All Russian rulers date and their compatriots. The first rulers of Rus'

1. Dates of the 9th-10th centuries, in accordance with tradition, are given according to the PVL, except for those cases where there is a generally accepted clarification from independent sources. For the Kiev princes, the exact dates within the year (season or month and day) are indicated if they are named in the sources or when there is reason to believe that the departure of the previous prince and the arrival of the new one took place simultaneously. As a rule, the annals recorded the dates when the prince sat on the throne, left it posthumously, or was defeated in an open battle with rivals (after which he did not return to Kiev). In other cases, the date of the removal from the table was usually not named and therefore cannot be accurately determined. Sometimes the opposite situation occurs, in which it is known on what day the table was left by the former prince, but it is not said when the successor prince took it. Dates for Vladimir princes are indicated in a similar way. For the Horde era, when the right to the Vladimir Grand Duchy was transferred according to the khan's label, the beginning of the reign indicates the date when the prince sat on the table in Vladimir itself, and the end - when he actually lost control of the city. For the Moscow princes, the beginning of the reign is indicated from the date of the death of the previous prince, and for the period of the Moscow strife, the actual possession of Moscow. For Russian tsars and emperors, the beginning of the reign, as a rule, is indicated from the date of death of the previous monarch. For the presidents of the Russian Federation - from the date of taking office.
2. Gorsky A. A. Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries: Ways of political development. M., 1996. pp. 46.74; Glib IvakinІhistorical development Kiev XIII - middle XVI st. K., 1996; BDT. Volume Russia. M., 2004. pp. 275, 277. The opinion often found in the literature about the transfer of the nominal capital of Rus' from Kyiv to Vladimir in 1169 is a widespread inaccuracy. Cm. Tolochko A.P. History Russian Vasily Tatishchev. Sources and news. M., - Kyiv, 2005. S. 411-419. Gorsky A. A. Rus' from the Slavic Settlement to the Muscovite Kingdom. M., 2004. - p.6. The rise of Vladimir as an alternative all-Russian center to Kiev began in the middle of the 12th century (from the reign of Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky), but became final only after the Mongol invasion, when the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich () and Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky () were recognized in the Horde as the oldest among all Russian princes. They received Kyiv, but preferred to leave Vladimir as their residence. From the beginning XIV century, the Grand Dukes of Vladimir bore the title "All Rus'". The Vladimir table with the sanction of the Horde was received by one of the specific princes of North-Eastern Rus', from 1363 it was occupied only by Moscow princes, from 1389 it became their hereditary possession. The territory of the united Vladimir and Moscow principalities became the core of the modern Russian state.
3. He began to reign in 6370 (862) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 19-20). He died in 6387 (879) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 22). According to the Lavrentievsky list of PVL and the Novgorod I chronicle, he settled in Novgorod, according to the Ipatiev list - in Ladoga, in 864 he founded Novgorod and moved there (PSRL, vol. I, st. 20, vol. III<НIЛ. М.;Л., 1950.>- S. 106, PSRL, vol. II, stb. 14). As archaeological research shows, Novgorod did not yet exist in the 9th century; mentions of him in the annals refer to Gorodische.
4. He began to reign in 6387 (879) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 22). In the PVL and the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 911, the prince, tribesman or relative of Rurik, who ruled during Igor's infancy (PSRL, vol. I, st. 18, 22, 33, PSRL, vol. II, st. 1). In the Novgorod Chronicle I appears as a governor under Igor (PSRL, vol. III, p. 107).
5. He began to reign in 6390 (882) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 23), most likely in the summer, since he was supposed to go on a campaign from Novgorod in the spring. He died in the autumn of 6420 (912) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 38-39). According to the Novgorod Chronicle I, he died in 6430 (922) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 109).
6. The beginning of the reign is marked in the chronicle in 6421 (913) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 42). Either this is just a feature of the design of the chronicle, or it took him time to sit down in Kyiv. When describing the death and funeral of Oleg, Igor is not mentioned. According to the chronicle, he was killed by the Drevlyans in the autumn of 6453 (945) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 54-55). The story of Igor's death is placed immediately after the Russian-Byzantine treaty, which was concluded in 944, so some researchers prefer this year. The month of doom may have been november, since, according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, it was in November that the polyudye began. ( Litavrin G.  G. Ancient Rus', Bulgaria and Byzantium in the 9th-10th centuries. // IX International Congress of Slavists. History, culture, ethnography and folklore of the Slavic peoples. M., 1983. - S. 68.).
7. Rules of Russia during the minority of Svyatoslav. In the annals (in the list of Kiev princes in article 6360 of the PVL and in the list of Kiev princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle), the ruler is not called (PSRL, vol. II, st. 1, 13, 46), but appears as such in synchronous Byzantine and Western European sources. Ruled until at least 959, when her embassy to the German king Otto I is mentioned (chronicle of the Successor of Reginon). At the request of Olga, the German bishop Adalbert was sent to Rus', but when he arrived in 961, he could not begin his duties and was expelled. Obviously, this indicates the transfer of power to Svyatoslav, who was a zealous pagan. (Ancient Rus' in the light of medieval sources. T.4. M., 2010. - P.46-47).
8. The beginning of his reign in the annals is marked in 6454 (946), and the first independent event - in 6472 (964) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 57, 64). Probably, independent rule nevertheless began earlier - between 959 and 961. See previous note. Killed in the early spring of 6480 (972) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 74).
9. Planted in Kiev by his father, who went on a campaign against Byzantium in 6478 (970) (according to the chronicle, PSRL, vol. I, stb. 69) or in the fall of 969 (according to Byzantine sources). After the death of his father, he continued to reign in Kyiv. Expelled from Kyiv and killed, the chronicle dates this to 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 78). According to the “Memory and Praise of the Russian Prince Vladimir” by Jacob Mnich, Vladimir entered Kyiv June 11 6486 (978 ) of the year.
10. According to the list of reigns in article 6360 (852) of the PVL, he reigned for 37 years, which indicates the year 978. (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 18). According to all chronicles, he entered Kiev in 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 77, vol. III, p. 125), according to “In memory and praise to the Russian prince Vladimir” by Jacob Mnikh - June 11 6486 (978 ) of the year (Library of Literature of Ancient Rus'. Vol. 1. - P. 326. Milyutenko N.I. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir and the Baptism of Rus'. M., 2008. - S.57-58). The dating of 978 was especially actively defended by A. A. Shakhmatov. Died July 15 6523 (1015) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 130).
11. At the time of his father's death, he was in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 130, 132). Defeated by Yaroslav in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 141-142).
12. He began to reign in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 142). Defeated in the battle on the Bug July 22(Titmar Merseburgsky. Chronicle VIII 31) and fled to Novgorod in 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 143).
13. Sat on the throne in Kyiv August 14 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 143-144, Titmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 32). According to the chronicle, Yaroslav was expelled in the same year (probably in the winter of 1018/19), but usually his exile is dated to 1019 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 144).
14. Sat in Kyiv in 6527 (1019) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 146). He died in 6562, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, on the first Saturday of Lent on the day of St. Theodore (PSRL, vol. I, st. 162), i.e. February 19, in the Ipatiev Chronicle, the exact date is added to the indication of Saturday - February 20. (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 150). The March style is used in the annals and 6562 corresponds to 1055, but from the date of fasting it follows that the correct year is 1054 (in 1055, fasting began later, the author of the PVL used the March style of reckoning, erroneously increasing the term of Yaroslav's reign by one year. See. Milyutenko N.I. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir and the Baptism of Rus'. M., 2008. - S.57-58). The year 6562 and the date Sunday 20 February are shown in graffiti from Hagia Sophia. The most probable date is determined by the ratio of the day and the day of the week - Sunday 20 February 1054.
15. He arrived in Kyiv after the death of his father and sat on the throne according to his father's will (PSRL, vol. I, st. 162). This probably happened quite quickly, especially if he was in Turov, and not Novgorod (Yaroslav's body was taken from Vyshgorod to Kiev, according to the annals, Vsevolod, who was with his father at the time of death, was organizing the funeral, according to Nestor's "Reading about Boris and Gleb" - Izyaslav buried his father in Kiev). The beginning of his reign is marked in the annals in 6563, but this is probably a mistake of the chronicler, who attributed the death of Yaroslav to the end of March 6562. Expelled from Kyiv September 15th 6576 (1068) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 171).
16. Sat on the throne September 15th 6576 (1068), reigned 7 months, that is, until April 1069 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 172-173).
17. Sat on the throne May 2 6577 (1069) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 174). Exiled in March 1073 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 182).
18. Sat on the throne March 22 6581 (1073) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 182). Died 27th of December 6484 (1076) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 199).
19. Sat on the throne 1st of January March 6584 (1077) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 190). In the summer of the same year, he ceded power to his brother Izyaslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 190).
20. Sat on the throne July 15 6585 (1077) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 199). Killed October 3 6586 (1078) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 202).
21. Sat on the throne in October 1078 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 204). Died April 13 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 216).
22. Sat on the throne April 24 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 218). Died April 16 1113. The ratio of March and ultra-March years is indicated in accordance with the studies of N. G. Berezhkov, in the Lavrentievskaya and Troitskaya chronicles 6622 ultramart year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 290; Troitskaya chronicle. St. Petersburg, 2002. - P. 206), according to Ipatievskaya chronicle 6621 March year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 275).
23. Sat on the throne 20 April 1113 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 290, vol. VII, p. 23). Died May 19 1125 (March 6633 according to the Laurentian and Trinity Chronicles, Ultra-March 6634 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 295, vol. II, st. 289; Trinity Chronicle. P. 208).
24. Sat on the throne May 20 1125 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 289). Died April 15 1132 on Friday (in the Lavrentiev, Trinity and Novgorod First Chronicles on April 14, 6640, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on April 15, 6641 of the ultra-March year) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 301, vol. II, st. 294, vol. III, p. 22; Trinity Chronicle, p.212). The exact date is determined by the day of the week.
25. Sat on the throne April 17 1132 (Ultra-March 6641 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 294). Died 18th of Febuary 1139, in the Laurentian Chronicle March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle Ultramart 6647 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 306, vol. II, st. 302) In the Nikon Chronicle, November 8, 6646 is clearly mistaken (PSRL, vol. IX, stb. 163).
26. Sat on the throne February 22 1139 on Wednesday (March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on February 24, Ultramart 6647) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 306, vol. II, st. 302). The exact date is determined by the day of the week. March 4 retired to Turov at the request of Vsevolod Olgovich (PSRL, vol. II, st. 302).
27. Sat on the throne 5th of March 1139 (March 6647, Ultramart 6648) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 307, vol. II, st. 303). According to the Ipatiev and Resurrection chronicles, he died August 1(PSRL, vol. II, st. 321, vol. VII, p. 35), according to the Laurentian and Novgorod fourth chronicles - July 30 6654 (1146) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 313, vol. IV, p. 151).
28. Sat on the throne the day after the death of his brother. (HIL., 1950. - S. 27, PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 227) (possibly August 1 due to the discrepancy between the date of Vsevolod's death by 1 day, see the previous note). August 13 1146 was defeated in battle and fled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 313, vol. II, st. 327).
29. Sat on the throne August 13 1146. Defeated in battle on August 23, 1149 and retreated to Kyiv, and then left the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 383).
30. Sat on the throne August 28 1149 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 322, vol. II, st. 384), the date 28 is not indicated in the annals, but it is calculated almost perfectly: the day after the battle, Yuri entered Pereyaslavl, spent three days there and headed to Kiev, namely the 28th was a Sunday more suitable for accession to the throne. Exiled in 1150, in the summer (PSRL, vol. II, st. 396).
31. He entered Kiev in August 1150 and sat down at Yaroslav's Court, but after protests from the people of Kiev and negotiations with Izyaslav Mstislavich, he left the city. (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 396, 402, vol. I, stb. 326).
32. Sat on the throne in 1150 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 326, vol. II, st. 398). A few days later he was expelled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 327, vol. II, st. 402).
33. He sat on the throne in 1150, around August (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 328, vol. II, st. 403), after that in the annals (vol. II, st. 404) the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross is mentioned (14 September). He left Kyiv in the winter of 6658 (1150/1) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 330, vol. II, st. 416).
34. Sat on the throne in March or early April 6658 (1151) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 330, vol. II, st. 416). Died the 13th of November 1154 years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 341-342, vol. IX, p. 198) (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle on the night of November 14, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - November 14 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 469 ; vol. III, p. 29).
35. As the eldest of the sons of Vladimir Monomakh, he had the greatest rights to the Kiev table. He sat down in Kiev with his nephew in the spring of 6659 (1151), probably in April (PSRL, vol. I, st. 336, vol. II, st. 418) (or already in the winter of 6658 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 186. He died at the end of 6662, shortly after the beginning of the reign of Rostislav (PSRL, vol. I, st. 342, vol. II, st. 472).
36. He sat on the throne in 6662 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 342, vol. II, st. 470-471). Like his predecessor, he recognized Vyacheslav Vladimirovich as his senior co-ruler. According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he arrived in Kyiv from Novgorod and sat for a week (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29). Defeated in battle and left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 343, vol. II, st. 475).
37. Sat on the throne in the winter of 6662 (1154/5) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 344, vol. II, st. 476). Yielded power to Yuri (PSRL, vol. II, st. 477).
38. Sat on the throne in the spring of 6663 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle (at the end of winter 6662 according to the Laurentian Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 345, vol. II, st. 477) on Palm Sunday (that is, 20th of March) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29, see Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State. T. II-III. M., 1991. - P. 164). Died May 15 1157 (March 6665 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348, vol. II, st. 489).
39. Sat on the throne May 19 1157 (Ultra-March 6666, so in the Khlebnikov list of the Ipatiev Chronicle, in its Ipatiev list it is erroneous on May 15) of the year (PSRL, vol. II, st. 490). In the Nikon Chronicle on May 18 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 208). Exiled from Kyiv in the winter of March 6666 (1158/9) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he was expelled at the end of the Ultramart year 6667 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 502).
40. Village in Kyiv December 22 6667 (1158) according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles (PSRL, vol. II, st. 502, vol. VII, p. 70), in the winter of 6666 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, according to the Nikon Chronicle on August 22, 6666 (PSRL, vol. IX , p. 213), having expelled Izyaslav from there, but then in the spring of the following year he ceded it to Rostislav Mstislavich (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348).
41. Village in Kyiv 12th of April 1159 (Ultramart 6668 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 504, date in the Ipatiev Chronicle), in the spring of March 6667 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348). He left the besieged Kiev on February 8, ultramart 6669 (1161) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 515).
42. Sat on the throne 12th of February 1161 (Ultramart 6669) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 516) In the Sofia First Chronicle - in the winter of March 6668 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 232). Killed in action March, 6 1161 (ultramart 6670) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 518).
43. He again ascended the throne after the death of Izyaslav. Died March 14th 1167 (according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection chronicles, died on March 14, 6676 of the ultramart year, buried on March 21, according to the Laurentian and Nikon chronicles, died on March 21, 6675) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 353, vol. II, stb. 532 , vol. VII, p. 80, vol. IX, p. 233).
44. By right of seniority, he was the main contender for the throne after the death of his brother Rostislav. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he was expelled from Kyiv by Mstislav Izyaslavich in 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 353-354). In the Sofia First Chronicle, the same message is placed twice: under 6674 and 6676 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234, 236). This story is also told by Jan Dlugosz ( Shchaveleva N. I. Ancient Rus' in "Polish History" by Jan Dlugosh. M., 2004. - S.326). The Ipatiev Chronicle does not mention his reign at all, instead it says that Mstislav Izyaslavich, before his arrival, ordered Vasilko Yaropolchich to sit in Kiev (according to the literal meaning of the message, Vasilko was already in Kiev, but the chronicle does not directly speak about his entry into the city) , and the day before the arrival of Mstislav, Yaropolk Izyaslavich entered Kiev (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 532-533). Based on this report, some sources include Vasilko and Yaropolk among the princes of Kyiv.
45. According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he sat on the throne May 19 6677 (that is, in this case 1167) years. In the annals, the day is called Monday, but according to the calendar it is Friday, and therefore the date is sometimes corrected for May 15 ( Berezhkov N. G. Chronology of Russian annals. M., 1963. - S. 179). However, the confusion can be explained by the fact that, as the chronicle notes, Mstislav left Kyiv for several days (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 534-535, for the date and day of the week, see below). Pyatnov A. P. Kyiv and Kiev land in 1167-1169 // Ancient Rus. Questions of medieval studies/ №1 (11). March, 2003. - C. 17-18.). The united army moved to Kiev, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the winter of 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 354), along Ipatievskaya and Nikonovskaya, in the winter of 6678 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 543, vol. IX, p. 237 ), according to Sophia First, in the winter of 6674 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234), which corresponds to the winter of 1168/69. Kyiv was taken March 12, 1169, on Wednesday (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, March 8, 6679, according to the Resurrection Chronicle, 6678, but the day of the week and the indication of the second week of fasting correspond exactly to March 12, 1169 (see. Berezhkov N. G. Chronology of Russian annals. M., 1963. - S.336.) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 545, vol. VII, p. 84).
46. Sat on the throne on March 12, 1169 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, 6679 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 545), according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in 6677 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 355).
47. Sat on the throne in 1170 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle in 6680), in February (PSRL, vol. II, st. 548). He left Kyiv the same year on Monday, the second week after Easter (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 549).
48. He sat down again in Kyiv after the expulsion of Mstislav. He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the ultra-March year 6680 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 363). Died January 20th 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6681, and the designation of this year in the Ipatiev Chronicle exceeds the March account by three units) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 564).
49. Sat on the throne February, 15 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is 6681) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 566). Died on Monday of Russian week May 10 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6682, but the correct date is determined by the day of the week) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 567).
50. His reign in Kyiv is reported in the Novgorod First Chronicle under the year 6680 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 34). After a short time, having no support from Andrei Bogolyubsky, he gave way to Roman Rostislavich ( Pyatnov A.V. Mikhalko Yurievich // BRE. T.20. - M., 2012. - P. 500).
51. Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered him to sit on the throne in Kiev in the winter of the Ultra-March 6680 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle - in the winter of 6681) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 364, vol. II, st. 566). He sat on the throne in the “month of July that came” in 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle this is 6682, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - 6679) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 568, vol. III, p. 34) Later, Andrei ordered Roman to leave Kiev, and he went to Smolensk (PSRL, vol. II, st. 570).
52. Mikhalko Yuryevich, whom Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered to take the Kiev table after Roman, sent his brother to Kyiv instead of himself. Sat on the throne 5 weeks(PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570). In the ultra-March year 6682 (both in the Ipatiev and Laurentian chronicles). Together with his nephew Yaropolk, he was taken prisoner by Davyd and Rurik Rostislavich to the praise of the Holy Mother of God - March 24(PSRL, vol. I, st. 365, vol. II, st. 570).
53. Was in Kyiv together with Vsevolod (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570)
54. Sat on the throne after the capture of Vsevolod in 1173 (6682 ultramart year) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 571). When Andrei sent an army to the south in the same year, Rurik left Kyiv in early September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 575).
55. In November 1173 (Ultramart 6682) he sat on the throne by agreement with the Rostislavichs (PSRL, vol. II, st. 578). He reigned in the Ultramart year 6683 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle), defeated by Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (PSRL, vol. I, st. 366). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, in the winter of 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 578). In the Resurrection Chronicle, his reign is mentioned again under the year 6689 (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 96, 234).
56. Sat in Kyiv 12 days in January 1174 or at the end of December 1173 and returned to Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, st. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 240) (In the Resurrection Chronicle under 6680 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. .234)
57. He sat down again in Kyiv, having concluded an agreement with Svyatoslav, in the winter of Ultramart 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 579). Kyiv ceded to Roman in 1174 (ultramart 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 600).
58. Sat in Kyiv in 1174 (Ultramart 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 600, vol. III, p. 34). In 1176 (Ultramart 6685) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 604).
59. He entered Kyiv in 1176 (ultramart 6685), on Ilyin's day ( July 20) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604). In July, he left Kyiv due to the approach of the troops of Roman Rostislavich with his brothers, but as a result of negotiations, the Rostislavichs agreed to cede Kyiv to him. He returned to Kyiv in September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604-605). In 6688 (1180) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 616).
60. Sat on the throne in 6688 (1180) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 616). But a year later he left the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 621). In the same year, he made peace with Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, according to which he recognized his seniority and ceded Kiev to him, and in return received the rest of the territory of the Kiev principality (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 626).
61. Sat on the throne in 6688 (1181) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 621). He died in 1194 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle in March 6702, according to the Laurentian Chronicle in Ultra March 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 412), in July, on the Monday before the day of the Maccabees (PSRL, vol. II, st. 680) . His co-ruler was Rurik Rostislavich, who owned the Principality of Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 626). In historiography, their joint reign received the designation "duumvirate", however, Rurik is not included in the lists of Kiev princes, since he did not sit on the Kiev table (unlike the similar duumvirate of the Mstislavichs with Vyacheslav Vladimirovich in the 1150s).
62. He sat on the throne after the death of Svyatoslav in 1194 (March 6702, Ultra March 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 412, vol. II, st. 681). Expelled from Kyiv by Roman Mstislavich in the Ultra-March 6710. During the negotiations, Roman was in Kyiv at the same time as Rurik (he occupied Podol, and Rurik remained on Gor). (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 417)
63. Sat on the throne in 1201 (according to the Lavrentiev and Resurrection chronicles in the ultra-March 6710, according to the Trinity and Nikon chronicles in March 6709) by the will of Roman Mstislavich and Vsevolod Yuryevich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 418; vol. VII, p. 107 ; v. X, p. 34; Trinity Chronicle, p. 284).
64. Took Kyiv 2 January 1203(6711 ultramart) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 418). In the Novgorod First Chronicle on January 1, 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 45), in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle on January 2, 6711 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 180), in the Trinity and Resurrection Chronicles on January 2, 6710 ( Trinity Chronicle, p.285; PSRL, vol. VII, p. 107). In February 1203 (6711), Roman opposed Rurik and besieged him in Ovruch. In connection with this circumstance, some historians are of the opinion that after the sack of Kyiv, Rurik left the city without becoming a prince in it ( Grushevsky M.S. Essay on the history of the Kyiv land from the death of Yaroslav to the end of the XIV century. K., 1891. - S. 265). As a result, Roman made peace with Rurik, and then Vsevolod confirmed the rule of Rurik in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 419). After a quarrel that took place in Trepol at the end of a joint campaign against the Polovtsians, Roman captured Rurik and sent him to Kyiv, accompanied by his boyar Vyacheslav. Upon arrival in the capital, Rurik was forcibly tonsured a monk. This happened in the “fierce winter” in 6713 according to the Laurentian Chronicle (PSRL, vol. I, st. 420, in the Novgorod first junior edition and the Trinity Chronicles, the winter of 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 240; Trinity Chronicle. From .286), in the Sofia First Chronicle 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 260). The fact that Rurik was escorted by Vyacheslav is reported in the Novgorod First Chronicle of the Younger Edition (PSRL, vol. III, p. .240; Gorovenko A.V. Sword of Roman Galitsky. Prince Roman Mstislavich in history, epic and legends. M., 2014. - S. 148). In the list of Kyiv princes compiled by L. Makhnovets, Roman is indicated by the prince for two weeks in 1204 ( Makhnovets L. E. Great Princes of Kiev // Chronicle Russian / Under the Ipatsky list. - K., 1989. - P. 522), in the list compiled by A. Poppe - in 1204-1205 ( Podskalski G. Christianity and theological literature in Kievan Rus (988 - 1237). SPb., 1996. - S. 474), but the annals do not say that he was in Kyiv. There is a message about this only in the so-called Izvestiya  Tatishchev. Nevertheless, from 1201 to 1205, Roman actually put his henchmen on the Kiev table (unlike Andrei Bogolyubsky in a similar situation 30 years ago, he personally came to the Kiev principality for this). The actual status of Roman is reflected in the Ipatiev Chronicle, where he is included in the list of Kyiv princes (between Rurik and Mstislav Romanovich) (PSRL. T.II, stb. 2) and named prince "All Rus'"- such a definition was applied only to the Kyiv princes (PSRL. T.II, stb.715).
65. He was placed on the throne by agreement of Roman and Vsevolod after Rurik was tonsured in winter (that is, at the beginning of 1204) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 421, vol. X, p. 36). Shortly after the death of Roman Mstislavich ( June 19 1205) ceded Kyiv to his father.
66. He was cut short after the death of Roman Mstislavich, which followed on June 19, 1205 (Ultramart 6714) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 426) In the Sofia First Chronicle under 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 260), in Trinity and Nikon Chronicles under 6713 (Trinity Chronicle. S. 292; PSRL, vol. X, p. 50) and again sat on the throne. After an unsuccessful campaign against Galich in March 6714, he retired to Ovruch (PSRL, vol. I, st. 427). According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he sat down in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428). In 1207 (March 6715) he again fled to Ovruch (PSRL, vol. I, st. 429). It is believed that the messages under 1206 and 1207 duplicate each other (see also PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235: interpretation in the Resurrection Chronicle as two principalities)
67. He sat down in Kyiv in March 6714 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 427), around August. The date 1206 is specified in synchronism with the campaign against Galich. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the same year he was expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428).
68. He sat down in Kyiv, expelling Vsevolod from there (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428). He left Kyiv the following year when Vsevolod's troops approached (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 429). The reports in the annals under 1206 and 1207 may duplicate each other.
69. He sat down in Kyiv in the spring of 6715 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 429), in the autumn of the same year he was again expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, st. 433).
70. He sat down in Kyiv in the autumn of 1207, around October (Trinity Chronicle. S. 293, 297; PSRL, vol. X, pp. 52, 59). In the Trinity and most of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle, duplicate messages are placed under the years 6714 and 6716. The exact date is set in sync with the Ryazan campaign of Vsevolod Yurievich. By agreement with Vsevolod, in 1210 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle 6718) he went to reign in Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, st. 435) (according to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6719, PSRL, vol. X, p. 62, according to the Resurrection Chronicle - in 6717, PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235). However, in historiography there are doubts about this message, perhaps Rurik is confused with the Chernigov prince, who bore the same name. According to other sources (Typographic Chronicle, PSRL, vol. XXIV, p. 28 and Piskarevsky chronicler, PSRL, vol. XXXIV, p. 81), he died in Kyiv. ( Pyatnov A.P. Fight for Kiev table in 1210s. Controversial questions chronology // Ancient Rus. Questions of medieval studies. - 1/2002 (7)).
71. He sat down in Kyiv either as a result of an exchange with Rurik for Chernigov (?), or after the death of Rurik (see previous note). Expelled from Kyiv by Mstislav Mstislavich in the summer 1214 year (in the Novgorod first and fourth chronicles, as well as Nikon's, this event is described under the year 6722 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 53; vol. IV, p. 185, vol. X, p. 67), in the Sofia First Chronicle clearly erroneous under the year 6703 and again under the year 6723 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 250, 263), in the Tver Chronicle twice - under 6720 and 6722, in the Resurrection Chronicle under 6720 (PSRL, vol. VII , pp. 118, 235, vol. XV, st. 312, 314). chronicles Vsevolod is listed as a prince of Kiev under the year 6719 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 729), which in its chronology corresponds to 1214 ( Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volyn Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. P. 411). However, according to N. G. Berezhkov, based on a comparison of data from the Novgorod chronicles with the Livonian chronicles, this 1212 year.
72. His short reign after the expulsion of Vsevolod is mentioned in the Resurrection Chronicle (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 118, 235).
73. His allies set out from Novgorod June 8(Novgorod First Chronicle, PSRL, vol. III, p. 32) He sat on the throne after the expulsion of Vsevolod (in the Novgorod First Chronicle under 6722). Killed in 1223, in the tenth year of his reign (PSRL, vol. I, st. 503), after the battle on Kalka, which took place May 30 6731 (1223) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 447). In the Ipatiev Chronicle 6732, in the Novgorod First May 31 6732 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 63), in Nikonovskaya June 16 6733 years) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 92), in the introductory part of the Resurrection Chronicle 6733 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235), but in the main part of the Resurrection on June 16, 6731 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 132). Killed 2 June 1223 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 508) There is no number in the annals, but it is indicated that after the battle on Kalka, Prince Mstislav defended himself for another three days. Date accuracy 1223 for the Battle of Kalka is established by comparison with a number of foreign sources.
74. According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he sat in Kyiv in 1218 (Ultra-March 6727) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 59, vol. IV, p. 199; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 275), which may indicate his co-rulership. Sat on the throne after the death of Mstislav (PSRL, vol. I, st. 509) June 16 1223 (ultramart 6732) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 282, vol. XV, st. 343). Having been defeated in the battle  under Torche on the feast of the Ascension ( May 17), was captured by the Polovtsians when they took Kyiv (at the end of May or at the beginning of June) 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 74). According to the Sofia First and Moscow Academic Chronicles, he reigned for 10 years, but the date in them is the same - 6743 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 287).
75. In the early chronicles (Ipatiev and Novgorod I) without a patronymic (PSRL, vol. II, st. 772, vol. III, p. 74), it is not mentioned at all in Lavrentievskaya. Izyaslav Mstislavich in the Novgorod Fourth, Sofia First (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 214; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 287) and the Moscow Academic Chronicle, in the Tver Chronicle he is called the son of Mstislav Romanovich the Brave, and in Nikonovskaya and Voskresenskaya - the grandson of Roman Rostislavich (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 138, 236; vol. X, p. 104; XV, st. 364), but there was no such prince (in Voskresenskaya he was named the son of Mstislav Romanovich of Kiev). In historiography it is sometimes referred to as "Izyaslav IV". According to modern scientists, this is either Izyaslav Vladimirovich, the son of Vladimir Igorevich (this opinion is widespread since N.M. Karamzin, a prince with that name is mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle), or the son of Mstislav Udatny (analysis of this issue: Gorsky A. A. Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries: ways of political development. M., 1996. - S.14-17. Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volyn Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. - S.542-544). Sat on the throne in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513, vol. III, p. 74) (according to Nikonovskaya in 6744). In the Ipatiev Chronicle it is mentioned under the year 6741. At the end of the same year, Vladimir Rurikovich was released from the Polovtsian captivity and immediately regained Kyiv.
76. Freed from the Polovtsian captivity, he sent help to Daniil Romanovich against the Galicians and Bolokhovites in the spring of 1236. According to the Ipatiev Chronicle in (6744) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 777), Kyiv was ceded to Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In the Novgorod First Chronicle, his second reign is not mentioned.
77. Sat on the throne in 6744 (1236) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513, vol. III, p. 74, vol. IV, p. 214). In Ipatievskaya under the year 6743 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777). In 1238 he went to Vladimir. The exact month is not indicated in the annals, but it is obvious that this happened shortly or soon after the battle na r. City ( 10th of March), in which the elder brother of Yaroslav, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri, died. (PSRL, vol. X, p. 113). (On the chronology of the reign of Yaroslav in Kyiv, see. Gorsky A. A. Problems studying “Words about death Russian land  To 750 - anniversary from time of writing // Proceedings Department Old Russian literature” 1990. T. 43).
78. A short list of princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle places him after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 2), but this may be a mistake. There is also a mention in the late Gustyn Chronicle, but it most likely simply started from the list here (PSRL, vol. 40, p. 118). Accept this reign M. B. Sverdlov ( Sverdlov M. B. Domongolian Rus. SPb, 2002. - S. 653) and L. E. Makhnovets ( Makhnovets L. E. Great Princes of Kiev // Chronicle Russian / Under the Ipatsky list. - K., 1989. - S. 522).
79. He occupied Kiev in 1238 after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 777, vol. VII, p. 236; vol. X, p. 114). On March 3, 1239, he received Tatar ambassadors in Kyiv, and continued to stay in the capital at least until the siege of Chernigov (c. October 18). When the Tatars approached Kyiv, he left for Hungary (PSRL, vol. II, st. 782). In the Ipatiev Chronicle under the year 6746, in Nikonovskaya under the year 6748 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 116).
80. He occupied Kiev after the departure of Michael, expelled by Daniel (in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 6746, in the Novgorod Fourth and Sofia First under 6748) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 782, vol. IV, p. 226; VI, issue 1, stb. 301).
81. Daniel, having occupied Kyiv in 6748, left the thousandth Dmitri in it (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 226, vol. X, p. 116). Dmitri led the city at the time of its capture by the Tatars (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 786). According to the Lavrentievskaya and most of the later chronicles, Kyiv was taken on St. Nicholas Day (that is, December 6) 6748 (1240 ) of the year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 470). According to the chronicles of Pskov origin (Annals of Abraham, Supraslskaya), in Monday 19 November. (PSRL, vol. XVI, st. 51). Cm. Stavisky V. I. On two dates storming Kyiv in 1240 according Russian chronicles // Proceedings Department Old Russian literature. 1990. T. 43
82. He returned to Kyiv after the departure of the Tatars. Left Silesia after April 9 1241 (after the defeat of Henry by the Tatars in the Battle of Legnica, PSRL, vol. II, stb. 784). He lived near the city, “near Kiev on an island” (on the island of the Dnieper) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 789, PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 319). Then he returned to Chernigov, but when this happened, the annals do not say.
83. Over the years, the Russian princes received power with the sanction of the khans (in the Russian terminology of "kings") of the Golden Horde, who were recognized as the supreme rulers of the Russian lands.
84. In 6751 (1243) Yaroslav arrived in the Horde and was recognized as the ruler of all Russian lands "old to all the prince in the Russian language"(PSRL, vol. I, stb. 470). Sat in Vladimir. The moment when he took possession of Kiev is not indicated in the annals. It is known that in 1246 his boyar Dmitri Eykovich was sitting in the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 806, in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is indicated under 6758 (1250) in connection with a trip to the Horde of Daniil Romanovich, the correct date is established by synchronization with Polish sources Starting with N. M. Karamzin, most historians proceed from the obvious assumption that Yaroslav received Kiev under the khan's label. September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471).
85. After the death of his father, together with his brother Andrei, he went to the Horde, and from there to the capital of the Mongol Empire - Karakorum, where in 6757 (1249) Andrei received Vladimir, and Alexander - Kyiv and Novgorod. Modern historians differ in their assessment of which of the brothers belonged to the formal seniority. Alexander did not live in Kyiv itself. Before Andrei was expelled in 6760 (1252), he ruled in Novgorod, then Vladimir received in the Horde and sat in it. Died November 14
86. Received Vladimir as a parish in 1140s years. Sat in Rostov and Suzdal in 1157 (March 6665 in the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348, vol. II, stb. 490). The exact date is not given in early chronicles. According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle and the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl of Suzdal - June 4(PSRL, vol. 41, p. 88), in the Radziwill Chronicle - 4th of July(PSRL, vol. 38, p. 129). Vladimir left his residence, making it the capital of the principality. Killed in the evening June 29, on the feast of Peter and Paul (in the Laurentian Chronicle, the ultra-March year 6683) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 369) According to the Ipatiev Chronicle June 28, on the eve of the feast of Peter and Paul (PSRL, vol. II, st. 580), according to the Sofia First Chronicle on June 29, 6683 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 238).
87. He sat down in Vladimir in the ultramart year 6683, but after 7 weeks the siege retired (that is, around September) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 373, vol. II, st. 596).
88. Sat in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 374, vol. II, stb. 597) in 1174 (ultramart 6683). June 15 1175 (Ultra-March 6684) defeated and fled (PSRL, vol. II, st. 601).
89. Village in Vladimir June 15 1175 (ultramart 6684) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 377). (In the Nikon Chronicle June 16, but the error is set by the day of the week (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 255). Died June 20 1176 (ultramart 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 379, vol. IV, p. 167).
90. He sat on the throne in Vladimir after the death of his brother in June 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 380). He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, April 13 6720 (1212), in memory of St. Martin (PSRL, vol. I, st. 436) In the Tver and Resurrection Chronicles April 15 in memory of the Apostle Aristarchus, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 117; vol. XV, stb. 311), in the Nikon Chronicle 14th of April in memory of St. Martin, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. X, p. 64), in the Trinity Chronicle April 18th 6721, in memory of St. Martin (Trinity Chronicle, p.299). In 1212 April 15 is Sunday.
91. Sat on the throne after the death of his father in accordance with his will (PSRL, vol. X, p. 63). April 27 On Wednesday, 1216, he left the city, leaving it to his brother (PSRL, vol. I, st. 440, the number is not directly indicated in the annals, but this is the next Wednesday after April 21, which was Thursday).
92. Sat on the throne in 1216 (ultramart 6725) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 440). Died February 2 1218 (Ultra-March 6726, so in the Lavrentiev and Nikon Chronicles) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 442, vol. X, p. 80) In the Tver and Trinity Chronicles 6727 (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 329 ; Trinity Chronicle. S.304).
93. Sat on the throne after the death of his brother. Killed in battle with Tatars March 4 1238 (in the Laurentian Chronicle still under the year 6745, in the Moscow Academic Chronicle under 6746) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 465).
94. Sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 1238 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 467). Died September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471)
95. He sat on the throne in 6755 (1247), when the news of the death of Yaroslav came (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471, vol. X, p. 134). According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle, he sat on the throne in 1246 after a trip to the Horde (PSRL, vol. I, st. 523), according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle, he sat down in 6755 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). Exiled early in 1248 by Michael. According to the Rogozhsky chronicler, he sat on the throne for the second time after the death of Mikhail (1249), but Andrei Yaroslavich drove him away (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 31). This message is not found in other chronicles.
96. He expelled Svyatoslav in 6756 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). He died in battle with the Lithuanians in the winter of 6756 (1248/1249) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471). According to the Novgorod fourth chronicle - in 6757 (PSRL, vol. IV, st. 230). The exact month is unknown.
97. Sat on the throne in the winter of 6757 (1249/50) (in december), having received the reign from the khan (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 472), the ratio of the news in the annals shows that he returned in any case earlier than December 27. Fled from Rus' during the Tatar invasion in 6760 ( 1252 ) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 473), having been defeated in the battle on the day of St. Boris ( July 24) (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 159). According to the Novgorod First Junior Edition and the Sofia First Chronicle, this was in 6759 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 304, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 327), according to the Easter tables of the middle of the XIV century (PSRL, vol. III, p. 578), Trinity, Novgorod fourth, Tver, Nikon chronicles - in 6760 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230; vol. X, p. 138; vol. XV, stb. 396, Trinity Chronicle. P.324).
98. In 6760 (1252) he received a great reign in the Horde and settled in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, st. 473) (according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - in 6761 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230). Died November 14 6771 (1263) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 524, vol. III, p. 83).
99. Sat on the throne in 6772 (1264) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 524; vol. IV, p. 234). In the Ukrainian Gustynsky Chronicle, he is also called the Prince of Kyiv, however, the reliability of this news is questionable due to the late origin of the source (PSRL, vol. 40, pp. 123, 124). He died in the winter of 1271/72 (Ultra-March 6780 in the Easter tables (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579), in the Novgorod First and Sofia First Chronicles, March 6779 in the Tver and Trinity Chronicles) year (PSRL, vol. III, p. 89 , vol. VI, issue 1, st. 353, vol. XV, st. 404; Trinity Chronicle, p.331). A comparison with the mention of the death of Princess Maria of Rostov on December 9 shows that Yaroslav died already at the beginning of 1272 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 525).
100. Sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 6780. He died in the winter of 6784 (1276/77) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 323), in January(Trinity Chronicle, p.333).
101. He sat on the throne in 6784 (1276/77) after the death of his uncle (PSRL, vol. X, p. 153; vol. XV, st. 405). There is no mention of a trip to the Horde this year.
102. He received a great reign in the Horde in 1281 (Ultramart 6790 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 324, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 357), in the winter of 6789, having come to Russia in December (Trinity Chronicle. P. 338 ; PSRL, vol. X, p. 159) reconciled with his brother in 1283 (ultramart 6792 or March 6791 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 326, vol. IV, p. 245; vol. VI, no. 1, Stb. 359; Trinity Chronicle, p. 340. Such dating of events is accepted by N. M. Karamzin, N. G. Berezhkov and A. A. Gorsky, V. L. Yanin suggests dating: winter 1283-1285 ( see analysis: Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003. - S. 15-16).
103. He came from the Horde in 1283, having received a great reign from Nogai. Lost it in 1293.
104. He received a great reign in the Horde in 6801 (1293) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 327, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 362), returned to Rus' in winter (Trinity Chronicle, p. 345). Died July 27 6812 (1304) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 92; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 367, vol. VII, p. 184) (In the Novgorod Fourth and Nikon Chronicles on June 22 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 252, vol. X, p. 175), in the Trinity Chronicle, the ultra-March year 6813 (Trinity Chronicle, p. 351).
105. He received a great reign in 1305 (March 6813, in the Trinity Chronicle ultra-March 6814) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 368, vol. VII, p. 184). (According to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6812 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 176), returned to Rus' in the fall (Trinity Chronicle, p. 352). Executed in the Horde November 22 1318 (in the Sofia First and Nikon Chronicles of Ultramart 6827, in the Novgorod Fourth and Tver Chronicles of March 6826) on Wednesday (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 257; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 391, vol. X, p. 185). The year is set by the day of the week.
106. He left the Horde with the Tatars in the summer of 1317 (Ultramart 6826, in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle and the Rogozh Chronicle March 6825) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 95; vol. IV, stb. 257), having received a great reign (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, line 374, vol. XV, issue 1, line 37). Killed by Dmitry Tversky in the Horde. (Trinity Chronicle. S.357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, st. 398).
107. He received a great reign in 6830 (1322) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 96, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 396). He arrived in Vladimir in the winter of 6830 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 259; Trinity Chronicle, p. 357) or in autumn (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 414). According to Easter tables, he sat down in 6831 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579). Executed September 15th 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 42, vol. XV, st. 415).
108. He received a great reign in the autumn of 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 190; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 42). When the Tatar army moved to Tver in the winter of 1327/8, he fled to Pskov, and then to Lithuania.
109. In 1328, Khan Uzbek divided the great reign, giving Vladimir and the Volga region to Alexander (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469, this fact is not mentioned in the Moscow chronicles). According to the Sofia First, Novgorod Fourth and Resurrection Chronicles, he died in 6840 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 265; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 406, vol. VII, p. 203), according to the Tver Chronicle - in 6839 (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 417), in the Rogozhsky chronicler his death was noted twice - under 6839 and 6841 (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 46), according to the Trinity and Nikon chronicles - in 6841 (Trinity Chronicle, p. 361; PSRL, vol. X, p. 206). According to the introduction to the Novgorod First Chronicle of the junior edition, he reigned for 3 or 2 and a half years (PSRL, vol. III, pp. 467, 469). A. A. Gorsky accepts the dating of his death as 1331 ( Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003. - P. 62).
110. He sat down on the great reign in 6836 (1328) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 262; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 401, vol. X, p. 195). Formally, he was a co-ruler of Alexander of Suzdal (without occupying the Vladimir table), but he acted independently. After the death of Alexander, he went to the Horde in 6839 (1331) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 344) and received all the great reign (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469). Died March 31 1340 (Ultra-March 6849 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 270; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 412, vol. VII, p. 206), according to Easter tables, the Trinity Chronicle and the Rogozhsky chronicler in 6848 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 52; Trinity Chronicle, p. 364).
111. Received a great reign in the fall of Ultramart 6849 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb.). Sat in Vladimir on October 1, 1340 (Trinity Chronicle, p.364). Died 26 April ultramart 6862 (in Nikonovskaya March 6861) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 226; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 62; Trinity Chronicle, p. 373). (In the Novgorod Fourth, his death is reported twice - under 6860 and 6861 (PSRL, vol. IV, pp. 280, 286), according to Voskresenskaya - on April 27, 6861 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 217)
112. He received a great reign in the winter of 6861, after Baptism. Village in Vladimir March 25 6862 (1354) years (Trinity Chronicle. S. 374; PSRL, vol. X, p. 227). Died the 13th of November 6867 (1359) (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 10; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68).
113. Khan Navruz in the winter of 6867 (that is, at the beginning of 1360) gave the great reign to Andrei Konstantinovich, and he ceded to his brother Dmitry (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68). Came to Vladimir 22nd of June(PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 69; Trinity Chronicle. S.377) 6868 (1360) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 433) . When the Moscow troops approached, Vladimir left.
114. He received a great reign in 6870 (1362) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 290; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 434). Sat in Vladimir in 6870 before Epiphany (i.e. early January 1363 year) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 73; Trinity Chronicle. P. 378).
115. Having received a new label from the khan, he sat in Vladimir in 6871 (1363), reigned 1 week and was driven away by Dmitry (PSRL, vol. X, p. 12; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 74; Trinity Chronicle, p. 379). According to Nikonovskaya - 12 days (PSRL, vol. XI, p. 2).
116. Sat in Vladimir in 6871 (1363). After that, the label for the great reign was received by Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdalsky in the winter of 1364/1365 (refused in favor of Dmitry) and Mikhail Alexandrovich of Tverskoy in 1370, again in 1371 (in the same year the label was returned to Dmitry) and in 1375, but there were no real consequences. had. Dmitry died May 19 6897 (1389) on Wednesday at the second hour of the night (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 358; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 501; Trinity Chronicle. S. 434) (in the Novgorod first junior edition on May 9 ( PSRL, vol. III, p. 383), in the Tver Chronicle on May 25 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 444).
117. He received a great reign according to the will of his father. Village in Vladimir August 15 6897 (1389) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 157; Trinity Chronicle, p. 434) According to the Novgorod Fourth and Sofia First in 6898 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 367; vol. VI , issue 1, page 508). Died February 27 1425 (September 6933) on Tuesday at three o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 51, vol. XII, p. 1) in March 6932 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 415) , in a number of manuscripts of the Nikon Chronicle erroneously February 7).
118. Presumably, Daniel received the principality after the death of his father, Alexander Nevsky (1263), at the age of 2 years. The first seven years from 1264 to 1271 he was raised by his uncle, the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Tver Yaroslav Yaroslavich, whose governors at that time ruled Moscow (PSRL, vol. 15, st. 474). The first mention of Daniel as a Moscow prince dates back to 1282, but, probably, his reign still happened earlier. (cm. Kuchkin V. A. The first Moscow prince Daniil Aleksandrovich // Patriotic history. No. 1, 1995). Died 5th of March 1303 on Tuesday (Ultra-March 6712) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 486; Trinity Chronicle, p. 351). In the Nikon Chronicle on March 4, 6811 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 174), the day of the week indicates March 5.
119. Killed November 21(Trinity Chronicle. S.357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, st. 398).
120. See above.
121. He sat on the throne immediately after the death of his father, but brother Yuri Dmitrievich challenged his rights to power (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 92; vol. XII, p. 1). Having received a label for a great reign, he sat on the throne in 69420 ( 1432 ) year. According to the Sofia second chronicle, October 5 6939, 10 indict, that is, in the fall of 1431 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 64) (According to the Novgorod First in 6940 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 416), according to the Novgorod Fourth in 6941 year (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 433), according to the Nikon Chronicle in 6940 on Peter's Day (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 96; vol. XII, p. 16). chronicles simply report that Vasily returned from the Horde to Moscow, but the Sophia First and Nikon Chronicles add that he sat down "at the Most Pure at the Golden Doors" (PSRL, vol. V, p. 264, PSRL, vol. XII, p. 16 ), which may indicate the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir (V. D. Nazarov defends the version of Vasily's enthronement in Vladimir. See Vasily II Vasilyevich // BRE. V.4. - P.629).
122. He defeated Vasily on April 25, 6941 (1433) and occupied Moscow, but soon left it (PSRL, vol. VIII, pp. 97-98, vol. XII, p. 18).
123. He returned to Moscow after the departure of Yuri, but was again defeated by him on Lazarus Saturday 6942 (that is, March 20, 1434) (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 19).
124. Took Moscow on Wednesday during Bright Week 6942 (i.e. March 31 1434) of the year (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 20) (according to the Second Sophia - on Holy Week of 6942 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 66), but soon died (according to the Tver Chronicle on July 4 ( PSRL, vol. XV, st. 490), according to others - June 6 (note 276 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", according to the Arkhangelsk Chronicle).
125. He sat on the throne after the death of his father, but after a month of reigning he left the city (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 67, vol. VIII, p. 99; vol. XII, p. 20).
126. He again sat on the throne in 1442. He was defeated in the battle with the Tatars and was taken prisoner.
127. Arrived in Moscow shortly after the capture of Vasily. Upon learning of the return of Vasily, he fled to Uglich. There are no direct indications of his great reign in the primary sources, but the conclusion about him is made by a number of authors. Cm. Zimin A. A. Vityaz at crossroads: Feudal war in Russia XV c. - M. : Thought, 1991. - 286 p. - ISBN 5-244-00518-9.).
128. Entered Moscow on 26 October. Captured, blinded on February 16, 1446 (September 6954) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 113, vol. XII, p. 69).
129. He occupied Moscow on February 12 at nine o'clock in the morning (that is, according to the modern account February 13 after midnight) of 1446 (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 115; vol. XII, p. 67). The first of the Moscow princes used the title Sovereign of All Rus'. Moscow was taken in the absence of Shemyaka by supporters of Vasily Vasilyevich in the early morning of Christmas in September 6955 ( December 25 1446) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 120).
130. At the end of December 1446, Muscovites again kissed the cross for him, he sat on the throne in Moscow on February 17, 1447 (September 6955) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 121, vol. XII, p. 73). Died March 27 6970 (1462) on Saturday at three in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 158, vol. VIII, p. 150; vol. XII, p. 115) (According to the Stroevsky list of the Novgorod Fourth on April 4 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 445), according to the list of Dubrovsky and according to the Tver Chronicle - March 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 493, vol. XV, st. 496), according to one of the lists of the Resurrection Chronicle - 26 March, according to one of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle on March 7 (according to N. M. Karamzin - March 17 on Saturday - note 371 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", but the calculation of the day of the week is erroneous, right March 27).
131. For the first time he was named Grand Duke in the agreement between Vasily II and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Suzdal, drawn up between December 15, 1448 and June 22, 1449. There is also an opinion that Prince Ivan was declared the Grand Duke during the election of Metropolitan Jonah on December 15, 1448 ( Zimin A. A. Knight at the crossroads). After the death of his father, he inherited the throne.
132. The first sovereign ruler of Russia after the overthrow of the Horde yoke. Died 27th October 1505 (September 7014) at the first hour of the night from Monday to Tuesday (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 245; vol. XII, p. 259) (According to Sophia Second on October 26 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, 374) According to the Academic list of the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - October 27 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 468), according to Dubrovsky's list - October 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 535).
133. From June 1471, in acts and annals, he began to be called the Grand Duke, becoming the heir and co-ruler of his father. He died on March 7, 1490 at eight o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, p. 239).
134. He was planted by Ivan III "to the great reign of Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod and all Rus'" (PSRL, vol. VI, p. 242). For the first time, a wedding ceremony was held for the kingdom and for the first time the "hat of Monomakh" was used for the coronation. In 1502, Ivan III changed his mind, declaring his son Vasily his heir.
135. He was crowned by Ivan III for a great reign (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 242). After the death of his father, he inherited the throne.
136. Sat on the throne in 1505. Died December 3, 7042 September, at twelve o'clock in the morning, from Wednesday to Thursday (that is, December 4 1533 before dawn) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 563, vol. VIII, p. 285; vol. XIII, p. 76).
137. Until 1538, Elena Glinskaya was the regent under the young Ivan. Died April 3 7046 (1538 ) year (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 295; vol. XIII, pp. 98, 134).
138. On January 16, 1547 he was crowned king. He died March 18, 1584 at about seven o'clock in the evening.
139. Kasimov Khan, name before baptism Sain-Bulat. He was planted by Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom, with the title of "Sovereign Grand Duke Simeon of All Rus'", and the Terrible himself became known as the "Prince of Moscow". The time of reign is determined by the surviving charters. First mentioned in Ivan's petition on October 30, 7084 of September (i.e., in this case, 1575), the last time - in a letter issued by him to the Novgorod landowner T. I. Baranov on July 18, 7084 (1576) (Piskarevsky Chronicles, p. 81 -82 and 148. Koretsky V. I. Zemsky Sobor in 1575 and the appointment of Simeon Bekbulatovich “Grand Prince of All Rus'” // Historical Archive, No. 2. 1959). After 1576 he became the titular Grand Duke of Tver. Later, in the oaths taken to Boris Godunov and his son Fyodor, there was a separate clause providing for “not wanting” Simeon and his children to reign.
140. Crowned the kingdom on May 31, 1584. He died on January 7, 1598 at one in the morning.
141. After the death of Fedor, the boyars swore allegiance to his wife Irina and issued decrees on her behalf. Through eight days she went to a monastery, but in official documents she continued to be called the "empress queen and grand duchess."
142. Elected by the Zemsky Sobor on February 17. He was married to the kingdom on September 1. He died on April 13 at about 3 p.m.
143. He inherited the throne after the death of his father. As a result of the uprising of Muscovites, who recognized False Dmitry as tsar, he was arrested on June 1 and killed 10 days later.
144. He entered Moscow on June 20, 1605. He married the kingdom on July 30. Killed on the morning of May 17, 1606. He pretended to be Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. According to the conclusions of the government commission of Tsar Boris Godunov, supported by most researchers, the real name of the impostor is Grigory  (Yuri) Bogdanovich Otrepyev.
145. Elected by the boyars, participants in the conspiracy against False Dmitry. He was married to the kingdom on June 1. He was overthrown by the boyars (formally deposed by the Zemsky Sobor) and forcibly tonsured a monk on July 17, 1610.
146. In the period - after the overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, power in Moscow was in the hands of the (Boyar Duma), which created a provisional government of seven boyars ("seven boyars", in historiography the seven boyars). On August 17, 1611, this provisional government recognized the Polish-Lithuanian prince Vladislav Sigismundovich as tsar (see N. Marchotsky. History of the Moscow War. M.,   2000.)
147. Headed the Boyar Duma. He negotiated with the Poles. After the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, until the arrival of Mikhail Romanov, he formally accepted the incoming state documents as the oldest member of the Duma.
148. The highest body of executive power in the territory liberated from interventionists. Established on June 30, 1611 by the Council of the whole land, functioned until the spring of 1613. Initially, it was headed by three leaders (leaders of the First Militia): D. T. Trubetskoy, I. M. Zarutsky and P. P. Lyapunov. Then Lyapunov was killed, and in August 1612 Zarutsky spoke out against the people's militia. In the spring of 1611, the Second Militia arose in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of K. Minin (elected zemstvo headman on September 1, 1611) and D. M. Pozharsky (arrived in Nizhny Novgorod on October 28, 1611). In the spring of 1612 he formed a new Zemsky government. The second militia organized the expulsion of the interventionists from Moscow and the convening of the Zemsky Sobor, which elected Mikhail Romanov as king. After the unification of the First and Second Militias at the end of September 1612 D.T. Trubetskoy formally became the head of the Zemstvo government.
149. March 14, 1613 agreed to take the Russian throne. Elected by the Zemsky Sobor February 21 , July 11 crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. Died at 2 am July 13, 1645.
150. Released from Polish captivity on June 1, 1619. Until the end of his life, he officially bore the title of "great sovereign."
151. Crowning the kingdom on September 28, 1645. He died on January 29, 1676 at 9 pm.
152. Crowning the kingdom June 18, 1676. Died April 27, 1682.
153. After the death of Fedor, the Boyar Duma proclaimed Peter the Tsar, bypassing Ivan. However, as a result of the struggle of the court factions, it was decided to declare the brothers co-rulers, and on June 5, Ivan was proclaimed the "senior king." Joint wedding to the kingdom

The history of Rus' has more than a thousand years, although even before the emergence of the state, a variety of tribes lived on its territory. The last ten-century period can be divided into several stages. All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, are people who were true sons and daughters of their eras.

The main historical stages of the development of Russia

Historians consider the following classification to be the most convenient:

Board of the Novgorod princes (862-882);

Yaroslav the Wise (1016-1054);

From 1054 to 1068, Izyaslav Yaroslavovich was in power;

From 1068 to 1078, the list of rulers of Russia was replenished with several names at once (Vseslav Bryachislavovich, Izyaslav Yaroslavovich, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod Yaroslavovichi, in 1078 Izyaslav Yaroslavovich ruled again)

The year 1078 was marked by some stabilization in the political arena, until 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavovich ruled;

Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich was on the throne from 1093 to;

Vladimir, nicknamed Monomakh (1113-1125) - one of the best princes of Kievan Rus;

From 1132 to 1139, Yaropolk Vladimirovich had power.

All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who lived and ruled during this period and up to the present, saw their main task in the prosperity of the country and strengthening the country's role in the European arena. Another thing is that each of them went to the goal in his own way, sometimes in a completely different direction than his predecessors.

The period of fragmentation of Kievan Rus

During the feudal fragmentation of Rus', changes on the main princely throne were frequent. None of the princes left a serious mark on the history of Rus'. By the middle of the XIII century, Kyiv fell into absolute decline. It is worth mentioning only a few princes who ruled in the XII century. So, from 1139 to 1146, Vsevolod Olgovich was the prince of Kyiv. In 1146, Igor II was at the helm for two weeks, after which Izyaslav Mstislavovich ruled for three years. Until 1169, such people as Vyacheslav Rurikovich, Rostislav Smolensky, Izyaslav Chernigovsky, Yuri Dolgoruky, Izyaslav the Third managed to visit the princely throne.

Capital moves to Vladimir

The period of formation of late feudalism in Rus' was characterized by several manifestations:

The weakening of the Kyiv princely power;

The emergence of several centers of influence that competed with each other;

Strengthening the influence of the feudal lords.

On the territory of Rus', 2 largest centers of influence arose: Vladimir and Galich. Galich is the most important political center at that time (located on the territory of modern Western Ukraine). It seems interesting to study the list of rulers of Russia who reigned in Vladimir. The importance of this period of history has yet to be assessed by researchers. Of course, the Vladimir period in the development of Rus' was not as long as the Kiev period, but it was after it that the formation of monarchical Rus' began. Consider the dates of the reign of all the rulers of Russia of this time. In the first years of this stage in the development of Rus', the rulers changed quite often, there was no stability that would appear later. For more than 5 years, the following princes have been in power in Vladimir:

Andrew (1169-1174);

Vsevolod, son of Andrei (1176-1212);

Georgy Vsevolodovich (1218-1238);

Yaroslav, son of Vsevolod (1238-1246);

Alexander (Nevsky), great commander (1252-1263);

Yaroslav III (1263-1272);

Dmitry I (1276-1283);

Dmitry II (1284-1293);

Andrei Gorodetsky (1293-1304);

Michael "Saint" of Tver (1305-1317).

All the rulers of Russia after the transfer of the capital to Moscow until the appearance of the first tsars

The transfer of the capital from Vladimir to Moscow roughly coincides chronologically with the end of the period of feudal fragmentation of Rus' and the strengthening of the main center of political influence. Most of the princes were on the throne longer than the rulers of the Vladimir period. So:

Prince Ivan (1328-1340);

Semyon Ivanovich (1340-1353);

Ivan the Red (1353-1359);

Alexei Byakont (1359-1368);

Dmitry (Donskoy), famous commander (1368-1389);

Vasily Dmitrievich (1389-1425);

Sophia of Lithuania (1425-1432);

Vasily the Dark (1432-1462);

Ivan III (1462-1505);

Vasily Ivanovich (1505-1533);

Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538);

The decade before 1548 was a difficult period in the history of Russia, when the situation developed in such a way that the princely dynasty actually ended. There was a period of stagnation when boyar families were in power.

The reign of tsars in Rus': the beginning of the monarchy

Historians identify three chronological periods in the development of the Russian monarchy: before the accession to the throne of Peter the Great, the reign of Peter the Great and after it. The dates of the reign of all the rulers of Russia from 1548 to the end of the 17th century are as follows:

Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible (1548-1574);

Semyon Kasimovsky (1574-1576);

Ivan the Terrible again (1576-1584);

Fedor (1584-1598).

Tsar Fedor did not have heirs, so she interrupted. - one of the most difficult periods in the history of our country. Rulers changed almost every year. Since 1613, the country has been ruled by the Romanov dynasty:

Mikhail, the first representative of the Romanov dynasty (1613-1645);

Alexei Mikhailovich, son of the first emperor (1645-1676);

He ascended the throne in 1676 and ruled for 6 years;

Sophia, his sister, ruled from 1682 to 1689.

In the 17th century, stability finally came to Rus'. The central government has been strengthened, reforms are gradually beginning, which have led to the fact that Russia has grown territorially and strengthened, the leading world powers began to reckon with it. The main merit in changing the face of the state belongs to the great Peter I (1689-1725), who simultaneously became the first emperor.

Rulers of Russia after Peter

The reign of Peter the Great is the heyday when the empire acquired its own strong fleet and strengthened the army. All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, understood the importance of the armed forces, but few were able to realize the huge potential of the country. An important feature of that time was the aggressive foreign policy of Russia, which manifested itself in the forcible annexation of new regions (Russian-Turkish wars, the Azov campaign).

The chronology of the rulers of Russia from 1725 to 1917 is as follows:

Catherine Skavronskaya (1725-1727);

Peter II (killed in 1730);

Queen Anna (1730-1740);

Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741);

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761);

Petr Fedorovich (1761-1762);

Catherine the Great (1762-1796);

Pavel Petrovich (1796-1801);

Alexander I (1801-1825);

Nicholas I (1825-1855);

Alexander II (1855 - 1881);

Alexander III (1881-1894);

Nicholas II - the last of the Romanovs, ruled until 1917.

This ends a huge period of development of the state, when the kings were in power. After the October Revolution, a new political structure appeared - the republic.

Russia during the Soviet era and after its collapse

The first few years after the revolution were difficult. Among the rulers of this period, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky can be distinguished. After the legal registration of the USSR as a state and until 1924, Vladimir Lenin led the country. Further, the chronology of the rulers of Russia looks like this:

Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich (1924-1953);

Nikita Khrushchev was First Secretary of the CPSU after Stalin's death until 1964;

Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982);

Yuri Andropov (1982-1984);

General Secretary of the CPSU (1984-1985);

Mikhail Gorbachev, the first President of the USSR (1985-1991);

Boris Yeltsin, leader of independent Russia (1991-1999);

The current head of state, Putin, has been the President of Russia since 2000 (with a break of 4 years, when Dmitry Medvedev was in charge of the state)

Who are the rulers of Russia?

All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who have been in power over the entire more than a thousand-year history of the state, are patriots who wished the flourishing of all the lands of a vast country. Most of the rulers were not random people in this difficult field and each made his own contribution to the development and formation of Russia. All the rulers of Russia, of course, wanted goodness and prosperity for their subjects: the main forces were always directed to strengthening borders, expanding trade, and strengthening defense capabilities.

The first accession in Rus' took place in 1547, Ivan the Terrible became the sovereign. Previously, the throne was occupied by the Grand Duke. Some Russian tsars could not hold on to power, they were replaced by other rulers. Russia experienced different periods: the Time of Troubles, palace coups, assassinations of tsars and emperors, revolutions, years of terror.

The pedigree of the Rurikovichs was cut short on Fedor Ioannovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible. For several decades, power passed to different monarchs. In 1613, the Romanovs ascended the throne, after the revolution of 1917 this dynasty was overthrown, and the first socialist state in the world was established in Russia. The emperors were replaced by leaders and general secretaries. At the end of the twentieth century, a course was taken to create a democratic society. The president of the country began to be elected by citizens by secret ballot.

John the Fourth (1533 - 1584)

Grand Duke, who became the first king of all Rus'. Formally, he ascended the throne at the age of 3, when his father, Prince Vasily the Third, died. Officially took the royal title in 1547. The sovereign was known for his stern disposition, for which he received the nickname Terrible. Ivan the Fourth was a reformer, during his reign the Sudebnik of 1550 was compiled, zemstvo meetings began to be convened, changes were made in education, the army, and self-government.

The increase in the territory of Russia amounted to 100%. The Astrakhan and Kazan khanates were conquered, the development of Siberia, Bashkiria, and the Don region began. The last years of the kingdom were marked by failures during the Livonian War and the bloody years of the oprichnina, when most of the Russian aristocracy was destroyed.

Fedor Ioannovich (1584 - 1598)

Middle son of Ivan the Terrible. According to one version, he became heir to the throne in 1581, when his older brother Ivan died at the hands of his father. He went down in history under the name of Theodore the Blessed. He became the last representative of the Moscow branch of the Rurik dynasty, since he left no heirs. Fyodor Ioannovich, unlike his father, was meek in character and kind.

During his reign, the Moscow Patriarchate was established. Several strategic cities were founded: Voronezh, Saratov, Stary Oskol. From 1590 to 1595, the Russo-Swedish war continued. Russia returned part of the coast of the Baltic Sea.

Irina Godunova (1598 - 1598)

Wife of Tsar Fedor and sister of Boris Godunov. In marriage with her husband, they had only one daughter, who died in infancy. Therefore, after the death of her husband, Irina became the heir to the throne. She was listed as queen for a little over a month. Irina Fedorovna led an active social life during the life of her husband, even received European ambassadors. But a week after his death, she decided to take the veil as a nun and go to the Novodevichy Convent. After she was tonsured, she took the name Alexander. Irina Fedorovna was considered the queen until her brother Boris Fedorovich was approved as sovereign.

Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605)

Boris Godunov was the brother-in-law of Fyodor Ioannovich. Thanks to a happy accident, shown ingenuity and cunning, he became the king of Russia. His promotion began in 1570, when he went to the guardsmen. And in 1580 he was granted the title of boyar. It is generally accepted that Godunov led the state back in the time of Fyodor Ioannovich (he was not capable of this because of the gentleness of his character).

Godunov's board was aimed at the development of the Russian state. He began to actively approach Western countries. Doctors, cultural and statesmen came to Russia. Boris Godunov was known for his suspiciousness and repressions against the boyars. During his reign, there was a terrible famine. The sovereign even opened the royal barns to feed the hungry peasants. In 1605 he died unexpectedly.

Fyodor Godunov (1605 - 1605)

He was an educated young man. He is considered one of the first cartographers of Russia. The son of Boris Godunov, was elevated to the reign at the age of 16, became the last of the Godunovs on the throne. He reigned for just under two months, from April 13 to June 1, 1605. Fedor became king during the offensive of the troops of False Dmitry the First. But the governors, who led the suppression of the uprising, betrayed the Russian tsar and swore allegiance to False Dmitry. Fedor and his mother were killed in the royal chambers, and their bodies were put on display in Red Square. In the short period of the reign of the king, the Stone Order was approved - this is an analogue of the Ministry of Construction.

False Dmitry (1605 - 1606)

This king came to power after a rebellion. He introduced himself as Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. He said that he miraculously escaped the son of Ivan the Terrible. There are different versions about the origin of False Dmitry. Some historians say that this is a runaway monk, Grigory Otrepyev. Others argue that he really could be Tsarevich Dmitry, who was secretly taken to Poland.

During the year of his reign, he returned many repressed boyars from exile, changed the composition of the Duma, and banned bribery. On the part of foreign policy, he was going to start a war with the Turks for access to the Sea of ​​Azov. He opened the borders of Russia for the free movement of foreigners and compatriots. He was killed in May 1606 as a result of a conspiracy by Vasily Shuisky.

Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610)

Representative of the Shuisky princes from the Suzdal branch of the Rurikovich. The tsar was little popular among the people and depended on the boyars who elected him to rule. He tried to strengthen the army. A new military code was established. During the time of Shuisky, there were numerous uprisings. The rebel Bolotnikov was replaced by False Dmitry II (allegedly, False Dmitry I who escaped in 1606). Part of the regions of Russia swore allegiance to the self-proclaimed king. The country was also besieged by Polish troops. In 1610 the ruler was overthrown by the Polish-Lithuanian king. Until the end of his days he lived in captivity in Poland.

Vladislav the Fourth (1610 - 1613)

Son of the Polish-Lithuanian king Sigismund III. He was considered the sovereign of Russia in the Time of Troubles. In 1610 he took the oath of the Moscow boyars. According to the Smolensk Treaty, he was to take the throne after the adoption of Orthodoxy. But Vladislav did not change his religion and refused to change to Catholicism. He never came to Rus'. In 1612, the government of the boyars was overthrown in Moscow, who invited Vladislav the Fourth to the throne. And then it was decided to make Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov tsar.

Mikhail Romanov (1613 - 1645)

The first sovereign of the Romanov dynasty. This clan belonged to the seven largest and oldest families of the Moscow boyars. Mikhail Fedorovich was only 16 years old when he was put on the throne. Informally, his father, Patriarch Filaret, led the country. Officially, he could not be crowned king, since he had already been tonsured a monk.

During the time of Mikhail Fedorovich, normal trade and economy, which had been undermined by the Time of Troubles, was restored. An "eternal peace" was concluded with Sweden and the Commonwealth. The tsar ordered an exact inventory of the manorial lands in order to establish a real tax. Regiments of the "new system" were created.

Alexei Mikhailovich (1645 - 1676)

In the history of Russia he was nicknamed the Quietest. The second representative of the Romanov tree. During his reign, the Cathedral Code was established, a census of draft houses was carried out and the male population was censused. Alexei Mikhailovich finally attached the peasants to their place of residence. New institutions were founded: the orders of Secret Affairs, Accounting, Reitar and Grain Affairs. During the time of Alexei Mikhailovich, a church schism began, after the innovations, the Old Believers appeared, who did not accept the new rules.

In 1654, Russia was united with Ukraine, and the colonization of Siberia continued. By order of the king, copper money was issued. An unsuccessful attempt at a high duty on salt was also introduced, which caused salt riots.

Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)

Son of Alexei Mikhailovich and first wife Maria Miloslavskaya. He was very painful, like all the children of Tsar Alexei from his first wife. He suffered from scurvy and other diseases. Fedor was declared heir after the death of his older brother Alexei. He ascended the throne at the age of fifteen. Fedor was very educated. During his short reign, a complete census of the population was carried out. A direct tax was introduced. Localism was destroyed and digit books were burned. This ruled out the possibility of the boyars to occupy commanding positions on the basis of the merits of their ancestors.

There was a war with the Turks and the Crimean Khanate in 1676-1681. Left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv were recognized by Russia. Repressions against the Old Believers continued. Fedor left no heirs, died at the age of twenty, presumably from scurvy.

John the Fifth (1682 - 1696)

After the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, a twofold situation arose. He left two brothers, but John was in poor health and mind, and Peter (the son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife) was small in age. The boyars decided to put both brothers in power, and their sister Sofya Alekseevna became their regent. He has never been involved in public affairs. All power was concentrated in the hands of the sister and the Naryshkin family. The princess continued her struggle with the Old Believers. Russia concluded a profitable "eternal peace" with Poland and an unfavorable treaty with China. She was overthrown in 1696 by Peter the Great and tonsured a nun.

Peter the Great (1682 - 1725)

The first emperor of Russia, known as Peter the Great. He ascended the Russian throne together with his brother Ivan at the age of ten. Before 1696 rules together with him under the regency of Sister Sophia. Peter traveled to Europe, learned new crafts and shipbuilding. Turned Russia towards Western European countries. This is one of the most significant reformers in the country.

His main bills include: the reform of local self-government and central government, the creation of the Senate and Colleges, the Synod and the General Regulations were organized. Peter ordered to re-equip the army, introduced a regular set of recruits, created a strong fleet. The mining, textile and processing industries began to develop, monetary and educational reforms were carried out.

Under Peter, wars were fought to seize access to the sea: the Azov campaigns, the victorious Northern War, which gave access to the Baltic Sea. Russia expanded to the East and towards the Caspian Sea.

Catherine the First (1725 - 1727)

The second wife of Peter the Great. Took the throne, because the last will of the emperor remained unclear. In the two years of the reign of the empress, all power was concentrated in the hands of Menshikov and the Privy Council. During the time of Catherine the Great, the Supreme Privy Council was created, the role of the Senate was reduced to a minimum. Long wars during the time of Peter the Great affected the country's finances. Bread became more expensive, famine began in Russia, and the empress lowered the poll tax. There were no major wars in the country. The time of Catherine the Great became famous for the fact that Bering's expedition to the Far North was organized.

Peter II (1727 - 1730)

Grandson of Peter the Great, son of his eldest son Alexei (who was executed at the behest of his father). He took the throne at only 11 years old, the real power was in the hands of the Menshikovs, and then the Dolgorukov family. Due to his age, he did not have time to show any interest in state affairs.

The traditions of the boyars and outdated orders began to revive. The army and navy fell into decay. There was an attempt to restore the patriarchate. As a result, the influence of the Privy Council increased, the members of which invited Anna Ioannovna to reign. During the time of Peter the Great, the capital was moved to Moscow. The emperor died at the age of 14 from smallpox.

Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)

The fourth daughter of Tsar John the Fifth. She was sent by Peter the Great to Courland and married to a duke, but was widowed after a couple of months. After the death of Peter II, she was invited to reign, but her powers were limited to the nobles. However, the Empress restored absolutism. The period of her reign went down in history under the name "Bironism", by the name of Biron's favorite.

Under Anna Ioannovna, the Office of Secret Investigation Affairs was established, which carried out reprisals against the nobles. The fleet was reformed and the construction of ships, which had been slowed down in recent decades, was restored. The Empress restored the powers of the Senate. In foreign policy, the tradition of Peter the Great was continued. As a result of the wars, Russia received Azov (but without the right to maintain a fleet in it) and part of the right-bank Ukraine, Kabarda in the North Caucasus.

John the Sixth (1740 - 1741)

Great-grandson of John the Fifth, son of his daughter Anna Leopoldovna. Anna Ioannovna had no children, but she wanted to leave the throne to her father's descendants. Therefore, before her death, she appointed her great-nephew as her successor, and in the event of his death, the subsequent children of Anna Leopoldovna.

The emperor ascended the throne at the age of two months. His first regent was Biron, a couple of months later there was a palace coup, Biron was sent into exile, and John's mother became regent. But she was delusional, incapable of ruling. Her favorites - Minich, and later Osterman, were overthrown during a new coup, and the little prince was arrested. The emperor spent his entire life in captivity, in the Shlisselburg fortress. They tried to free him many times. One of these attempts ended in the assassination of John the Sixth.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1762)

Daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine the First. She ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup. She continued the policy of Peter the Great, finally restored the role of the Senate and many Colleges, and abolished the Cabinet of Ministers. Conducted a population census and implemented new taxation reforms. On the cultural side, her reign went down in history as the Age of Enlightenment. In the 18th century, the first university, the Academy of Arts, and the Imperial Theater were opened.

In foreign policy, she adhered to the precepts of Peter the Great. During the years of her power, the victorious Russo-Swedish War and the Seven Years' War against Prussia, England and Portugal took place. Immediately after the victory of Russia, the empress died, leaving no heirs behind. And Emperor Peter the Third gave all the territories received back to the Prussian King Frederick.

Peter the Third (1762 - 1762)

Grandson of Peter the Great, son of his daughter Anna Petrovna. He reigned for only six months, then, as a result of a palace coup, he was overthrown by his wife Catherine II, and a little later he lost his life. At first, historians assessed the period of his reign as negative for the history of Russia. But then they appreciated a number of the emperor's merits.

Peter abolished the Secret Chancellery, began the secularization (confiscation) of church lands, and stopped persecuting the Old Believers. Adopted the Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility. Among the negative aspects is the complete annulment of the results of the Seven Years' War and the return to Prussia of all the recaptured territories. He died almost immediately after the coup due to unexplained circumstances.

Catherine II (1762 - 1796)

The wife of Peter the Third, came to power as a result of a palace coup, overthrowing her husband. Her era went down in history as a period of maximum enslavement of the peasants and extensive privileges for the nobles. So Catherine tried to thank the nobles for the power she had received and strengthen her forces.

The period of government went down in history as "the policy of enlightened absolutism." Under Catherine, the Senate was reorganized, the provincial reform passed, and the Legislative Commission was convened. The secularization of land near the church was completed. Catherine II carried out reforms in almost every area. Police, city, judicial, educational, monetary, customs reforms were carried out. Russia continued to expand its borders. As a result of the wars, Crimea, the Black Sea region, Western Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania were annexed. Despite significant successes, the era of Catherine is known as a period of flourishing corruption and favoritism.

Paul the First (1796 - 1801)

Son of Catherine II and Peter III. Relations between the Empress and her son were strained. Catherine saw her grandson Alexander on the Russian throne. But before her death, the will disappeared, so the power passed to Paul. The sovereign issued a law on succession to the throne and stopped the opportunity for women to rule the country. The eldest male representative became the ruler. The positions of the nobles were weakened and the position of the peasants was improved (a law on a three-day corvee was adopted, the poll tax was abolished, and the separate sale of family members was prohibited). Administrative and military reforms were carried out. Drilling and censorship intensified.

Under Paul, Russia joined the anti-French coalition, and troops led by Suvorov liberated Northern Italy from the French. Paul also prepared a campaign against India. He was killed in 1801 during a palace coup organized by his son Alexander.

Alexander the First (1801 - 1825)

Eldest son of Paul I. He went down in history as Alexander the Blessed. He carried out moderate-liberal reforms, Speransky and members of the Private Committee became their developer. The reforms consisted in an attempt to weaken serfdom (decree on free cultivators), replacing the Petrine collegiums with ministries. A military reform was carried out, according to which military settlements were formed. They contributed to the maintenance of a standing army.

In foreign policy, Alexander maneuvered between England and France, moving closer to one or the other country. Part of Georgia, Finland, Bessarabia, part of Poland joined Russia. Alexander won the Patriotic War of 1812 with Napoleon. He died unexpectedly in 1825, which gave rise to rumors that the king had gone into a hermitage.

Nicholas the First (1825 - 1855)

Third son of Emperor Paul. He rose to reign, since Alexander the First left no heirs, and the second brother Constantine renounced the throne. The first days of his accession began with the Decembrist uprising, which the emperor suppressed. The emperor tightened the state of the country, his policy was aimed against the reforms and indulgences of Alexander the First. Nicholas was severe, for which he was nicknamed Palkin (punishment with sticks was the most common in his time).

During the time of Nicholas, the Secret Police was created to track future revolutionaries, the laws of the Russian Empire were codified, the monetary reform of Kankrin and the reform of state peasants were carried out. Russia participated in wars with Turkey and Persia. At the end of the reign of Nicholas, the difficult Crimean War took place, but the emperor died before he lived to see its end.

Alexander II (1855 - 1881)

The eldest son of Nicholas, went down in history as a great reformer who ruled in the 19th century. In history, Alexander II was called the Liberator. The emperor had to end the bloody Crimean War, as a result, Russia signed an agreement that infringes on its interests. The great reforms of the emperor include: the abolition of serfdom, the modernization of the financial system, the elimination of military settlements, the reform of secondary and higher education, the judicial and zemstvo reforms, the improvement of local government and the military reform, during which the rejection of recruits and the introduction of universal military service.

In foreign policy, he adhered to the course of Catherine II. Victories were won in the Caucasian and Russian-Turkish wars. Despite the great reforms, the growth of public discontent continued. The emperor died as a result of a successful terrorist attack.

Alexander the Third (1881 - 1894)

During his reign, Russia did not conduct a single war, for which Alexander III was named Emperor the Peacemaker. He adhered to conservative views and carried out a number of counter-reforms, unlike his father. Alexander the Third adopted the Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy, increased administrative pressure, and destroyed university self-government.

During his reign, the law "On Cook's Children" was adopted. It limited the possibility of education for children from the lower strata. The situation of the liberated peasants improved. The Peasants' Bank was opened, redemption payments were lowered, and the poll tax was abolished. The emperor's foreign policy was characterized by openness and peacefulness.

Nicholas II (1894 - 1917)

The last emperor of Russia and the representative of the Romanov dynasty on the throne. His reign was characterized by rapid economic development and the growth of the revolutionary movement. Nicholas II decided to go to war with Japan (1904-1905), which was lost. This increased public discontent and led to the revolution (1905-1907). As a result, Nicholas II signed a decree on the creation of a Duma. Russia became a constitutional monarchy.

By order of Nicholas, at the beginning of the 20th century, an agrarian reform (Stolypin's project), a monetary reform (Witte's project) were carried out, and the army was modernized. In 1914, Russia was drawn into the First World War. Which led to the strengthening of the revolutionary movement and the discontent of the people. In February 1917, a revolution took place, and Nicholas was forced to abdicate. He was shot along with his family and courtiers in 1918. The imperial family is canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Georgy Lvov (1917 - 1917)

Russian politician, held power from March to July 1917. He was the head of the Provisional Government, bore the title of prince, descended from distant branches of the Rurikovich. He was appointed by Nicholas II after signing the abdication. He was a member of the first State Duma. He worked as the head of the Moscow City Duma. During the First World War, he created an alliance to help the wounded and was engaged in the delivery of food and medicine to hospitals. After the failure in the June offensive at the front and the July uprising of the Bolsheviks, Georgy Evgenievich Lvov voluntarily resigned.

Alexander Kerensky (1917 - 1917)

He was the head of the Provisional Government from July to October 1917, until the October socialist revolution. He was a lawyer by education, was a member of the Fourth State Duma, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Alexander was Minister of Justice and Minister of War of the Provisional Government until July. Then he became chairman of the government, retaining the post of military and naval minister. He was overthrown during the October Revolution and fled from Russia. He lived all his life in exile, died in 1970.

Vladimir Lenin (1917 - 1924)

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov is a major Russian revolutionary. Leader of the Bolshevik Party, theorist of Marxism. During the October Revolution, the Bolshevik Party came to power. Vladimir Lenin became the leader of the country and the creator of the first socialist state in the history of the world.

During the reign of Lenin, World War I ended in 1918. Russia signed a humiliating peace and lost part of the territories of the southern regions (later they again became part of the country). Important decrees on peace, land and power were signed. Until 1922, the Civil War continued, in which the Bolshevik army won. A labor reform was passed, a clear working day was established, mandatory days off and holidays. All workers were entitled to a pension. Everyone has the right to free education and health care. The capital was moved to Moscow. The USSR was created.

Along with many social reforms, religion was persecuted. Almost all churches and monasteries were closed, property was liquidated or plundered. Mass terror and executions continued, an unbearable surplus appraisal (a tax in grain and products paid by the peasants), an exodus of the intelligentsia and the cultural elite was introduced. He died in 1924, in recent years he was ill and practically cannot lead the country. This is the only person whose body is still embalmed in Red Square.

Joseph Stalin (1924 - 1953)

In the course of numerous intrigues, Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili became the leader of the country. Soviet revolutionary, supporter of Marxism. The timing of his reign is still considered ambiguous. Stalin directed the development of the country towards mass industrialization and collectivization. Formed a super-centralized administrative-command system. His rule became an example of a rigid autocracy.

Heavy industry was actively developing in the country, there was an increase in the construction of factories, reservoirs, canals and other large-scale projects. But often the work was done by prisoners. The time of Stalin was remembered for mass terror, conspiracies against many intellectuals, executions, deportation of peoples, violation of fundamental human rights. The personality cult of Stalin and Lenin flourished.

Stalin was the supreme commander during the Great Patriotic War. Under his leadership, the Soviet army won a victory in the USSR and reached Berlin, an act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed. Stalin died in 1953.

Nikita Khrushchev (1953 - 1962)

Khrushchev's rule is called the "thaw". During his leadership, many political "criminals" were released or commuted, and ideological censorship was reduced. The USSR actively explored space, and for the first time under Nikita Sergeevich, our cosmonauts flew into outer space. The construction of residential buildings developed at an active pace to provide young families with apartments.

Khrushchev's policy was aimed at combating personal farming. He forbade collective farmers to keep personal livestock. The corn campaign was actively carried out - an attempt to make corn the main crop. Virgin lands were massively developed. Khrushchev's reign was remembered for the Novocherkassk execution of workers, the Caribbean crisis, the beginning of the Cold War, and the construction of the Berlin Wall. Khrushchev was removed from the post of First Secretary as a result of a conspiracy.

Leonid Brezhnev (1962 - 1982)

The period of Brezhnev's rule in history was called the "era of stagnation". Nevertheless, in 2013 he was recognized as the best leader of the USSR. Heavy industry continued to develop in the country, and the light sector grew at a minimal pace. In 1972, the anti-alcohol campaign passed, and the volume of alcohol production decreased, but the shadow sector of the distribution of the surrogate increased.

Under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev, the Afghan war was unleashed in 1979. The international policy of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU was aimed at defusing world tension in connection with the Cold War. France signed a joint statement on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. In 1980, the Summer Olympics were held in Moscow.

Yuri Andropov (1982 - 1984)

Andropov was the chairman of the KGB from 1967 to 1982, which could not but be reflected in the short period of his rule. The role of the KGB was strengthened. Special subdivisions were created to supervise enterprises and organizations of the USSR. A large-scale campaign was held to strengthen labor discipline at factories. Yuri Andropov began a general purge of the party apparatus. There were high-profile trials on corruption issues. Planned to begin the modernization of the political apparatus and a series of economic reforms. Andropov died in 1984 as a result of kidney failure due to gout.

Konstantin Chernenko (1984 - 1985)

Chernenko got into the leadership of the state at the age of 72, already having serious health problems. And was considered just an intermediate figure. He was in power for a little less than a year. Historians disagree on the role of Konstantin Chernenko. Some believe that he hindered Andropov's undertakings by hiding corruption cases. Others believe that Chernenko was a successor to the policy of his predecessor. Konstantin Ustinovich died of cardiac arrest in March 1985.

Mikhail Gorbachev (1985 - 1991)

He became the last general secretary of the party and the last leader of the USSR. Gorbachev's role in the life of the country is considered ambiguous. He has received many awards, the most prestigious being the Nobel Peace Prize. Under him, cardinal reforms were carried out and the policy of the state was changed. Gorbachev outlined a course for "perestroika" - the introduction of market relations, the democratic development of the country, publicity and freedom of speech. All this led the unprepared country to a deep crisis. Under Mikhail Sergeyevich, Soviet troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan, and the Cold War ended. The USSR and the Warsaw bloc collapsed.

Table of the reign of Russian tsars

A table representing all the rulers of Russia in chronological order. Next to the name of each king, emperor and head of state is the time of his reign. The scheme gives an idea of ​​the sequence of monarchs.

Many believe that there is no need to know the history of their state. However, any historian is ready to thoroughly argue with this. After all, knowing the history of the rulers of Russia is very important not only for the overall development, but also in order not to make the mistakes of the past.

In this article, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the table of all the rulers of our country from the date of its foundation in chronological order. The article will help you find out who and when ruled our country, as well as what outstanding things he did for it.

Before the advent of Rus', a large number of different tribes lived in its future territory for many centuries, however, the history of our state started in the 10th century with the call to the throne of the Russian state of Rurik. He laid the foundation for the Rurik dynasty.

List of classifications of rulers of Russia

It's no secret that history is a whole science, which is studied by a huge number of people called historians. For convenience, the entire history of the development of our country has been divided into the following stages:

1. Novgorod princes (from 863 to 882).
2. Great Kyiv princes (from 882 to 1263).
3. Moscow principality (from 1283 to 1547).
4. Tsars and emperors (from 1547 to 1917).
5. USSR (from 1917 to 1991).
6. Presidents (from 1991 to the present day).

As can be understood from this list, the center of the political life of our state, in other words, the capital, has changed several times depending on the era and events taking place in the country. Until 1547, the princes of the Rurik dynasty were at the head of Rus'. However, after that, the process of monarchization of the country began, which continued until 1917, when the Bolsheviks came to power. Further, the collapse of the USSR, the emergence of independent countries on the territory of the former Rus' and, of course, the emergence of democracy.

So, to study this issue thoroughly., to learn details about all the rulers of the state in chronological order, we suggest studying the information of the following chapters of the article.

Heads of state from 862 to the period of fragmentation

This period includes the Novgorod and Great Kyiv princes. The main source of information that has survived to this day and helps all historians to compile lists and tables of all rulers is the Tale of Bygone Years. Thanks to this document, they were able to accurately or as close as possible to the exact set all the dates of the reign of the Russian princes of that time.

So, list of Novgorod and Kyiv princes looks like this:

Obviously, for any ruler, from Rurik to Putin, the main goal was to strengthen and modernize their state in the international arena. Of course, they all pursued the same goal, however, each of them preferred to go to the goal in their own way.

Fragmentation of Kievan Rus

After the reign of Yaropolk Vladimirovich, the process of a strong decline of Kyiv and the state as a whole began. This period is called the times of fragmentation of Rus'. During this time, all the people who were at the head of the state did not leave any significant mark on history, but only brought the state into its worst form.

Thus, until 1169, the following personalities managed to visit the throne of the ruler: Izyavlav the Third, Izyaslav Chernigov, Vyacheslav Rurikovich, and also Rostislav Smolensky.

Vladimir princes

After fragmentation, the capital of our state was moved to a city called Vladimir. This happened for the following reasons:

1. The Kiev principality has undergone a total decline and weakening.
2. Several political centers arose in the country, which they tried to pull over the board.
3. Every day the influence of the feudal lords grew.

The two most influential centers of influence on Russian politics were Vladimir and Galich. Although the Vladimir time was not as long as the rest, it left a serious mark on the history of the development of the Russian state. Therefore, it is necessary to make a list following Vladimir princes:

• Prince Andrei - ruled for 15 years from 1169.
• Vsevolod - was in power for a long 36 years, starting in 1176.
• George Vsevolodovich - stood at the head of Rus' from 1218 to 1238.
• Yaroslav - was also the son of Vsevolod Andreevich. Ruled from 1238 to 1246.
• Alexander Nevsky, who was on the throne for 11 long and productive years, came to power in 1252 and died in 1263. It's no secret that Nevsky was a great commander who made a huge contribution to the development of our state.
• Yaroslav III - from 1263 to 1272.
• Dmitry the first - 1276 - 1283.
• Dmitry II - 1284 - 1293.
• Andrey Gorodetsky - the Grand Duke, who ruled in the period 1293 - 1303.
• Mikhail of Tverskoy, also called "Saint". Came to power in 1305 and died in 1317.

As you may have noticed, the rulers were not included in this list for some time. The fact is that they did not leave any significant trace in the history of the development of Rus'. For this reason, they are not studied in the school course.

When the fragmentation of the country ended, there was a transfer of the political center of the country to Moscow. Moscow princes:

For the next 10 years, Rus' again experienced a decline. During these years, the Rurik dynasty was broken off, and various boyar families were in power.

The beginning of the Romanovs, the rise of the tsars to power, the monarchy

List of rulers of Russia from 1548 until the end of the 17th century is as follows:

• Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible is one of the most famous and useful for the history of the rulers of Russia. Ruled from 1548 to 1574, after which the reign was interrupted for 2 years.
• Semyon Kasimovsky (1574 - 1576).
• Ivan the Terrible returned to power and ruled until 1584.
• Tsar Fedor (1584 - 1598).

After Fedor's death, it turned out that he had no heirs. From that moment on, the state began to experience new problems. They lasted until 1612. The Rurik dynasty was over. It was replaced by a new one: the Romanov dynasty. They began their reign in 1613.

• Mikhail Romanov is the first representative of the Romanovs. Ruled from 1613 to 1645.
• After the death of Mikhail, his heir Alexei Mikhailovich sat on the throne. (1645 - 1676)
• Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682).
• Sophia, Fyodor's sister. When Fedor died, his heirs were not yet ready to come to power. Therefore, the emperor's sister ascended the throne. She ruled from 1682 to 1689.

It is impossible to deny that with the advent of the Romanov dynasty, stability finally came to Russia. They were able to do what the Rurikovichs had been striving for so long. Namely: useful reforms, strengthening of power, territorial growth and banal strengthening. Finally, Russia entered the world field as one of the favorites.

Peter I

Historians claim that for all the improvements in our state we owe it to Peter I. He is rightfully considered the great Russian tsar and emperor.

Peter the Great launched the heyday of the Russian state, the fleet and army strengthened. He pursued an aggressive foreign policy, which at times strengthened Russia's position in the global race for supremacy. Of course, even before him, many rulers realized that the armed forces are the key to the success of the state, however, only he managed to achieve such success in this area.

After Peter the Great, the list of rulers of the Russian Empire is as follows:

The monarchy in the Russian Empire existed for quite a long time and left a huge mark on its history. The Romanov dynasty is one of the most legendary in the whole world. However, like everything else, it was destined to end after the October Revolution, which changed the structure of the state to a republic. There were no more kings.

USSR times

After the execution of Nicholas II and his family, Vladimir Lenin came to power. At this moment, the state of the USSR(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was legally formalized. Lenin led the country until 1924.

List of rulers of the USSR:

During Gorbachev's time, the country again experienced colossal changes. There was a collapse of the USSR, as well as the emergence of independent states on the territory of the former USSR. Boris Yeltsin, president of independent Russia, came to power by force. He ruled from 1991 to 1999.

In 1999, Boris Yeltsin voluntarily resigned as president of Russia, leaving behind a successor, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. A year later, Putin was officially elected by the people and was at the head of Russia until 2008.

In 2008, another election was held, which was won by Dmitry Medvedev, who ruled until 2012. In 2012, Vladimir Putin was again elected president of the Russian Federation and holds the presidency today.

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Rurik (862-879)

Rurik Prince of Novgorod, nicknamed the Varangian, as he was called to reign by the Novgorodians because of the Varangian Sea. Rurik is the founder of the Rurik dynasty. He was married to a woman named Efanda, with whom he had a son named Igor. He also raised his daughter and stepson Askold. After his two brothers died, he became the sole ruler of the country. He gave all the surrounding villages and settlements to the management of his close associates, where they had the right to independently create a court. Around this time, Askold and Dir, two brothers who were in no way related to Rurik by family ties, occupied the city of Kyiv and began to rule the glades.

Oleg (879 - 912)

Kyiv prince, nicknamed the Prophet. Being a relative of Prince Rurik, he was the guardian of his son Igor. According to legend, he died, stung in the leg by a snake. Prince Oleg became famous for his intelligence and military prowess. With a huge army for those times, the prince went along the Dnieper. On the way, he conquered Smolensk, then Lyubech, and then took Kyiv, making it the capital. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg showed the glades the little son of Rurik - Igor as their prince. He went on a military campaign to Greece and, with a brilliant victory, provided the Russians with preferential rights to free trade in Constantinople.

Igor (912 - 945)

Following the example of Prince Oleg, Igor Rurikovich conquered all the neighboring tribes and forced them to pay tribute, successfully repulsed the Pecheneg raids and also undertook a campaign in Greece, which, however, was not as successful as the campaign of Prince Oleg. As a result, Igor was killed by the neighboring subjugated tribes of the Drevlyans for his irrepressible greed in extortions.

Olga (945 - 957)

Olga was the wife of Prince Igor. She, according to the customs of that time, very cruelly took revenge on the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband, and also conquered the main city of the Drevlyans - Korosten. Olga was distinguished by very good ability to rule, as well as a brilliant, sharp mind. Already at the end of her life, she accepted Christianity in Constantinople, for which she was later canonized as a saint and named Equal-to-the-Apostles.

Svyatoslav Igorevich (after 964 - spring 972)

The son of Prince Igor and Princess Olga, who, after the death of her husband, took the reins of government into her own hands, while her son grew up, learning the wisdom of the art of war. In 967, he managed to defeat the army of the Bulgarian king, which greatly alarmed the emperor of Byzantium, John, who, in collusion with the Pechenegs, persuaded them to attack Kiev. In 970, together with the Bulgarians and Hungarians, after the death of Princess Olga, Svyatoslav went on a campaign against Byzantium. The forces were not equal, and Svyatoslav was forced to sign a peace treaty with the empire. After his return to Kyiv, he was brutally killed by the Pechenegs, and then the skull of Svyatoslav was decorated with gold and made from it a bowl for pies.

Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich (972 - 978 or 980)

After the death of his father, Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich, he made an attempt to unite Rus' under his rule, defeating his brothers: Oleg Drevlyansky and Vladimir Novgorodsky, forcing them to leave the country, and then annexed their lands to the Kiev principality. He managed to conclude a new agreement with the Byzantine Empire, and also to attract the horde of the Pecheneg Khan Ildea to his service. Tried to establish diplomatic relations with Rome. Under him, as the Joachim manuscript testifies, Christians were given a lot of freedom in Rus', which caused displeasure of the pagans. Vladimir Novgorodsky immediately took advantage of this displeasure and, having agreed with the Varangians, recaptured Novgorod for himself, then Polotsk, and then besieged Kyiv. Yaropolk was forced to flee to Roden. He tried to make peace with his brother, for which he went to Kyiv, where he was a Varangian. Chronicles characterize this prince as a peace-loving and meek ruler.

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (978 or 980 - 1015)

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich Vladimir was the youngest son of Prince Svyatoslav. He was Prince of Novgorod since 968. Became Prince of Kyiv in 980. He was distinguished by a very warlike disposition, which allowed him to conquer the Radimichi, Vyatichi and Yotvingians. Vladimir also waged wars with the Pechenegs, with the Volga Bulgaria, with the Byzantine Empire and Poland. It was during the reign of Prince Vladimir in Rus' that defensive structures were built at the borders of the rivers: Desna, Trubezh, Sturgeon, Sula and others. Vladimir also did not forget about his capital city. It was under him that Kyiv was rebuilt with stone buildings. But Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became famous and remained in history due to the fact that in 988 - 989. made Christianity the state religion of Kievan Rus, which immediately increased the authority of the country in the international arena. Under him, the state of Kievan Rus entered the period of its greatest prosperity. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became an epic character, in which he is referred to only as "Vladimir the Red Sun." Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, named Prince Equal to the Apostles.

Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (1015 - 1019)

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, during his lifetime, divided his lands between his sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris and Gleb. After Prince Vladimir died, Svyatopolk Vladimirovich occupied Kyiv and decided to get rid of his rival brothers. He gave the order to kill Gleb, Boris and Svyatoslav. However, this did not help him establish himself on the throne. Soon, Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod expelled him from Kyiv. Then Svyatopolk turned to his father-in-law, the King of Poland, Boleslav, for help. With the support of the Polish king, Svyatopolk again took possession of Kiev, but soon circumstances developed in such a way that he was again forced to flee the capital. On the way, Prince Svyatopolk committed suicide. This prince was popularly nicknamed the Accursed because he took the life of his brothers.

Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise (1019 - 1054)

Yaroslav Vladimirovich, after the death of Mstislav Tmutarakansky and after the expulsion of the Holy Regiment, became the sole ruler of the Russian land. Yaroslav was distinguished by a sharp mind, for which, in fact, he received his nickname - the Wise. He tried to take care of the needs of his people, built the cities of Yaroslavl and Yuryev. He also built churches (St. Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod), realizing the importance of spreading and establishing a new faith. It was Yaroslav the Wise who published the first code of laws in Rus' called "Russian Truth". He divided the allotments of the Russian land between his sons: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor and Vyacheslav, bequeathing them to live in peace with each other.

Izyaslav Yaroslavich the First (1054 - 1078)

Izyaslav was the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise. After the death of his father, the throne of Kievan Rus passed to him. But after his campaign against the Polovtsy, which ended in failure, he was driven out by the people of Kiev themselves. Then his brother Svyatoslav became the Grand Duke. Only after the death of Svyatoslav, Izyaslav again returned to the capital city of Kyiv. Vsevolod the First (1078 - 1093) It is possible that Prince Vsevolod could well have been a useful ruler, thanks to his peaceful disposition, piety and truthfulness. Being himself an educated person, knowing five languages, he actively contributed to education in his principality. But, alas. Constant, incessant raids of the Polovtsy, pestilence, famine did not favor the rule of this prince. He held onto the throne thanks to the efforts of his son Vladimir, who would later be called Monomakh.

Svyatopolk II (1093 - 1113)

Svyatopolk was the son of Izyaslav the First. It was he who inherited the throne of Kiev after Vsevolod the First. This prince was distinguished by a rare spinelessness, which is why he failed to calm the internecine friction between the princes for power in the cities. In 1097, a congress of princes took place in the city of Lubicz, at which each ruler, kissing the cross, pledged to own only his father's land. But this shaky peace treaty was not allowed to materialize. Prince Davyd Igorevich blinded Prince Vasilko. Then the princes, at a new congress (1100), deprived Prince Davyd of the right to own Volhynia. Then, in 1103, the princes unanimously accepted Vladimir Monomakh's proposal for a joint campaign against the Polovtsy, which was done. The campaign ended with the victory of the Russians in 1111.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113 - 1125)

Regardless of the right of seniority of the Svyatoslavichs, when Prince Svyatopolk II died, Vladimir Monomakh was elected Prince of Kyiv, who wanted the unification of the Russian land. Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh was brave, tireless and favorably distinguished himself from the rest by his remarkable mental abilities. He managed to humble the princes with meekness, and he fought successfully with the Polovtsians. Vladimir Monoma is a vivid example of the prince's service not to his personal ambitions, but to his people, which he bequeathed to his children.

Mstislav the First (1125 - 1132)

The son of Vladimir Monomakh, Mstislav the First, was very much like his legendary father, demonstrating the same remarkable qualities of a ruler. All the recalcitrant princes showed him respect, fearing to anger the Grand Duke and share the fate of the Polovtsian princes, whom Mstislav expelled to Greece for disobedience, and sent his son to reign in their place.

Yaropolk (1132 - 1139)

Yaropolk was the son of Vladimir Monomakh and, accordingly, the brother of Mstislav the First. During his reign, he came up with the idea to transfer the throne not to his brother Vyacheslav, but to his nephew, which caused confusion in the country. It was because of these strife that the Monomakhovichi lost the throne of Kiev, which was occupied by the descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavovich, that is, the Olegovichi.

Vsevolod II (1139 - 1146)

Having become the Grand Duke, Vsevolod II desired to secure the throne of Kiev for his family. For this reason, he handed over the throne to Igor Olegovich, his brother. But Igor was not accepted by the people as a prince. He was forced to take the veil as a monk, but even the monastic attire did not protect him from the wrath of the people. Igor was killed.

Izyaslav the Second (1146 - 1154)

Izyaslav II fell in love with the people of Kiev to a greater extent because with his mind, disposition, friendliness and courage he very much reminded them of Vladimir Monomakh, the grandfather of Izyaslav II. After Izyaslav ascended the throne of Kiev, the concept of seniority, adopted for centuries, was violated in Rus', that is, for example, while his uncle was alive, his nephew could not be a Grand Duke. A stubborn struggle began between Izyaslav II and Prince Yuri Vladimirovich of Rostov. Izyaslav was twice expelled from Kyiv in his life, but this prince still managed to retain the throne until his death.

Yuri Dolgoruky (1154 - 1157)

It was the death of Izyaslav II that paved the way to the throne of Kyiv Yuri, whom the people later called Dolgoruky. Yuri became the Grand Duke, but he did not have a chance to reign for long, only three years later, after which he died.

Mstislav II (1157 - 1169)

After the death of Yuri Dolgoruky between the princes, as usual, internecine strife for the throne of Kiev began, as a result of which Mstislav II Izyaslavovich became the Grand Duke. Mstislav was expelled from the throne of Kyiv by Prince Andrei Yurievich, nicknamed Bogolyubsky. Before the expulsion of Prince Mstislav, Bogolyubsky literally ruined Kyiv.

Andrei Bogolyubsky (1169 - 1174)

The first thing that Andrei Bogolyubsky did, becoming the Grand Duke, was to transfer the capital from Kyiv to Vladimir. He ruled Russia autocratically, without squads and vecha, pursued all those dissatisfied with this state of affairs, but, in the end, he was killed by them as a result of a conspiracy.

Vsevolod III (1176 - 1212)

The death of Andrei Bogolyubsky caused strife between the ancient cities (Suzdal, Rostov) and new ones (Pereslavl, Vladimir). As a result of these confrontations, Andrei Bogolyubsky's brother Vsevolod the Third, nicknamed the Big Nest, began to reign in Vladimir. Despite the fact that this prince did not rule and did not live in Kiev, nevertheless, he was called the Grand Duke and was the first to make him swear allegiance not only to himself, but also to his children.

Constantine the First (1212 - 1219)

The title of Grand Duke Vsevolod the Third, contrary to expectations, was transferred not to his eldest son Konstantin, but to Yuri, as a result of which strife arose. The decision of the father to approve the Grand Duke Yuri was also supported by the third son of Vsevolod the Big Nest - Yaroslav. And Konstantin in his claims to the throne was supported by Mstislav Udaloy. Together they won the Battle of Lipetsk (1216) and Konstantin nevertheless became the Grand Duke. Only after his death, the throne passed to Yuri.

Yuri II (1219 - 1238)

Yuri successfully fought with the Volga Bulgarians and Mordovians. On the Volga, on the very border of Russian possessions, Prince Yuri built Nizhny Novgorod. It was during his reign that the Mongol-Tatars appeared in Rus', who in 1224 in the Battle of Kalka first defeated the Polovtsy, and then the troops of the Russian princes who came to support the Polovtsy. After this battle, the Mongols left, but thirteen years later they returned under the leadership of Batu Khan. The hordes of the Mongols ravaged the Suzdal and Ryazan principalities, and also, in the battle of the City, they defeated the army of the Grand Duke Yuri II. In this battle, Yuri died. Two years after his death, the hordes of the Mongols plundered the south of Rus' and Kyiv, after which all the Russian princes were forced to admit that from now on they all and their lands were under the rule of the Tatar yoke. The Mongols on the Volga made the city of Saray the capital of the horde.

Yaroslav II (1238 - 1252)

The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Novgorod as Grand Duke. This prince during his reign was engaged in restoring Rus' devastated by the Mongol army.

Alexander Nevsky (1252 - 1263)

Being at first the Prince of Novgorod, Alexander Yaroslavovich defeated the Swedes on the Neva River in 1240, for which, in fact, he was named Nevsky. Then, two years later, he defeated the Germans in the famous Battle of the Ice. Among other things, Alexander fought very successfully with the Chud and Lithuania. From the Horde, he received a label for the Great reign and became a great intercessor for the entire Russian people, as he traveled to the Golden Horde four times with rich gifts and bows. Alexander Nevsky was later canonized as a saint.

Yaroslav III (1264 - 1272)

After Alexander Nevsky died, two of his brothers began to fight for the title of Grand Duke: Vasily and Yaroslav, but the Khan of the Golden Horde decided to give the label to reign to Yaroslav. Nevertheless, Yaroslav failed to get along with the Novgorodians, he treacherously called on even the Tatars against his own people. The Metropolitan reconciled Prince Yaroslav III with the people, after which the prince again swore an oath on the cross to rule honestly and fairly.

Basil the First (1272 - 1276)

Vasily the First was the prince of Kostroma, but he claimed the throne of Novgorod, where the son of Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry, reigned. And soon Vasily the First achieved his goal, thereby strengthening his principality, previously weakened by division into destinies.

Dmitry the First (1276 - 1294)

The entire reign of Dmitry the First proceeded in a continuous struggle for the rights of the great reign with his brother Andrei Alexandrovich. Andrei Alexandrovich was supported by the Tatar regiments, from which Dmitry managed to escape three times. After his third escape, Dmitry nevertheless decided to ask Andrei for peace and, thus, received the right to reign in Pereslavl.

Andrew II (1294 - 1304)

Andrei II pursued a policy of expanding his principality through the armed seizure of other principalities. In particular, he claimed the principality in Pereslavl, which caused civil strife with Tver and Moscow, which, even after the death of Andrei II, were not stopped.

Saint Michael (1304 - 1319)

Prince Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tver, having paid a large tribute to the khan, received from the Horde a label for a great reign, while bypassing the Moscow prince Yuri Danilovich. But then, while Mikhail was at war with Novgorod, Yuri, conspiring with the Horde ambassador Kavgady, slandered Mikhail before the khan. As a result, the khan summoned Michael to the Horde, where he was brutally killed.

Yuri III (1320 - 1326)

Yuri the Third, married the daughter of Khan Konchaka, who in Orthodoxy took the name Agafya. It was her untimely death that Yuri Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tverskoy treacherously accused, for which he suffered an unjust and cruel death at the hands of the Horde Khan. So Yuri received a label for reigning, but the son of the murdered Mikhail, Dmitry, also claimed the throne. As a result, Dmitry at the first meeting killed Yuri, avenging the death of his father.

Dmitry II (1326)

For the murder of Yuri III, he was sentenced to death by the Horde Khan for arbitrariness.

Alexander of Tverskoy (1326 - 1338)

The brother of Dmitry II - Alexander - received from the khan a label to the throne of the Grand Duke. Prince Alexander of Tverskoy was distinguished by justice and kindness, but he literally ruined himself by allowing the people of Tver to kill Shchelkan, the khan's ambassador hated by all. Khan sent a 50,000-strong army against Alexander. The prince was forced to flee first to Pskov and then to Lithuania. Only 10 years later, Alexander received the forgiveness of the khan and was able to return, but, at the same time, he did not get along with the prince of Moscow - Ivan Kalita - after which Kalita slandered Alexander of Tverskoy in front of the khan. Khan urgently summoned A. Tverskoy to his Horde, where he was executed.

John the First Kalita (1320 - 1341)

John Danilovich, nicknamed "Kalita" (Kalita - wallet) for his stinginess, was very cautious and cunning. With the support of the Tatars, he devastated the principality of Tver. It was he who took upon himself the responsibility of accepting tribute for the Tatars from all over Rus', which contributed to his personal enrichment. With this money, John bought entire cities from the specific princes. Through the efforts of Kalita, the metropolis was also transferred from Vladimir to Moscow in 1326. He laid the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Since the time of John Kalita, Moscow has become the permanent residence of the Metropolitan of All Rus' and becomes the Russian center.

Simeon the Proud (1341 - 1353)

The Khan gave Simeon Ioannovich not only a label to the Grand Duchy, but also ordered all the other princes to obey only him, so Simeon began to be called the prince of all Rus'. The prince died, leaving no heir from a pestilence.

John II (1353 - 1359)

Brother of Simeon the Proud. He had a meek and peaceful disposition, he obeyed the advice of Metropolitan Alexei in all matters, and Metropolitan Alexei, in turn, was highly respected in the Horde. During the reign of this prince, relations between the Tatars and Moscow improved significantly.

Dmitry the Third Donskoy (1363 - 1389)

After the death of John the Second, his son Dmitry was still small, therefore the khan gave the label for the great reign to the Suzdal prince Dmitry Konstantinovich (1359 - 1363). However, the Moscow boyars benefited from the policy of strengthening the Moscow prince, and they managed to achieve a great reign for Dmitry Ioannovich. The Suzdal prince was forced to submit and, together with the rest of the princes of northeastern Rus', swore allegiance to Dmitry Ioannovich. The attitude of Rus' towards the Tatars also changed. Due to civil strife in the horde itself, Dmitry and the rest of the princes took the opportunity not to pay the usual dues. Then Khan Mamai entered into an alliance with the Lithuanian prince Jagiello and moved with a large army to Rus'. Dmitry and other princes met the army of Mamai on the Kulikovo field, (near the river Don) and at the cost of huge losses on September 8, 1380, Rus' defeated the army of Mamai and Jagello. For this victory they called Dmitry Ioannovich Donskoy. Until the end of his life, he took care of strengthening Moscow.

Basil the First (1389 - 1425)

Vasily ascended the princely throne, already having experience of government, since even during the life of his father he shared the reign with him. Expanded the Moscow principality. Refused to pay tribute to the Tatars. In 1395, Khan Timur threatened Rus' with an invasion, but it was not he who attacked Moscow, but Edigey, the Tatar Murza (1408). But he lifted the siege from Moscow, receiving a ransom of 3,000 rubles. Under Basil the First, the Ugra River was designated as the border with the Lithuanian principality.

Vasily II (Dark) (1425 - 1462)

Vasily II Dark Yuri Dmitrievich Galitsky decided to take advantage of the minority of Prince Vasily and claimed his rights to the Grand Duke's throne, but the Khan decided the dispute in favor of the young Vasily II, which was greatly facilitated by the Moscow boyar Vasily Vsevolozhsky, hoping in the future to marry his daughter to Vasily, but these expectations were not was destined to come true. Then he left Moscow and assisted Yuri Dmitrievich, and soon he took possession of the throne, on which he died in 1434. His son Vasily Kosoy began to claim the throne, but all the princes of Rus' rebelled against this. Vasily II captured Vasily Kosoy and blinded him. Then the brother of Vasily Kosoy Dmitry Shemyaka captured Vasily II and also blinded him, after which he took the throne of Moscow. But soon he was forced to give the throne to Vasily II. Under Vasily II, all metropolitans in Rus' began to be recruited from Russians, and not from Greeks, as before. The reason for this was the adoption of the Florentine Union in 1439 by Metropolitan Isidore, who was from the Greeks. For this, Vasily II gave the order to take Metropolitan Isidore into custody and instead appointed Bishop John of Ryazan.

John the Third (1462 -1505)

Under him, the core of the state apparatus began to form and, as a result, the state of Rus'. He annexed Yaroslavl, Perm, Vyatka, Tver, Novgorod to the Moscow principality. In 1480, he overthrew the Tatar-Mongol yoke (Standing on the Ugra). In 1497, the Sudebnik was compiled. John the Third launched a large construction in Moscow, strengthened the international position of Rus'. It was under him that the title "Prince of All Rus'" was born.

Basil the Third (1505 - 1533)

"The last collector of Russian lands" Vasily the Third was the son of John the Third and Sophia Paleolog. He had a very impregnable and proud disposition. Having annexed Pskov, he destroyed the specific system. He fought twice with Lithuania on the advice of Mikhail Glinsky, a Lithuanian nobleman, whom he kept in his service. In 1514, he finally took Smolensk from the Lithuanians. Fought with the Crimea and Kazan. As a result, he managed to punish Kazan. He withdrew all trade from the city, ordering from now on to trade at the Makariev Fair, which was then transferred to Nizhny Novgorod. Vasily the Third, wishing to marry Elena Glinskaya, divorced his wife Solomonia, which turned the boyars against him even more. From the marriage with Elena, Vasily III had a son, John.

Elena Glinskaya (1533 - 1538)

She was appointed to rule by Vasily III himself until the age of their son John. Elena Glinskaya, having barely ascended the throne, very severely dealt with all the rebellious and dissatisfied boyars, after which she made peace with Lithuania. Then she decided to repulse the Crimean Tatars, who boldly attacked the Russian lands, however, these plans of hers could not be realized, since Elena suddenly died.

John the Fourth (Terrible) (1538 - 1584)

John the Fourth, Prince of All Rus' became in 1547 the first Russian Tsar. From the end of the forties he ruled the country with the participation of the Chosen Rada. During his reign, the convocation of all Zemsky Sobors began. In 1550, a new Sudebnik was drawn up, and reforms of the court and administration (Zemskaya and Gubnaya reforms) were also carried out. John Vasilyevich conquered the Kazan Khanate in 1552, and the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556. In 1565, the oprichnina was introduced to strengthen the autocracy. Under John the Fourth, trade relations with England were established in 1553, and the first printing house in Moscow was opened. From 1558 to 1583 the Livonian War for access to the Baltic Sea continued. In 1581, the annexation of Siberia began. The entire domestic policy of the country under Tsar John was accompanied by disgrace and executions, for which he was nicknamed the Terrible by the people. The enslavement of the peasants increased significantly.

Fedor Ioannovich (1584 - 1598)

He was the second son of John the Fourth. He was very sickly and weak, did not differ in sharpness of mind. That is why very quickly the actual control of the state passed into the hands of the boyar Boris Godunov, the brother-in-law of the tsar. Boris Godunov, having surrounded himself with exclusively devoted people, became a sovereign ruler. He built cities, strengthened relations with the countries of Western Europe, built the Arkhangelsk Harbor on the White Sea. By order and instigation of Godunov, an all-Russian independent patriarchate was approved, and the peasants were finally attached to the land. It was he who in 1591 ordered the assassination of Tsarevich Dmitry, who was the brother of the childless Tsar Fedor, and was his direct heir. 6 years after this murder, Tsar Fedor himself died.

Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605)

The sister of Boris Godunov and the wife of the late Tsar Fedor abdicated the throne. Patriarch Job recommended that Godunov's supporters convene a Zemsky Sobor, at which Boris was elected tsar. Godunov, having become king, was afraid of conspiracies on the part of the boyars and, in general, was distinguished by excessive suspicion, which naturally caused disgrace and exile. At the same time, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov was forced to take tonsure, and he became a monk Filaret, and his young son Mikhail was sent into exile at Beloozero. But not only the boyars were angry with Boris Godunov. A three-year crop failure and the pestilence that followed it, which hit the Muscovite kingdom, forced the people to see this as the fault of Tsar B. Godunov. The king tried his best to alleviate the plight of the starving. He increased the earnings of people employed in state buildings (for example, during the construction of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower), generously distributed alms, but people still grumbled and willingly believed the rumors that the legitimate Tsar Dmitry was not killed at all and would soon take the throne. In the midst of preparations for the fight against False Dmitry, Boris Godunov died suddenly, while having managed to bequeath the throne to his son Fyodor.

False Dmitry (1605 - 1606)

The fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev, who was supported by the Poles, declared himself Tsar Dmitry, who miraculously managed to escape from the murderers in Uglich. He entered Russia with several thousand men. The army came out to meet him, but it also went over to the side of False Dmitry, recognizing him as the legitimate king, after which Fyodor Godunov was killed. False Dmitry was a very good-natured man, but with a sharp mind, he diligently engaged in all state affairs, but caused displeasure of the clergy and boyars, because, in their opinion, he did not honor the old Russian customs enough, and neglected many. Together with Vasily Shuisky, the boyars entered into a conspiracy against False Dmitry, spread a rumor that he was an impostor, and then, without hesitation, they killed the fake tsar.

Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610)

The boyars and townspeople elected the old and inept Shuisky as king, while limiting his power. In Russia, rumors arose again about the salvation of False Dmitry, in connection with which new unrest began in the state, intensified by the rebellion of a serf named Ivan Bolotnikov and the appearance of False Dmitry II in Tushino (“Tushinsky thief”). Poland went to war against Moscow and defeated the Russian troops. After this, Tsar Vasily was forcibly tonsured a monk, and a troubled time of interregnum came to Russia, lasting three years.

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645)

The diplomas of the Trinity Lavra, sent all over Russia and calling for the defense of the Orthodox faith and the fatherland, did their job: Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, with the participation of the zemstvo headman of Nizhny Novgorod Kozma Minin (Sukhoroky), gathered a large militia and moved to Moscow in order to clear the capital of rebels and Poles, which was done after painful efforts. On February 21, 1613, the Great Zemstvo Duma gathered, at which Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected Tsar, who, after long rejections, nevertheless ascended the throne, where the first thing he undertook was to pacify both external and internal enemies.

He concluded the so-called pillar agreement with the Kingdom of Sweden, in 1618 he signed the Treaty of Deulinsky with Poland, according to which Filaret, who was the parent of the king, was returned to Russia after a long captivity. Upon his return, he was immediately elevated to the rank of patriarch. Patriarch Filaret was an adviser to his son and a reliable co-ruler. Thanks to them, by the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, Russia began to enter into friendly relations with various Western states, having practically recovered from the horror of the Time of Troubles.

Alexei Mikhailovich (The Quietest) (1645 - 1676)

Alexei Mikhailovich Tsar Alexei is considered one of the best people of ancient Russia. He had a meek, humble disposition, and was very pious. He could not stand quarrels at all, and if they happened, he suffered greatly and tried in every possible way to reconcile with the enemy. In the first years of his reign, his closest adviser was his uncle, boyar Morozov. In the fifties, Patriarch Nikon became his adviser, who decided to unite Rus' with the rest of the Orthodox world and ordered everyone from now on to be baptized in the Greek manner - with three fingers, which caused a split among the Orthodox in Rus'. (The most famous schismatics are the Old Believers, who do not want to deviate from the true faith and be baptized with a “fig”, as ordered by the patriarch, noblewoman Morozova and archpriest Avvakum).

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, riots broke out in different cities, which they managed to suppress, and the decision of Little Russia to voluntarily join the Muscovite state provoked two wars with Poland. But the state survived thanks to the unity and concentration of power. After the death of his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, in whose marriage the tsar had two sons (Fyodor and John) and many daughters, he remarried the girl Natalia Naryshkina, who bore him a son, Peter.

Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)

During the reign of this tsar, the issue of Little Russia was finally resolved: its western part went to Turkey, and the East and Zaporozhye - to Moscow. Patriarch Nikon was returned from exile. They also abolished localism - the ancient boyar custom to take into account the service of ancestors when occupying state and military positions. Tsar Fedor died without leaving an heir.

Ivan Alekseevich (1682 - 1689)

Ivan Alekseevich, together with his brother Peter Alekseevich, was elected king thanks to the Streltsy rebellion. But Tsarevich Alexei, suffering from dementia, did not take any part in state affairs. He died in 1689 during the reign of Princess Sophia.

Sophia (1682 - 1689)

Sophia remained in history as the ruler of an extraordinary mind and possessed all the necessary qualities of a real queen. She managed to calm the unrest of the dissenters, curb the archers, conclude an "eternal peace" with Poland, which is very beneficial for Russia, as well as the Nerchinsk Treaty with distant China. The princess undertook campaigns against the Crimean Tatars, but fell victim to her own lust for power. Tsarevich Peter, however, having guessed her plans, imprisoned her half-sister in the Novodevichy Convent, where Sophia died in 1704.

Peter the Great (Great) (1682 - 1725)

The greatest tsar, and since 1721 the first Russian emperor, statesman, cultural and military figure. He made revolutionary reforms in the country: collegiums, the Senate, bodies of political investigation and state control were created. He made divisions in Russia into provinces, and also subordinated the church to the state. He built a new capital - St. Petersburg. The main dream of Peter was the elimination of Russia's backwardness in development compared to European countries. Taking advantage of Western experience, Petr Alekseevich tirelessly created manufactories, factories, shipyards.

To facilitate trade and for access to the Baltic Sea, he won the Northern War, lasting 21 years, from Sweden, thereby “cutting through” a “window to Europe”. He built a huge fleet for Russia. Thanks to his efforts, the Academy of Sciences was opened in Russia and the civil alphabet was adopted. All reforms were carried out with the most cruel methods and caused multiple uprisings in the country (Streletsky in 1698, Astrakhan from 1705 to 1706, Bulavinsky from 1707 to 1709), which, however, were also mercilessly suppressed.

Catherine the First (1725 - 1727)

Peter the Great died without leaving a will. So, the throne passed to his wife Catherine. Catherine became famous for having equipped Bering on a round-the-world trip, and also established the Supreme Privy Council at the instigation of a friend and colleague of her late husband Peter the Great - Prince Menshikov. Thus, Menshikov concentrated virtually all state power in his hands. He persuaded Catherine to appoint the son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, who was still sentenced to death by his father, Peter the Great, for being disgusted with reforms, Peter Alekseevich, as the heir to the throne, and also to agree to his marriage with Menshikov's daughter Maria. Until the age of Peter Alekseevich, Prince Menshikov was appointed ruler of Russia.

Peter II (1727 - 1730)

Peter II ruled for a short time. Having barely got rid of the imperious Menshikov, he immediately fell under the influence of the Dolgoruky, who, in every possible way distracting the emperors from public affairs with fun, actually ruled the country. They wished to marry the emperor to Princess E. A. Dolgoruky, but Pyotr Alekseevich suddenly died of smallpox and the wedding did not take place.

Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)

The Supreme Privy Council decided to somewhat limit the autocracy, therefore they chose Anna Ioannovna, Dowager Duchess of Courland, daughter of John Alekseevich, as empress. But she was crowned on the Russian throne as an autocratic empress and, first of all, having entered into rights, destroyed the Supreme Privy Council. She replaced it with the Cabinet and, instead of the Russian nobles, gave positions to the Germans Ostern and Munnich, as well as to the Courlander Biron. The cruel and unjust rule was later called "Bironism".

Russia's intervention in the internal affairs of Poland in 1733 cost the country dearly: the lands conquered by Peter the Great had to be returned to Persia. Before her death, the empress appointed the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna as her heir, and appointed Biron as regent for the baby. However, Biron was soon overthrown, and Anna Leopoldovna became the empress, whose reign cannot be called long and glorious. The guards staged a coup and proclaimed Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761)

Elizabeth destroyed the Cabinet, established by Anna Ioannovna, and returned the Senate. Issued a decree abolishing the death penalty in 1744. In 1954, she established the first loan banks in Russia, which became a great boon for merchants and nobles. At the request of Lomonosov, she opened the first university in Moscow and in 1756 opened the first theater. During her reign, Russia waged two wars: with Sweden and the so-called "seven-year war", in which Prussia, Austria and France took part. Thanks to the peace with Sweden, part of Finland went to Russia. The death of Empress Elizabeth put an end to the Seven Years' War.

Peter the Third (1761 - 1762)

He was absolutely unsuitable for governing the state, but his temper was complacent. But this young emperor managed to turn absolutely all layers of Russian society against him, since he, to the detriment of Russian interests, showed a craving for everything German. Peter the Third, not only did he make a lot of concessions in relation to the Prussian Emperor Frederick II, he also reformed the army according to the same Prussian model, dear to his heart. He issued decrees on the destruction of the secret office and the free nobility, which, however, did not differ in certainty. As a result of the coup, due to his relationship with the empress, he quickly signed the abdication and soon died.

Catherine II (1762 - 1796)

The time of her reign was one of the greatest after the reign of Peter the Great. Empress Catherine ruled harshly, suppressed Pugachev's peasant uprising, won two Turkish wars, which resulted in the recognition of the independence of Crimea by Turkey, and also Russia moved away from the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov. Russia got the Black Sea Fleet, and active construction of cities began in Novorossia. Catherine II established the colleges of education and medicine. Cadet corps were opened, and for the education of girls - the Smolny Institute. Catherine the Second, herself possessing literary abilities, patronized literature.

Pavel the First (1796 - 1801)

He did not support the transformations that his mother, Empress Catherine, started in the state system. Of the achievements of his reign, one should note a very significant relief in the life of serfs (only a three-day corvee was introduced), the opening of a university in Dorpat, and the emergence of new women's institutions.

Alexander the First (Blessed) (1801 - 1825)

The grandson of Catherine II, assuming the throne, vowed to govern the country "according to the law and heart" of his crowned grandmother, who, in fact, was engaged in his upbringing. At the very beginning, he undertook a number of different liberation measures aimed at different sections of society, which aroused the undoubted respect and love of people. But external political problems distracted Alexander from domestic reforms. Russia, in alliance with Austria, was forced to fight against Napoleon, the Russian troops were defeated at Austerlitz.

Napoleon forced Russia to abandon trade with England. As a result, in 1812, Napoleon nevertheless, having violated the agreement with Russia, went to war against the country. And in the same year, 1812, Russian troops defeated Napoleon's army. Alexander the First established a state council in 1800, ministries and a cabinet of ministers. In St. Petersburg, Kazan and Kharkov, he opened universities, as well as many institutes and gymnasiums, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. It greatly facilitated the life of the peasants.

Nicholas the First (1825 - 1855)

He continued the policy of improving peasant life. He founded the Institute of St. Vladimir in Kyiv. Published a 45-volume complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Under Nicholas I in 1839, the Uniates were reunited with Orthodoxy. This reunification was a consequence of the suppression of the uprising in Poland and the complete destruction of the Polish constitution. There was a war with the Turks, who oppressed Greece, as a result of the victory of Russia, Greece gained independence. After the rupture of relations with Turkey, on the side of which England, Sardinia and France sided, Russia had to join a new struggle.

The emperor died suddenly during the defense of Sevastopol. During the reign of Nicholas I, the Nikolaev and Tsarskoye Selo railways were built, great Russian writers and poets lived and worked: Lermontov, Pushkin, Krylov, Griboedov, Belinsky, Zhukovsky, Gogol, Karamzin.

Alexander II (Liberator) (1855 - 1881)

The Turkish war had to be ended by Alexander II. The Paris peace was concluded on very unfavorable terms for Russia. In 1858, according to an agreement with China, Russia acquired the Amur Territory, and later Usuriysk. In 1864, the Caucasus finally became part of Russia. The most important state transformation of Alexander II was the decision to free the peasants. Killed by an assassin in 1881.

Alexander the Third (1881 - 1894)

Nicholas II - the last of the Romanovs, ruled until 1917. This ends a huge period of development of the state, when the kings were in power.

After the October Revolution, a new political structure appeared - the republic.

Russia during the Soviet era and after its collapse The first few years after the revolution were difficult. Among the rulers of this period, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky can be distinguished.

After the legal registration of the USSR as a state and until 1924, Vladimir Lenin led the country.

Nikita Khrushchev was First Secretary of the CPSU after Stalin's death until 1964;
- Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982);

Yuri Andropov (1982-1984);

Konstantin Chernenko, General Secretary of the CPSU (1984-1985); After the betrayal of Gorbachev, the USSR collapsed:

Mikhail Gorbachev, the first President of the USSR (1985-1991); After the drunkard Yeltsin, independent Russia was on the verge of collapse:

Boris Yeltsin, leader of independent Russia (1991-1999);

The current head of state, Vladimir Putin, has been the President of Russia since 2000 (with a break for 4 years, when Dmitry Medvedev was in charge of the state) Who are the rulers of Russia? All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who have been in power over the entire more than a thousand-year history of the state, are patriots who wished the flourishing of all the lands of a vast country. Most of the rulers were not random people in this difficult field and each made his own contribution to the development and formation of Russia.

All the rulers of Russia, of course, wanted goodness and prosperity for their subjects: the main forces were always directed to strengthening borders, expanding trade, and strengthening defense capabilities.