Architecture of a primitive society
Paleolithic era
The most ancient images are the Paleolithic Venuses. Primitive female figurines. A generalized image of a woman-mother, a symbol of fertility and the keeper of the hearth.
Mesolithic era(Middle Stone Age)
Rock art is dominated by multi-figured compositions.
Neolithic era
Rock painting becomes schematic and conditional.
megaliths- these are huge stone structures
Menhir- this is a free-standing stone, more than 2 meters high
Dolmens- these are several stones dug into the ground, covered with a slab.
Cromlech- This is a complex building in the form of circular fences, with a diameter of up to 100 m.
The most famous cromlech is Stone henge in england built of 120 stone blocks, up to 7 tons each, with a diameter of 30 m.
Architecture of Ancient Egypt
Religion plays a major role in the life of society. 
The burial place of noble people is mastaba- This is a low parallelogram shape. The lower ones form a stepped pyramid. The mother of the Egyptian pyramids is considered Pyramid Zhdoser. The construction of the pyramids reflects 3 main principles: gigantic size, pyramidal shape and the use of stone as the main building material. The most famous and highest the Pyramid of Cheops, 147 m high, the outside of the pyramid was usually covered with slabs polished to a mirror finish. The impressive size, mirror shine evoke feelings of awe and fear. Feeling of monumentality (a person feels worthless).
Temples of Luxor and Kornak
The temples are connected by a three-meter alley of sphinxes.
The scheme of the temple: an alley of sphinxes approaches the entrance, which is decorated pylons. The entrance leads to an open courtyard surrounded by walls, columns and statues. Through the second entrance we get into hypostyle hall supported by rows of columns. In the hall, more than 120 columns form 16 rows. The height of the columns is 20 m, the diameter is 3.5 m, the capital (the upper part of the columns) is presented in the form of lotus or papyrus flowers. The columns were painted, the ceiling was also dark blue with soaring birds. From the hypostyle hall it was possible to go to a small sanctuary, where only the pharaoh and priests could enter. In front of the entrance to the temple there were usually obelisks symbolizing a ray of light.
Palace of Queen Hatshepsut
The temple stands at the foot of the rocks, which serve as a background and merge with it into a single whole. The temple is located on three terraces connected ramps(inclined platforms)
City of Thebes
The city has served as the capital of Egypt for many centuries. The city is located on two banks of the Nile. On the east coast, where the sun rises, lies city of the living, on the western shore were the tombs of kings and nobles - City of dead.
Architecture of Ancient Western Asia
In the interfluve there was neither stone nor wood suitable for construction. The buildings were built of unbaked bricks. Buildings were built on a rammed clay platform that protected from floods. Here a new form of temple was developed, which is called Ziggurat.
A ziggurat is a stepped tomb, a symbol of a stairway to heaven. The number of tiers could be different, the tiers were painted in different colors: the lower tier is black, the middle tier is red, the upper tier is white. At the very top was a sanctuary. At that time it was built Ziggurat Etemenanke, which became the prototype of the Tower of Babel.
Temple in Babylon during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar 2. The palace housed hanging gardens - Babylon, considered one of the 7 wonders of the world. The only thing that has survived to our time is Ishtar Tower Gate, are located in Berlin.
Architecture of Ancient Greece
The Cretan-Mycenaean civilization has become an exemplary art workshop for a large region - from the Balkan Greece and the islands of the Aegean Sea to the coast of Asia Minor.
Crete architecture
In Crete, palaces were mainly built, designed for secular and religious needs. The palace could serve simultaneously as the residence of the ruler of the city and as a fortress. Palaces were usually associated with mountain sanctuaries arranged in caves. Each palace was oriented towards a specific sacred mountain.
sacred gardens.
The sacred garden was usually located in the southeast corner of the palace complex. There was a "theatrical platform" for ritual stage performances and a paved area with stone-lined pits (for storing grain, or sacred trees were planted in them).
The main eras of ancient Greece:
1. Geometrics of the 9th-8th centuries BC e.
2. Archaic 7-6 century BC
3. Classic: early 490-450 BC
High 450 BC
Late 400-323 BC
4. Hellenism 3-1 century BC
geometry, the name of the style according to the decorative paintings of vessels, such patterns as rhombus, square, circle prevailed there ... each vessel had a body, throat, neck, rim, handles, legs. The main thing in the vessel is its extraordinary stability, called tectonics.
Age of the Archaic. The temples repeated the idea of the Cretan megaron- this is a rectangular building with an entrance on a narrow end wall with columns that either framed the entrance, or divided the interior space along, or stood against the walls.
Archaic created a single architectural language - order system. oorprp
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Order - an architectural composition consisting of vertical bearing supports in the form of columns and horizontal bearing parts. The most common in ancient architecture:
1. .Doric- Identified the body of a man. Powerful, minimum decorations, no base. Named after the Dorians. 
2. Ionic- identified a woman, it is more elegant than Doric, has a base, named after the Ionian tribe.
3. 
Corinthian- identifies a girl, more elegant, maximum jewelry.
Later, architects began to choose an order for temples depending on the gender, spirit and Olympic authority of the deity.
Age of the Classics.
Great shrines are being built: Apollo at Delphi, Hera at Olympia. The most famous ensemble is Athens Acropolis, which stood on a high rock above the city. This is a unique architectural complex, which included temples, a pinakothek (art gallery), statues of gods. The main temple is the Parthenon temple. There are 8 columns on the end walls, 17 on the side walls. The outer columns of the Doric order, the walls of the temple itself were crowned with an Ionic frieze. It was designed for perception from the outside.
The most beautiful Temple on the Acropolis - Erechtheion with a portico of caryatids. Figures of a woman – caryatids, men - Atlanteans. An even number of columns is required.
Greek art created a special genre memorial steles- This is a tomb relief. Above the graves, memorial tombstones with high relief were placed, which were placed in aedicules- these are niches framed by two small columns with entablature and a pediment above them.
Architecture of Ancient Rome
By ancient Rome is meant not only the city of Rome, but also all the countries and peoples conquered by it, from the British Isles to Egypt.
Having adopted from the Etruscans and Greeks the rationally organized strict planning of cities, the Romans improved it. The planning of cities corresponded to the conditions of life: trade on a huge scale, the spirit of military and discipline, the attraction to entertainment and splendor. The Romans first began to build "model" cities, the prototype of which was the Roman military camps. The city had the shape of a square, which was crossed by two perpendicular streets (cardo and decumanum) at the intersection of which the center was erected.
Republican period. Late 6th-mid 1st century BC formation of a world slave-owning power. Common types of structures: amphitheaters (Coliseum), terms(baths), triumphal arches, aqueducts- a bridge with a laid water pipe, palaces, villas, theaters, temples, monuments ...
Passion for Greek art manifested itself in the appeal to the order system, but here it performed mainly a decorative function. The supporting function was performed by the wall. The Romans invented monolithic shell system building a wall. The basis was made up of two narrow brick walls, between which crushed stone with concrete was poured. Outside, the walls were faced with marble or other stone. Magma powder was used instead of cement. A large place belonged to the arch, based on pillars. This made it possible to build multi-storey structures with vaulted and domed ceilings. The main form of the ceiling was the vault, it was made of stone. At the intersection of two cylindrical vaults, a cross vault is obtained. With equal spans, a square. The inner surface of the vaults of the intersection is formed by ribs in which the pressure of the vault is concentrated. This made it possible to cut through the supporting walls with semicircular arches.
Of all the Roman orders, the Tuscan one is the simplest in decoration and the heaviest in proportion.
Roads were of great strategic importance; they were paved with concrete with rubble, lava and tuff slabs. Bridges are being built aqueducts.
Public life proceeded on the market square - forums(similar squares were built in ancient Greece, they were called agoras). All major city events were held at the forum. The architectural ensemble included temples - basilicas- a public building in the form of an elongated rectangle, shops of merchants - taberns, squares were decorated with statues, porticos, rostral columns - columns to which the bows of defeated ships were attached. Also here was the "sacred road". The main type of public buildings was the temple. It was formed as a result of crossing Italian and ancient Roman traditions with Greek ones. Mainly built pseudoperiptory with entrance only from the main facade, as well as monopters consisting of a cylindrical base surrounded by a colonnade with an entrance from the end side.
City of Pompeii. The city had a regular layout. The streets were decorated with the facades of houses, at the bottom of which tavern shops were arranged. The population of Pompeii is 10,000 people, and the amphitheater, built, like the Greeks in a natural depression, accommodated 20 thousand people. Construction of Pompeian houses domus. These were rectangular structures that stretched along the courtyard, and faced the street with blank end walls. The main room was the atrium (from lat. smoky), that is, rooms that performed a sacred function. The atrium repeated the model of the Greek cult pit "mundus". Rectangular hole in the roof compluvium, the pool below it - impluvium. The atrium served as a "pillar of the world", that is, it connected the house with heaven and the underworld. The atrium also contained valuables, a chest with family valuables, an altar-type table, and a cupboard for storing ancestral wax masks. The walls inside the house were painted
First Pompeian style. Second end of the 1st century BC this is a geometric ornament that resembled lining the walls with semi-precious stones. The style is named inlaid.
Second Pompeian style. 1st century BC - architectural. The interior turned, as it were, into a semblance of a city landscape. Images of colonnades, porticos, and facades ran along the entire height of the walls.
Third Pompeian style – candelabra, late 1st century BC 50 AD It was distinguished by ornamental architectural motifs, the predominance of light openwork structures.
Fourth Pompeian style 63 AD - 1st century AD - fantastic architecture. Dynamic spatial composition, an abundance of unevenly lit figures, being in motion, variegation of color.
In contrast to the houses with their luxury and comfort were multi-storey houses for the plebeians.
Empire period. It began with the reign of Augustus 27 BC. - 14 AD, the golden age of the Roman state. Rome acquired a look corresponding to the prestige of the world capital. Mausoleum of Augustus. A round building 90 m in diameter, consisting of two concentric walls, raised on an artificial hill. Emperor Neuron erects the famous "golden house", which was a palace and a villa at the same time. The embodiment of power was triumphal arches, which he erected in honor of the victory over the enemy and as a sign of the consecration of new cities.
Example, arch of Titus, in memory of the victory of the Romans in the Jewish war. The height of the arch is 15.4 m, the width is 5.33 m. The arch served as the basis for the sculptural group - the emperor on a chariot. Decorates the arch with an attic dedicated to Emperor Titus. A large place in the life of the Romans is occupied by spectacles. Flavian amphitheater - Colosseum(from lat. rough). Built in 70-80s. AD On sunny days, a blue canvas canopy (velu, velarius) was pulled over the pins. 
. The Colosseum accommodated 50,000 spectators, height 48.5 m. The building is divided into 4 tiers, each of which is decorated with warrants. The lower tier is Doric, the second is Ionic, the third is Corinthian, the fourth is pilasters of the Corinthian order. In each opening stood statues of famous people of Rome. There are several basements where animals and utilities (pipes with water) were housed. The building evoked a sense of rugged energy through its vast scale, generalized forms, and solemn rhythms.
The Tuscan order - invented by the Romans, looks like a Doric, but there are no flutes, a minimum of decorations, only a column and a capital.
Age of Emperor Hadrian. Adrian was an adherent of everything Greek. Under him, the most spiritual monument of world architecture was created Pantheon- the temple of all the gods. It was a classic example of a central-domed building. The proportions of the building are perfect - the diameter of the dome is 43.5 m, almost equal to the height of 42.7 m, that is, a ball can be entered into the dome space. Light penetrates through holes in the dome, diameter 9 m (the eye of the pantheon), this is the only source of light, the space is divided into tiers, the walls are lined with colored marble. The interior is dissected by columns of the Corinthian order with niches with statues, the attic floor with false windows and pilasters ends with an entablature. The dome is divided by 5 circular rows of cassettes, decreasing upwards. The building evokes a feeling of peace, tranquility, inner harmony, departure from the earthly at eta to the world of spirituality.
In the 1st century A.D. a new type of building appears - giant baths- These are public baths designed for 2-3 thousand people. It was a complex of premises of various purposes, intended for the all-round development of a person. The halls of cold and warm rooms, which form the center, the core of the composition, adjoin numerous rooms for gymnastic exercises and mental exercises. The premises were striking in the luxury of decoration, most The famous Baths of Caracalla.
Byzantine architecture
On the site of the old Greek colony of Byzantium, the city was founded by Emperor Constantine - Constantinople, which on May 11, 330 was officially declared the capital of the Roman Empire. Subsequently, the empire was divided into 2 parts: western and eastern. The first fell under the onslaught of the Germanic tribes, and the eastern one lasted for another millennium.
The first Christians of the Roman Empire were forced to hide, they gathered in catacombs- labyrinths of caves for the burial of the dead. The catacombs were for them both a church (from lat. meeting) and martyrium- construction over the grave of the martyr, and the cemetery. The walls were whitewashed and decorated with paintings. Christ was portrayed as a young shepherd surrounded by nature. Later, Constantine legalized Christianity as one of the state religions.
Constantinople(Second Rome). The city was not like traditional Roman cities. The city was located on a triangular-shaped peninsula. The center was the imperial palace, located in the least accessible part of the peninsula. The palace overlooked a large square, from which the main street began, framed by rows of arches, through which a fan of side streets seemed to be drawn into the main street. Such a layout was determined not only by the shape of the island, but also revealed the exclusive role of the imperial power. Walls protected the city from enemies. The enemy from land was met by a moat filled with water 10 m deep. Behind it rose a wall with a height of 3 human heights, behind it a second wall with towers twice as high as the first, and then a third 6-7 m high with a very deep foundation. A similar wall ran along the seashore. The main exit was a golden gate with three openings.
Christianity inherited 2 types of buildings: 1- centric buildings that served mainly as martiriya and baptismal. They were small, and in plan they represented a square, a circle, an octagon or an equal (Greek) cross. The inner space of the centric temple gathered the worshipers in the middle, where they were at rest.
2 - basilica is an elongated rectangle. The building was divided by longitudinal rows of supports into several rows - naves. The middle nave is usually wider and taller than the rest, most often it ended with a semicircular ledge - apse. The interior of the basilica orients the visitor to action, movement.
The most successful type of church turned out to be a shortened basilica, with the altar oriented to the east and crowned with a dome.
In terms of the basilica, a transverse nave appears - transept. A dome was erected in the center of the resulting cross. This scheme became known as the cross-dome. The Christians decided that the apse should correspond to the Bethlehem cave, where Christ was born and where he was buried.
The largest and most famous Christian temple in Constantinople Church of Hagia Sophia. The main task of the architects was the problem of building a grandiose size. To erect a building of almost 100 meters in length, and even to cover it with a dome, without having raw materials for the production of concrete, was an impossible task. It was decided to make the "skeleton" of the dome from numerous arches and vaults: two large semi-domes adjoined the central dome, and smaller domes, in turn, adjoined them. The thrust force spreads and splits until it is taken over by special column pylons. Due to the light penetrating the arches along the perimeter of the base of the dome, it seems that the dome "floats" in the air.
The height of the building is 54.8m. Dome diameter - 32.6m
Later, when the Turks captured Constantinople, the cathedral was rebuilt as a mosque - 4 minarets were attached to it, mosaics were removed. This cathedral served as a model for the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv. Served as the basis for the construction of temples in Rus'.
France
Church of St. Paul and Peter in the monastery of Cluny. Length 127m,
Germany.
Basically the so-called. "transitional style", which combined Romanesque and Gothic features.
Italy.
Antique features predominate (architecture of ancient Greece and Rome), an example Cathedral and tower in Pisa.
Gothic architecture
The Romans considered Gothic art to be barbaric. By the end of the 12th century, cities became the center of culture, politics, and economic life. Cities have significant privileges, they had a body of self-government. In the center of the city, a town hall was formed - the modern city hall. A tower was erected above the town hall, which symbolized the symbol of freedom. Cathedrals were supposed to accommodate more people than before, so the design of the building is changing: the vault now rests on arches, and not on walls, which, in turn, on pillars, lateral pressure is transferred flying buttanam– outdoor semi-arches and buttresses- crutches of the building, pillars. Due to this design, it became possible to reduce the thickness of the walls and cut windows into them. The smooth surface of the walls disappears, stained-glass windows, various sculptures, and so on appear instead. The Gothic cathedral is light and directed upwards. The boundaries between the parts of the temple were erased. The space of the cathedral - with numerous decorations, light pouring through stained-glass windows - created an image of the heavenly world, embodying the dream of a miracle.
France. Notre Dame de Paris Or Notre Dame Cathedral. Time of construction 11-14 centuries. 5-aisled basilica on an island in the Seine. Length 129 m. Three entrances - portals, there are niches with statues of French kings, called the "royal gallery". The western façade is decorated with a “rose” window; chimeras, fantastic creatures, are located on the towers.
Cathedral in Chartres characteristics of French Gothic. Relatively low towers and a rose window is a must.
The largest cathedral is in Amiens, height 42.5 m, length 145 m.
England. Gothic architecture is mainly associated with monasteries. The buildings of the Gothic style have not been preserved.
Germany.
Cathedral in Cologne. Height 46 m, in comparison with France, the towers are taller and pointed, there is no rose window. Lots of lancet windows.
Italy. Doge's Palace in Venice.
Once there was a prison. A vivid example of "flaming" Gothic is due to decorations in the form of tongues of flame.
Asian architecture
Arab countries Iran and Türkiye
In the first third of the 7th century in the city of Mecca (Arabian Peninsula) a new religion arose - Islam, the founder was Muhammad. His sermons were written down and concentrated in the Qur'an. In the 8th century, the state Arab Caliphate was created. The architecture of Islam was formed in accordance with local building traditions. In the campaign, the Muslims outlined the territory on the sand, determining by the shadow of a spear stuck in the ground, the direction to Kaaba(Arabic cube) - sanctuaries in the form of a rectangular stone fence. The Kaaba has become the sacred center of Islam, and Muslims pray facing it.
The first mosques built appeared in 665-670. AD They are a square courtyard surrounded by galleries on pillars. On the side facing the Kaaba, 5 or more columns were placed, which created a prayer hall.
Over time, mosques began to be distinguished by purpose, a small - masjid served as a place of individual prayer. Jami and Cathedral- for collective prayers on Friday, and the main jami is called (big mosque) Jami il - Kabir. Country mosque - musawa.
The hallmark of the mosque is mihrab - a sacred niche oriented to the Kaaba (flat, conditional or concave). The lancet end of the mihrab means a dot on "sacred axis of Islam", thanks to which the mental connection of the prayer with the earthly Kaaba is carried out, reflecting his spiritual connection with the heavenly Kaaba.
Since the 8th century, mosques have been added minarets- the towers from which they call for prayer, usually there are 4 of them. In the west of the Muslim world they are 4-sided, in the east they are round-barreled, sometimes they are spiral.
An example of Islamic palace architecture - This is the Alhambra Palace in Grenada (Spain). The massive walls of the fortress with towers and bastions, traps and secret entrances hide the "treasure" - the palace, luxurious and comfortable. This is typical Muslim architecture - a pearl hidden in a shell.
Arabesques. This is a complex pattern, characteristic of Arabic art, created on the basis of an accurate mathematical calculation. The arabesque is built on the repetition and / or multiplication of several elements of the pattern. Inscriptions, floral motifs, images of birds and w 
animals or other fantastic creatures. The walls of the mosque were painted with such arabesques.
Architecture of India
3rd century BC In India, Buddhism is spreading as the state religion. The first buildings - memorial columns, on which the decrees of the rulers are carved - stambha, height 10 m. completed with capitals with images of animals. Later, burial monuments appeared - stupa. The stupas are shaped like a hemisphere, which means the symbol of the sky and infinity. The central pole of the stupa is the axis of the universe connecting heaven and earth, a symbol of the world tree of life. "Umbrella" at the end of the pole - this is a stepwise ascent to nirvana, also a symbol of power. The stupa is surrounded by a fence, on 4 cardinal points, in which there are gates decorated with a relief.
Cave temples are popular in India – chaityas, that is, carved directly into the rock. Stupas are placed inside in the widest corridor. The only source of light was a large horseshoe-shaped window. Sculptural pairs on the facade personified two principles in nature - male and female, and their union gives rise to all life on earth.
Kandarya Temple. 10-11 centuries. Parts of the building: sanctuary, worship hall, vestibule, entrance located on the same axis and tightly adjacent to each other. Each part of the building is separated by a tower superstructure, the highest part is the sanctuary.
The famous 19th century philosopher Rabindranath Tagore described the art of India as follows: "India has always had one unchanging ideal - merging with the universe."
An example of Muslim architecture in India - the mausoleum of the Taj Mahal.
Asian architecture
In Indochina, two main religions spread: Buddhism and Hinduism. In southeast Asia, Hindu ideas about the center of the universe were identified with Mount Meru, the dwelling place of the gods. The king acted as the viceroy of God on earth or as the incarnation of God from Mount Meru, therefore temples and royal palaces were built in accordance with this concept, that is, the buildings resembled mountains.
Angor Wat Complex. 12th century AD, on a stepped mountain surrounded by a wall, there were 5 temples - towers, as well as many other superstructures, a patio, stairs, galleries. In plan, the complex was a rectangle 1300 - 1500 m. A canal was laid around it. A road with statues of lions and nagas leads through the canal to the main entrance.
Architectural complex Borobudur. 8th - 9th century. The temple was built on the top of a hill, on a huge stone platform above it tapering pyramidally, 5 terraces with bypass corridors rise. Above there are 3 round terraces, on which 72 stupas are placed. Each stupa has a statue of Buddha. The whole building is crowned in the center with a large bell-shaped stupa. Steep stairs lead to the top of the temple from each of the four sides.
The symbolism of the temple: the temple personifies Mount Meru, a stepwise ascent upward to truth and enlightenment. The relief depicted the assistants of the Buddha. Buddha statues personified spiritual perfection. The crowning composition - a large stupa symbolized the highest level of knowledge of the world.
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Ancient China
According to the ancient Chinese, the earth is a square. China itself is in the center, the sky has the shape of a circle, so they call themselves the middle kingdom or under heaven. These forms take on symbolism in sacrificial altars. Round altars are for heaven, and square ones for earth. In the 3rd century BC. after the wars, small kingdoms united into a single empire, the city of Sanyang became the capital of the empire.
By order of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi, the most powerful fortification was created from the remains of the defensive structures of the kingdoms - The great Wall of China. The length at that time was 750 km, height 10 m, width 5-8 m. The wall runs along the tops of the rocks.
Emperor's Tomb. The tomb is surrounded by two rows of walls, forming a square in plan. On top of a cone-shaped hill. The walls of the tomb are lined with marble and jade, a map of the empire is drawn on the stone floor, there was also a sculptural image of 5 sacred mountains, and the ceiling looks like a firmament with stars. In 1974 at a distance of 1.5 km from the tomb, 11 parallel underground tunnels were found with a giant clay army, where each warrior is endowed with individual features, made in full size and painted.
In the 4th - 6th centuries AD. Buddhist monasteries play an important role. Towers in which Buddhist relics have been preserved - pagodas, the number of tiers in the pagoda is necessarily odd.
« iron pagoda" is a 50 m tower with 13 m tiers, lined with rust-colored ceramic plates.
Beijing has been the capital of China since 1421. In plan, the city consisted of two adjoining and walled rectangles with connecting gates. The whole city is crossed by the large Beijing Highway, which ends at the northern wall, where the most important events in the life of the country take place. The highway had rather a symbolic meaning, it was impossible to walk along it, since the path was blocked by artificial hills, up to 60 m high. Such hills are protectors from evil spirits, which, according to legend, could only move in a straight line. The hill belonged to every pagoda, because, according to the ancient Chinese, "a city without a peak is the same as without walls, it was threatened with imminent death."
The roofs of buildings and structures began to be covered with colored tiles. In accordance with the symbolism: golden color - the power of the emperor; blue - sky, peace, rest; green - tree foliage.
In the center of Beijing, the main ensemble is forbidden city. The city is surrounded by red walls 10 m high and a moat with water. There is an imperial palace, consisting of several parts: front rooms, various halls, corridors, living rooms, theaters, gardens, pavilions ... in the northern part there is an imperial garden with an artificial reservoir, rare tree species and so on. Each building has its own poetic name. For example, the hall of higher harmony, the temple of prayers for the harvest, the temple of heaven.
A characteristic feature of the ensemble: simplicity and clarity of forms, combined with elegance, brightness, solemnity.
Tibetan architecture
Religion is Buddhism. The secular and spiritual ruler is the Dalai Lama (the ocean of wisdom).
Tibetan monasteries- these are large architectural ensembles, usually located on the slopes of the mountains and rise in ledge terraces to the peaks, so their silhouette seems to be a natural continuation of the mountains.
The monasteries include: the dwelling of the monks, the repository of manuscripts, temples, workshops, a large area for religious performances.
The roofs of the temples are crowned with gold, bronze symbols of Buddhism zhaptsany- these are cylindrical vessels with lists of prayers inside.
Example, Potala Palace(16 - 17 centuries) - this is the residence of the Dalai - Lama. 
Japanese architecture
Religion - Buddhism came from China.
Traditional Japanese house. The house is made of wood frame. Raised on wooden posts, about 30 cm - this is necessary for ventilation.
The house has one stationary wall with a hearth, and the remaining three walls can move apart (to merge with nature). The walls are covered with paper or silk. The perimeter of the building is surrounded by a veranda.
The building is low, as the proportions are designed for a seated person. An essential element in every home is tokonama- a niche in a fixed wall where a picture could hang or a flower arrangement could stand – ikebana.
Each house must have a garden or a fragment of nature (with stones, a hill, trees, ponds) or a symbolic “dry garden”. The basis is sand and a composition of stones.
Example , Ryoanji garden in Kyoto(garden of 15 stones) is a platform 19×23 m. The platform is covered with sand, consisting of a composition of stones. When observing from any point, only 14 stones are visible.
Palaces of Italy
Palazzo( hence the Russian "chamber") - the city mansion of the nobility. Characteristic features of the manifestation of tectonics on the facades:
1st tier is processed with a roughly processed stone "rust" (stones with geometrically processed edges - diamond rustication),
2nd tier (in the form of a brick wall) was faced with brick with jointing,
3 tier - the surface is smooth.
Powerful overhanging cornice.
The presence of a courtyard with arches around the perimeter. This type of building served as a model for the buildings of the nobility throughout the world (except America).
Andrea Palladio
The pseudonym arose from the Greek goddess Pallas Athena, because this young man was considered capable of reviving the beauty and wisdom of the ancient Greeks.
Palladio outlined his ideas in the work "Four Books on Architecture". His compositions are distinguished by strict orderliness, naturalness, peace in that his buildings fit into the environment.
Example, Palazzo Rotunda. The building is almost cubic in shape, where porticos are attached from four facades.
Musical and theatrical art .
Content elements: Characteristic features of the architecture of the Stone Age. Musical and theatrical art of primitive man.Requirements for the level of training of students: Mastering the various stagesdevelopment of primitive architecture. The study of the concepts of "megalith, dolmen, menhir, cromlech".
During the classes:
The transition to agriculture and cattle breeding gradually changed the way of life of people, they had a need to build the simplest dwellings in the form of rounded huts from poles or bones of a killed mammoth covered with skins.
Photo Dwelling of mammoth bones
Photo Scheme of building a dwelling
Photo Parking lot of primitive man in the village of Upper Mandrogi
Settlements of hunters eventually turned into villages of farmers . The houses were small, often fragile.From the villages in the Neolithic era, the first cities grow.
Rice. Village of farmers
In the Neolithic era, rather complex structures arose that did not have a domestic purpose. Often their construction was due to the religious ideas and beliefs of primitive man.
The first buildings of architecture - megaliths (from the Greek "megos" - large, "lithos" - stone). They representedroughly processed or not processed large blocks of stone, arranged in a certain order.
Distributed throughout the world except Australia.
The purpose of megaliths cannot always be established. For the most part theyserved for burials or were associated with a funeral cult . Apparently, these are communal buildings. Their construction was a most difficult task for primitive technology and required the unification of large masses of people.
Megaliths are divided into 3 types
Usually consists of huge (up to 6-7m height), free-standing stones forming one or more concentric circles.
They encircle the platform, in the middle of which is sometimes located or.
During excavations inside the cromlechs, burials, polished stone axes, molded ceramics, and stone grain grinders were found. The appointment is controversial. Most likely, these are ritual structures for burials, as well as for religious ceremonies.
Dolmen (translated from Breton - tol - table, men - stone).ancient burial building , one of the types of megalithic structures.
Dolmens are made of huge boulders and slabs up to several tens of thousands of kg,placed vertically and covered with one or more slabs on top .
The inner space served as the seat of the soul of the deceased. To communicate it with the world, small round holes were made in the walls.
Menhir (Breton. menhir , from men - stone and hir - long),the simplest type of megalithic structures, consisting of a single block of stone dug vertically into the ground.
Reach a height of 4-5m and more (the largest with a height of 20m weighs about 300T, located in France).
Sometimes they make long alleys
or arranged in a ring. Apparently, they had a cult significance.
Cromlech - stone slabs or pillars arranged in a circle.
Cromlechs are called ensembles of menhirs standing, most often, in a circle or semicircle and connected by stone slabs lying on top.
Sometimes the cromlech surrounds the mound, sometimes it exists independently and consists of several concentric circles.
The most famous is Stonehenge (Great Britain), built at the turn of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Being a temple of the sun, it was not only used for religious ceremonies and burials, but also served as a stone astronomical observatory, which made it possible to keep a calendar count of days with amazing accuracy, mark the beginning of the season, and predict the onset of solar and lunar eclipses.
Today there is no unequivocal answer to the question of what these amazing ancient structures were: a temple, a necropolis, an observatory, but in any case, the history of architecture began with them.
Musical and theatrical art of primitive society
In addition to the main types of fine arts, the beginnings of dance, music, theater and literature took shape in the depths of primitive culture.
A person, going hunting for a certain animal, reproduced the character of the animal in a dance, imitated the sounds and voices of nature made by it, imitated throwing spears and archery.
The dances were of a primitive nature and resembled gymnastic exercises.
Already in primitive society, the main types of musical instruments arose: percussion, wind, string.
Man learned to make the first instruments from stone, bone and wood in order to produce various sounds with their help.
Later, the sounds were extracted usingfaceted bone rib (this sound was like grinding teeth).
Also producedrattles from skulls that were filled with seeds or dried berries. This sound often accompanied the funeral procession.
The most ancient instruments were percussion.Idiophone - an ancient percussion instrument - arose during the formation of speech in an ancient person. The duration of the sound and its repeated repetition was associated with the rhythm of the heartbeat. In general, for an ancient person, music is, first of all, rhythm.
Following the drums, wind instruments were invented. Amazes with its perfection discovered in Asturisancient flute prototype . Side holes were knocked out in it, and the principle of sound production is the same as that of modern flutes.
At the same time it appearsaerophone - a tool made of bone or stone, the appearance of which resembles a rhombus or a spearhead. Holes were made in the tree and the threads were fixed, after which the musician ran his hand along these threads, twisting them. As a result, a sound resembling a hum appeared (this hum resembled the voice of spirits). This tool was improved in the Mesolithic era (XXX century BC). There was a possibility of sounding of two and three sounds at the same time. This was achieved by cutting vertical holes.
The earliest form of theatrical art was pantomime, which could depict the entire agricultural process (from sowing to harvest), various rituals and ceremonies (from weddings to sending symbols to a foreign tribe to declare war or make peace).
Primitive culture does not know writing, but verbal art is born in the form of folklore.
The earliest kind of folklore is a myth, a legend about the past.
The first myths tell about the origin of man and animals, the subsequent ones tell about the origin of the Earth and the world as a whole.
At home:Stonehenge Message
Periodization of the history of culture Primitive culture (up to 4 thousand BC); Primitive culture (before 4 thousand BC); The culture of the Ancient World (4 thousand BC, V century AD), in which the culture of the Ancient East and the culture of Antiquity are distinguished; The culture of the Ancient World (4 thousand BC, V century AD), in which the culture of the Ancient East and the culture of Antiquity are distinguished; Culture of the Middle Ages (VXIV centuries); Culture of the Middle Ages (VXIV centuries); Culture of the Renaissance or Renaissance (XIV-XVI centuries); Culture of the Renaissance or Renaissance (XIV-XVI centuries); Culture of the New Time (end of the 18th century); Culture of the New Time (end of the 18th century); Culture of the XX century. Culture of the XX century.
Periodization of the history of primitive society (according to K.Yu Thomsen) Stone Age 2 million years BC - 6-2 thousand years BC Bronze Age end of 4 thousand years BC - the beginning of 1 thousand years BC. Iron Age The end of the primitive communal system Paleolithic (ancient stone) 2 million years BC. – 10 thousand years BC Mesolithic (middle stone) 10 thousand years BC - 8 thousand years BC Neolithic (new stone) 7 thousand years BC 2 thousand years BC
Discovery of cave painting In 1879, amateur archaeologist Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, together with his 9-year-old daughter Maria, accidentally discovered a cave with drawings. In 2001, in the museum complex Altamira, located next to the cave, copies of the famous painting panel of the Great Plafond, as well as some other images of the cave, were discovered. Other copies of Altamira's drawings are in the National Archaeological Museum of Spain in Madrid, the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Japan. A
Lascaux Cave (France) "Sistine Chapel of Primitive Paintings" LL The cave was accidentally discovered on September 12, 1940 by four teenagers Henri Breuil, a specialist in the history of primitive society, who was hiding in the region during the German occupation, became the first explorer to visit Lascaux Cave on September 21, 1940 together with Jean Buissonny, André Cheigner, then with Denis Peyronie and Henri Begouin.
On a surface of 120 m², Breuil discovered images (today the inventory lists names)
Megaliths of the Bronze Age Megaliths (from lat. Litos - stone) are the oldest stone structures assembled from huge boulders. Megaliths (from lat. Litos - stone) are the oldest stone structures assembled from huge boulders. Menhirs Menhirs Dolmens Dolmens Cromlechs Cromlechs
"The Art of Primitive Man" - Painting in a cave. Tripol culture. Malta. cave images. Lasko. Expressive sculpture. Rock image of a bison. Primitive art. Dolmens. Application on the saddle. Ceramics and elements of ornamentation. Monuments of Paleolithic Art. The art of primitive man.
"Ancient painting" - The first artists of the earth. How did the history of architecture begin? Menhirs from Karnak. Table. Images of animals on the walls of the cave of Altamira. Bison. Fighting archers. Goals. Ensemble of megaliths. Imprint of a human hand. France. Menhirs. "Jumping cow" and "pony". "Pasta" frieze on the ceiling of the Altamira cave.
"Figurines of women" - Clay figurines of people. Schematic contour drawings. Genuine meaning. The cult of fire. General proportions of the figure. The oldest sculptural image of a man. "Venus" of the first artists of the Earth. Archaeologists. Sculptures of animals. Mother women. Female figurines. figurines of women. Researchers.
"The emergence of primitive art" - The discovery of cave painting. Bison hunting. Complex. Archaeological excavations. Drawing and magic ritual. Pictures of animals. The emergence of art and religion. The emergence of religion. Pithecanthropes. Riddles of ancient drawings. Ancient stone structures.
"Features of primitive culture" - Culture of primitive society. Chauvet cave. Rotunda with bulls. Drakensberg mountains. hand cave. Traditional art. Religious ideas of ancient man. Art at the dawn of mankind. Modern painting. Lascaux Cave France. First drawings. Pech-Merle cave. Rock painting. Peculiarities of Paleolithic painting.
"Cave Drawings" - Male images in the Paleolithic era are very rare. Cave paintings of the Paleolithic era. In the last period, realistic images are completely absent. For engravings of the middle and final madeleine, a more subtle study is typical. The nature of Paleolithic art. Technique of Paleolithic Art. Primitive sculptors were not even interested in facial features.
There are 11 presentations in total in the topic
The origins of architecture date back to the Late Neolithic. It was then that stone was already used for the construction of monumental buildings. But the purpose of most of the monuments of that period that have come down to us is not known.
A menhir is usually a free-standing stone with traces of processing, sometimes oriented in some way or marking a certain direction.
Cromlech is a circle of standing stones, of varying degrees of preservation and with different orientations. The term "henge" has the same meaning. This term is usually used in relation to structures of this type in the UK. However, similar structures existed in the prehistoric era also in Germany (Goloring, Gosek circle) and in other countries.
Dolmen is something like a stone house.
All of them are united by the name "megaliths", which translates simply as "big stones". For the most part, according to some scientists, they served for burials or were associated with a funeral cult. There are other opinions as well. Apparently, megaliths are communal structures with a socializing function. Their construction was a most difficult task for primitive technology and required the unification of large masses of people. Some megalithic structures, such as the complex of over 3000 stones at Carnac (Brittany) France, were important ceremonial centers associated with the cult of the dead. Other megalithic complexes have been used to determine the timing of astronomical events such as the solstice and equinox. In the area of Nabta Playa in the Nubian desert, a megalithic structure was found that served for astronomical purposes. This building is 1000 years older than Stonehenge.
stonehenge
Stonehenge is a structure of 82 five-ton megaliths, 30 stone blocks weighing 25 tons and 5 huge so-called triliths, stones weighing up to 50 tons. Stacked stone blocks form arches that once served as a flawless indicator of the cardinal directions. Scientists suggest that this monument was built in 3100 BC by the tribes living in the British Isles to observe the Sun and Moon. The ancient monolith is not only a solar and lunar calendar, as previously thought, but also an accurate cross-sectional model of the solar system.
Cromlech Brougar or Temple of the Sun, Orkney. Initially it had 60 elements, but now it consists of 27 rocks. Brougar's cromlech or Brodgar's ring has been dated by archaeologists to 2500 - 2000 BC. The Ring of Brodgar is first mentioned in the 1529 manuscript Description of the Isles of Orcade by a certain Joe Ben, an itinerant monk or pilgrim whose identity has not been precisely established. Not only the Brodgar monument, but also an older one, located here, cromlech Stenness, and in general, everything around them, in this small area - the whole area - ritual, sacred, communicative - is literally crammed with mounds, group and individual burials, even " Cathedral”, as well as the dwellings and villages of the Neolithic people. All these monuments are combined into a single complex protected by UNESCO. Archaeological research is currently underway in the Orkney Islands.
The most famous dolmens are located in Scandinavia, on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Europe and Africa, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, on the Kuban region, in India. However, most of them are in the Caucasus - about 2.5 thousand! Here along the coast of the Black Sea (megaliths generally gravitate towards the seas) one can find "classic" tiled dolmens, monolithic dolmens, entirely hollowed out in the rock, dolmen structures from a combination of stone slabs and blocks laid in two or more rows. They also talk about the spiritual filling of these amazing structures, their energy charges. Scientists believe that the approximate age of dolmens is 3-10 thousand years.
Log buildings (the second half of the 2nd millennium BC - the beginning of the 1st millennium), in particular mounds, are a common type of memorial structures. Their prototype was residential log houses. During the construction of the barrow, a powerful wooden frame with a wooden floor was constructed in the pit, inside which a burial chamber was arranged. Sometimes the space between the two chambers was filled with stones. The chambers were covered with rolls of logs, which were covered with birch bark. Then they covered it with earth, forming a mound, often of considerable height. A stone was thrown on top of the hill.
Log dwellings became the first step towards the creation of ground chopped wooden buildings. From long horizontally laid logs, multifaceted buildings were obtained, which over time were transformed into one-room rectangular houses. There was a hearth in the middle, the smoke escaping through a hole in the roof above it. This type of building was later called "megaron", the basis of Greek architecture.
Thus, primitive art is presented in the following main forms: graphics (drawings and silhouettes); painting (images in color, made with mineral paints); sculptures (figures carved from stone or molded from clay); decorative arts (stone and bone carving); reliefs and bas-reliefs.
