A portrait is an artistic depiction of the face of a particular person and, at the same time, its interpretation by the artist. The portrait depicts the external features of a person, and through them - his inner world.
Why are pictorial portraits created?
This is not a rhetorical question. Here is how Albrecht Dürer answered him: "I write to preserve the images of men after their death." The Renaissance artist Leon Battista Alberti said something like this: “A painting makes absent people present, and the dead seem alive.” Many other artists of past centuries could have answered the same way.
But then photography was invented, and a portrait can be obtained quickly, without investing in it as much work as it takes to write a picturesque portrait. Why does the portrait genre not disappear, but continues to develop and improve? Yes, over the long history of its existence, the portrait has undergone both ups and downs, but has not exhausted itself.
Varieties of the portrait
Not always a portrait is limited only to the external data of a person. Within the portrait genre, there are subgenres: historical portrait, portrait-picture (a person is depicted in the surrounding nature or architecture. Attributes, background and costume helped to display the entire range of qualities of a person or his social group), portrait-type (collective image), allegorical portrait ( for example, "Catherine II in the form of Minerva"), family portrait, self-portrait, group portrait, etc.
Here is an example of a historical portrait.
V. Vasnetsov "Portrait of Ivan the Terrible" (1897)
Such a portrait can be painted only on the basis of the artist's study of antiquities and impressions from theatrical productions.
And here is a portrait-type.
B. Kustodiev "Merchant for tea" (1918)
Group portraits were usually intended for ceremonial interiors.
I. Repin. Group portrait "Ceremonial meeting of the State Council"
This portrait was intended for the hall of the St. Petersburg Mariinsky Palace, the interiors of which are extremely luxurious, and a “modest” portrait would be lost against their background.
By nature, a portrait can be ceremonial (usually against an architectural or landscape background, as a rule - in full growth), chamber (often half-length or bust), miniature.
The similarity of the portrait with the original
Is similarity important in a portrait? Undoubtedly. But, besides the external similarity, there must be an internal similarity, i.e. it is the internal similarity that convinces the viewer that this is how the portrayed person should be.
But the people depicted on the canvases of old artists are not known to us, we cannot be sure that their appearance corresponds to the original. How, then, to determine whether a good portrait or not? So, is there something in the portrait that is more important than the exact appearance?
A well-painted portrait should show the inner essence of the model from the point of view of the artist: not only physical, but also spiritual features. This need was formulated even during the approval of the European portrait. In 1310, Pietro d'Abano said that the portrait should reflect both the appearance and the psychology of the model. The French portrait painter Maurice Quentin de Latour spoke of his models: “They think that I capture only the features of their faces, but without their knowledge I I descend into the depths of their soul and take possession of it entirely.
A very important point in custom portraits is the embodiment in the canvas of both the expectations of the model and her real appearance. As A. Sumarokov wrote:
Fufana ordered her portrait to be painted,
But she said to the painter:
You see, I'm crooked;
However, write that I am not like that.
A person's judgments about his own personality, about his appearance, character and inner world are far from identical with what the artist thinks about this. And the more their views diverge, the sharper the conflict between the requirements of the customer and the will of the artist can be.
Epoch and portrait
A good portrait is also an idea of the way of life of people of certain eras, their ideals and ideas about a person. A good portrait gives the modern viewer the opportunity to learn about the life and customs of the time to which the portrait belongs. A portrait is a kind of story.
O. Kiprensky "Portrait of Evgraf Davydov"
Here we have a portrait of the hussar Yevgraf Davydov by Orest Kiprensky. This is a portrait of a specific person, but looking at this portrait, we learn about the uniform of the hussars of that time, the hairstyle, the internal state of the military - the picture depicts the era. And, of course, the portrait genre makes it possible to recognize the ideal of personality that was characteristic of that time. That is, this is a kind of artistic portrait of the hero of his time.
Social status, nationality, age, religious and moral signs, character, and so on - all this should be present in a good portrait. You can learn to convey the similarity with the model, but at the same time not acquire the ability to express its character - this is much more difficult to achieve.
Portrait Features
An important point is the look: the model can look directly at the viewer, as if inviting him to a conversation, or past. From this, the depicted person seems more thoughtful and calm. If the turn of the head is directed in one direction, and the pupils in the other, that is, the person looks around, as it were, then movement occurs in the portrait. If the gaze and movement are directed in the same direction, the model appears calmer. The portrait is not characterized by the expression of strong feelings, because. they are short-term and do not characterize a person completely.
Through the expression of the eyes, the soul is visible, especially through the gaze fixed on the viewer. In addition, “a look directed at the viewer is addressed to all mankind” (A. Karev).
V. Perov "Portrait of Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl"
Another important means of psychological characterization is the hands. Take a look at the portrait of V.I. Dahl by V. Perov. One of the critics described the portrait as follows: “... his gaze expresses calmness: he has done his job. It is impossible not to pay attention to the beautiful hands of the old man: any surgeon will envy these long fingers. Indeed, Dahl was a wonderful surgeon, and he was equally successful in both hands, which is very important during the operation.
A lot can be said about a person and his posture.
V. Serov "Portrait of actress Yermolova"
Emphatically proud posture emphasizes the greatness of a person. It happens that self-conceit is portrayed in this way, but Maria Nikolaevna Ermolova really was a great actress. According to Stanislavsky, the greatest actor he has ever seen.
The portraits of the modern artist A. Shilov attract with photographic accuracy, but this, as we already know, is not enough for a good portrait. Through the expression of the eyes of the heroes of his portraits, the soul is always visible. Like in this portrait.
A Shilov "Portrait of Olenka" (1981)
It is no coincidence that the portrait is considered one of the most difficult and significant genres of fine art. “The progress of painting,” Hegel argued, “starting with its imperfect experiments, is to work out to the portrait.
A portrait is not just an image of a person, where the task of external resemblance comes to the fore, but a complex study of the psychology of the individual, the inner world of the person being portrayed. Perceiving a portrait image, penetrating into the thoughts and feelings of the depicted person, we comprehend not only the person himself, but also the world around him, the prism of his feelings and thoughts.
The task of the artist is to convey the characteristic features of a person and identify both typical, socially significant, and individually valuable.
Specific features of artistic figurative means in the portrait genre, its patterns and forms were developed in the process of historical development.
There are two main types of portrait: intimate-chamber and ceremonial. Each of them underwent significant changes in the process of historical development, but the principle of artistic and figurative reflection remained unchanged.
It should be noted that the word “intimate” means deeply personal, inner, intimate, but it does not follow from this that intimacy in a portrait means isolation of the individual from the outside world: it certainly finds its reflection, refracting through the deeply personal that the artist conveyed in a portrait. Of particular importance in an intimate portrait is the psychology of the person being portrayed. The main task here is the study of a person's personality, the transfer of his most characteristic features, which requires the artist, first of all, to deeply penetrate into the personality of the depicted person.
The artistic form of an intimate portrait is also determined by compositional features. These are, as a rule, paintings of a small size, where the compositional node is the face of a person, to whom the artist assigns a leading role. An intimate portrait is rarely situational. This is usually a figure, and most often a half-length image on a neutral background, which allows the artist to focus on the face, eyes, emphasize the main thing through them, trace the plastic features of the structure of the head and convey the character of a person through these features.
For example, in the "Portrait of V. Bryusov" M.A. Vrubel depicts the poet standing, with his arms crossed on his chest. The background of the portrait is a sketch of some composition by Vrubel himself. Restless, broken lines, as it were, frame Bryusov's face, bringing in an emotional mood, a feeling of anxiety. And at the same time, the poet appears surprisingly calm, spiritual, there is not even a hint of internal breakdown and hopelessness, characteristic of the mood of many artists and writers of that time. A balanced composition (the figure is located in the center), a natural gesture of the hand - all this gives a feeling of great inner strength, confidence. The face of V. Bryusov is unusually expressive. In terms of the depth of penetration into the image, in terms of the power of expression, this portrait drawing by Vrubel rightfully belongs to the number of the best graphic portraits in Russian art.
Ceremonial portrait - a phenomenon less common in contemporary art. The very word "splendor" in relation to the portrait is sometimes used in a negative sense, although this is not always true. Ceremonial portrait - a certain kind of portrait genre, which has its own purpose of regularity. The history of art gives us examples of remarkable works belonging to this species. Suffice it to mention the names of D. Velazquez, A. Van Dyck, D. Levitsky, P. Rubens, in whose work the front portrait was not the last.
Great importance was attached to the front portrait by V.A. Serov. It was here that he sought for himself a "great style" in art, for example, depicting M.N. Yermolov, he presents the viewer with a great actress, whose work is full of high civic ideals. This is the main idea of the work, and the artist strongly sought to convey it to the viewer. Compositionally, the portrait is built in such a way that Ermolova seems to be erected on a pedestal. When depicting the figure, the artist chose a lower point of view and painted sitting on a low bench. Ermolova's figure fits into the space of the canvas with a clear silhouette, is easy to read and conveys the greatness of the actress with all persuasiveness.
A ceremonial portrait is a portrait that reveals one feature of a human personality in connection with its position in society, special merits in a certain field of activity, etc. Naturally, the very ideological content of this kind of portrait requires special means of implementation. The ceremonial portrait is distinguished primarily by its monumental solution. We see this in the portrait of Yermolova, the same is characteristic of the “Portrait of F. Chaliapin” by V.A. Serov.
The idea of a portrait, born as a result of an emotional attitude towards a person, penetration into his psychology, philosophical understanding of the depicted, requires in each individual case its own compositional and technical means of expression.
In the portrait genre, there are various types of composition. This is a head, half-length portrait, full-length figure, group portrait.
A striking example of a group portrait is the work of P.D. Korina "Portrait of artists M. Kupriyanov, P. Krylov, N. Sokolov." The idea of the portrait - to show artists - wrestlers as a single creative team, soldered by an understanding of their task - also determined the composition of the picture. Artists are sitting at a work table, which depicts sketches, jars of bright colors, flutes; the background is posters created by artists during the war. The intense coloring, built on the contrasts of black, red and blue, creates the necessary emotional mood of the picture. We see different people united by the artist into a single image.
The main task of the portrait is to create a specific image of a person, to convey his characteristic features, which requires the artist, first of all, to deeply penetrate into the personality of the depicted person, to convey the individual appearance, to reveal the essence of his character. And despite the fact that the transfer of individually unique features of the model is an indispensable condition for the portrait. The task of the artist is to generalize, identify typical features while preserving the expressive features of a particular person.
The need to convey individual similarity is determined by the very factor of the existence of a portrait, outside of similarity there can be no portrait as an independent genre.
Genres
visual arts
Portrait
Species and types
portrait.
Description of the portrait.
Author:
© Kuprina Evgenia Vladimirovna
MHC and history teacher
visual arts
MOU school number 124 g.o. Samara
Portrait
(from French - to portray,to pass "damn to hell")
is a picture of a person
or groups of people
actually existing
or existed in the past. The most important feature of the portrait
resemblance
Images
with original
not only EXTERNAL,
but also INTERNAL
Portrait Analysis
Task number 1Example
Portrait Analysis
1. The type of art to which
applies portrait
2. Purpose of the portrait
3. Number of characters
4. Characters in the portrait
5. Position of the character
6. Turning the character's head
Type of art to which the portrait belongs
art form,The portrait happens:
to which the portrait belongs
graphic
graphic arts
photographic
photographic art
picturesque
painting
sculpture
sculptural
jewelry
jewelry
art
Purpose of the portrait
formal portraitchamber portrait
Number of characters in the picture
portraitone
human
portrait
two
Human
portrait
three
and more
Human
/double
or double/
/group/
Portrait characters
children'smale
female
mixed
The position of the character in the picture
in full growthThe position of the character in the picture
in full growthgenerational
The position of the character in the picture
beltin full growth
generational
The position of the character in the picture
beltin full growth
chest
generational
The position of the character in the picture
beltin full growth
chest
generational
head
The position of the character in the picture
seated naturestanding nature
lying nature
Character head rotation
at three o'clokquarters"
in "fas"
or
"full face"
V
"profile"
Portrait Analysis
Before usPortrait Analysis
Attributes:
Picturesque
parade
Pair family
portrait
Men and women
generational portrait,
the man is depicted
standing, and the woman
sitting in a chair
Woman's face
depicted almost
"full face", and the face
men - in "three
quarters"
building layout
compass
handicraft box
PORTRAIT ANALYSIS. Tasks.
Sources of materials (text and images):Volume 7. Portrait
Release year: 2003 Format: CD-ROM 3000 images
ISBN: 5-94865-008-1 Publisher: Directmedia Publishing
Volume 20. Masterpieces of World Painting: 11,111 reproductions
Release year: 2004 Format: DVD-ROM 11111 pictures
ISBN: 5-94865-023-5 Publisher: Directmedia Publishing
Great Encyclopedia of Painting COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Publisher: TRIADA
The Great Encyclopedia of Paintings of the Louvre Museum
Release year: 2002 Format: CD-ROM
Publisher: TRIADA
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FOREIGN CLASSICAL ART
Year of release: 1999 Format: CD-ROM
Publisher: "KOMINFO"
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FINE ARTS
Release year: 2004 Format: CD-ROM
Publisher: "Discovery" 1
2
4
3
5
6Bust of Peter I.
K.B. Rastrelli
Russia. 1723.
Bronze. Portrait of Jan Brueghel
A. Van Dyck, Flanders. 17th century Portrait of Peter I.
A. Ovsov, Russia.
1725. Copper, enamel Child with
whip.
Renoir O., France.
1885. Oil on canvas Portrait of Catherine II.
Levitsky D.G.,
Russia. 1783
Canvas, oil Catherine II on
walk.
Borovikovsky V.L.,
Russia.
Canvas, oil Ceremonial portrait
image of a person in the center of the picture,
tall, in full dress, with attributes
power or social status
solemn atmosphere
designed for viewing
number of spectators chamber portrait
picture of a person
neutral background, often half-length,
chest or shoulder
variety is intimate
full length portrait
neutral background
originally intended for
viewing by a narrow circle of spectators
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Slides captions:
Portrait in painting. Types of portrait of a person. Presentation prepared by: Bazanova Elena Mikhailovna
A portrait is an image or description of a person or group of people that exists or has existed in reality. A portrait is one of the main genres of painting, sculpture, graphics, its meaning is precisely to reproduce the individual qualities of a particular person. The name of this genre comes from an old French expression meaning "to play something the hell out of it."
watercolor PORTRAIT pencil ENGRAVED PAINTING (OIL, TEMPERA, GOUASH) SCULPTURE RELIEF (on medals and coins)
Pencil portrait Watercolor portrait Engraving Painting portrait (oil) Relief Sculptural portrait
PORTRAIT TYPES: Chamber; Psychological; Social; front; Individual, double, group. self-portrait
Chamber portrait - a portrait using a half-length, chest or shoulder image. The figure in a chamber portrait is usually given against a neutral background.
The psychological portrait is intended to show the depth of the inner world and experiences of a person, to reflect the fullness of his personality, to capture in an instant the endless movement of human feelings and actions.
A social portrait makes it possible to comprehend the content of professional activity, spending free time, to assess a person's personality, based on the characteristics of the environment in which he lives.
Ceremonial portrait - a portrait showing a person in full growth, on a horse, standing or sitting. Usually in a formal portrait, the figure is given against an architectural or landscape background.
Individual, double, group.
Self-portrait - a graphic, pictorial or sculptural image of the artist, made by him with the help of a mirror or a system of mirrors.
According to the format, portraits are distinguished: head (shouldered) chest waist belt to the hips generational in full growth
Head portrait Bust portrait Half-length portrait Hip-length portrait Full-length portrait
By turning the head, portraits are: full-face (fr. en face, “from the face”) in a quarter turn to the right or half-turn to the left in three quarters in profile
Task: Your task is to create a picturesque portrait. It can be a self-portrait or a portrait of someone close to you. Think about what color combinations will best express the character and state of mind.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
The presentation was made for the lesson of fine arts in the 6th grade on the topic "Portrait in Painting". Program B.M. Nemensky. The presentation can be used for an interactive whiteboard....
Development of a lesson in fine arts on the topic "Portrait in painting" Grade 6 according to the Singapore method ...
What is a portrait (portrait - older French - portraire - means to portray) - A portrait is a type of fine art dedicated to depicting a specific person or group of people - an outwardly individually similar display of a person on canvas or paper, with the aim of presenting it to others, showing character, inner world, life values depicted.
Drawing a person's face in a portrait is the most difficult direction in the visual arts. The artist must discover the main accents of the personality, emphasize the characteristic features, the emotionality of a person and reveal the spiritual disposition of the person being portrayed. Depending on the size of the painting, the portrait can be of different types: bust, half-length, generational and full-length. Portrait pose: from the face, three-quarter turn to any side and in profile. A creative portrait is a creative painting, a special genre of painting related to the creation of something new in the image of a human person.
Fundamentals of the portrait. The main and main thing in the portrait is the face of a person, on which portrait painters work most of the time, trying to convey the similarity and character, color shades of the head as accurately as possible. Then the gesture and facial expressions related to a certain character, the artist finds features of greater vitality, naturalness in the image of the face, while the rest of the details of the portrait, whether it is the clothes, the background, the capture of the details of a certain entourage on the canvas, are considered more conditional, since the similarity does not depend on this .
The similarity in the portrait occupies the main and dominant role, if the similarity is very lame, it outweighs all the other positive advantages of the classical portrait, as a result, it can be beautiful in elaboration and color but faceless picture.
If you order a portrait from a photo on this site, these will be the following portrait styles, oil on canvas and dry brush. Portraits come in different styles and techniques, the most notable style, that is, the technique of execution, is of course painting a portrait in oil on canvas. Painting a portrait in oil is a very long and laborious process that requires a lot of patience and accuracy. This style comes from the depths of centuries and has earned great fame all over the world.
Often artists draw sketches or quick portraits in charcoal, sepia, sanguine, and much less often now especially in pencil or pastel and watercolor portraits, although these are undoubtedly first-class portrait styles, more laborious, but deserve special attention. But the dry brush style of portraiture is also gaining momentum in popularity. You can watch a video where the artist Igor Kazarin draws a portrait of a girl in this wonderful portrait painting style.
Portrait genres are subdivided: chamber, intimate front portrait, and also self-portraits, where, as a rule, artists depict themselves. The portrait genre in the visual arts is a natural independent genre of painting that does not need specific justification.
Portrait sub-genres: The boundaries of the portrait genre reflect different directions interrelated with elements of other genres. For example, a Historical portrait: an image of a person in the clothes of past centuries, is created by imagination and according to available materials, memories of that time. Painting portrait - the character is presented surrounded by nature, architecture with the plot of the world of things and household items. A costumed portrait of a character is depicted in historical theatrical costumes that are beautiful for perception and various paraphernalia related to the plot.
