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In the novel by A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" two opposite characters are depicted: the noble Pyotr Grinev and the dishonest Alexei Shvabrin. The history of their relationship is one of the main plot cores of The Captain's Daughter and reveals in detail the problem of protecting honor in the novel.
composition:
The novel by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" is devoted to the problem of protecting and preserving honor. To reveal this topic, the author depicts two opposite characters: the young officer Pyotr Grinev and Alexei Shvabrin, exiled to the Belogorsk fortress for a duel.
Young Pyotr Grinev appears in the novel as an infantile, poorly educated nobleman, not ready for adult life, but in every possible way wishing to break out into this adult life. The time spent in the Belogorsk fortress and in the battles near Orenburg changes his character and fate. He not only develops all his best noble qualities, but also finds true love, remaining an honest person as a result.
In contrast to him, the author depicts Alexei Shvabrin from the very beginning as a man who clearly crossed the line between honor and dishonor. According to Vasilisa Yegorovna, Alexei Ivanovich "was discharged from the guards for murder, he does not believe in the Lord God." Pushkin endows his hero not only with a bad character and a penchant for dishonest deeds, but also symbolically draws a portrait of a man with a “swarty face and remarkably ugly”, but at the same time “excessively lively”.
Perhaps it is Shvabrin's liveliness that attracts Grinev. The young nobleman is also very interesting to Shvabrin, for whom the Belogorsk fortress is a link, a dead place in which he does not see people. Shvabrin’s interest in Grinev is explained by the desire to “finally see a human face” after five years of being in the hopeless wilderness of the steppe. Grinev feels sympathy for Shvabrin and spends a lot of time with him, but gradually feelings for Maria Mironova begin to take over more and more. This not only alienates Grinev from Shvabrin, but also provokes a duel between them. Grinev wants to take revenge on Shvabrin for slandering his beloved, whom Shvabrin takes revenge on for rejecting him.
During all subsequent events, Shvabrin increasingly shows his dishonor and, as a result, turns into the ultimate villain. All the most disgusting features of Grinev wake up in him: a slanderer, a traitor who forcibly wants to marry Maria. He and Grinev are no longer friends and not even comrades-in-arms, Shvabrin not only becomes disgusting to Grinev, in the Pugachev uprising they become on opposite sides. Even entering into relations with Pugachev, Grinev cannot go to the end, he cannot betray his noble honor. For Shvabrin, honor is initially not so important, so it doesn’t cost him anything to run across to the other side, and then slander honest Grinev.
Grinev and Shvabrin are two opposites that diverge as quickly as they attract. These heroes choose different paths, but the denouement still turns out to be successful for honest Grinev, who was pardoned by the Empress and lived a long happy life, unlike Shvabrin, who disappeared without a trace under the ringing of chains in prison corridors.
Even more essays on the topic: “Relations between Grinev and Shvabrin”:
The historical story "The Captain's Daughter" is the last work of A.S. Pushkin, written in prose. This work reflects all the most important themes of Pushkin's work of the late period - the place of the "little" person in historical events, moral choice in harsh social circumstances, law and mercy, people and power, "family thought". One of the central moral problems of the story is the problem of honor and dishonor. The resolution of this issue can be seen primarily in the fate of Grinev and Shvabrin.
These are young officers. Both serve in the Belogorsk fortress. Grinev and Shvabrin are nobles, close in age, education, mental development. Grinev describes his impression that the young lieutenant made on him in the following way: “Shvabrin was very clever. His conversation was sharp and entertaining. With great gaiety, he described to me the commandant's family, his society and the land where fate had taken me. However, the characters did not become friends. One of the reasons for hostility is Masha Mironova. It was in the relationship with the captain's daughter that the moral qualities of the heroes were revealed. Grinev and Shvabrin turned out to be antipodes. The attitude to honor and duty finally divorced Grinev and Shvabrin during the Pugachev rebellion.
Pyotr Andreevich is distinguished by kindness, gentleness, conscientiousness, and sensitivity. It is no coincidence that Grinev immediately became “native” for the Mironovs, and Masha fell in love with him deeply and selflessly. The girl confesses to Grinev: "... until the grave, you alone will remain in my heart." Shvabrin, on the contrary, makes a repulsive impression on others. The moral defect is already manifested in his appearance: he was short in stature, with a "remarkably ugly face." Masha, like Grinev, is unpleasant to Shvabrin, the girl is scared away by his evil tongue: "... he is such a mocker." In the lieutenant, she feels a dangerous person: “He is very disgusting to me, but it’s strange: I would never want him to like me either. That would make me afraid." Subsequently, having become a prisoner of Shvabrin, she is ready to die, but not to submit to him. For Vasilisa Egorovna, Shvabrin is a “murderer,” and Ivan Ignatich, an invalid, admits: “I myself am not a fan of him.”
Grinev is honest, open, straightforward. He lives and acts at the behest of his heart, and his heart is freely subject to the laws of noble honor, the code of Russian chivalry, and a sense of duty. These laws are unchangeable for him. Grinev is a man of his word. He promised to thank the random guide, and did so despite Savelich's desperate resistance. Grinev could not give half a ruble for vodka, but he gave the counselor his hare sheepskin coat. The law of honor forces the young man to pay a huge billiard debt to the not-too-fairly playing hussar Zurin. Grinev is noble and ready to fight a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the honor of Masha Mironova.
Grinev is consistently honest, while Shvabrin commits immoral acts one after another. This envious, vicious, vengeful person is accustomed to act by deceit and deceit. Shvabrin intentionally described Grinev Masha as a "perfect fool", concealed from him his matchmaking for the captain's daughter. Grinev soon understood the reasons for Shvabrin's deliberate slander, with which he pursued Masha: "Probably, he noticed our mutual inclination and tried to distract us from each other."
Shvabrin is ready to get rid of the opponent by any means. Insulting Masha, he skillfully infuriates Grinev and provokes a challenge to a duel, not considering the inexperienced Grinev a dangerous opponent. The lieutenant planned the murder. This man stops at nothing. He is used to having all his desires fulfilled. According to Vasilisa Yegorovna, Shvabrin was “transferred to the Belogorsk fortress for murder”, for “stabbing a lieutenant in a duel, and even with two witnesses”. During the duel of officers, Grinev, unexpectedly for Shvabrin, turned out to be a skilled swordsman, but, taking advantage of a favorable moment for him, Shvabrin wounded Grinev.
Grinev is generous, and Shvabrin is low. After the duel, the young officer forgave the "unfortunate opponent", and he continued to treacherously take revenge on Grinev and wrote a denunciation to his parents. Shvabrin constantly commits immoral acts. But the main crime in the chain of his constant baseness is going over to the side of Pugachev not for ideological, but for selfish reasons. Pushkin shows how, in historical trials, all the qualities of nature are fully manifested in a person. The vile beginning in Shvabrin makes him a complete scoundrel. Grinev's openness and honesty attracted Pugachev to him and saved his life. The high moral potential of the hero was revealed during the most difficult tests for the strength of convictions. Grinev several times had to choose between honor and dishonor, and in fact between life and death.
After Pugachev "pardoned" Grinev, he had to kiss his hand, that is, recognize him as a king. In the chapter "The Uninvited Guest", Pugachev himself arranges a "test of compromise", trying to get a promise from Grinev "at least not to fight" against him. In all these cases, the hero, risking his life, shows firmness and intransigence.
Shvabrin has no moral principles. He saves his life by breaking his oath. Grinev was amazed to see "among the foremen Shvabrin, cut in a circle and in a Cossack caftan." This terrible man continues to relentlessly pursue Masha Mironova. Shvabrin is fanatically obsessed with the desire to achieve not love, but at least obedience from the captain's daughter. Grinev gives an assessment of Shvabrin’s actions: “I looked with disgust at the nobleman, wallowing at the feet of a runaway Cossack.”
The author's position coincides with the views of the narrator. This is evidenced by the epigraph to the story: "Take care of honor from a young age." Grinev remained faithful to duty and honor. He said the most important words to Pugachev: “Just don’t demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience.” Shvabrin violated both noble and human duty.
Source: mysoch.ru
The story "The Captain's Daughter" by A. Pushkin attracts the reader not only with interesting historical facts, but also with vivid, memorable images of heroes.
Young officers Petr Grinev and Aleksey Shvabrin are characters whose characters and views are completely opposite. This is evidenced by how differently they behave in everyday life, in critical situations, in love. And if you feel sympathy for Grinev from the very first pages of the story, then acquaintance with Shvabrin causes contempt and disgust.
The portrait of Shvabrin is as follows: "... a young officer of short stature, with a swarthy face and remarkably ugly." To match the appearance and his nature - evil, cowardly, hypocritical. Shvabrin is capable of dishonest deeds, it doesn’t cost him anything to slander or betray a person for his own benefit. This person most of all cares about his "selfish" interest.
Having failed to achieve the love of Masha Mironova, he not only seeks to stand in her way to happiness, but also tries to force the girl to marry him with the help of threats and force. Saving his life, Shvabrin is one of the first to swear allegiance to the impostor Pugachev, and when this is revealed and he is brought to trial, he gives false testimony against Grinev in order to somehow avenge all his failures.
In the image of Pyotr Grinev, all the best features of the nobility were embodied. He is honest, brave, courageous, just, knows how to keep his word, loves his fatherland and is devoted to his duty. Most of all, a young man has sincerity and straightforwardness. He is alien to arrogance and sycophancy. Having managed to win the love of Marya Ivanovna, Grinev reveals himself not only as a tender and devoted admirer. Above all, he puts her honor, her name, and is ready not only to defend them with a sword in his hand, but also to go into exile for the sake of Masha.
With his positive character traits, Grinev conquered even the robber Pugachev, who helped him free Masha from the hands of Shvabrin and wanted to be planted by his father at their wedding.
I am sure that in our time, many would like to be like Pyotr Grinev, while I would never want to meet Shvabrin.
Source: www.ukrlib.com
Aleksey Ivanovich Shvabrin is not only a negative character, but also the opposite of Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, the narrator on whose behalf the story is told in The Captain's Daughter.
Grinev and Shvabrin are not the only characters in the story who are somehow compared with each other: such “pairs” form almost all the main characters of the work: Empress Catherine - the false emperor Pugachev, Masha Mironova - her mother Vasilisa Yegorovna, - which allows us to say about comparison as one of the most important compositional techniques used by the author in the story.
It is interesting, however, that not all of these heroes are absolutely opposed to each other. So, Masha Mironova, rather, is compared with her mother and shows as much devotion to her chosen one and courage in the struggle for him as captain Mironova, who was not afraid of the villains and accepted death with her husband. The opposition of the "couple" Ekaterina - Pugachev is not as unambiguous as it seems at first glance.
These warring and warring characters have many close traits and similar actions. Both are capable of both cruelty and the manifestation of mercy and justice. In the name of Catherine, the supporters of Pugachev (a mutilated Bashkir with a cut off tongue) are brutally persecuted and subjected to brutal torture, and Pugachev commits atrocities and executions along with his comrades. On the other hand, both Pugachev and Ekaterina show mercy towards Grinev, saving him and Marya Ivanovna from trouble and finally arranging their happiness.
And only between Grinev and Shvabrin nothing but antagonism is found. It is already indicated in the names by which the author calls his heroes. Grinev bears the name of Peter, he is the namesake of the great emperor, for whom Pushkin, of course, had the most enthusiastic feelings. Shvabrin was given the name of a traitor to his father's cause - Tsarevich Alexei. This, of course, does not mean at all that every character in Pushkin's work bearing one of these names should be correlated in the reader's mind with the named historical figures. But in the context of the story, where the problem of honor and dishonor, devotion and betrayal is so important, such a coincidence seems to be no coincidence.
It is known how seriously Pushkin took the concept of ancestral honor of the nobility, to what is usually called roots. It is no coincidence, of course, that is why the story tells in such detail and in detail about the childhood of Petrusha Grinev, about his family, in which the traditions of centuries-old noble education are sacredly preserved. And let these "habits of dear old times" be described not without irony - it is obvious that the author's irony is full of warmth and understanding. And in the end, it was the thought of the impossibility of dishonoring the honor of the family, that did not allow Grinev to commit betrayal against his beloved girl, to violate the officer's oath.
Shvabrin is a man without a family, without a tribe. We do not know anything about his origin, about his parents. Nothing is said about his childhood, about his upbringing. Behind him, it seems, there is no spiritual and moral baggage that supports Grinev. Shvabrin, apparently, no one gave a simple and wise instruction: "Take care of honor from a young age." Therefore, he easily neglects it to save his own life and simply for personal well-being. At the same time, we note that Shvabrin is an inveterate duelist: it is known that he was transferred to the Belogorsk fortress for some kind of "villainy", probably for a duel. He challenges Grinev to a duel, moreover, in a situation where he himself is to blame: he insulted Maria Ivanovna, vilely slandering her in front of the lover Pyotr Andreevich.
It is important that duels in the story are not approved by any of the honest heroes: neither Captain Mironov, who reminded Grinev that "fights are formally prohibited in the military article", nor Vasilisa Yegorovna, who considered them "death murder" and "murder", nor Savelich. Grinev accepts the challenge, defending the honor of his beloved girl, Shvabrin, on the other hand, from the fact that he was rightly called a liar and scoundrel. Thus, in his addiction to duels, Shvabrin turns out to be a defender of a superficial, falsely understood honor, a zealot not of the spirit, but of the letter of the law, only of its external observance. This once again proves that he has no idea of true honor.
For Shvabrin, nothing is sacred at all: no love, no friendship, no duty. Moreover, we understand that the neglect of these concepts is a common thing for him. From the words of Vasilisa Egorovna, we learn that Shvabrin "does not believe in the Lord God," that he "was discharged from the guard for murder." Not every duel and not every officer was fired from the guard. Obviously, some ugly, vile story was connected with that duel. And, consequently, what happened in the Belogorsk fortress and subsequently was not an accident, not the result of momentary weakness, not just cowardice, in the end forgivable under certain circumstances. Shvabrin came to his final downfall naturally.
He lived without faith, without moral ideals. He himself was unable to love, and neglected the feelings of others. After all, he knew that Masha was disgusted, but, despite this, he harassed her, stopping at nothing. The advice that he gives Grinev in relation to Marya Ivanovna betrays a vulgarity in him (“... if you want Masha Mironova to come to you at dusk, then instead of gentle rhymes give her a pair of earrings”), Shvabrin is not only mean, but also cunning. After the duel, fearing new troubles, he plays a scene of sincere repentance in front of Grinev. Further events show that the simple-hearted Grinev believed the liar in vain. At the first opportunity, Shvabrin vilely takes revenge on Grinev by betraying Marya Ivanovna Pugacheva. And here the villain and criminal, the peasant Pugachev, shows nobility incomprehensible to Shvabrin: he, to Shvabrin's indescribable malice, releases Grinev and Masha Mironova with God, forcing Shvabrin to give them "a pass to all outposts and fortresses subject to him. Shvabrin, completely destroyed, stood as if dumbfounded "...
The last time we see Shvabrin, when he, arrested for his connection with Pugachev, chained, makes a last attempt to slander and destroy Grinev. Outwardly, he has changed a lot: “his hair, recently jet-black, has completely turned gray,” but his soul is still black: he uttered his accusations, albeit in a “weak, but bold voice” - so great were his anger and hatred for the happiness of the opponent.
Shvabrin will end his life as ingloriously as he lived: loved by no one and loved no one, serving no one and nothing, but only adapting all his life. He is like a tumbleweed, a plant without a root, a man without a family, without a tribe, he did not live, but rolled down,
until you fall into the abyss...
Budennovskaya secondary school
Lesson topic: A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Heroes of the novel. Grinev and his role in the work, the formation of his character and views
Developed by:
teacher of Russian language and literature
Mifodovskaya Anna Alexandrovna
With. Budenny, 2016
Lesson topic: A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Heroes of the novel. Grinev and his role in the work, the formation of his character and views.
Lesson type: combined
The purpose of the lesson: analysis of the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Tasks:
1) Educational: reveal the moral beauty of Masha Mironova - the captain's daughter; trace the life path of Peter Grinev, the formation of his character; writing a comparative description of two literary heroes on the example of the images of Grinev and Shvabrin; learn to work with the text of the work.
2) Developing: continue the development of students' speech skills; develop analytical thinking, creative abilities of students, the ability to find common and different, to draw the necessary conclusions.
3) Educational: to cultivate in students a love for Russian literature through the analysis of the story.
Methods: cartoon viewing, conversation, story, comparative characteristics
Equipment: cartoon, story text, board
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment
2. Introductory speech of the teacher
3. Viewing a cartoon based on the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
4. Checking homework(conversation with students on the topic : "Masha Mironova, her mental fortitude and moral beauty")
5. Conversation with students on questions about the characteristics of Peter Grinev
1. Who were Grinev's parents?
Father - a landowner of the Simbirsk province, a retired prime minister. Mother is the daughter of a poor nobleman.
2. What was Petrusha Grinev's upbringing?
Grinev received a typical home education for a provincial nobleman of that time. At first, he was brought up and taught by the stirrup Savelich. By the age of 12, Petrusha had learned to read and write and “could sensibly judge the properties of a greyhound male.” Then the French teacher Beaupre was invited to him. In his homeland, Beaupre was a hairdresser. Here he was supposed to teach Grinev "in French, in German and in all sciences." But the Frenchman from his student learned how to chat in Russian, and then each of them began to do his own thing. This was the end of Grinev's upbringing.
3. What were his father's views on military service?
Grinev's father saw in the nobleman's military service not a means to achieve a career, ranks and awards, but a serious public duty, a public duty. He sends his son not to the guards, where he could, thanks to family ties, quickly receive ranks without merit. Grinev's father believed that in the army his son would be better able to prepare for the performance of military duty.
4. How does Grinev feel about his parents?
Grinev in his relationship with his father and mother shows a sincere feeling of love, obedience and loyalty to his parents. When sending his son to the service, his father bequeathed him to serve faithfully and not to chase after the caress of his superiors and to remember the proverb: “Take care of the dress again, and honor from youth.” Pyotr Grinev faithfully fulfilled these precepts. In the most difficult life trials, he remained true to his oath, an honest and incorruptible warrior.
5. What traits of Grinev's character are revealed in his relationship to Savelich and the serfs?
This attitude is contradictory. 1) Brought up in a noble environment, Grinev sees slaves in the serfs who are obliged to serve the landowners. 2) Grinev is a humane and simple person. His relationship with Savelich is almost familial. The master and the servant are connected by a feeling of mutual affection. Grinev sees a close person in Savelich. Trying to help out Savelich in the Berdskaya Sloboda.
6. How are Grinev's courage, his devotion to duty and honor manifested and directed towards?
Grinev is an honest and courageous person. These aspects of Grinev's character are revealed during all the most difficult life trials for him: both in a duel with Shvabrin, and in an attempt to help Savelich out when he falls into the hands of the Pugachevites. Loyalty to his duty, the courage of this man are revealed to the readers with the greatest completeness in the scene of the trial and execution of the defenders of the Belogorsk fortress.
But when Grinev decides on socio-political issues, his courage and honesty are aimed at protecting the interests of the nobility and the palace reign of Catherine II. Grinev is a typical representative of his class.
7. What character traits does Grinev discover in his relationship with Marya Ivanovna.
The best qualities of Grinev are manifested in his attitude towards his beloved girl. He loves Marya Ivanovna deeply, honestly, sincerely. His love cannot be compared with the base, animal feeling of Shvabrin, who resorts to slander, to low denunciations, to violence in order to achieve his goal. Grinev's love is pure, disinterested, selfless, for the sake of Marya Ivanovna he risks his life. During interrogation, he stubbornly does not name the girl for whom he met with Pugachev. He thinks only of Marya Ivanovna's interests.
8. How does Grinev feel about Pugachev and his comrades?
Grinev in Pugachev sees a talented commander, a brave, intelligent and generous person who avoids unnecessary cruelty, strives to be fair, to protect the poor and orphans. However, in this case, Grinev remains captive to the noble views instilled in him by the environment. He considers Pugachev an ambitious man who became the head of an uprising in the hope of seizing the royal throne. Grinev did not see that Pugachev was the leader of a popular uprising, fought for the interests of the peasants against the nobles. In Pugachev's accomplices, Grinev sees only cruel people, imbued with hatred for the nobles.
9. How does Grinev look at the state system of his day and how does he explain the peasant uprising?
Grinev does not understand the nature of those events in which he became an unwitting participant. He accepts the existing autocratic-feudal system as the norm of social and political life. He sees the reason for the uprising in the strict measures that were taken by the authorities in relation to the Yaik Cossacks. He does not understand that the main meaning of the peasant uprising was in the spontaneous rush to liberation from the landlord-serf oppression.
10. What in Grinev causes our sympathy and how is it far from us?
Grinev arouses our sympathy with his honesty, loyalty to military duty, and courage. We like his humane (humane) attitude towards Savelich, his simplicity and sincerity. We admire his purity and deep love, which does not stop at self-sacrifice.
Grinev is far from us because he does not understand the great social revolutionary events in which he was an unwitting participant.
Grinev is alien to us with his uncritical attitude towards the existing state system and its head, Catherine II.
Grinev is also wrong in assessing the peasant uprising: he does not notice in it elements of organization, meaning and a special form of humanity. Alien to us are those goals, upon reaching which Grinev reveals high moral qualities.
Grinev
The main character of the family part of the novel is Pyotr Andreevich Grinev. The son of a landowner, Grinev was educated at home according to the custom of that time - first under the guidance of Uncle Savelich, then - the Frenchman Beaupre, a hairdresser by profession. Grinev's father, imperious to the point of tyranny, but honest, alien to seeking before the highest ranks, wanted to see in his son a real nobleman, as he understood it. Looking at military service as the duty of a nobleman, old Grinev sends his son not to the guards, but to the army, so that he “pulls the strap”, becomes a disciplined soldier. Saying goodbye to Peter, the old man gave him instructions, in which he expressed his understanding of the service: “Serve faithfully to whom you swear allegiance; obey the bosses; do not chase after their affection; do not ask for service, do not dissuade from service, and remember the proverb: take care of the dress again, and honor from youth.
Pyotr Grinev seeks to fulfill his father's precepts. During the defense of the Belogorsk fortress, he behaves like a brave officer, honestly doing his duty. To Pugachev's offer to enter his service, Grinev, after a moment's hesitation, resolutely refuses. “My head is in your power,” he said to Pugachev: “let me go – thank you; if you execute, God will judge you.” Pugachev liked Grinev's frankness and sincerity and endeared him to the generous leader of the insurgent people.
However, duty did not always win in Grinev's soul. His behavior in Orenburg is determined not by the duty of an officer, but by a feeling of love for Masha Mironova. Violating military discipline, he arbitrarily goes to the Belogorsk fortress to save his beloved girl. And only after releasing her, moreover, with the help of Pugachev, he returns to the army again, joining the Zurin detachment.
Pyotr Grinev shares the nobility's point of view on the peasant uprising. He sees in him "a senseless and merciless rebellion", and in Pugachev - a robber. In the scene when he demands money from Savelich to pay the loss to Zurin, he behaves like a feudal landowner.
But by nature, Grinev is a gentle and kind person. He is just and admits to himself his frivolity. Feeling guilty before Savelich, he asks his forgiveness, gives his word to continue to obey his uncle. Grinev loves Savelich. At the risk of his life, he tries to help out Savelich when he fell into the hands of the Pugachevites of the Berdskaya Sloboda. Grinev is gullible and poorly versed in people of this type, like Shvabrin. Grinev has sincere and deep love for Masha. He is drawn to the simple and good Mironov family.
Despite the noble prejudice against Pugachev, he sees in him an intelligent, courageous, generous person, a defender of the poor and orphans. “Why not tell the truth? Grinev writes in his notes. At that moment a strong sympathy drew me to him. I ardently wished... to save his head...”
The image of Grinev is given in development. His character traits develop and gradually reveal themselves to the reader. His behavior in each case is psychologically motivated. Of the representatives of the nobility depicted in the novel, he is the only positive person, although he remains, in his views and convictions, the son of his time and his class.
6. Comparative characteristics of two literary heroes. Grinev and Shvabrin.
Preparatory work. Teacher's word.
Guys, you will need to make a comparative description of two literary heroes. Now we will have a conversation and prepare for the analysis, and then you will independently compare the two heroes of the novel. (start in class, finish at home)
1. Let's recall the literary heroes you know from the books you read and briefly outline the most important thing on which their comparison was based.
Students name the queen and the young princess in “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs” by A.S. Pushkin (internal and external beauty of people); Zhilin and Kostylin in the Caucasian prisoner A.S. Pushkin (the desire for freedom and humility with life circumstances); Sonya and Marusya from the story of V.G. Korolenko “In Bad Society” (two ways of life due to the difference in social conditions); Ostap and Andria in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" (why one of the brothers dies a hero, and the other becomes a vile traitor and traitor).
2. What material did we need for comparison:
a) external beauty and internal strength (portrait);
b) the ability to deal with unbearable living conditions (character);
c) living conditions (social status);
d) patriotism and false love for the Motherland.
3. What is the characteristic of a literary hero?
Image of the main character traits, upbringing conditions, environment, portrait, author's attitude to the hero.
4. What is important for writing character descriptions?
The leading, main, main feature that distinguishes or distinguishes him in the work.
A comparative analysis of the heroes of the story "The Captain's Daughter" is carried out according to the plan (writing on the board)
Grinev and Shvabrin. How different they are!
The meaning of these images in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
What do they have in common:
a) an officer from the nobility; b) both love Masha; c) both are young; d) serve in the Belogorsk fortress.
Differences between them:
a) education; b) attitude towards others; c) attitude towards the captain's daughter; d) attitude to military duty.
Like A.S. Pushkin treats his heroes?
What feelings do Grinev and Shvabrin evoke in us.
Sample Answer
Great material for comparing two people is provided by the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Among the heroes of this work, two people occupy a sharply opposite place: Pyotr Andreevich Grinev and Alexei Ivanovich Shvabrin.
What unites them and what makes them completely different from each other?
The images of Grinev and Shvabrin are of considerable importance for solving many issues raised by the author in his work: the relationship between landowners and the peasantry, the duties of a nobleman to the people, human happiness, love, true nobility.
Grinev and Shvabrin are officers from the nobility.
Having met Masha Mironova, the captain's daughter, in the Belogorsk fortress, they fell in love with her.
This is where the similarities between them end.
Grinev was brought up in the conditions of a provincial noble family, Shvabrin lived in the conditions of the capital, received a secular upbringing and education.
Savelich had a great influence on the formation of Grinev's character, who has many attractive features characteristic of a simple Russian person: fidelity to duty, directness, the ability for deep affection and self-sacrifice.
Shvabrin is smart, educated, eloquent, witty, resourceful. But unlike Grinev, he is deeply indifferent to the people, to everything that does not concern his personal interests. Previously, he served in the guards and was exiled to the Belogorsk fortress for a duel.
All this determines the different attitude of Grinev and Shvabrin towards others.
If by nature Grinev is a gentle and kind, fair and trusting person, poorly versed in people like Shvabrin, then Shvabrin is an evil, contemptuous, deceitful and hypocritical person, mockingly treating people, moreover, also vengeful.
Offended by Masha's refusal to marry him, Shvabrin takes revenge with slander, writes an anonymous denunciation to old Grinev about his son. Shvabrin is inhuman towards a woman, capable of violence and bullying.
It has a completely different attitude towards Masha Grinev. He is deeply sincere and truly loves the captain's daughter. Capable of doing heroic deeds for her.
These features of Grinev were brought up in him from childhood. The father sends his son not to the guard, to the army and gives him instructions in which he expresses his understanding of the service: “Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age.”
In different ways, the characters understand the sense of duty.
Grinev seeks to fulfill the precepts of his father. During the defense of the Belogorsk fortress, he behaves like a brave officer, honestly doing his duty. Pugachev liked Grinev's frankness and sincerity and endeared him to the generous leader of the insurgent people.
A sense of duty and honor is completely absent from Shvabrin. Already after the first news of the uprising, Shvabrin had thoughts of treason, which he carried out when Pugachev took the fortress. Shvabrin went over to the side of Pugachev, not out of high ideological impulses, but with the aim of reprisal against Grinev and mastering Masha.
A morally devastated person, Shvabrin evokes a sharply negative attitude towards himself in Pushkin.
Grinev is sympathetic to us with his honesty, loyalty to military duty, courage, we like his sincerity and simplicity, this is how he and A.S. are close. Pushkin.
So different are shown in the novel “The Captain's Daughter” by Pyotr Andreevich Grinev and Alexei Ivanovich Shvabrin.
7. Summary of the lesson (grading)
8. Homework (add comparative description)
The historical story "The Captain's Daughter" is the last work of A.S. Pushkin, written in prose. This work reflects all the most important themes of Pushkin's work of the late period - the place of the "little" person in historical events, moral choice in harsh social circumstances, law and mercy, people and power, "family thought". One of the central moral problems of the story is the problem of honor and dishonor. The resolution of this issue can be seen primarily in the fate of Grinev and Shvabrin.
These are young officers. Both serve in the Belogorsk fortress. Grinev and Shvabrin are nobles, close in age, education, mental development. Grinev describes his impression that the young lieutenant made on him in the following way: “Shvabrin was very clever. His conversation was sharp and entertaining. With great gaiety, he described to me the commandant's family, his society and the land where fate had taken me. However, the characters did not become friends. One of the reasons for hostility is Masha Mironova. It was in the relationship with the captain's daughter that the moral qualities of the heroes were revealed. Grinev and Shvabrin turned out to be antipodes. The attitude to honor and duty finally divorced Grinev and Shvabrin during the Pugachev rebellion.
Pyotr Andreevich is distinguished by kindness, gentleness, conscientiousness, and sensitivity. It is no coincidence that Grinev immediately became “native” for the Mironovs, and Masha fell in love with him deeply and selflessly. The girl confesses to Grinev: "... until the grave, you alone will remain in my heart." Shvabrin, on the contrary, makes a repulsive impression on others. The moral defect is already manifested in his appearance: he was short in stature, with a "remarkably ugly face." Masha, like Grinev, is unpleasant to Shvabrin, the girl is scared away by his evil tongue: "... he is such a mocker." In the lieutenant, she feels a dangerous person: “He is very disgusting to me, but it’s strange: I would never want him to like me either. That would make me afraid." Subsequently, having become a prisoner of Shvabrin, she is ready to die, but not to submit to him. For Vasilisa Egorovna, Shvabrin is a “murderer,” and Ivan Ignatich, an invalid, admits: “I myself am not a fan of him.”
Grinev is honest, open, straightforward. He lives and acts at the behest of his heart, and his heart is freely subject to the laws of noble honor, the code of Russian chivalry, and a sense of duty. These laws are unchangeable for him. Grinev is a man of his word. He promised to thank the random guide, and did so despite Savelich's desperate resistance. Grinev could not give half a ruble for vodka, but he gave the counselor his hare sheepskin coat. The law of honor forces the young man to pay a huge billiard debt to the not-too-fairly playing hussar Zurin. Grinev is noble and ready to fight a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the honor of Masha Mironova.
Grinev is consistently honest, while Shvabrin commits immoral acts one after another. This envious, vicious, vengeful person is accustomed to act by deceit and deceit. Shvabrin intentionally described Grinev Masha as a "perfect fool", concealed from him his matchmaking for the captain's daughter. Grinev soon understood the reasons for Shvabrin's deliberate slander, with which he pursued Masha: "Probably, he noticed our mutual inclination and tried to distract us from each other." Shvabrin is ready to get rid of the opponent by any means. Insulting Masha, he skillfully infuriates Grinev and provokes a challenge to a duel, not considering the inexperienced Grinev a dangerous opponent. The lieutenant planned the murder. This man stops at nothing. He is used to having all his desires fulfilled. According to Vasilisa Yegorovna, Shvabrin was “transferred to the Belogorsk fortress for murder”, for “stabbing a lieutenant in a duel, and even with two witnesses”. During the duel of officers, Grinev, unexpectedly for Shvabrin, turned out to be a skilled swordsman, but, taking advantage of a favorable moment for him, Shvabrin wounded Grinev.
Grinev is generous, and Shvabrin is low. After the duel, the young officer forgave the "unfortunate opponent", and he continued to treacherously take revenge on Grinev and wrote a denunciation to his parents. Shvabrin constantly commits immoral acts. But the main crime in the chain of his constant baseness is going over to the side of Pugachev not for ideological, but for selfish reasons. Pushkin shows how, in historical trials, all the qualities of nature are fully manifested in a person. The vile beginning in Shvabrin makes him a complete scoundrel. Grinev's openness and honesty attracted Pugachev to him and saved his life. The high moral potential of the hero was revealed during the most difficult tests for the strength of convictions. Grinev several times had to choose between honor and dishonor, and in fact between life and death. After Pugachev "pardoned" Grinev, he had to kiss his hand, that is, recognize him as a king. In the chapter "The Uninvited Guest", Pugachev himself arranges a "test of compromise", trying to get a promise from Grinev "at least not to fight" against him. In all these cases, the hero, risking his life, shows firmness and intransigence.
Shvabrin has no moral principles. He saves his life by breaking his oath. Grinev was amazed to see "among the foremen Shvabrin, cut in a circle and in a Cossack caftan." This terrible man continues to relentlessly pursue Masha Mironova. Shvabrin is fanatically obsessed with the desire to achieve not love, but at least obedience from the captain's daughter. Grinev gives an assessment of Shvabrin’s actions: “I looked with disgust at the nobleman, wallowing at the feet of a runaway Cossack.”
The author's position coincides with the views of the narrator. This is evidenced by the epigraph to the story: "Take care of honor from a young age." Grinev remained faithful to duty and honor. He said the most important words to Pugachev: “Just don’t demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience.” Shvabrin violated both noble and human duty.
1 option
Pyotr Andreevich Grinev (Petrusha) is the main character of the story. On his behalf, a narration is being conducted (in the form of "notes for the memory of posterity") about the events during the peasant revolt led by Pugachev.
By the will of fate, G. found himself between two warring camps: government troops and the insurgent Cossacks. In critical conditions, he managed to remain faithful to the officer's oath and remain an honest, worthy, noble person, independently managing his own destiny.
G. is the son of a retired military man, a simple but honest man who puts honor above all else. The serf Savelich brings up the hero.
At the age of 16, G. goes to serve. He, at the request of his father, who wants his son to "sniff the gunpowder", ends up in the remote Belogorsk fortress. On the way there, G. and Savelich fall into a snowstorm, from which some peasant takes them out. In gratitude, G. gives him his hare sheepskin coat and half a ruble for vodka.
In the fortress, G. falls in love with the daughter of the commandant Masha Mironova and fights because of her in a duel with lieutenant Shvabrin. He wounds G. After the duel, the hero asks his parents for blessings for marriage with the dowry Masha, but is refused.
At this time, the fortress captures Pugachev. He accidentally recognizes Savelich and releases G. from the besieged fortress. Already in Orenburg, G. learns that Masha is in the hands of Shvabrin. He goes to Pugachev's lair to help her. The impostor is touched by the story of the helpless girl and lets her go with G., blessing the young. On the way, the heroes are ambushed by government troops. G. sends Masha to his father's estate. He himself remains in the detachment, where he is arrested on the denunciation of Shvabrin, who accuses G. of treason. But loving Masha saves the hero. He is present at the execution of Pugachev, who recognizes him in the crowd and at the last moment nods to him. Worthy of going through all the trials of life, at the end of his life G. is biographical notes for youth, which fall into the hands of the publisher and printed.
Option 2
Pyotr Grinev is the main character of the story. He is 17 years old, he is a Russian nobleman who has just entered the military service. One of the main qualities of Grinev is sincerity. He is sincere with the characters of the novel and with the readers. Telling his own life, he did not seek to embellish it. On the eve of the duel with Shvabrin, he is excited and does not hide it: "I confess that I did not have that composure, which almost always boast of those who were in my position." He also directly and simply speaks of his condition before the conversation with Pugachev on the day he captured the Belogorsk fortress: “The reader can easily imagine that I was not completely cold-blooded.” Grinev does not hide his negative actions either (an incident in a tavern, during a snowstorm, in a conversation with the Orenburg general). Gross mistakes are atoned for by his remorse (the case of Savelch).
Grinev's Duma has not yet hardened in military service, he kept some of them until the end of his life. He shuddered at the sight of the mutilated Bashkir, captured while distributing Pugachev's leaflets. The singing of the Pugachevtsy makes a strong impression on him: “It is impossible to tell what effect this simple song about the gallows, sung by people doomed to the gallows, had on me. Their formidable faces, slender voices, the dull expression that they gave to words that were already expressive - everything shook me with some kind of poetic horror.
Grinev was not a coward. He accepts the challenge to a duel without hesitation. He is one of the few defending the Belogorsk fortress, when, despite the command of the commandant, "the timid garrison does not move." He returns for the straggler Savelich.
These actions also characterize Grinev as a person capable of love. Grinev is not vindictive, he sincerely puts up with Shvabrin. He does not tend to be malicious. Leaving the Belogorsk fortress, with Masha freed by order of Pugachev, he sees Shvabrin and turns away, not wanting to "triumph over the humiliated enemy."
A distinctive feature of Grinev is the habit of paying good for good with the ability to be grateful. He gives Pugachev his sheepskin coat, thanks for saving Masha.
3 option
GRINEV - the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" (1836), on whose behalf the story is being told. The image of G. is a continuation of the theme of an ordinary person, an "insignificant hero", begun in 1830 by "The House in Kolomna" and "Belkin's Tales". The son of a Simbirsk landowner, who has been living on his estate for many years, and a poor noblewoman, Pyotr Andreevich G. grew up and was brought up in an atmosphere of provincial-local life, imbued with a common spirit. Pictures of his childhood, education, upbringing, painted with irony, sometimes stand on the verge of caricature and somewhat resemble the famous comedy of Fonvizin. And the hero himself admits that he "grew undersized." At the same time, the story clearly shows the connection between the “common people” of the “old people” who are faithful to the best national traditions, and the strength of their moral principles - their qualities such as kindness, sincerity, conscientiousness, kindred and benevolent attitude towards each other, and finally, undivided fidelity to duty.
It is also significant that the father of the hero, Andrei Petrovich, this disgraced aristocrat, who at one time served under Count Munnich and, apparently, was forced to retire after the coup of 1762, is a detail that had a kindred and personal meaning for Pushkin. (Compare in “My genealogy”, 1830: “My grandfather, when the rebellion broke out // Amid the Peterhof court, // Like Minich, he remained faithful // By the fall of the third Peter.”) The fate of G. Sr., “a nobleman in the philistinism” , is typical, according to Pushkin, for a time when the ancient nobility is losing its significance, becoming poorer, turning into a “kind of the third state” and, thereby, into a potentially rebellious force.
The best features of G., due to his origin and upbringing, his unmistakable moral instinct are clearly manifested in moments of trials, decisive turns of fate and help him to get out of the most difficult situations with honor. The hero has the nobility to ask for forgiveness from the serf - the devoted uncle Savelich, he immediately managed to appreciate the purity of the soul and the moral integrity of Masha Mironova, firmly deciding to marry her, he quickly discerned the base nature of Shvabrin. In a fit of gratitude, he without hesitation gives a hare sheepskin coat to the oncoming “counselor”, and most importantly, he knows how to discern an outstanding personality in the formidable rebel Pugachev, to pay tribute to his justice and generosity. Finally, he manages to maintain humanity, honor and loyalty to himself in the face of a cruel and inhuman internecine struggle. For G. equally unacceptable elements of "Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless," and formalism, soulless coldness of the official, state-bureaucratic world, especially clearly manifested in the scenes of the military council and court.
Moreover, finding himself in a critical situation, G. is rapidly changing, growing spiritually and morally. Yesterday's undergrowth of the nobility, he prefers death to the slightest deviation from the dictates of duty and honor, refuses the oath to Pugachev and any compromises with him. On the other hand, during the trial, again risking his life, he does not consider it possible to name Masha Mironova, rightly fearing that she will be subjected to humiliating interrogation. Defending his right to happiness, G. commits a recklessly bold, desperate act. After all, the unauthorized trip he made to the “rebellious settlement” was doubly dangerous: he not only risked being captured by the Pugachevites, but put his career, well-being, good name, and honor at stake. The action of G., forced by the irresponsibility and passivity of the command, indifference to the fate of the daughter of the heroically deceased captain Mironov, was a direct challenge to official circles, a daring violation of accepted norms.
Such a combination of proud independence, incorruptible fidelity to duty, honor and the ability to commit crazy, willful deeds, Pushkin especially valued in the old Russian nobility, in particular in his ancestors. In this sense, the "insignificant hero" of Pushkin's works of the 1830s. not only opposes the former, romantic hero, but is also his direct continuation.
4 option
Pyotr Grinev, a hereditary officer in the Russian army, as was customary in Pushkin's time, wrote a memoir about his youth, which coincided in time with the popular uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev. Fate brought young Petrusha, who was just getting to his place of service, with a strange man, whom he and Uncle Savelich later dubbed the counselor. This man met them in the steppe during a sudden blizzard and helped them find their way to the inn. For the fact that he did not let them freeze in the steppe, Petrusha, noticing that this incomprehensible man with "fiery eyes" was too lightly dressed, granted him a sheepskin coat from the master's shoulder. In response, he heard that this man, who looked like a runaway convict, had pawned at the kisser.
Grinev had no idea then that he had met the impostor and the false emperor, although he noticed that he had some mysterious conversations with the owner of the inn, more like a robber's den. Already in the service in the Belogorsk fortress, he heard about the approach of an impostor with an army of rebellious peasants to neighboring fortresses, and that the doors of these fortresses were opening to meet him. But Grinev himself, inspired by the fighting spirit of the commandant of the fortress, Captain Mironov, was not going to give up without a fight. The forces of the opponents turned out to be unequal, Pugachev entered the fortress with an army, and then Grinev recognized him as a leader. He prepared to share the fate of Captain Mironov and his wife, who were the first to be executed, but Pugachev also recognized him and ordered him to be released. Unlike officer Shvabrin, Grinev did not swear allegiance to Pugachev. This is the strength of his character, because he is only eighteen years old and he has never been in battles, but he prefers to die rather than break the oath. That's what his father taught him. Pugachev, apparently, appreciated this character trait of the young officer, because he not only released him from the besieged fortress, but also helped him when Pyotr Grinev returned there voluntarily in order to rescue the orphaned daughter of Captain Mironov, Marya Ivanovna, from Shvabrin's captivity. He spoke angrily with Shvabrin and, even after learning that Grinev had returned for the commandant's daughter, that is, the daughter of his executed enemy, did not cancel his decision to let her go with Grinev and issued the relevant papers.
In relation to Pugachev, Grinev shows respect. In my opinion, this is respect for a strong personality, for fearlessness and nobility. There are few people like Grinev among those around Pugachev. More like Shvabrin. Pugachev is certainly not a stupid person, he could not help but understand this. He appreciates sincerity, truthfulness and fidelity to honor. He does not pretend to Grinev, he says openly that he is an impostor and compares himself with Grishka Otrepyev. He does not insist that Grinev stay with him, knowing Grinev's character, he does not even allow the thought that this is possible.
Grinev's character is revealed even brighter at the moment when he is arrested for his good relations with Pugachev, accused of treason to the fatherland. He does not justify himself, does not hide behind the name of Marya Ivanovna, whom he saved, he accepts his fate in silence, realizing that it will be difficult for him to explain his sudden relationship with Pugachev to his superiors. He himself did not quite understand why this was happening in his life and preferred not to humiliate himself, but to rely on fate.
Thus, on the pages of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" we observe the character of Pyotr Grinev in development. From a beardless youngster who can only dream of serving in the guards and climbing girlish, to a mature, courageous man who independently makes decisions about how to act in certain difficult situations that life generously presents him. This matured Petrusha is able to take responsibility for the fate of Masha Mironova, is able to psychologically accurately build his relationship with Pugachev, save his life and the Machine without sacrificing honor and dignity.
3. Analysis of Grinev's participation in hostilities.
The fifth chapter ends with these words: “My spirit has fallen. I was afraid to either go crazy or fall into debauchery. Unexpected incidents suddenly gave my soul a strong and good shock.
On what paths did Grinev's soul receive a strong and good shock? Maybe on the way to protect the honor of the nobility? During participation in hostilities against Pugachev?
Let's remember the episode of the defense of the Belogorsk fortress, maybe our hero performs a heroic deed there? (no, he was knocked down, he entered the city with the crowd, he was tied with sashes, everything is simpler and less spectacular)
Let us recall the episode on the square in front of Pugachev. Maybe there our hero repeated the answer of his generous comrades? (No. Savelich interfered, the matter took a different turn.)
From the Belogorsk fortress the hero goes to Orenburg, maybe the defense of this city allowed him to show his prowess? Remember the episode of the meeting with the constable. (Grinev participates in riding, sees the enemy, decides to destroy him, but recognizes him as a good friend)
Conclusion. Do we see that strong and good shock that could occur in Grinev's soul during participation in hostilities, on the way to protect noble honor? (No)
4. Analysis of episodes where Grinev and Pugachev meet.
What is the reason for that very “strong and good shock” that Grinev speaks of? (fight for the release of a beloved girl. Meeting with Pugachev)
What is the conversation going on between them?
What side of the character is revealed in this episode?
Can you note in Grinev any shortcomings in his views on current events, on Pugachev (social narrowness, bias)
As the episodes are analyzed, students can complete the following table:
|
episode |
Dialogue between characters. Grinev's life position. |
A strong and good shock. |
|
A feast at Pugachev's. |
Refuses to serve Pugachev, does not promise to serve against him. |
Preserves honor, dignity: directness, frankness, courage. Human and noble honor are placed above life. |
|
Grinev at Pugachev's to free Masha. |
He hopes for Pugachev's help, tells the truth about Masha, asks to repent before the Empress. |
Lack of noble arrogance, youthful insecurity before life, compassion, pity. |
5. Analysis of the love triangle: Grinev - Masha - Shvabrin (let's get to know the character in comparison)
We examined how Grinev's character was formed under the influence of meetings with Pugachev, we will analyze what effect the struggle for his girlfriend had on him. Let's see how the characters behave in this love triangle.
(draw a love triangle and indicate the character traits of the characters on it)
What is the reason for the first clash between the characters? (Shvabrin - lies, slander. Grinev - nobility, protection of the girl's honor.)
How does Grinev behave with Shvabrin after the duel? (generous forgiveness)
What other unworthy acts towards Masha does Shvabrin do? (imprisonment, intention to marry by force)
How does Grinev behave in this situation? (frees an orphan)
Some time later, our heroes collide again. When? (in prison)
What other dirty business belongs to Shvabrin? (denunciation to the government)
How does Grinev behave before the court? (refuses self-defense, because it is based on its human rightness. Leaves the sphere of noble laws, afraid to involve Masha)
Is there anything for which Grinev is still grateful to Shvabrin?
6. Finding the main difference in Grinev's character (comparison with Shvabrin)
Each of you has already come to a certain conclusion about what is the main difference between the two heroes. But let's look at the artistic fabric of the story (we fill in the diagram gradually)
In it (thin. fabrics) two layers are distinguished: noble and peasant. Where could you take Shvabrin? (Shvabrin fits perfectly in the play of social forces. He "came" to both camps (he is a nobleman with noble prejudices, with purely class contempt for another person, and he also becomes Pugachev's servant)
And where could we take Grinev?
(He did not come to any camp. The government is on suspicion as a friend of Pugachev, among the Pugachevites - as a nobleman and intercessor for the enemy's daughter)
What is the reason for this position of Grinev? (He has a humane human organization that goes beyond his time. He is too human)
Sample scheme filling:
Artistic fabric of the work.
He (Grinev) is too human
- Where is the right way? How should one live? Perhaps, like Shvabrin, to move from one camp to another in time?
(I draw on the board, between what the hero turned out to be, we determine his choice)
Legitimacy Humanity
Justice Mercy
What saves our heroes? (The right way is to rise above the "cruel age", retaining humanity, humanity, dignity, respect for the life of another person)
IV The answer to the problematic question posed at the beginning of the lesson.
What meaning of the word "honor" dominates in the work and is applicable to the image of the protagonist?
V Final word of the teacher.
The nationwide idea of honor, love, kindness, mercy was combined in the story of people who resist enmity, hatred, and death.
A person in conflict can act not only as a victim, but also as a hero, rising to the greatness of those forces that oppose him.
The life of Pushkin's heroes is a feat of preserving oneself as a person under the onslaught of the elements of nature and history, at the sight of death. "The Captain's Daughter" is a kind of testament of Pushkin, revealing to readers the hard-won truth about the Russian people.
VI Homework. Composition "Take care of honor from a young age (Grinev in life's trials)"
