The right to live
Alexandra Kaplunova (Laverel)
Chapter 1. The beginning of the game.
Today is the day I've been waiting for my entire adult life. I was one of thirteen girls who were brought into the ceremonial hall. The quiet and monotonous whispers produced by the templars should have been soothing, but for me, on the contrary, they only increased the excitement. The flickering flames of numerous candles placed right on the floor plucked patches of light from the surrounding darkness. The floor was lined with incomprehensible symbols, which were strictly forbidden to step on.
I stubbornly tried to suppress fear, although its smell permeated everything around here. The stone walls were crushing, as if making it difficult to even breathe. I stole a glance at the other girls and was somewhat surprised by their indifference. Not a shadow of fear, they were confident in their every step... Although, if you think about it, it was not so surprising... After all, for many years we have been preparing for this day, growing like plants, drilling to be worthy. They tried to make fanatical victims out of us, to inspire the awareness that we are the Chosen Ones. We were forbidden to communicate with each other, and I did not even know the names of those who were destined for the same fate as me. Only now everything changed for me...
I was still a very young girl and unquestioningly believed in what I was taught. But one day, a company of boys made their way into a modest cell, curious to look at one of the Chosen. That's when our secret friendship began. Despite all the drill, strict rules and an ascetic lifestyle, something mischievous always glimmered in my soul, a kind of inner light that did not allow me to finally become an obedient sheep ... Secret friendship was exactly what allowed me to keep my inner core.
There were periods when there was a desire to escape, to get away from the fate that was prepared, but love for the friends that appeared and the world that was beyond the walls of the temple ultimately kept me from this act. I didn't want to endanger my loved ones, I didn't want to bring the disgrace of the gods to our world. So I have survived to this day.
The day when the masters of this world had to come for their prey. Behind us. Every two hundred years they, these gods, the Creators, came up with a new entertainment. This time they announced their idea twenty years before the deadline. And they demanded 13 innocent girls. We were selected the same night. Barely born, we were taken from our families.
I have thought more than once that, perhaps, it is not without reason that our world is surrounded by wastelands inhabited by incredible monsters, thirsty for human flesh ... Why is everything arranged this way, not otherwise? And is there really nothing beyond these wastelands? But there was no one to ask, and the books contained only eulogies in honor of the Creators.
I continued to stand where they left me, unable to take a step, from a sudden surge of horror. I understand that they are coming. Suddenly there was weakness. I fell to my knees and out of the corner of my eye noticed that the rest of the girls repeated this movement, and two or three, it seems, were already unconscious and just lay on the stone floor.
A cloudy veil covered his eyes.
I hated this day all my short life, realizing that it had not yet arrived, but already with all my heart trying to erase it from my memory. And now this hatred began to warm from the inside, driving away weakness, although not too actively.
In an instant, all the candles went out, but only in order to light up again with an even light. And now their flames shone not red, but bright scarlet. A steady reddish light spread across the floor and walls.
In the next moment, a wave of suffocating pain rolled over, it seemed that all the air had disappeared, all that remained was to try to breathe in bewilderment, plunging even deeper into fear. With naughty fingers, I tried to tear the collar of the hoodie, it seemed that he was choking me. But the fabric was very dense and did not want to give in.
Through the fog in my head, I began to realize that I was suffocating, the blood was noisy in my ears, each push giving off a dull pain in my head.
"Is this really the end? What kind of nonsense..?" - I thought distantly, not understanding why all this is necessary. Fear has been replaced by anger.
In the next moment, I suddenly realized that I was breathing perfectly calmly. Even though he didn't even catch his breath. No raw burning pain in the lungs, not even shortness of breath.
“What was it? Illusion?"
I was finally able to see clearly. Looking back, she was horrified. Two of the girls were tearing at their chests, trying to relieve the illusory pain. They screamed, they went crazy, their minds left them. All that was left was the desire to end it in any way. I realized with a shudder that even a second ago I myself was almost ready for the same. Anything to end it as soon as possible.
I rushed to help them, calm them down, explain that they were imagining all this, that there was no pain, that they could breathe calmly. But something held it in place. An unknown force made me numb. My body didn't belong to me now. I could not even move, but even just blink without the permission of an unknown owner.
The next stage of this hellish performance was an intermission. It was as if someone had lowered a curtain on four of those who had not yet completely lost their minds and coped with the pain. This curtain did not touch me.
I watched in horror as from this shadowy wall that surrounded my victims, one after another, bloodied pieces of cloth flew out. One by one... And then a scream. An unbearable cry of despair, pain, horror. I couldn't even look away.
The shadows dissipated, leaving only shapeless, torn and mutilated beyond recognition bodies. No. Not bodies. Pieces of flesh. And I had to watch.
If someone or something had not restrained me and my body, my whole body, I would have parted with what I ate for today's dinner. But they kept holding me. Me and five others of the thirteen who brought me here. Into this horror. In this hellish farce, without even explaining plainly why we are.
Tears welled up in my eyes, but I squeezed my eyes shut to hold them back. The numbness began to subside. With an effort, I raised my right hand, bringing it closer to my face, feeling incredible resistance, as if stirring almost frozen molasses with my bare hands. For a few more seconds, looking at her stunned, I began to rise to my feet.
"How much you can already build from yourself the weakest. Cockroaches. Those with whom you can play, as if with soulless dolls! I don't..."
Let me! - The last word escaped from my lips already aloud. And quite loudly, although my voice was clearly hoarse.
And only now I realized that in addition to the templars and us, the victims, there were four more. Tall silhouettes were visible in the calm candlelight.
Now I was on my feet and breathing heavily, lifting and overcoming someone else's strength was insanely difficult. It felt like I was walking up an endless staircase. Muscles ached all over my body, my back and lower back ached from pain. Breathing was noisy, especially in the silence that followed.
Enough. It left my lips before I knew what I was saying.
That's all.
It happened.
Sooner or later it was bound to happen, but Yakovlev did not think it would happen so soon.
However, is it too early? Six years ago, Stalin announced to him that he, Alexander Yakovlev, was appointed Deputy People's Commissar of the aviation industry, and his heart then sang with joy that by the age of 33 he had achieved such a take-off. He, a young, one might say, a novice aircraft designer, turned out to be involved in a circle of people close to Comrade Stalin!
... The car shook on the potholes of the Moscow pavements that had not yet been put in order after the war, but Alexander Sergeevich did not feel these shocks. The blow of fate was so strong, its consequences could be unpredictable, and anxiety tightened his chest more and more.
Finally, the car stopped near the people's commissar's house, Yakovlev dismissed the driver with a silent nod and began to slowly climb up to his third floor.
Was it really only six years ago that Stalin shook his hand, admonishing him for a long and fruitful work? However, it seemed to him that for a long time. Near Stalin, Yakovlev knew this well, people did not linger for a long time, but he believed in himself, in his star and believed (devoutly believed!) That the leader would appreciate his boundless love and his talent as a designer and leader.
The wife opened the door and gasped:
Sasha, what's wrong with you? You don't have a face!
Alexander Sergeevich silently pushed his wife aside and went to his office.
On the desk stood a card, framed in a strict frame, which he, Yakovlev, loved so much. This picture was taken before the war at the Tushino airfield. Then Stalin mingled with the crowd of athletes and, before the photographer pressed the shutter, he saw Yakovlev and waved his hand invitingly. Yakovlev immediately found himself next to the leader, and he put his hand on his shoulder, thereby distinguishing him from hundreds of other participants in the air parade. Alexander Sergeevich felt this hand on his shoulder all these years. And today he did not feel her weight on his shoulder.
The wife, violating the established order for years, entered her husband's office and, wrapping herself in a warm bathrobe (four o'clock in the morning!), asked:
- So what happened, Sasha? Don't hesitate, tell me.
And Yakovlev, also violating the order - never talk about what happened in the Kremlin - said:
Stalin accepted my resignation.
Ekaterina Matveevna gasped softly:
– What will happen now? How did it happen?
Yakovlev waved his hand in annoyance, making it clear that he had already said so much and that he needed to be left alone.
He sat in a semi-dark office and looked at the "trump card" phone - the one that only called from the Kremlin. Will he call now? And there was a case when Joseph Vissarionovich called him even on a city phone. Then, in the course of the conversation, the leader asked him some questions, to which he, Yakovlev, refused to answer. Stalin was surprised then and asked why the author of the plane hesitated with the answers. I had to say that the data that Comrade Stalin was asking about were secret, and he had no right to talk about them over an open telephone line. Then, or rather, the next day, they put the Kremlin "turntable" on him.
Where did he go wrong?
Maybe it all started with the arrest of Minister Alexei Ivanovich Shakhurin? Ridiculous, unexpected, literally stunned everyone. Moreover, his arrest occurred almost immediately after the victory (1946!), In which the aviation industry made a very worthy contribution. And Shakhurin, by all accounts, a protégé of the Host (as the leader was respectfully called in the Kremlin corridors), led the people's commissariat throughout the war - from the fortieth year.
Yakovlev believed that he knew Alexei Ivanovich well. After all, he, along with Shakhurin, was appointed by one order to lead the people's commissariat - Shakhurin as people's commissar, and he, Yakovlev, as deputy people's commissar. January 11, 1940. Six years side by side - under the vigilant supervision of Stalin. The whole war. And then, like thunder...
However, Yakovlev could not say to himself that the thunder that thundered over the head of his boss was completely unexpected. For six years of work in the highest levels of power, he became an experienced apparatchik, a "court courtier", as he himself said, and by some smallest signs, by the way the Boss greeted his close associates, how often he invited (or, conversely, did not invite) someone to dinner at his dacha, as someone's name often flashed in award decrees, he learned to guess the change in the leader's attitude towards his subordinates.
But why was only one people's commissar, more precisely, a minister, "taken" from the aviation industry in a new way? Why didn't the "domino principle" work when deputies, performers, plant directors followed the boss? It was surprising: after all, no one else in the people's commissariat fell under the punishing sword of the Organs? And since Shakhurin was accused of supplying allegedly low-quality aircraft to the front, it was logical to assume that his first deputy, Pyotr Vasilievich Dementyev, who was in charge of mass production, would follow him. But he, to the surprise of many, sat down. True, he fell into disgrace, but survived. Bye. And, at least, he could not count on becoming a minister. To survive, not to thunder into the Lubyanka basements, and not to think about the ministerial chair. Little lurked (as Stalin called Dementiev).
And Yakovlev? Did he think about career growth? Who can say it now? In his book The Purpose of Life, Alexander Sergeevich claims not. Moreover, Yakovlev writes that when discussing the candidacy of a new minister with Stalin, he himself proposed to Comrade Stalin the candidacy of an “outside” person - Mikhail Vasilyevich Khrunichev, who once worked as deputy people's commissar of the aviation industry and was responsible for supplying the industry.
We have no reason not to believe Yakovlev, although, knowing his determination, ambition and managerial talents, we can fully assume that he could cherish in his heart the dream of reaching the brightest peaks in his career. Although, how to consider: what is higher in the Soviet table of ranks - to be a successful creator of aircraft or a high-ranking official, which, in essence, is a minister? The answer seems to lie on the surface - the aircraft designer works for eternity, and ministers come and go. But, we emphasize, one cannot discount the ambition of our hero and fanatical devotion to Comrade Stalin. Today it is difficult for us to imagine what a powerful influence this outstanding politician had on his subordinates, a man of indomitable will, who, moreover, possesses unlimited power. To work in the same team with this man, to attend his filling feasts at the dacha in Volynskoye, to carry out his orders, his associates considered it the highest honor, and Yakovlev was no exception here.
All these years, working next to Stalin, he felt his support, and she inspired. The fact that he is now in the leader's field of vision was indicated by the fact that quite recently - on January 15, 1945, he was appointed First Deputy People's Commissar of the Aviation Industry. It obliged a lot and said a lot: the prospects were exciting.
The arrest of Minister Shakhurin hastened the events, and that's when Yakovlev made the very move, the consequences of which he thought so much about, looking at the "trump card" phone. He wrote a letter to Stalin.
Alexander Sergeevich thought for a long time about its content. In it, he wrote that it was extremely difficult to combine the creative work of an aircraft designer with the administrative position of a deputy minister, and he would like to focus on one thing, meaning the management of the design bureau he created, thus leaving the leader to decide what to focus on .
Equipment:
- textbook: L.A. Efrosinina, M.I. Omorokova "Literary reading" grade 4, part 2 "Ventana-Count" 2005;
- cards with the names of the authors of the essays and titles;
- cards with a picture of a child;
- a poster with a picture of a child;
- exhibition of legal documents;
- lists of goals for a literary reading lesson;
- assignments for work in groups;
- portrait of Yu.Ya.Yakovlev.
I. Mobilizing stage.
Guys, imagine that you have a wonderful crystal ball in your hands. From the light falling from the windows, it shimmers with all the colors of the rainbow (the students "turn" the presented crystal ball in their hands).
Let your knowledge and skills also brightly illuminate the work in the lesson!
Is there anyone who wants to take the "Protection Sheet" today? (for guys who, for good reasons, cannot work actively)
II. Updating previously acquired knowledge.
1. Speech warm-up.
Text on the board:
Well done if you're reading
so many different books!
Read this phrase: on the exhale; on the inhale (choral reading).
Compose the intended score, i.e. indicate pauses, main words, decrease or increase in voice (1 student works at the blackboard with an explanation).
A buzzing choral reading from a composed score.
Demonstrative reading from the score (2-3 students are heard).
Let's evaluate the reading guys.
2. Determining the topic of the lesson.
If you guess what the numbers under the words in this text mean, you can determine the topic of the lesson (when you correlate the numbers and serial numbers of letters in words, you get the word "essay").
Yes, today we will work on an essay by Yu.Ya. Yakovlev (a portrait of the author and the word "essay" are opened).
3. - Guys, what is a "feature"? (the statements of 1-2 students are heard)
Let's check! Where was the trap? (V. Kataev "Son of the regiment")
Why? (this is a story)
Let's check the guys at the board! (the work of students at the blackboard is checked and evaluated)
III. Working on new material.
1. - Choose a word so that it can complete all three of these sentences!
On the desk:
Everyone has _______.
I have _________________!
Do you know your ____________?
That's right, that word is "rights".
Today we will get acquainted with Y. Yakovlev's essay "The Right to Life" and expand the concept of "right" for ourselves.
2. Definition of the objectives of the lesson.
Look at p. 128 of the textbook and think about what goals will be achieved in the lesson? Use goal-setting sheets (a list of possible goals for a literary reading lesson:
Listen to the "music of the word"
Explore the world through books
Develop your speech
Create new;
3-4 students are listened to).
3.- Yuri Yakovlevich Yakovlev is a Russian writer, beloved by more than one generation of children and youth. "There are houses in the world to which they come without an invitation. They come, as they say, to the light - when they are sad and lonely. The writer's work is such a house. My house is my books, and my heroes are people for whom the reader crosses the threshold of my Houses". So said Yuri Yakovlev.
4. - I suggest you listen to Yu. Yakovlev's essay "The Right to Life" (reading the text by the teacher).
Primary Perception Check:
Did you like the essay?
Who is this essay about? (After the students answer "About children!" A poster with a picture of a child is displayed)
Try to name the topic of the essay (3-4 answers are heard, the correct answer is children's rights).
Define text type? (reasoning)
5. - Read the essay on your own, and then I suggest that you complete the tasks in groups (each group is given its own card:
- 1 group: Find in the text the name of the official document on the rights of the child. Prove that this text is an essay.
- 2 group: What rights of the child the author calls in the text.
- 3rd group: Find historical facts that are now a violation of the rights of the child.
- 4 group: Choose the words that the author calls the child).
Check out the group work! (representatives of each group defend their answer; after the answer of the representatives of the 1st group, the words "Convention on the Rights of the Child" are hung out near the poster with the image of the boy in the form of a framing ring).
6.- Now focus your eyes on the reading field and answer the questions (frontal conversation):
What does it mean - "a person is happy"?
Try to give examples when a person needs protection?
Why is it easier for an adult to stand up for himself than a child?
Find the difference between the words "child" and "unintelligent baby"?
Explain the expression: "centered in the mother."
Can you name the idea behind this essay? (listen to 3-4 students)
That's right, every child has the right to life!
7.- Find the meaningful word in 1 paragraph (rights)
Find the meaningful word in paragraph 2 (defense)
Read the text again to yourself, and after reading, I ask you to put any, at your discretion, sign between these two words and justify your choice (on the board the words "rights" and "protection" are written with an interval).
What sign would you put between these words? (sign "=")
I agree with you, it's an "equal" sign!
Physical education minute
Let `s have some rest.
Imagine that you are puppets, i.e. puppets on strings. Follow my commands! Hands up, tilt, sit down. Again.
I don't want you to be such puppets in real life too, and you could be manipulated.
8. - What is the main document that protects you children? ("Convention on the Rights of the Child"; brochure on display)
Let's look up the meaning of this word in the dictionary:
Convention - an international agreement on any issue.
And these documents also protect you: "Declaration of Human Rights", "Family Code", "Constitution of the Russian Federation" (brochures are exhibited).
The Convention is a complex document, let's see why it has such power.
The convention is based on 4 essential principles.
Look at this photo (photo of children of different nationalities; with different skin colors). Do you think these children need protection equally? (listen to 1-2 answers)
Of course it's the same. This is the first principle of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: "States Parties to the Convention shall respect and ensure all the rights of every child, regardless of race, color, language, religion, nationality."
The second principle of the Convention: "The best provision for the child".
"States Parties undertake to ensure to the child such protection and care as is necessary for his well-being."
Third principle: "Right to life, survival and development".
The fourth principle of the Convention: "Respect for the views of children".
"The child has the right to freely express his views on all matters affecting him."
9. - Here you are - children (attention is drawn to a poster with a picture of a child).
With arrows, I will depict problems that can harm you.
And what is the Convention for you? (2-3 students' answers are heard; the correct answer is emphasized - "Protection!")
How would you suggest portraying it?
(circle around the child)
This symbol of the protection of children's rights helped us to compile the essay by Yu. Yakovlev and the Convention document itself.
10.- And at school your rights are protected by a social worker.
(viewing a video message from a social teacher of the school to students, containing a presentation, listing functional duties and indicating the location).
IV. Outcome:
1.- You have cardboard men. They do not have their own opinions, feelings, they do not know what they want to be (all students have cards with a picture of a child).
Let's revive them! What do you think, if all people observed the Convention, these documents, the world would be calmer?
And what qualities should a person have in order to comply with all laws? (answers of 3-4 students are heard)
Choose the qualities you need and mark them with a plus (the card lists: kindness, diligence, honesty, justice, tolerance, courage, perseverance, resourcefulness, diligence, curiosity).
Who's on the podium? (those who wish to present their answer with an explanation at the blackboard)
These qualities determine such an important personality trait as philanthropy! (a card with the word "philanthropy" is posted under the child protection symbol)
Right; - clarity; - expressiveness; - conveying the meaning; - conveying feelings; - response logic; - creation).
3.- Why did Yu. Yakovlev share this essay with us? (listen to multiple answers)
Now let's get in a circle! I want to tell you a wonderful poem!
Only you were born
The first right is yours:
get it to be proud of
personal name.It's very difficult on your own
live alone in the world!
The right to live with mom and dad
always use guys.There is another right
remember, think and create
and others their thoughts
donate if you want.If the fever, the whole body aches
And not at all before the game,
Then call the doctor for help
also right kids.To make friends with science
With a book in a small hand
Use the right - study
In native language.I grew up, I took books
And I went to first grade.
All the kids go to school
We have this right.Whether you are weak or strong
White, black, it doesn't matter.
You were born to be happy
This right is given to everyone!
Yakovlev Alexander Sergeevich
Yakovlev Alexander Sergeevich
The purpose of life
Yakovlev Alexander Sergeevich
Abstract of the publisher: The third edition of the memoirs of the aircraft designer A. S. Yakovlev is supplemented with new materials on the development of Soviet aviation in recent years, on the activities of the design bureau headed by the author, as well as new memories of meetings with party and state leaders, scientists, famous military leaders.
Instead of a preface
About this book
Childhood
The beginning of the way
"Working people - build an air fleet!"
A dream come true
Confession
Aeroclub named after Kosarev
Successes of our aviators
Spanish Lessons
War on the doorstep
In Nazi Germany
First fighter
In the people's commissariat
German designers
Hitler and the Nazis
The beginning of the war
It's time for severe trials
Moscow on the defensive
Evacuation
In the East
Great fracture
Dominance in the air
Yak-3 - light fighter
front-line pilots
"Normandy"
Opponents and allies
Constructor and war
The victory of Soviet technical thought
Jet Age
"Flying Wagon"
All is well that ends well
Memories
Wings of the Motherland
World Championship
A new aircraft is born
rocket and plane
Two exhibitions
Domodedovo
The purpose of life
Glossary of some aviation terms found in the book
Notes
Instead of a preface
In the book "The Purpose of Life" Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev talks about his creative path as a designer and public figure, the author, with deep knowledge of the matter, outlines the main, most characteristic stages in the development of domestic aviation.
Such turning points in the history of the Soviet aviation industry as the period of the first five-year plan, when a powerful domestic aviation industry was created, the end of the 30s, when it was possible to carry out a radical restructuring that ensured the qualitative superiority of Soviet aviation in the Patriotic War, and, finally, were analyzed with great depth. , the transition to jet aviation.
The advantage of the book is that the author does not hide the difficulties encountered on the way, but draws a picture of overcoming these difficulties both in peaceful and military conditions. This is of great importance for the education of the younger generation, which must know at the cost of the greatest efforts of the Party and the people the industrial and military might of our Motherland was forged.
The author conveys the romance of design work, as if revealing the creative laboratory of the creators of new technology, their constant search for something new, the struggle not only with the forces of nature, but also with the force of human inertia, routine and conservatism. The reader will learn a lot about the pains of creativity and the joys of technical victories, get acquainted with the most prominent scientists, designers, test pilots and front-line pilots, figures of domestic and foreign aviation.
I am not aware of another book in our literature where the process of design innovation would be described with such force.
A. S. Yakovlev's book is of great historical and documentary value. I believe that with the publication of this book, historians of Soviet science and technology will generally receive meaningful, reliable factual and educational material.
Simplicity and liveliness of presentation, bright exciting episodes, captivating with their truthfulness - all this, of course, will arouse interest in the book of a wide range of readers.
Double Hero
socialist labor,
general designer S. ILYUSHIN
About this book
In the autumn of 1934, test pilot Yulian Piontkovsky and I went through a purge at an open party meeting of the Menzhinsky Aviation Plant in Moscow.
The meeting was held in a large hangar adapted for a club. The hangar was full. And despite the fact that there were our own well-known workmates around, everyone with whom we met every day in the workshops of the plant, at the airport, in the design bureau, the feeling of excitement did not leave us for a minute.
One by one, members and candidates of the party - workers, mechanics, engineers - went out onto the stage, to the presidium of the meeting.
Suddenly, there was a great noise in the hall, applause was heard, heads turned to the front door. I also turned around and saw a tall, stooping figure of a man in a light light coat, with an embroidered skullcap on his head. He was led to the front row and seated in an empty seat next to me. I was so overwhelmed with anticipation of what was to come that at first I did not understand who was my neighbor. And only when he, smiling affably, extended his hand to me as to an acquaintance, although we met for the first time, I saw that it was Alexei Maksimovich Gorky. You can imagine my surprise.
It was a time when Alexei Maksimovich, returning from Sorrento to Moscow, traveled to factories, construction sites, met with workers, scientists, pioneers, and pilots. Gorky appeared in workshops, at meetings, looked closely at people, was interested in everything, wanted to know everything, to go everywhere, to see everything with his own eyes. And then, unexpectedly for everyone, he arrived at the party meeting of our aviation plant.
Alexei Maksimovich was breathing heavily and was smoking all the time. He does not have time to finish smoking one cigarette - he takes out another, lights up from the first.
Are you cleaning today? I nodded my head.
Are you worried?
I'm very worried, Alexei Maksimovich.
At this time, Julian Piontkovsky stood on the podium and talked about his life, about how he, being a mechanic-mechanic in one of the aviation detachments in 1917, had a burning desire to become a pilot, learned to fly himself, then entered an aviation school, went to front, became an instructor at a pilot school and finally a test pilot ...
Any questions? the chairman asked.
We know, we know! - swept through the hall to applause.
Do you know him? Gorky asked, pointing at Piontkovsky with a glance.
Well, this is my friend.
Well, you see how he is greeted, and don't worry, - said Alexei Maksimovich, applauding along with others.
I don’t know, either because Alexei Maksimovich became interested in my biography, told at this party meeting, or because he generally advocated writing books by “experienced people”, but after a while he suggested that I write an essay on my life - “The Formation of the Soviet engineer" for the almanac "Year Seventeen" founded by him.
I still remember the significant meeting with Gorky, which served as the first impetus for the creation of the book.
Repeatedly I took up the case, but this was not allowed by the intense design work, especially during the war and in the post-war years. I wrote down something, and thus accumulated material for a future book. It turned out that he really began to carry out Gorky's order only many years later. I had to write in fits and starts, during rest hours, after work.
In 1957, on the advice of the writer Valentin Kataev, I published several episodes about the first steps of an aircraft designer in the Yunost magazine. Many letters came from readers who asked me to continue my stories.
As a result, in 1958 and 1964, Detgiz published a book for young people called "Stories from an Aircraft Designer". Again there were many responses from young and old. I was advised to describe in more detail the events of the war and post-war years, depicting our victories not only at the front, but also in design bureaus, at factories, to tell about meetings with interesting people.
Over the course of 50 years of work in aviation, the development of the Soviet air fleet was going on before my eyes.
How can one not remember that back in 1927, pilot Semyon Shestakov, on one of the first aircraft of A. N. Tupolev, ANT-4 (1), flew from Moscow to the United States of America with intermediate landings for more than a month! In 1937, the crews of Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov on ANT-25 aircraft flew from Moscow to America via the North Pole without landing in just 63 hours. And now the IL-62 turbojet aircraft makes a flight from Moscow to the USA in only 10 hours of flight time.
Our pilots on domestic airliners have laid the world's longest intercontinental route USSR - Cuba and make non-stop flights to Havana. Soviet light and heavy jet aircraft and helicopters set a number of outstanding international aviation records in terms of speed, altitude, payload and flight range. Our scientists and designers have reached great heights in the field of aviation science and technology. This allows our country to develop not only civil air transport, but, given the complexity of the international situation, to constantly improve the Air Force.
The exploits of Soviet cosmonauts, scientists, designers, engineers, workers who created artificial earth satellites, rockets and spaceships are world famous. Astronauts were brought up in our aviation family. Most of them came to the cosmonaut school with the blue buttonholes of military pilots. I was pleased to listen to their stories about how they learned to fly the Yaks. Aviation instilled in them courage and courage, endurance and speed of orientation, the ability to find a way out of difficult situations. Not only spacecraft pilots also came out of aviation, but also many engineers and rocket scientists.
The most difficult test for aviation was the Great Patriotic War, when the fate of...
Lesson - socialization
Equipment:
textbook: L.A. Efrosinina, M.I. Omorokova "Literary reading" grade 4, part 2 "Ventana-Count"
Cards with the names of the authors of the essays and their titles
1. Speech warm-up
Text on the board:
Well done if you're reading
2 0 1
so many different books!
3 0 1 1
-Read this phrase: on the exhale; on the inhale (choral reading).
2.-If you guess what the numbers under the words in this text mean, you can determine the topic of the Knowledge lesson (when you correlate the numbers and serial numbers of letters in words, you get the word “essay”).
Yes, today we will work on an essay by Yu.Ya. Yakovlev (a portrait of the author and the word “essay” are opened).
3. -Guys, what is a "feature"? (the statements of 1-2 students are heard)
Pts
Topic promotion.
1. -Choose a word so that it can complete all three of these sentences!
On the desk:
Everyone has _______.
I have _________________!
Do you know your ___________?
Yes, that word is "right".
-Today we will get acquainted with Y. Yakovlev's essay "The Right to Life" and expand the concept of "right" for ourselves.
3.-Yuri Yakovlevich Yakovlev is a Russian writer, beloved by more than one generation of children and youth. “There are houses in the world in which they come without an invitation. They come, as they say, to the light - when sad and lonely. The writer's work is such a house. My home is my books, and my heroes are the people for whom the reader crosses the threshold of my house. So said Yuri Yakovlev.
4. -I suggest you listen to Yu. Yakovlev's essay "The Right to Life" (reading by the teacher).
Did you like the essay?
Who is this essay about? (After the students answer “About children!”, a poster with the image of a child is hung out)
Try to name the topic of the essay (3-4 students are listened to, the correct answer is children's rights).
And what document protects you?
"Convention on the Rights of the Child" in the form of a framing ring).
6.(-Now focus your eyes on the field
reading i)
answer the questions (frontal conversation):
What does it mean to be "happy"?
Try to give examples when a person needs protection?
Why is it easier for an adult to stand up for himself than a child?
Find the difference between the words "child" and "unthinking baby"?
Explain the expression: "centered in the mother."
Can you name the idea behind this essay? (listen to 3-4 students)
That's right, every child has the right to life!
7.-Find a meaningful word in 1 paragraph (rights)
-Find the meaningful word in paragraph 2 (protection)
-Read the text again to yourself, and after reading, I ask you to put any, at your discretion, sign between these two words and justify your choice (the words “rights” and “protection” are written with an interval on the board).
What sign do you propose to put between these words?
I agree with you, it's an equal sign!
Fizkultminutka.
-Stand up please. Let `s have some rest.
Imagine that you are puppets, i.e. puppets on strings. Follow my commands! Hands up, tilt, sit down. Again.
- I don't want you to be such puppets in life, and you could be manipulated.
6. -What is the main document that protects you children? (“Convention on the Rights of the Child”; booklet on display)
In the explanatory dictionary, I found the meaning of this word
A convention is an international agreement on an issue.
And these documents also protect you: “Declaration of Human Rights”, “Family Code”, “Constitution of the Russian Federation” (brochures are exhibited).
- The Convention is a complex document, let's see why it has such power.
The convention is based on 4 essential principles.
Look at this photo (photo of children of different nationalities; with different skin colors). Do you think these children need protection equally? (listen to 1-2 answers)
- Of course, the same. This is the first principle of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: “States Parties to the Convention shall respect and ensure all the rights of every child, regardless of race, color, language, religion, nationality.”
The second principle of the Convention: "The best provision for the child."
"States Parties undertake to ensure to the child such protection and care as is necessary for his well-being."
Third principle: "Right to life, survival and development".
-The fourth principle of the Convention: “Respect for the views of children”.
"The child has the right to freely express his views on all matters affecting him."
7. - Here you are - children (attention is drawn to the poster with the image of a child).
- With arrows, I will depict problems that can harm you.
- And what is the convention for you? (2-3 students' answers are heard; the correct one is emphasized - “Protection!”)
How would you suggest portraying it?
(around)
- This symbol of the protection of children's rights helped us to draw up an essay by Yu. Yakovlev and the Convention document itself.
8.- And at school your rights are protected by a social worker.
IV. TOTAL:
Only you were born
The first right is yours:
get it to be proud of
personal name.
It's very difficult on your own
live alone in the world!
The right to live with mom and dad
always use guys.
There is another right
remember, think and create
and others their thoughts
donate if you want.
If the fever, the whole body aches
And not at all before the game,
Then call the doctor for help
also right kids.
To make friends with science
With a book in a small hand
Use the right - study
In native language.
I grew up, I took books
And I went to first grade.
All the kids go to school
We have this right.
Whether you are weak or strong
White, black, it doesn't matter.
You were born to be happy
This prao is given to everyone.
