediately re-imprisoned in the Tower, announcing to everyone that he had died of some strange disease. Queen Margarita was redeemed a few years later from captivity by the French king. After Edward's death, his eldest son, Edward the Fifth, was to inherit the throne, but he was removed from power by Richard of Gloucester, the late king's younger brother. He declared himself protector, and later heir to the throne, subsequently ordering Edward and his younger brother to be imprisoned in the Tower, where they were put to death.
Richard III tried to pursue a wise policy, trying to restore the country after thirty years of military devastation. Many feudal lords did not like his actions, and former supporters of the Lancasters and Yorks began to unite around a new contender for the throne, a distant relative of the Lancasters, who lived in France, in exile. In 1485, Henry's troops landed on the English coast. Richard the Third hastened to meet his army. At the battle of Bosworth, at the most crucial moment, the supporters of Richard III betrayed him by going over to the side of the enemy. But the king refused to run, even when someone brought him a horse. He chose to die as a king. A fatal blow to the head with a battle ax caused the crown to fly off the helmet. She was immediately lifted from the bloody slurry and hoisted on the head of Henry Tudor. Thus ended the three-decade-long war between the Lancasters and the Yorks. Henry Tudor, combined the Scarlet and White roses in his coat of arms, taking the daughter of Edward the Fourth, Elizabeth, as his wife.
This is probably one of the most beautiful and romantic names used for war. It lasted from 1455 to 1485 for the throne between two dynasties, or rather even their branches. On the one hand, the Plantagenets - Lancasters, having a scarlet rose in the image of their coat of arms, acted, on the other - Yorks, with a white rose on the coat of arms. The result was sad. For such a long time, many nobles and representatives of both dynasties died. Which led to the establishment of the absolute power of the Tudors in England.
What led to the war
The internecine war, which lasted for thirty years, did not arise suddenly. The economic situation in England, which at that time was in a difficult situation, led to its ignition. The large patrimonial economy was in crisis and ceased to generate income. These were the main reasons for the war of the Scarlet and White Roses.
In 1453 England was defeated in the Hundred Years' War. The feudal lords lost the opportunity to devastate France and were divided into two parts. Each of them supported one or another branch fighting for the throne.
Two years earlier, the uprising of Jack Cade and his associates, who opposed the anarchy of the feudal lords, was suppressed.
The Lancaster clan was supported by the barons of the backward north, Wales and Ireland. The more economically developed feudal lords of the south-east of England took the side of the Yorks. These were wealthy city dwellers, merchants and the nobility of the middle class. They were interested in the free development of trade and crafts, the elimination of feudal anarchy and the establishment of a firm government.
cruel time
Combat and battles initially imply the presence of victims. But the war of the White and Scarlet Roses was distinguished by particular bitterness. Representatives of the victorious clan destroyed their opponents without any compassion. They took revenge on their families, not sparing women and children. It was the extermination of a large number of enemies that was the main goal of this war. They did not take prisoners and did not demand a ransom for them.
In the War of the Roses, victory many times went to different sides in turn. The young Earl of Warwick was able to prove himself a talented military leader thanks to intrigue and the ability to weave conspiracies. It was his secrecy, ruthlessness and promiscuity in the means of achieving goals that helped him inflict more than one defeat on the Lancaster forces. Thanks to him, the king of this dynasty was deposed, and Edward IV of York was elevated to the throne. Warwick was sure that by helping Edward take the throne, he would be able to dictate his will to him. But the king showed the firmness of his character, began an independent game and showed an attempt to completely eliminate his assistant. Such a turn pushed Warwick to unite with the rebellious brother of Edward IV and capture the king. Having received a promise of forgiveness for the rebels, Edward IV was granted freedom.
Among the Lancastrian group, the wife of the deposed king, Margarita, who had ambition and a tough temper, enjoyed great respect and honor. She independently led the detachments of northern England and spoke out in defense of her husband. But this did not bring them victory.
Warwick fled to France, after breaking the peace with Edward IV. The performance against the monarch ended in defeat. United by failure, Warwick and Margarita returned to Britain, where they managed to win the battle with the army of Edward IV. As a result, the throne was taken by the king of the Lancaster dynasty. Just a year later, Warwick's army was defeated by the returning Edward IV. This time he failed to escape and was killed.
Queen Margarita tried once again to continue the fight. She landed a detachment of warriors in England, but luck did not indulge her. The battle ended with the execution of her son, the murder of her husband in the Tower prison and her imprisonment for five years. Ultimately, it was bought by the King of France, Louis XI.
Win or lose
Having received the throne, Edward IV was able to calm the barons for a certain period. Having a negative experience, he had little trust in noble people and rarely called Parliament. Under his rule, every possible assistance was rendered to trade relations with England. After his death, Edward's eldest son ascended the throne. But his brother, the uncle of the current king, in a coup, proclaimed himself ruler Richard III. He imprisoned his brother's children in the Tower, and gave the order to strangle them.
At the end of the war, there were almost no noble feudal lords left. Richard III was opposed by Henry Tudor, who was a distant relative of the Lancasters. After the victory, he married the daughter of King Edward IV and combined roses of two colors on his coat of arms. This marked the beginning of the Tudor dynasty.
