The Golden Horde was one of the most powerful states, which controlled vast territories. And yet, by the beginning of the 15th century, the country began to lose its power, and sooner or later, all crises of power had to end with the collapse of the state.
Scientists are still carefully studying the reasons for such a rapid decomposition of the state system of the Golden Horde and the consequences of this event for Ancient Rus'. Before compiling a historical essay on the process of decomposition of the state of the Mongols, it is necessary to talk about the reasons for the future collapse of the Golden Horde.
In fact, the crisis in the country has been observed since the middle of the XIV century. It was then that regular wars for the throne began, and the numerous heirs of Khan Janibek argued over power. What reasons influenced the future destruction of the state system?
- The absence of a strong ruler (with the exception of Tokhtamysh), capable of keeping the country from internal crises.
- From the endXIV century, the decomposition of the state was observed, and many khans hastened to form their own independent uluses.
- The territories subject to the Mongols also began to rebel, feeling the weakening of the Golden Horde.
- Regular internecine wars led to the fact that a very serious economic crisis was observed in the country.
After Tokhtamysh handed over the throne to his heirs, a dynastic crisis resumed in the country. The pretenders to the throne could not decide which of them was obliged to head the state. If, however, the throne was still occupied by one of the heirs, he could not guarantee the literacy of the ongoing political and economic reforms. All this affected the state of the state.
The process of destruction of the Golden Horde
Historians are sure that for early feudalism, the process of disintegration is an inevitable reality. Such a disintegration also occurred with Ancient Russia, and in the 15th century it began to be clearly manifested in the example of the Golden Horde. The khans and their heirs have long been looking for ways to separate and praise their own power. That is why, from the beginning of the 1400s, many territories that belonged to the Golden Horde achieved independence. What khanates appeared during this period?
- Siberian and Uzbek Khanates (1420s).
- Nogai Horde (1440s)
- Kazan and Crimean Khanate (1438 and 1441 respectively).
- Kazakh Khanate (1465).
Of course, each khanate aspired to complete independence, wanting to achieve their rights and freedoms. In addition, the economic issue of dividing the tribute coming from Ancient Rus' became important.
Kichi-Mohammed is considered the last full-fledged ruler of the Golden Horde. After his death, the state actually ceased to exist. For a long time, the Great Horde was considered the dominant state, but it also ceased to exist in the 16th century.
Consequences of the collapse of the Golden Horde for Ancient Rus'
Of course, the princes of Ancient Rus' had long dreamed of becoming independent from the Golden Horde. When the country was going through a period of great confusion, the Russian princes had an excellent chance to achieve independence.
At that time, Dmitry Donskoy was able to defend the rights of Russian princes on the Kulikovo field and achieve independence. In the period from 1380 to 1382, Russian princes did not pay tribute, but with the invasion of Tokhtamysh, humiliating payments resumed.
After the death of Tokhtamysh, the Golden Horde again began to experience a crisis, and Ancient Rus' perked up. The size of the tribute began to decrease slightly, and the princes themselves did not seek to pay it as diligently as before.
The last blow for the Horde was that a prince appeared in the Russian lands, capable of uniting all the troops under his banner. Ivan III became such a prince. Immediately after gaining power, Ivan III refused to pay tribute.
And if the Golden Horde only experienced the crisis of early feudalism, then Ancient Rus' was already emerging from this stage of development. Gradually, separate territories united under common banners, realizing the power of their strength together, and not apart. In fact, it took Ancient Rus' exactly 100 years (1380-1480) to obtain final independence. All this time, the Golden Horde was very "fever", which led to its final final weakening.
Of course, Khan Akhmat tried to return the territories under his control, but in 1480 Ancient Rus' gained its long-awaited independence, which was the last blow for the once powerful state.
Of course, not every country can withstand the economic and domestic political crisis. The Golden Horde lost its former power due to internal conflicts, and soon ceased to exist altogether. However, this state had a huge impact on the course of international history, and on the course of the history of Ancient Rus' in particular.
The phenomenon of the Golden Horde still causes serious controversy among historians: some consider it a powerful medieval state, according to others it was part of the Russian lands, and for others it did not exist at all.
Why Golden Horde?
In Russian sources, the term "Golden Horde" appears only in 1556 in the "Kazan History", although this phrase is found among the Turkic peoples much earlier.
However, the historian G.V. Vernadsky argues that in the Russian chronicles the term "Golden Horde" originally referred to the tent of Khan Guyuk. The Arab traveler Ibn Battuta wrote about the same, noting that the tents of the Horde khans were covered with plates of gilded silver.
But there is another version, according to which the term "golden" is synonymous with the words "central" or "middle". It was this position that the Golden Horde occupied after the collapse of the Mongolian state.
As for the word "horde", in Persian sources it meant a mobile camp or headquarters, later it was used in relation to the whole state. In ancient Rus', an army was usually called a horde.
Borders
The Golden Horde is a fragment of the once powerful empire of Genghis Khan. By 1224, the Great Khan divided his vast possessions between his sons: one of the largest uluses with a center in the Lower Volga region went to his eldest son, Jochi.
The borders of the Juchi ulus, later the Golden Horde, were finally formed after the Western campaign (1236-1242), in which his son Batu participated (according to Russian sources, Batu). In the east, the Golden Horde included the Aral Lake, in the West - the Crimean Peninsula, in the south it neighbored Iran, and in the north it ran into the Ural Mountains.
Device
The judgment of the Mongols, solely as nomads and pastoralists, should probably become a thing of the past. The vast territories of the Golden Horde required reasonable management. After the final isolation from Karakorum, the center of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde is divided into two wings - western and eastern, and each has its own capital - in the first Sarai, in the second Horde-Bazaar. In total, according to archaeologists, the number of cities in the Golden Horde reached 150!
After 1254, the political and economic center of the state completely transferred to Saray (located near modern Astrakhan), whose population at its peak reached 75 thousand people - by medieval standards, a rather large city. Here coinage is being established, pottery, jewelry, glass-blowing, as well as smelting and metal processing are developing. Sewerage and water supply were carried out in the city.
Sarai was a multinational city - Mongols, Russians, Tatars, Alans, Bulgars, Byzantines and other peoples peacefully coexisted here. The Horde, being an Islamic state, tolerated other religions. In 1261, a diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church appeared in Saray, and later a Catholic bishopric.
The cities of the Golden Horde are gradually turning into major centers of caravan trade. Here you can find everything - from silk and spices, to weapons and precious stones. The state is also actively developing its trade zone: caravan routes from Horde cities lead both to Europe and Rus', as well as to India and China.
Horde and Rus'
In Russian historiography, for a long time, the main concept characterizing the relationship between Rus' and the Golden Horde was the “yoke”. We were painted terrible pictures of the Mongol colonization of Russian lands, when wild hordes of nomads destroyed everyone and everything in their path, and the survivors were turned into slavery.
However, in the Russian chronicles the term "yoke" was not. It first appears in the works of the Polish historian Jan Długosz in the second half of the 15th century. Moreover, the Russian princes and Mongol khans, according to researchers, preferred to negotiate rather than devastate the lands.
L. N. Gumilyov, by the way, considered the relationship between Rus' and the Horde an advantageous military-political alliance, and N. M. Karamzin noted the most important role of the Horde in the rise of the Moscow principality.
It is known that Alexander Nevsky, having enlisted the support of the Mongols and insured his rear, was able to expel the Swedes and Germans from northwestern Rus'. And in 1269, when the crusaders besieged the walls of Novgorod, the Mongol detachment helped the Russians repulse their attack. The Horde sided with Nevsky in his conflict with the Russian nobility, and he, in turn, helped her resolve inter-dynastic disputes.
Of course, a significant part of the Russian lands was conquered by the Mongols and subjected to tribute, but the scale of the devastation is probably greatly exaggerated.
The princes, who wanted to cooperate, received the so-called "labels" from the khans, becoming, in fact, the governors of the Horde. The burden of duty for the lands controlled by the princes was significantly reduced. No matter how humiliating vassalage was, it still retained the autonomy of the Russian principalities and prevented bloody wars.
The Church was completely freed by the Horde from paying tribute. The first label was issued specifically to the clergy - Metropolitan Kirill Khan Mengu-Temir. History has preserved the words of the khan for us: “We favored the priests and blacks and all the poor people, but with their right heart they pray to God for us, and for our tribe without sorrow, bless us, but do not curse us.” The label ensured freedom of religion and inviolability of church property.
G. V. Nosovsky and A. T. Fomenko in the "New Chronology" put forward a very bold hypothesis: Rus' and the Horde are one and the same state. They easily turn Batu into Yaroslav the Wise, Tokhtamysh into Dmitry Donskoy, and transfer the capital of the Horde, Saray, to Veliky Novgorod. However, the official history of this version is more than categorical.
Wars
Without a doubt, the Mongols were best at fighting. True, they took for the most part not by skill, but by number. The conquered peoples - Polovtsy, Tatars, Nogais, Bulgars, Chinese and even Russians helped the armies of Genghis Khan and his descendants to conquer the space from the Sea of Japan to the Danube. The Golden Horde was not able to keep the empire within its former limits, but you cannot deny it militancy. The maneuverable cavalry, numbering hundreds of thousands of horsemen, forced many to capitulate.
For the time being, it was possible to maintain a delicate balance in relations between Russia and the Horde. But when the appetites of the temnik Mamai were in earnest, the contradictions between the parties resulted in the legendary battle on the Kulikovo field (1380). Its result was the defeat of the Mongol army and the weakening of the Horde. This event completes the period of the "Great Jail", when the Golden Horde was in a fever from civil strife and dynastic troubles.
The turmoil stopped and power was strengthened with the accession to the throne of Tokhtamysh. In 1382, he again goes to Moscow and resumes the payment of tribute. However, exhausting wars with the more combat-ready army of Tamerlane, in the end, undermined the former power of the Horde and for a long time discouraged the desire to make aggressive campaigns.
In the next century, the Golden Horde gradually began to "crumble" into parts. So, one after another, the Siberian, Uzbek, Astrakhan, Crimean, Kazan Khanates and the Nogai Horde appeared within its borders. The weakening attempts of the Golden Horde to carry out punitive actions were stopped by Ivan III. The famous "Standing on the Ugra" (1480) did not develop into a large-scale battle, but finally broke the last Horde Khan Akhmat. Since that time, the Golden Horde formally ceased to exist.
Causes of the collapse of the Golden Horde
Remark 1
The beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde is associated with "Great zamyatney", which began in $1357$ with the death of Khan Janibek. Finally, this state entity disintegrated in the $40$-ies of the XV$ century.
Let's highlight the main reasons for the collapse:
- The absence of a strong ruler (the exception was Tokhtamysh for a short time)
- Creation of independent uluses (divisions)
- The growth of resistance in the subject territories
- Deep economic crisis
The beginning of the destruction of the Horde
As noted above, the beginning of the decline of the Horde coincided with the death of Khan Dzhanibek. His numerous offspring entered into a bloody feud for power. As a result, $25$ of khans was replaced for $2$ with a little more than a decade of "hush up".
In Rus', of course, they took advantage of the weakening of the Horde and stopped paying tribute. Fighting clashes soon followed, the grandiose result of which was Battle of Kulikovo$1380$ year ended for Horde under Temnik Mom, I terrible destruction. And, although two years later, a strong khan who came to power Tokhtamysh returned the collection of tribute from Rus' and burned Moscow, the Horde no longer had the previous power.
The collapse of the Golden Horde
Central Asian ruler Tamerlane in $1395$ he utterly defeated Tokhtamysh and installed his governor in the Horde Edigea. In $1408$, Edigey made a campaign against Rus', as a result of which many cities were plundered, and the payment of tribute, stopped in $1395$, resumed again.
But there was no stability in the Horde itself, a new turmoil began. Several times with the help of the Lithuanian prince Vytautas the sons of Tokhtamysh seized power. Then Timur Khan expelled Edigey, although he put him at the head of the Horde. As a result, in $1419$ Edigei was killed.
In general, as a single state association, the Horde ceased to exist after the defeat by Tamerlane. Since the $1420s, the collapse has accelerated sharply, as another turmoil led to the ruin of economic centers. Under the prevailing conditions, it is quite natural that the khans sought to separate themselves. Independent khanates began to appear:
- The Siberian Khanate stood out in $1420-1421$
- The Uzbek Khanate appeared in $1428$
- The Kazan Khanate arose in $1438$
- The Crimean Khanate appeared in $1441$
- The Nogai Horde took shape in the $1440$s
- The Kazakh Khanate appeared in $1465$
Based on the Golden Horde, the so-called Big Horde, which formally remained dominant. The Great Horde ceased to exist at the beginning of the $XVI$ century.
Liberation of Rus' from the yoke
In $1462, Ivan III became the Sovereign Grand Duke of All Rus'. The priority of his foreign policy was the complete liberation from the remnants of the Horde yoke. After $10$ years, Khan of the Great Horde became Akhmat. He went on a campaign to Rus', but the Russian troops repelled the attacks of Akhmat, and the campaign ended in nothing. Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Great Horde. Akhmat could not immediately withdraw a new army against Rus', as he fought with the Crimean Khanate.
Akhmat's new campaign began in the summer of $1480$. For Ivan III, the situation was rather difficult, since Akhmat enlisted the support of the Lithuanian prince Casimir IV. In addition, Ivan's brothers Andrey Bolshoi And Boris at the same time they rebelled and left for Lithuania. Through negotiations, the conflict with the brothers was settled.
Ivan III went out with an army to the Oka to meet Akhmat. Khan did not cross for two months, but in September $1480$ of the year he nevertheless crossed the Oka and headed for river Ugra located on the border with Lithuania. But Casimir IV did not come to Akhmat's aid. Russian troops stopped Akhmat's attempts to cross the river. In November, despite the fact that the Ugra was frozen, Akhmat retreated.
Soon the khan went to Lithuania, where he plundered many settlements, avenging the betrayal of Casimir IV. But Akhmat himself was killed during the division of the loot.
Remark 2
Traditionally, the events of Akhmat's campaign against Rus' are called "standing on the river Ugra". This is not entirely true, because clashes took place, and rather violent ones, during Akhmat's attempts to cross the river.
Be that as it may, after "standing" Rus' finally got rid of the $240$-year yoke.
Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi, Turk. Ulu Ulus- "Great State") - a medieval state in Eurasia.
Title and borders
Name "Golden Horde" It was first used in 1566 in the historical and journalistic work “Kazan History”, when the single state itself no longer existed. Until that time, in all Russian sources, the word " Horde" used without adjective " Golden". Since the 19th century, the term has been firmly entrenched in historiography and is used to refer to the Jochi ulus as a whole or (depending on the context) its western part with its capital in Saray.
In the actual Golden Horde and eastern (Arab-Persian) sources, the state did not have a single name. It is usually referred to as " ulus”, with the addition of some epithet ( "Ulug ulus") or the ruler's name ( Ulus Berke), and not necessarily acting, but also reigning earlier (" Uzbek, ruler of the Berke countries», « ambassadors of Tokhtamyshkhan, sovereign of the Uzbek land"). Along with this, the old geographical term was often used in the Arab-Persian sources Desht-i-Kipchak. Word " horde” in the same sources denoted the headquarters (mobile camp) of the ruler (examples of its use in the meaning of “country” begin to be found only from the 15th century). The combination " Golden Horde" (Persian اردوی زرین , Urdu-i Zarrin) meaning " golden parade tent” is found in the description of an Arab traveler in relation to the residence of Khan Uzbek.
In Russian chronicles, the word "horde" usually meant an army. Its use as the name of the country becomes constant from the turn of the 13th-14th centuries, until that time the term "Tatars" was used as the name. In Western European sources, the names " Komanov country», « Comania" or " power of the Tatars», « the land of the Tatars», « Tataria» . The Chinese called the Mongols " Tatars"(tar-tar).
In modern languages, which are related to the Horde Old Tatar, the Golden Horde is called: Olug yort (senior home, homeland), Olug olys (senior district, senior district), Dashti Kypchak, etc. At the same time, if the capital city is called Bash kala ( the main city), then the mobile headquarters is called Altyn Urda (Golden Center, tent).
The Arab historian Al-Omari, who lived in the first half of the 14th century, defined the boundaries of the Horde as follows:
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Formation of Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde)
After the death of Mengu-Timur, a political crisis began in the country associated with the name of the temnik Nogai. Nogai, one of the descendants of Genghis Khan, held the post of beklyarbek under Mengu-Timur, the second most important in the state. His personal ulus was located in the west of the Golden Horde (near the Danube). Nogai set as his goal the formation of his own state, and during the reign of Tuda-Mengu (1282-1287) and Tula-Buga (1287-1291), he managed to subjugate a vast territory along the Danube, Dniester, Uzeu (Dnieper) to his power.
With the direct support of Nogai, Tokhta (1291-1312) was placed on the Sarai throne. At first, the new ruler obeyed his patron in everything, but soon, relying on the steppe aristocracy, he opposed him. The long struggle ended in 1299 with the defeat of Nogai, and the unity of the Golden Horde was again restored.
Rise of the Golden Horde
Fragments of the tiled decor of Genghisides' palace. Golden Horde, Sarai-Batu. Ceramics, overglaze painting, mosaic, gilding. Selitrennoye settlement. Excavations in the 1980s. GIM
"Great Jam"
From 1359 to 1380, more than 25 khans changed on the throne of the Golden Horde, and many uluses tried to become independent. This time in Russian sources was called the "Great Zamyatnya".
Even during the life of Khan Dzhanibek (no later than 1357), his Khan Ming-Timur was proclaimed in the Ulus of Shiban. And the murder in 1359 of Khan Berdibek (son of Dzhanibek) put an end to the Batuid dynasty, which caused the appearance of various pretenders to the Sarai throne from among the eastern branches of the Jochids. Taking advantage of the instability of the central government, a number of regions of the Horde for some time, following the Ulus of Shiban, acquired their own khans.
The rights to the Horde throne of the impostor Kulpa were immediately questioned by the son-in-law and at the same time the beklarbek of the murdered khan, the temnik Mamai. As a result, Mamai, who was the grandson of Isatay, an influential emir from the time of Khan Uzbek, created an independent ulus in the western part of the Horde, up to the right bank of the Volga. Not being Genghisides, Mamai did not have the right to the title of khan, therefore he limited himself to the position of beklarbek under the puppet khans from the Batuid clan.
Khans from Ulus Shiban, descendants of Ming-Timur, tried to gain a foothold in Saray. They did not really succeed, the rulers changed with kaleidoscopic speed. The fate of the khans largely depended on the favor of the merchant elite of the cities of the Volga region, which was not interested in a strong khan's power.
Following the example of Mamai, other descendants of the emirs also showed a desire for independence. Tengiz-Buga, also the grandson of Isatai, tried to create an independent ulus on the Syr Darya. The Jochids, who rebelled against Tengiz-Buga in 1360 and killed him, continued his separatist policy, proclaiming a khan from among themselves.
Salchen, the third grandson of the same Isatai and at the same time the grandson of Khan Dzhanibek, captured Hadji Tarkhan. Hussein-Sufi, son of Emir Nangudai and grandson of Khan Uzbek, created an independent ulus in Khorezm in 1361. In 1362, the Lithuanian prince Olgerd seized lands in the Dnieper basin.
The turmoil in the Golden Horde ended after Genghisid Tokhtamysh, with the support of Emir Tamerlane from Maverannakhr, in 1377-1380 first captured the uluses on the Syr Darya, defeating the sons of Urus Khan, and then the throne in Saray, when Mamai came into direct conflict with the Moscow principality (defeat on Vozha (1378)). Tokhtamysh in 1380 defeated the remnants of the troops gathered by Mamai after the defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo on the Kalka River.
Tokhtamysh's reign
During the reign of Tokhtamysh (1380-1395), the unrest ceased and the central government again began to control the entire main territory of the Golden Horde. In 1382, the Khan made a campaign against Moscow and achieved the restoration of tribute payments. After strengthening his position, Tokhtamysh opposed the Central Asian ruler Tamerlane, with whom he had previously maintained allied relations. As a result of a series of devastating campaigns of 1391-1396, Tamerlane defeated the troops of Tokhtamysh on the Terek, captured and destroyed the Volga cities, including Sarai-Berke, plundered the cities of Crimea, etc. The Golden Horde was dealt a blow from which it could no longer recover.
The collapse of the Golden Horde
Since the sixties of the XIV century, since the time of the Great Memory, there have been important political changes in the life of the Golden Horde. The gradual disintegration of the state began. The rulers of the remote parts of the ulus acquired de facto independence, in particular, in 1361, the Ulus Orda-Ejen gained independence. However, until the 1390s, the Golden Horde still remained more or less a single state, but with the defeat in the war with Tamerlane and the ruin of economic centers, the process of disintegration began, accelerating from the 1420s.
In the early 1420s, the Siberian Khanate was formed, in 1428 the Uzbek Khanate, then the Kazan (1438), Crimean (1441) Khanates, the Nogai Horde (1440s) and the Kazakh Khanate (1465) arose. After the death of Khan Kichi-Mohammed, the Golden Horde ceased to exist as a single state.
The main among the Jochid states formally continued to be considered the Great Horde. In 1480, Akhmat, Khan of the Great Horde, tried to achieve obedience from Ivan III, but this attempt ended unsuccessfully, and Rus' finally freed itself from the Tatar-Mongol yoke. At the beginning of 1481, Akhmat was killed during an attack on his headquarters by the Siberian and Nogai cavalry. Under his children, at the beginning of the 16th century, the Great Horde ceased to exist.
State structure and administrative division
According to the traditional structure of nomadic states, after 1242 Ulus Jochi was divided into two wings: right (western) and left (eastern). The eldest was considered the right wing, which was Ulus Batu. The west of the Mongols was designated in white, so the Batu Ulus was called the White Horde (Ak Orda). The right wing covered the territory of western Kazakhstan, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Don and Dnieper steppes, Crimea. Its center was Sarai-Batu.
The wings, in turn, were divided into uluses owned by other sons of Jochi. Initially, there were about 14 such uluses. Plano Carpini, who made a trip to the east in 1246-1247, singles out the following leaders in the Horde, indicating the places of nomads: Kuremsu on the western bank of the Dnieper, Mautsi on the east, Kartan, married to Batu's sister, in the Don steppes, Batu himself on the Volga and two thousand people along the two banks of the Dzhaik (Ural River). Berke held lands in the North Caucasus, but in 1254 Batu took these possessions for himself, ordering Berke to move east of the Volga.
At first, the ulus division was unstable: possessions could be transferred to other persons and change their boundaries. At the beginning of the XIV century, Khan Uzbek carried out a major administrative-territorial reform, according to which the right wing of the Juchi Ulus was divided into 4 large uluses: Saray, Khorezm, Crimea and Desht-i-Kypchak, headed by ulus emirs (ulusbeks) appointed by the khan. The main ulusbek was beklyarbek. The next most important dignitary was the vizier. The other two positions were occupied by especially noble or distinguished dignitaries. These four regions were divided into 70 small possessions (tumens), headed by temniks.
Uluses were divided into smaller possessions, also called uluses. The latter were administrative-territorial units of various sizes, which depended on the rank of the owner (temnik, thousand's manager, centurion, foreman).
The city of Sarai-Batu (near modern Astrakhan) became the capital of the Golden Horde under Batu; in the first half of the 14th century, the capital was moved to Saray-Berke (founded by Khan Berke (1255-1266) near present-day Volgograd). Under Khan Uzbek, Sarai-Berke was renamed into Sarai Al-Dzhedid.
Army
The overwhelming majority of the Horde army was the cavalry, which used in battle the traditional tactics of fighting with mobile cavalry masses of archers. Its core was heavily armed detachments, consisting of the nobility, the basis of which was the guard of the Horde ruler. In addition to the Golden Horde warriors, the khans recruited soldiers from among the conquered peoples, as well as mercenaries from the Volga region, Crimea and the North Caucasus. The main weapon of the Horde warriors was the bow, which the Horde used with great skill. Spears were also widespread, used by the Horde during a massive spear strike that followed the first strike with arrows. Of the bladed weapons, broadswords and sabers were the most popular. Crushing weapons were also widespread: maces, six-pointers, chasers, cleavers, flails.
Among the Horde warriors, lamellar and laminar metal shells were common, from the 14th century - chain mail and ring-plate armor. The most common armor was khatangu-degel, reinforced from the inside with metal plates (kuyak). Despite this, the Horde continued to use lamellar shells. The Mongols also used brigantine-type armor. Mirrors, necklaces, bracers and greaves became widespread. Swords were almost universally replaced by sabers. From the end of the 14th century, guns appeared in service. Horde warriors also began to use field fortifications, in particular, large easel shields - chaparras. In field combat, they also used some military technical means, in particular, crossbows.
Population
The Golden Horde was inhabited by Turkic (Kipchaks, Volga Bulgars, Bashkirs, etc.), Slavic, Finno-Ugric (Mordovians, Cheremis, Votyaks, etc.), North Caucasian (Yases, Alans, Cherkasy, etc.) peoples. The small Mongolian elite very quickly assimilated among the local Turkic population. By the end of the XIV - beginning of the XV century. the nomadic population of the Golden Horde was designated by the ethnonym "Tatars".
The ethnogenesis of the Volga, Crimean, Siberian Tatars took place in the Golden Horde. The Turkic population of the eastern wing of the Golden Horde formed the basis of the modern Kazakhs, Karakalpaks and Nogays.
Cities and trade
On the lands from the Danube to the Irtysh, 110 urban centers with an oriental material culture have been archaeologically recorded, which flourished in the first half of the 14th century. The total number of the Golden Horde cities, apparently, approached 150. The major centers of mainly caravan trade were the cities of Sarai-Batu, Sarai-Berke, Uvek, Bulgar, Khadzhi-Tarkhan, Beljamen, Kazan, Dzhuketau, Madzhar, Mokhshi, Azak ( Azov), Urgench and others.
The trading colonies of the Genoese in the Crimea (captainship of Gothia) and at the mouth of the Don were used by the Horde to trade in cloth, fabrics and linen, weapons, women's jewelry, jewelry, precious stones, spices, incense, furs, leather, honey, wax, salt, grain , forest, fish, caviar, olive oil and slaves.
From the Crimean trading cities, trade routes began, leading both to southern Europe, and to Central Asia, India and China. Trade routes leading to Central Asia and Iran followed the Volga. Through the Volgodonsk perevoloka there was a connection with the Don and through it with the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea.
Foreign and domestic trade relations were provided by the issued money of the Golden Horde: silver dirhams, copper puls and sums.
Rulers
In the first period, the rulers of the Golden Horde recognized the supremacy of the great kaan of the Mongol Empire.
Khans
- Mengu-Timur (1269-1282), the first Khan of the Golden Horde, independent of the Mongol Empire
- Tuda Mengu (1282-1287)
- Tula Buga (1287-1291)
- Tokhta (1291-1312)
- Uzbek Khan (1313-1341)
- Tinibeck (1341-1342)
- Janibek (1342-1357)
- Berdibek (1357-1359), the last representative of the Batu clan
- Kulpa (August 1359-January 1360), impostor, posed as Janibek's son
- Nauruz Khan (January-June 1360), impostor, pretended to be Janibek's son
- Khizr Khan (June 1360-August 1361), the first representative of the Horde-Ejen family
- Timur-Khoja Khan (August-September 1361)
- Ordumelik (September-October 1361), the first representative of the Tuka-Timur clan
- Kildibek (October 1361-September 1362), impostor, pretended to be Janibek's son
- Murad Khan (September 1362-Autumn 1364)
- Mir Pulad (autumn 1364-September 1365), the first representative of the Shibana clan
- Aziz Sheikh (September 1365-1367)
- Abdullah Khan (1367-1368)
- Hassan Khan (1368-1369)
- Abdullah Khan (1369-1370)
- Muhammad Bulak Khan (1370-1372), under the regency of Tulunbek Khanum
- Urus Khan (1372-1374)
- Circassian Khan (1374-early 1375)
- Muhammad Bulak Khan (beginning 1375-June 1375)
- Urus Khan (June-July 1375)
- Muhammad Bulak Khan (July 1375-late 1375)
- Kaganbek (Aibek Khan) (late 1375-1377)
- Arabshah (Kary Khan) (1377-1380)
- Tokhtamysh (1380-1395)
- Timur Kutlug (1395-1399)
- Shadibek (1399-1407)
- Pulad Khan (1407-1411)
- Timur Khan (1411-1412)
- Jalal ad-Din Khan (1412-1413)
- Kerimberdy (1413-1414)
- Chocre (1414-1416)
- Jabbar-Berdi (1416-1417)
- Dervish Khan (1417-1419)
- Ulu Muhammad (1419-1423)
- Barak Khan (1423-1426)
- Ulu Muhammad (1426-1427)
- Barak Khan (1427-1428)
- Ulu Muhammad (1428-1432)
- Kichi-Mohammed (1432-1459)
Beklarbeki
see also
Notes
- Zahler, Diane. The Black Death (Revised Edition). - Twenty-First Century Books, 2013. - P. 70. - ISBN 978-1-4677-0375-8.
- DOCUMENTS->GOLDEN HORDE->LETTERS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE KHANS (1393-1477)->TEXT
- Grigoriev A.P. The official language of the Golden Horde of the XIII-XIV centuries.//Turkological collection 1977. M, 1981. S.81-89. "
- Tatar encyclopedic dictionary. - Kazan: Institute of the Tatar Encyclopedia of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, 1999. - 703 p., illus. ISBN 0-9530650-3-0
- Faseev F. S. Old Tatar business writing of the 18th century. / F. S. Faseev. - Kazan: Tat. book. ed., 1982. - 171 p.
- Khisamova F.M. Functioning of the Old Tatar business writing of the 16th-17th centuries. / F. M. Khisamova. - Kazan: Kazan Publishing House. un-ta, 1990. - 154 p.
- Written Languages of the World, Books 1-2 G. D. McConnell, V. Yu. Mikhalchenko Academy, 2000 Pp. 452
- III International Baudouin Readings: I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay and Modern Problems of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics: (Kazan, May 23-25, 2006): works and materials, Volume 2 Pages. 88 and pp. 91
- Introduction to the study of Turkic languages Nikolai Aleksandrovich Baskakov Higher. school, 1969
- Tatar Encyclopedia: K-L Mansur Khasanovich Khasanov, Mansur Khasanovich Khasanov Institute of Tatar Encyclopedia, 2006 Pp. 348
- History of the Tatar literary language: XIII-first quarter of XX at the Institute of Language, Literature and Art (YALI) named after Galimdzhan Ibragimov of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, publishing house Fiker, 2003
- http://www.mtss.ru/?page=lang_orda E. Tenishev The language of interethnic communication of the Golden Horde era
- Atlas of the history of Tatarstan and the Tatar people M .: DIK Publishing House, 1999. - 64 p.: illustrations, maps. ed. R. G. Fakhrutdinova
- Historical geography of the Golden Horde in the XIII-XIV centuries.
- Golden Horde Archived October 23, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- Pochekaev R. Yu. Legal status of Ulus Jochi in the Mongol Empire 1224-1269. . - Library of the Central Asian Historical Server. Retrieved April 17, 2010. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
- Cm.: Egorov V.L. Historical geography of the Golden Horde in the XIII-XIV centuries. - M.: Nauka, 1985.
- Sultanov T. I. How the ulus of Jochi became the Golden Horde.
- Meng-da bei-lu (full description of the Mongol-Tatars) Per. from Chinese, introduction, comments. and adj. N. Ts. Munkueva. M., 1975, p. 48, 123-124.
- W. Tizenhausen. Collection of materials relating to the history of the Horde (p. 215), Arabic text (p. 236), Russian translation (B. Grekov and A. Yakubovsky. Golden Horde, p. 44).
- Vernadsky G.V. Mongols and Rus' = The Mongols and Russia / Per. from English. E. P. Berenstein, B. L. Gubman, O. V. Stroganova. - Tver, M. : LEAN, AGRAF, 1997. - 480 p. - 7000 copies. - ISBN 5-85929-004-6.
- Rashid al-Din. Collection of chronicles / Per. from Persian Yu. P. Verkhovsky, edited by prof. I. P. Petrushevsky. - M., L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. - T. 2. - S. 81. (unavailable link)
- Juvaini. History of the conqueror of the world // Collection of materials related to the history of the Golden Horde. - M., 1941. - S. 223. Approx. 10 . (unavailable link)
Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi, Turk. Ulus - "Great State"
listen)) is a medieval state in Eurasia.
IN Golden Horde 1224-1266 was in the composition.
IN 1266 under Khan Mengu-Timur Golden Horde gained complete independence, retaining only a formal dependence on the imperial center.
At first 1320s Under Khan Uzbek, Islam became the state religion.
TO middle of the 15th century The Golden Horde broke up into several independent khanates. The central part, nominally continued to be considered the supreme and retained the name “ Big Horde“, ceased to exist at the beginning of the 16th century.
Golden Horde. XIII - XV centuries.
Name " Golden Horde” was first used in 1566 in an essay" Kazan history“When the single state itself no longer existed. Until that time, in all Russian sources, the word “ Horde” used without an adjective “ Golden“. WITH 19th century and the term " Golden Horde” is firmly entrenched in historiography and is used to designate the ulus of Jochi as a whole, or its western part with its capital in Saray.
In Russian chronicles the word " Horde” meant an army. Its use as a country name becomes constant from the turn of the 13th-14th centuries, until that time the term “ Tatars“. The Chinese called the Mongols " Tatars (tar-tar)“.
The Arab historian Al-Omari, who lived in the first half of the 14th century, defined the borders of the Golden Horde as follows: “ The borders of this state from the side of Jeyhun are Khorezm, Saganak, Sairam, Yarkand, Dzhend, Saray, the city of Madzhar, Azaka-Kaka, Akcha-Kermen, Kafa, Sudak, Saksin, Ukek, Bulgar, the region of Siberia, Ibir, Bashkird and Chulyman ...“.
Formation of Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde)
The division of the empire between his sons, brought about by 1224, is considered the occurrence Golden Horde(Ulusa Jochi). After Western campaign (1236-1242 years), headed by the son of Jochi Batu (in the Russian chronicles), the ulus expanded to the west and the Lower Volga region became its center.
IN 1251 in the capital Karakorum, a kurultai was held, where Mongke, the son of Tolui, was proclaimed great khan. , “ elder of the family” (aka), supported Khan Mongke and received full autonomy for his ulus. Opponents of the Jochids and Toluids from the descendants of Chagatai and Ogedei were executed, and the possessions confiscated from them were divided between Möngke and other Chingizids who recognized their authority.
Separation of the Golden Horde from the Mongol Empire
After his death, his son Sartak, who was at that time in Mongolia, at the court of Mongke Khan, was to become the legitimate heir. However, on the way home, the new khan suddenly died. A young son, Ulagchi, was proclaimed the new khan, but he died soon after.
The ruler of the ulus became (1257-1266), brother. Berke converted to Islam in his youth, but this did not lead to the Islamization of large sections of the nomadic population. The adoption of Islam allowed Burke to receive support from Central Asia, to attract educated Muslims to the service. During the reign of Berke, the Horde cities were built up with mosques, minarets, madrasahs, caravanserais. First of all, this refers to Sarai-Bat, the capital of the state, which at that time became known as Sarai-Berke. Highly educated immigrants from Iran and Arab countries began to be appointed to responsible government posts, which caused discontent among the Mongolian and Kypchak nomadic nobility. However, this dissatisfaction has not yet been expressed openly.
During the reign of the grandson of Mengu-Timur (1266-1282), Ulus Jochi became completely independent from the central government. In 1269, at a kurultai in the valley of the Talas River, Mengu-Timur, Borak Khan, Khaidu Khan recognized each other as independent sovereigns and entered into an alliance against the great Khan of the Mongol Empire, Khubilai, in case he tried to challenge their independence.
After the death of Mengu-Timur, a political crisis began in the country, connected with the name of the temnik Nogai. Nogai, one of the descendants, occupied the post of beklyarbek under Mengu-Timur, the second most important in the state. His personal ulus was located in the west of the Golden Horde (near the Danube). Nogai set as his goal the formation of his own state and during the reign of Tuda-Mengu (1282-1287) and Tula-Buga (1287-1291) he managed to subjugate a vast territory along the Danube, Dniester, Uzeu (Dnieper) to his power.
With the direct support of Nogai, Tokhta (1291-1312) was placed on the Sarai throne. At first, the new ruler obeyed his patron in everything, but soon, relying on the steppe aristocracy, he opposed him. The long struggle ended in 1299 with the defeat of Nogai, and the unity of the Golden Horde was again restored.
Rise of the Golden Horde
During the reign of Khan Uzbek (1313-1341) and his son Janibek (1342-1357), the Golden Horde reached its peak. In the early 1320s, Uzbek Khan proclaimed Islam the state religion, threatening "infidels" with physical violence. The rebellions of the emirs who did not want to convert to Islam were brutally suppressed. The reign of Uzbek Khan was distinguished by cruel reprisals. Russian princes, dependent on the khans, before leaving for the capital of the Golden Horde, wrote spiritual wills and paternal instructions to children in case of their death there. Several of them, in fact, were killed. Uzbek Khan built the city of Saray al-Jedid ( new palace), paid much attention to the development of caravan trade. Trade routes have become not only safe, but also well-maintained. The Golden Horde carried on a lively trade with the countries of Western Europe, Asia Minor, Egypt, India, and China. After Uzbek Khan, his son Dzhanibek Khan ascended the throne, whom the Russian chronicles call “ kind “.
"Great trap".
WITH 1359 By 1380 more than 25 khans changed on the throne of the Golden Horde, and many uluses tried to become independent. This time in Russian sources was called " Great zamyatnya“.
IN 1357, even during the life of Janibek Khan, in the Ulus of Shiban, his Khan Ming-Timur was proclaimed. And the murder in 1359 of Khan Berdibek (son of Dzhanibek) put an end to the Batuid dynasty, which caused the appearance of various pretenders to the Sarai throne from among the eastern branches of the Jochids. Taking advantage of the instability of the central government, a number of regions of the Golden Horde for some time, following the Ulus of Shiban, acquired their own khans.
The rights to the Horde throne of the impostor Kulpa were immediately questioned by the son-in-law and at the same time the beklarbek of the murdered khan, the temnik Mamai. As a result, Mamai, who was the grandson of Isatay, an influential emir from the time of Khan Uzbek, created an independent ulus in the western part of the Golden Horde, up to the right bank of the Volga. Not being Genghisides, Mamai did not have the right to the title of khan, therefore he limited himself to the position of beklarbek under the puppet khans from the Batuid clan.
Khans from Ulus Shiban, descendants of Ming-Timur, tried to gain a foothold in Saray. They did not really succeed, the rulers changed with kaleidoscopic speed. The fate of the khans largely depended on the favor of the merchant elite of the cities of the Volga region, which was not interested in a strong khan's power.
Following the example of Mamai, other descendants of the emirs also showed a desire for independence. Tengiz-Buga, also the grandson of Isatai, tried to create an independent ulus in the Syr Darya. The Jochids, who rebelled against Tengiz-Buga in 1360 and killed him, continued his separatist policy, proclaiming a khan from among themselves.
Salchen, the third grandson of the same Isatai and at the same time the grandson of Khan Dzhanibek, captured Hadji Tarkhan. Hussein-Sufi, the son of Emir Nangudai and the grandson of Khan Uzbek, in 1361 created an independent ulus in Khorezm. In 1362, the Lithuanian prince Olgerd seized lands in the Dnieper basin.
The turmoil in the Golden Horde ended after Genghisid Tokhtamysh, with the support of Emir Tamerlane from Maverannakhr, in 1377-1380 first captured the uluses on the Syrdarya, defeating the sons of Urus Khan, and then the throne in Saray, when Mamai came into direct conflict with the Moscow principality (defeat on Vozha in 1378). Tokhtamysh in 1380 defeated the remnants of the troops gathered by Mamai after the defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo on the Kalka River.
The reign of Tokhtamysh.
During the reign of Tokhtamysh (1380-1395), the unrest ceased and the central government again began to control the entire main territory of the Golden Horde. In 1382, the Khan made a campaign against Moscow and achieved the restoration of tribute payments. After strengthening his position, Tokhtamysh opposed the Central Asian ruler Tamerlane, with whom he had previously maintained allied relations. As a result of a series of devastating campaigns in 1391-1396, Tamerlane defeated the troops of Tokhtamysh on the Terek, captured and destroyed the Volga cities, including Sarai-Berke, plundered the cities of Crimea, etc. The Golden Horde was dealt a blow from which it could no longer recover.
The collapse of the Golden Horde
Since the sixties 14th century, from the time of Great Hush, there were important political changes in the life of the Golden Horde. The gradual disintegration of the state began. The rulers of the remote parts of the ulus acquired actual independence, in particular, in 1361, the Ulus of Orda-Edzhen gained independence. However, until the 1390s, the Golden Horde still remained more or less a single state, but with the defeat in the war with Tamerlane and the ruin of economic centers, the process of disintegration began, accelerating from the 1420s.
In the early 1420s, a Siberian Khanate, in 1428 - Uzbek Khanate, in 1438 Kazan Khanate, in 1441 Crimean Khanate, in the 1440s arose Nogai Horde, in 1465 the Kazakh Khanate.
After the death of Khan Kichi-Mohammed, the Golden Horde ceased to exist as a single state.
The main among the Jochid states formally continued to be considered the Great Horde. In 1480, Akhmat, Khan of the Great Horde, tried to achieve obedience from Ivan III, but this attempt ended unsuccessfully, and Rus' was finally freed from the Tatar-Mongol yoke. At the beginning of 1481, Akhmat was killed during an attack on his headquarters by the Siberian and Nogai cavalry. Under his children, at the beginning of the 16th century, the Great Horde ceased to exist.
Administrative division of the Golden Horde.
According to the traditional structure of nomadic states, the Ulus of Jochi after 1242 was divided into two wings: right (western) and left (eastern). Right wing was considered senior and represented Ulus. The west of the Mongols was designated in white, so Ulus Batu was called White Horde (Ak Orda
). The right wing covered the territory of western Kazakhstan, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Don and Dnieper steppes, Crimea. Its center was Sarai-Batu.
Left wing Ulus Jochi was in a subordinate position in relation to the right, and occupied the lands of central Kazakhstan and the valley of the Syrdarya River. The east of the Mongols was indicated in blue, so the left wing was called Blue Horde (Kok Orda
). The center of the left wing was Horde Bazaar. The eldest brother Orda-Edzhen became the khan there.
Wings, in turn, divided into uluses owned by other sons of Jochi. Initially, there were 14 such uluses.
Administrative-territorial reform of Uzbek Khan.
At first, the ulus division was unstable: possessions could be transferred to other persons and change their boundaries. At the beginning of the 14th century, Khan Uzbek carried out a major administrative-territorial reform.
Right wing of Ulus Jochi was divided into 4 large uluses: Barn, Khorezm, Crimea And Desht-i-Kypchak led by ulus emirs appointed by the khan ( ulusbeks). The main ulusbek was beklarbek. The next most important dignitary was vizier. The other two positions were occupied by especially noble or distinguished dignitaries. These four uluses (regions) were divided into 70 small tumens, headed by temniks.
The city became the capital of the Golden Horde Sarai-Batu(near modern Astrakhan). In the first half of the 14th century, the capital was moved to Shed-Berke(founded near modern Volgograd). Under Khan Uzbek, Sarai-Berke was renamed into Saray Al-Jedid.
Army of the Golden Horde.
The overwhelming majority of the Horde army was the cavalry, which used in battle the traditional tactics of fighting with mobile cavalry masses of archers. Its core was heavily armed detachments, consisting of the nobility, the basis of which was the guard of the Horde ruler. In addition to the Golden Horde warriors, the khans recruited soldiers from among the conquered peoples, as well as mercenaries from the Volga region, Crimea and the North Caucasus. The main weapon of the Horde warriors was a bow. Spears were also widespread, used by the Horde during a massive spear strike that followed the first strike with arrows. Of the bladed weapons, broadswords and sabers were the most popular. Crushing weapons were also widespread: maces, six-pointers, chasers, picks, and flails.
Swords were almost universally replaced by sabers. From the end of the 14th century, guns appeared in service. Horde warriors also began to use field fortifications, in particular, large easel shields-chapars. In field combat, they also used some military equipment, in particular, crossbows.
population of the Golden Horde.
The Golden Horde was inhabited by Turkic (Kipchaks, Volga Bulgars, Bashkirs, etc.), Slavic, Finno-Ugric (Mordovians, Cheremis, Votyaks, etc.), North Caucasian (Yases, Alans, Cherkasy, etc.) peoples. The small Mongolian elite very quickly assimilated among the local Turkic population. By the end of the XIV - beginning of the XV century. the nomadic population of the Golden Horde was called the ethnonym “ Tatars“.
The ethnogenesis of the Volga, Crimean, Siberian Tatars took place in the Golden Horde. The Turkic population of the eastern wing of the Golden Horde formed the basis of modern Kazakhs, Karakalpaks and Nogais.
Cities and trade.
The total number of Golden Horde cities reaches 150. The major centers of mainly caravan trade were the cities of Sarai-Batu, Sarai-Berke, Uvek, Bulgar, Khadzhi-Tarkhan, Beljamen, Kazan, Dzhuketau, Madzhar, Mokhshi, Azak (Azov), Urgench and others. .
The trading colonies of the Genoese in the Crimea (captainship of Gothia) and at the mouth of the Don were used by the Horde to trade in cloth, fabrics and linen, weapons, women's jewelry, jewelry, precious stones, spices, incense, furs, leather, honey, wax, salt, grain , timber, fish, caviar, olive oil and slaves.
From the Crimean trading cities, trade routes began, leading both to southern Europe and to Central Asia, India and China. Trade routes leading to Central Asia and Iran passed along the Volga. Through the Volgodonsk perevoloka there was a connection with the Don and through it with the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea.
External and domestic trade relations were provided by the issued money of the Golden Horde: silver dirhams, copper pools and sums.
Rulers of the Golden Horde.
In the first period, the rulers of the Golden Horde recognized the supremacy of the great kaana (kagan) of the Mongol Empire.
Khans of the Golden Horde:
Jochi, son of Genghis Khan (1224-1227)
Batu (c. 1208-c. 1255), son of Jochi (1227-c. 1255), orlok (jehangir) Yeke Mongol Ulus (1235-1241)
Sartak, son of Batu (1255/1256)
Ulagchi, son of Batu (or Sartak) (1256-1257) under the regency of Borakchin-Khatun, Batu's widow
Berke, son of Jochi (1257-1266)
Mengu-Timur, son of Tukan, grandson of Batu (1266-1269)
Khans
Mengu-Timur (1269-1282), the first Khan of the Golden Horde, independent of the Mongol Empire
Tuda Mengu (1282-1287)
Tula Buga (1287-1291)
Tokhta (1291-1312)
Uzbek Khan (1313-1341)
Tinibeck (1341-1342)
Janibek (1342-1357)
Berdibek (1357-1359), the last representative of the Batu clan
Kulpa (August 1359-January 1360), impostor, posed as Janibek's son
Nauruz Khan (January-June 1360), impostor, pretended to be Janibek's son
Khizr Khan (June 1360-August 1361), the first representative of the Horde-Ejen family
Timur-Khoja Khan (August-September 1361)
Ordumelik (September-October 1361), the first representative of the Tuka-Timur clan
Kildibek (October 1361-September 1362), impostor, pretended to be Janibek's son
Murad Khan (September 1362-Autumn 1364)
Mir Pulad (autumn 1364-September 1365), the first representative of the Shibana clan
Aziz Sheikh (September 1365-1367)
Abdullah Khan (1367-1368)
Hassan Khan (1368-1369)
Abdullah Khan (1369-1370)
Muhammad Bulak Khan (1370-1372), under the regency of Tulunbek Khanum
Urus Khan (1372-1374)
Circassian Khan (1374-early 1375)
Muhammad Bulak Khan (beginning 1375-June 1375)
Urus Khan (June-July 1375)
Muhammad Bulak Khan (July 1375-late 1375)
Kaganbek (Aibek Khan) (late 1375-1377)
Arabshah (Kary Khan) (1377-1380)
Tokhtamysh (1380-1395)
Timur Kutlug (1395-1399)
Shadibek (1399-1407)
Pulad Khan (1407-1411)
Timur Khan (1411-1412)
Jalal ad-Din Khan (1412-1413)
Kerimberdy (1413-1414)
Kepek (1414)
Chocre (1414-1416)
Jabbar-Berdi (1416-1417)
Dervish Khan (1417-1419)
Kadyr-Berdi (1419)
Haji Muhammad (1419)
Ulu Muhammad (1419-1423)
Barak Khan (1423-1426)
Ulu Muhammad (1426-1427)
Barak Khan (1427-1428)
Ulu Muhammad (1428)
Kichi-Mohammed (1428)
Ulu Muhammad (1428-1432)
Kichi-Mohammed (1432-1459)
Beklarbeki:
Nogai, great-grandson of Jochi, beklarbek (1256-1267, 1280-1300)
Iksar (Ilbasar), son of Tokhta, beklarbek (1299/1300-1309/1310)
Kutlug-Timur, beklyarbek (about 1309/1310-1321/1322)
Alau, beklarbek Janibek
Mamai, beklarbek (1357-1359, 1363-1364, 1367-1369, 1370-1372, 1377-1380)
Edigei, son of Mangyt Baltychak-bek, beklyarbek (1395-1419)
Mansur-biy, son of Yedigey, beklyarbek (1419)
Naurus-biy, beklyarbek under Ulug-Mukhammed and Kichi-Muhammed.
