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Genre classification of Russian folk tales. Types of fairy tales

Genre classification of Russian folk tales. Types of fairy tales

27.06.2019

The most important ideas, the main problems, the plot cores and, most importantly, the alignment of forces that carry out good and evil, in fact, are the same in the tales of different peoples. In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries, it is for all mankind.

Folkloristics has devoted a lot of research to the fairy tale, but its definition as one of the genres of oral folk art still remains an open problem. The heterogeneity of fairy tales, the vast thematic range, the variety of motives and characters contained in them, the innumerable number of ways to resolve conflicts really make the task of genre definition of a fairy tale very difficult.

And yet, the divergence in views on the fairy tale is associated with what is regarded in it as the main thing: an orientation towards fiction or the desire to reflect reality through fiction.

The essence and vitality of a fairy tale, the secret of its magical being is in the constant combination of two elements of meaning: fantasy and truth.

On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not quite uniform. Thus, with a problem-thematic approach, fairy tales dedicated to animals, fairy tales about unusual and supernatural events, adventure fairy tales, social and everyday life, fairy tales-anecdotes, shifting fairy tales and others are distinguished.

The groups of fairy tales do not have sharply delineated boundaries, but despite the fragility of the distinction, such a classification allows the child to start a substantive conversation about fairy tales within the framework of a conditional "system" - which, of course, facilitates the work of parents and educators.
To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been adopted:

1. Tales about animals;
2. Fairy tales;
3. Household fairy tales.

Let's take a closer look at each type.

Animal Tales

Folk poetry embraced the whole world, its object was not only man, but also all life on the planet. Depicting animals, the fairy tale gives them human features, but at the same time fixes and characterizes habits, "way of life", etc. Hence the lively, tense text of fairy tales.
Man has long felt a kinship with nature, he really was a part of it, fighting with it, seeking protection from it, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious.

In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, reconcile. Such tales are based on totemism (belief in a totem beast, the patron of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, the bear, which became the hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. Often he was thought of as a terrible, vindictive beast, not forgiving offenses (the fairy tale "The Bear"). The further the faith in that goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible his power over the animal, the "victory" over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales "The Man and the Bear", "The Bear, the Dog and the Cat". Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays a large role. The wolf in beliefs is wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism, becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the proximity of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "The Beasts in the Pit").

Tales about animals stand out in a special group according to the nature of the characters. They are divided into types of animals. Tales about plants, inanimate nature (frost, sun, wind), about objects (bubble, straw, bast shoes) adjoin here.

In fairy tales about animals, man:
1) plays a secondary role (the old man from the fairy tale "The Fox steals fish from the cart");
2) occupies a position equivalent to an animal (a man from the fairy tale "Old bread and salt is forgotten").

Possible classification of the fairy tale about animals.

First of all, the animal tale is classified according to the main character (thematic classification). Such a classification is given in the index of fairy-tale plots of world folklore compiled by Arne-Thomson and in the "Comparative Index of Plots. East Slavic Fairy Tale":

1. Wild animals.
- Fox.
- Other wild animals.
2. Wild and domestic animals
3. Man and wild animals.
4. Pets.
5. Birds and fish.
6. Other animals, objects, plants and natural phenomena.

The next possible classification of the fairy tale about animals is the structural-semantic classification, which classifies the fairy tale according to genre. There are several genres in the fairy tale about animals. V. Ya. Propp singled out such genres as:

1. Cumulative fairy tale about animals.

3. Fable (apologist)
4. Satirical tale

E. A. Kostyukhin singled out genres about animals as:

1. Comic (household) fairy tale about animals
2. Magic fairy tale about animals
3. Cumulative Animal Tale
4. Novelistic tale about animals
5. Apologist (fable)
6. Joke.
7. Satirical tale about animals
8. Legends, stories, everyday stories about animals
9. Fables

Propp, in the basis of his classification of the fairy tale about animals by genre, tried to put a formal sign. Kostyukhin, on the other hand, partly based his classification on a formal feature, but basically the researcher divides the genres of fairy tales about animals according to content. This allows a deeper understanding of the diverse material of the fairy tale about animals, which demonstrates the variety of structural constructions, the diversity of styles, and the richness of content.

A third possible classification of animal tales is that of the target audience. Allocate fairy tales about animals to:

1. Children's fairy tales.
- Fairy tales for children.
- Tales told by children.
2. Adult fairy tales.

This or that genre of fairy tale about animals has its own target audience. The modern Russian fairy tale about animals mainly belongs to the children's audience. Thus, fairy tales told for children have a simplified structure. But there is a genre of fairy tale about animals that will never be addressed to children - this is the so-called. A "naughty" ("cherished" or "pornographic") tale.

About twenty plots of animal tales are cumulative tales. The principle of such a composition is the repeated repetition of a plot unit. Thompson, S., Bolte, J. and Polivka, I., Propp identified fairy tales with cumulative composition as a special group of fairy tales. Cumulative (chain-like) composition is distinguished:

1. With endless repetition:
- Boring tales like "About the white bull".
- A unit of text is included in another text ("The priest had a dog").
2. With End Repeat:
- "Turnip" - plot units grow into a chain until the chain breaks.
- "Cockerel choked" - the chain is untwisted until the chain breaks.
- "For a little duck" - the previous unit of text is denied in the next episode.

Another genre form of a fairy tale about animals is the structure of a fairy tale ("The wolf and the seven kids", "The cat, the rooster and the fox").

The leading place in fairy tales about animals is occupied by comic tales - about the tricks of animals ("A fox steals fish from a sleigh (from a cart)," A wolf at an ice-hole "," A fox smears his head with dough (sour cream), "The beaten unbeaten one is lucky", "The midwife fox ", etc.), which influence other fabulous genres of the animal epic, especially the apologist (fable). The plot core of a comic fairy tale about animals is a chance meeting and a trick (deception, according to Propp). Sometimes they combine several meetings and tricks. The hero of a comic tale is a trickster (one who performs tricks). The main trickster of the Russian fairy tale is the fox (in the world epic - the hare). Its victims are usually a wolf and a bear. It has been observed that if the fox acts against the weak, it loses, if against the strong, it wins. It comes from archaic folklore. In the modern animal tale, the victory and defeat of the trickster often receives a moral assessment. The trickster in the tale is opposed to the simpleton. It can be a predator (wolf, bear), and a person, and a simpleton animal, like a hare.

A significant part of animal tales is occupied by an apologist (fable), in which there is not a comic principle, but a moralizing, moralizing one. At the same time, the apologist does not have to have a moral in the form of an ending. Morality follows from the plot situations. Situations must be unambiguous in order to easily form moral conclusions. Typical examples of an apologist are fairy tales where contrasting characters collide (Who is more cowardly than a hare?; Old bread and salt is forgotten; A splinter in the paw of a bear (lion). An apologist can also be considered such plots that have been known in a literary fable since ancient times (Fox and sour grapes; The crow and the fox, and many others). Apologia is a relatively late form of animal tales. Refers to a time when moral norms have already been determined and are looking for a suitable form. In fairy tales of this type, only a few plots with trickster tricks have been transformed, part of the plots apologist (not without the influence of literature) he developed himself.The third way for the development of the apologist is the growth of paremia (proverbs and sayings. But unlike paremia, in the apologist the allegory is not only rational, but also sensitive.

Next to the apologist is the so-called short story about animals, singled out by E. A. Kostyukhin. A short story in an animal tale is a story about unusual cases with a fairly developed intrigue, with sharp turns in the fate of the characters. The trend towards moralization determines the fate of the genre. It has a more definite morality than in the apologist, the comic beginning is muted, or completely removed. The mischief of the comic fairy tale about animals is replaced in the short story with a different content - entertaining. A classic example of a novelistic tale about animals is the "Grateful Beasts". Most of the plots of a folklore short story about animals are formed in literature, and then pass into folklore. The easy transition of these plots is due to the fact that the literary plots themselves are formed on a folklore basis.

Speaking about satire in fairy tales about animals, it must be said that literature once gave impetus to the development of a satirical fairy tale. The condition for the appearance of a satirical tale arises in the late Middle Ages. The satirical effect in a folklore tale is achieved by the fact that social terminology is put into the mouths of animals (Fox confessor; Cat and wild animals). The plot "Ruff Ershovich", which is a fairy tale of book origin, stands apart. Having appeared late in a folk tale, satire did not gain a foothold in it, since social terminology can easily be removed from a satirical tale.

So in the 19th century, a satirical tale is unpopular. The satire within the animal tale is only an accent in an extremely small group of animal stories. And the laws of the animal fairy tale with trickster tricks influenced the satirical tale. The satirical sound was preserved in fairy tales, where the trickster was in the center, and where there was a complete absurdity of what was happening, then the fairy tale became a fiction.

Fairy tales

Fairy tales of the magical type include magical, adventure, heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales lies a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and the wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible "transformation", striking in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is unreal, but also its very character (from the fairy tale "Snow Maiden". "Look, the Snow Maiden's lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then a living girl shook off the snow and came out of a snowdrift. ""Conversion" in fairy tales of a wonderful type, usually occur with the help of magical creatures or objects.

Basically, fairy tales are older than others, they bear traces of a person's primary acquaintance with the world around him.

A fairy tale is based on a complex composition, which has an exposition, plot, plot development, climax and denouement.

The plot of a fairy tale is based on a story about overcoming a loss or shortage, with the help of miraculous means, or magical helpers. In the exposition of the tale, there are consistently 2 generations - the older (the king with the queen, etc.) and the younger - Ivan with his brothers or sisters. Also in the exposition there is an absence of the older generation. An enhanced form of absence is the death of parents. The plot of the tale is that the main character or heroine discovers a loss or shortage, or there are motives for the prohibition, violation of the prohibition and subsequent trouble. Here is the beginning of opposition, i.e. sending a hero from home.

The development of the plot is a search for the lost or missing.

The climax of the fairy tale is that the protagonist or heroine fights an opposing force and always defeats it (the battle equivalent is solving difficult problems that are always solved).

Resolution is overcoming a loss or lack. Usually the hero (heroine) at the end "reigns" - that is, acquires a higher social status than he had at the beginning.

V.Ya. Propp reveals the monotony of a fairy tale at the plot level on a purely syntagmatic level. It reveals the invariance of a set of functions (the actions of actors), the linear sequence of these functions, as well as a set of roles distributed in a certain way between specific characters and correlated with functions. Functions are distributed among seven characters:

Antagonist (pest)
donor
assistant
princess or her father
sender
hero
false hero.

Meletinsky, singling out five groups of fairy tales, tries to solve the problem of the historical development of the genre in general, and plots in particular. The tale contains some motifs characteristic of totemic myths. The mythological origin of the universally widespread fairy tale about marriage with a wonderful "totem" creature, which temporarily shed its animal shell and assumed a human form, is quite obvious ("Husband is looking for a disappeared or kidnapped wife (wife is looking for a husband)", "The Frog Princess", "Scarlet Flower" and etc.). A fairy tale about visiting other worlds to free the captives who are there ("Three Underground Kingdoms", etc.). Popular fairy tales about a group of children who fall into the power of an evil spirit, a monster, a cannibal and are saved thanks to the resourcefulness of one of them ("The Witch's Thumb Boy", etc.), or about the murder of a mighty snake - a chthonic demon ("The Conqueror of the Serpent" and etc.). In a fairy tale, a family theme is actively developed ("Cinderella", etc.). For a fairy tale, a wedding becomes a symbol of compensation for the socially disadvantaged ("Sivko-Burko"). The socially disadvantaged hero (younger brother, stepdaughter, fool) at the beginning of the tale, endowed with all the negative characteristics of his environment, is endowed with beauty and intelligence at the end ("The Little Humpbacked Horse"). The distinguished group of fairy tales about wedding trials draws attention to the story of personal destinies. The novelistic theme in a fairy tale is no less interesting than the heroic one. Propp classifies the genre of fairy tale by the presence in the main test of "Battle - Victory" or by the presence of "Hard task - Solving a difficult task". The household fairy tale became a logical development of a fairy tale.

Household fairy tales

A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction of everyday life in them. The conflict of everyday fairy tales often consists in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of rusticity and naivety oppose those personality traits that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).

As a rule, in everyday fairy tales there is more irony and self-irony, since Good triumphs, but the accidental or singularity of its victory is accentuated.

The diversity of everyday fairy tales is characteristic: social-everyday, satirical-everyday, novelistic and others. Unlike fairy tales, everyday fairy tale contains a more significant element of social and moral criticism, it is more definite in its social preferences. Praise and condemnation in everyday fairy tales sound stronger.

Recently, information about a new type of fairy tales has begun to appear in the methodological literature - about fairy tales of a mixed type. Of course, fairy tales of this type have existed for a long time, but they were not given much importance, since they forgot how much they can help in achieving educational, educational and developmental goals. In general, fairy tales of a mixed type are fairy tales of a transitional type.
They combine the features inherent in both fairy tales with a wonderful world, everyday fairy tales. Elements of the miraculous also appear in the form of magical objects around which the main action is grouped.

A fairy tale in various forms and scales strives to embody the ideal of human existence.
The fairy tale's belief in the intrinsic value of noble human qualities, the uncompromising preference for the Good, is also based on a call for wisdom, activity, and true humanity.

Fairy tales broaden horizons, arouse interest in the life and work of peoples, instill a sense of trust in all the inhabitants of our Earth, engaged in honest work.

The classification of fairy tales. Characteristic features of each species

And yet, the divergence in views on the fairy tale is associated with what is regarded in it as the main thing: an orientation towards fiction or the desire to reflect reality through fiction.

The essence and vitality of a fairy tale, the secret of its magical being is in the constant combination of two elements of meaning: fantasy and truth.

To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been adopted:

1. Tales about animals;

2. Fairy tales;

3. Household fairy tales.

Let's take a closer look at each type.

Animal Tales

Man has long felt a kinship with nature, he really was a part of it, fighting with it, seeking protection from it, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious.

In fairy tales about animals, man:

1) plays a secondary role (the old man from the fairy tale "The Fox steals fish from the cart");

2) occupies a position equivalent to an animal (a man from the fairy tale "Old bread and salt is forgotten").

Possible classification of the fairy tale about animals.

1. Wild animals.

Other wild animals.

2. Wild and domestic animals

3. Man and wild animals.

4. Pets.

5. Birds and fish.

6. Other animals, objects, plants and natural phenomena.

1. Cumulative fairy tale about animals.

3. Fable (apologist)

4. Satirical tale

E. A. Kostyukhin singled out genres about animals as:

1. Comic (household) fairy tale about animals

2. Magic fairy tale about animals

3. Cumulative Animal Tale

4. Novelistic tale about animals

5. Apologist (fable)

6. Joke.

7. Satirical tale about animals

8. Legends, stories, everyday stories about animals

9. Fables

A third possible classification of animal tales is that of the target audience. Allocate fairy tales about animals to:

1. Children's fairy tales.

Fairy tales told for children.

Tales told by children.

2. Adult fairy tales.

1. With endless repetition:

Boring tales like "About the white bull".

A unit of text is included in another text ("The priest had a dog").

2. With End Repeat:

- "Turnip" - plot units grow into a chain until the chain breaks.

- "Cockerel choked" - the chain is untwisted until the chain breaks.

- "For a little duck" - the previous unit of text is denied in the next episode.

Another genre form of a fairy tale about animals is the structure of a fairy tale ("The wolf and the seven kids", "The cat, the rooster and the fox").

Fairy tales

Basically, fairy tales are older than others, they bear traces of a person's primary acquaintance with the world around him.

A fairy tale is based on a complex composition, which has an exposition, plot, plot development, climax and denouement.

The development of the plot is a search for the lost or missing.

The climax of the fairy tale is that the protagonist or heroine fights an opposing force and always defeats it (the battle equivalent is solving difficult problems that are always solved).

Resolution is overcoming a loss or lack. Usually the hero (heroine) at the end "reigns" - that is, acquires a higher social status than he had at the beginning.

Antagonist (pest)

Donor

Assistant

Princess or her father

sender

False hero.

Household fairy tales

As a rule, in everyday fairy tales there is more irony and self-irony, since Good triumphs, but the accidental or singularity of its victory is accentuated.

They combine the features inherent in both fairy tales with a wonderful world, everyday fairy tales. Elements of the miraculous also appear in the form of magical objects around which the main action is grouped.

A fairy tale in various forms and scales strives to embody the ideal of human existence.

The fairy tale's belief in the intrinsic value of noble human qualities, the uncompromising preference for the Good, is also based on a call for wisdom, activity, and true humanity.

Fairy tales broaden horizons, arouse interest in the life and work of peoples, instill a sense of trust in all the inhabitants of our Earth, engaged in honest work.

In my student years, this issue was well covered by one of our university teachers from the Department of Preschool Pedagogy.

It's time to blow the dust off the mossy notes, and share with you the well-known classification of fairy tales.

A fairy tale is a magical opportunity to penetrate the soul of a child, using all the power of artistic means and the imagination of a small person.

Despite its simplicity (which is one of the facets of the genius of fairy-tale art), their classification is unexpectedly extensive and multifaceted.

What are fairy tales?

There are 3 main types of fairy tales:

Animal Tales
Fairy tales
Household fairy tales

Let's take them in order:

Animal Tales

Since ancient times, man has existed side by side with animals. There is nothing surprising in the fact that such a neighborhood is reflected in folk art.

It is noteworthy that animals as such only occasionally become participants in the works. For the most part, in fairy tales about animals, “animals” are endowed with human features.

This image makes the character understandable and attractive at the same time.

Works of this type can be conditionally classified:

By the nature of the characters:

Wild animals
Pets
Inanimate objects (sun, wind, frost)
Items (oven, bast shoes)
mixed variations

By the role of the person in the plot:

dominant
Equitable
Minor

By genre:

Magic fairy tale about animals
Cumulative fairy tale about animals (multiple cyclical repetition of plot elements)
Fable
satirical

By target audience:

For children (for a story to children / for a story by the children themselves)
For adults

I note that the above classification is rather arbitrary and can have many variations.

Let's move on to the next type.

Fairy tale

The peculiarity of this type of fairy tales lies in the fact that the characters are placed in a kind of fantastic unreal world that exists according to its own laws, different from ours.

As a rule, the action in such fairy tales is built according to a certain pattern. It is on the basis of the similarity of storylines that their classification is built:

Heroic tales associated with the victory over a magical creature (serpent, giant)
- Heroic tales related to adventures in search of a magical item.
archaic tales
- Tales of the family persecuted with mythical elements.
- Tales about the family persecuted without mythical elements.
Fairy Tales
Tales of Magic Items
Fairy tales related to wedding trials

Household tales:

The peculiarity of this type lies in the reflection of everyday life, social problems, ridiculing bad human qualities. Allocate:

satirical household
Social
novelistic
With fairy tale elements
mixed type

What are fairy tales?

Writers distinguish 2 main types: folk and author's. Folklore was passed from mouth to mouth and came to us from antiquity. But the author's fairy tale is a full-fledged literary work written by a certain person. Such tales are relatively young. However, they are often based on folk art. Let us consider these flows in more detail.

folk tale

Since ancient times, legends have been a way to escape from hard working days, brighten up a long winter evening or monotonous work, and express one's attitude to life. Passed from mouth to mouth, fairy tales were transformed, enriched with new storylines and characters.

Getting acquainted with folk art, one can notice a desperate desire for justice. Here the truth will always triumph over falsehood, reason will prevail over stupidity, courage and diligence emphatically surpass laziness and cowardice. Ancient folklore allows you to fully feel the connection with your ancestors, joining the origins of culture.

Folk tales are of three types:

fairy tales about animals.

These are the same fairy tales that should be read the very first (up to 5-6 years). They involve permanent characters (bear, wolf, fox, hare, hedgehog, etc.). Basically, the constant signs of animals are indicated (the fox is cunning, the bear is strong, the cat is smart, the hare is timid, etc.). Of these tales, copulative ones stand out - selected according to the principle of plot connection (“Turnip”, “Kolobok”, “Teremok”). Many of them have a childish language tint (a mouse-norushka, a cat - a little white tummy);

household stories.

They show real life, social content, ridicule of negative human qualities. High moral qualities do not belong to the rich and people of high rank, but to representatives of the people (a soldier, an old man). It is not money and strength that win, but intelligence and skill. Sharp negative characteristics are given to the master, the priest, the king and others. Such fairy tales appeared when there was a desire to change the social system, and they expressed the democratic mood of the people (the author). In social fairy tales, puns, humor, shifters, laughter, satire are widely used .;

fairy tales.

They involve romantic heroes who embody the best qualities of a person. Mandatory for this fairy tale: the image of a good hero + helpers + magic items. The main thing in such fairy tales: the struggle for love, for truth, for good. They are characterized by a rich language, colored definitions, negative characters - fantastic (Baba Yaga, Goblin, Kikimora, Serpent Gorynych). As for the structure of fairy tales, fairy tales are obligatory here (once upon a time), the middle (the morning is wiser than the evening, how long is it short) and the ending (and I was there, I drank honey and beer);

Animals have been an integral part of human life since ancient times.

It is thanks to animals that humanity survives throughout its history of many thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising that quadrupeds and birds are very common in folk tales. Animals can be the only characters in a fairy tale, or they can coexist with a person, and on an equal footing. A distinctive feature is that the action takes place in the real world.

A fairy tale is called a fairy tale, the action of which is transferred to a fictional world.

They have their own laws, different from those of the earth. Such fiction is replete with magical events and adventures.

A feature of everyday fairy tale is an attempt to reflect the essence of everyday life and everyday folk life. Here, social problems are usually raised and negative human qualities are condemned. However, these stories may have elements of a fairy tale. As a rule, greedy priests are ridiculed here, and a man or a soldier acts as a hero, who will definitely emerge victorious from all troubles.

literary tale

Literary tales are more diverse in plot, the narrative is more saturated.

Literary tales by genre:

fairy tale about animals;
fairy tale;
novelistic fairy tale;
anecdotal tale;
fiction.

The most famous storytellers are A.S. Pushkin, K.D. Ushinsky, H.K. Andersen, the Brothers Grimm, E. Schwartz, V. Bianchi, J. R. R. Tolkien and many other wonderful storytellers.

Regardless of the type and genre of fairy tales, they all have a unifying beginning - goodness. Therefore, read fairy tales to children, even if it seems to you that they have long passed this age.

Russian folk tales: types, principles of storytelling

The word "fairy tale" has been known since the 17th century. Until that time, the term "tale" or "fable" was used, from the word "bayat", "tell". For the first time this word was used in the charter of the voevoda Vsevolodsky, where people were condemned who "tell unprecedented fairy tales." But scientists believe that the word "fairy tale" was used among the people before. There have always been talented storytellers among the people, but there is no information left about most of them. However, already in the 19th century, people appeared who set themselves the goal of collecting and systematizing oral folk art.

A.N. Afanasiev was a bright collector. From 1857-1862 he created collections of Russian folk tales.

Fairy tale - narrative work oral folk art about fictitious events

Russian folktale is a treasure of folk wisdom. It is distinguished by the depth of ideas, richness of content, poetic language and high educational orientation ("a fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it").

Russian fairy tale is one of the most popular and beloved genres of folklore, it has an entertaining plot, amazing characters, there is a feeling of true poetry, which opens the reader to the world of human feelings and relationships, affirms kindness and justice, and also introduces Russian culture, to the wise folk experience , to the native language.

2. Classification of fairy tales. Characteristic features of each species

To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been adopted:

1. Tales about animals;

2. Fairy tales;

3. Household fairy tales.

Let's take a closer look at each type.

Animal Tales

Folk poetry embraced the whole world, its object was not only man, but also all life on the planet. Depicting animals, the fairy tale gives them human features, but at the same time, fixes and characterizes habits, "way of life", etc.

Fairy tales differ from beliefs - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays an important role. The wolf in beliefs is wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism, becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the proximity of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "The Beasts in the Pit").

There are several genres in the fairy tale about animals. V. Ya. Propp singled out suchgenres How:

1. Cumulative fairy tale about animals. (Boring tales, such as: "About the white bull", Turnip");

2. Magic fairy tale about animals;

3. Fable (apologist);

4. A satirical tale.

The leading place in fairy tales about animals is occupied by comic tales - about the tricks of animals ("A fox steals fish from a sleigh (from a wagon)," A wolf at an ice-hole "," A fox smears his head with dough (sour cream), "The beaten unbeaten one is lucky", "The midwife fox ", etc.), which influence other fabulous genres of the animal epic, especially the apologist (fable).

Fairy tales

Fairy tales of the magical type include magical, adventure, heroic. These stories are based onwonderful world .

Wonderful world - it is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and the wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible "transformation", striking in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is unreal, but also its very nature."Conversion" in fairy tales of the miraculous type, as a rule, occurs with the help of magical creatures or objects. .

A fairy tale is based on a complexcomposition , which hasexposition, plot, plot development, climax and denouement .

At the coreplot fairy tale is a story about overcoming a loss with the help of miraculous means, or magical helpers. In the exposition of the fairy tale, there are consistently 2 generations - the older (the king with the queen, etc.) and the younger - Ivan with his brothers or sisters. Also in the exposition there is an absence of the older generation. An enhanced form of absence is the death of parents.tie fairy tale is that the main character or heroinedetect loss or am I herereasons for the ban , violations of the ban and subsequent trouble. Here is the beginning of opposition, i.e.sending a hero from home.

Plot development is the search for what is lost or missing.

fairy tale climax consists in the fact that the protagonist or heroine fights with the opposing force and always defeats it.

denouement It is overcoming a loss or lack. Usually the hero (heroine) at the end "reigns" - that is, acquires a higher social status than he had at the beginning.

Meletinsky, singling out five groups of fairy tales, tries to solve the problem of the historical development of the genre in general, and plots in particular.

The tale contains some motifs characteristic of totemic myths. Absolutely obviousmythological origin universally distributedfairy tale about marriage with a wonderful "totem" creature , temporarily shedding the animal shell and taking on a human form (The husband is looking for a disappeared or kidnapped wife (the wife is looking for a husband): "The Frog Princess", "Scarlet Flower", etc.).

Tale of visiting other worlds for the release of the captives located there ("Three Underground Kingdoms", etc.). Fairy tales are popular about a group of children who fall into the power of an evil spirit, a monster, a cannibal and are saved thanks to the resourcefulness of one of them ("The Witch's Thumb Boy", etc.), or about the murder of a mighty snake ("The Snake Conqueror", etc. ).

The fairy tale is actively developedfamily theme ("Cinderella" and others).Wedding for a fairy tale becomes a symbolcompensation for the socially disadvantaged ("Sivko-Burko"). The socially disadvantaged hero (younger brother, stepdaughter, fool) at the beginning of the tale, endowed with all the negative characteristics of his environment, is endowed with beauty and intelligence at the end ("The Little Humpbacked Horse"). The distinguished group of fairy tales about wedding trials draws attention to the story of personal destinies.

Household fairy tales

A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction of everyday life in them. . The conflict of a household tale often consists in the fact thatdecency, honesty, nobility under the guise of simplicity and naivetyopposes those personality traits that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, malice, envy ).

As a rule, in everyday fairy tales moreirony and self-irony , since Good triumphs, but the accidental or singularity of its victory is accentuated.

The diversity of "everyday" fairy tales is characteristic : social-everyday, satirical-everyday, novelistic and others. Unlike fairy tales, everyday fairy tale contains a more significant elementsocial and moral criticism , it is more definite in its social preferences. Praise and condemnation in everyday fairy tales sound stronger.

A fairy tale in various forms and scales strives to embody the ideal of human existence.

Fairy tales broaden horizons, arouse interest in the life and work of peoples, instill a sense of trust in all the inhabitants of our Earth, engaged in honest work.

3. Principles of telling a fairy tale.

Fairy tale - this is an amazing tool for working with the inner world of a person, a powerful tool for development. Fairy tales are all around us.

E.A. Flerina, the largest teacher in the field of aesthetic education, sawThe advantage of storytelling over reading is that the narrator conveys the content as if he were an eyewitness to the events taking place.She believed that storytelling achieves a special immediacy of perception.

Every educator should master the art of telling a fairy tale, because. it is very important to convey the originality of the fairy tale genre.

Fairy tales are dynamic and at the same time melodious. The speed of development of events in them is perfectly combined with repetition. The language of fairy tales is very picturesque: it has many apt comparisons, epithets, figurative expressions, dialogues, songs, rhythmic repetitions that help the child remember the fairy tale.

It is not enough for a modern child to read a fairy tale, color the images of its characters, talk about the plot.With a child of the third millennium, it is necessary comprehend fairy tales, search and find hidden meanings and life lessons together.

Principles of working with fairy tales:

Principle

Main focus