Genres of romantic literature and romantic hero. Romantic hero as a literary type

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"Romanticism in Literature" - Lesson - lecture. Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich 1814-1841. Romanticism in Russian Literature in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Theme "humiliated and offended." Philosophical tale. A romantic personality is a passionate personality. Historical novel; "Mtsyri". Passion. Walter Scott 1771-1832. Causes of Romanticism.

"On Romanticism" - Larra. A.S. Pushkin. Eternal Jew. Sacrifice yourself to save others. "Legend of the Wandering Jew". Compositional features of stories. "The Legend of Moses". M. Gorky. Which of the heroes is close to the Old Woman Izergil: Danko or Larre? Whoever does nothing, nothing will happen to him. The basis of the style of romanticism is the image of the inner world of a person.

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Romanticism (1790-1830)- This is a direction in world culture that appeared as a result of the crisis of the Enlightenment and its philosophical concept "Tabula rasa", which means "blank slate". According to this teaching, a person is born neutral, clean and empty, like a white sheet of paper. So, if you take care of his education, you can bring up an ideal member of society. But the flimsy logical construction collapsed when it came into contact with the realities of life: the bloody Napoleonic Wars, the French Revolution of 1789 and other social upheavals destroyed people's faith in the healing properties of the Enlightenment. During the war, education and culture did not play a role: bullets and sabers still spared no one. The powerful of this world studied diligently and had access to all known works of art, but this did not prevent them from sending their subjects to death, did not prevent them from cheating and cunning, did not prevent them from indulging in those sweet vices that from time immemorial corrupt humanity, regardless of who and how educated. No one stopped the bloodshed, no one was helped by preachers, teachers and Robinson Crusoe with his blessed work and "God's help".

People were disappointed, tired of social instability. The next generation was "born old". "Young people found use for their idle strength in desperation"- as Alfred de Musset, the author of the most brilliant romantic novel, Confessions of a Son of the Century, wrote. He described the condition of a young man of his time as follows: "Negation of everything heavenly and everything earthly, if you like, hopelessness". Society was imbued with world sorrow, and the main postulates of romanticism are the result of this mood.

The word "romanticism" comes from the Spanish musical term "romance" (a piece of music).

The main signs of romanticism

Romanticism is usually characterized by listing its main characteristics:

— Romantic double world It is a sharp contrast between ideal and reality. The real world is cruel and boring, and the ideal is a refuge from the hardships and abominations of life. A textbook example of romanticism in painting: Friedrich's painting "Two Contemplating the Moon". The eyes of the heroes are fixed on the ideal, but the black hooked roots of life seem to not let them go.

— Idealism- this is the presentation of the maximum spiritual requirements for oneself and for reality. Example: Shelley's poetry, where the grotesque pathos of youth is the main message.

— Infantilism- this is the inability to bear responsibility, frivolity. Example: the image of Pechorin: the hero does not know how to calculate the consequences of his actions, he easily injures himself and others.

— Fatalism (evil fate)- this is the tragic nature of the relationship between man and evil fate. Example: "The Bronze Horseman" by Pushkin, where the hero is pursued by evil fate, having taken away his beloved, and with it all hopes for the future.

— Many borrowings from the Baroque era Keywords: irrationality (fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm, Hoffmann's stories), fatalism, gloomy aesthetics (mystical stories by Edgar Allan Poe), theomachism (Lermontov, poem "Mtsyri").

— The cult of individualism- the clash of personality and society - the main conflict in romantic works (Byron, "Childe Harold": the hero opposes his individuality to an inert and boring society, embarking on a journey without end).

Characteristics of a Romantic Hero

• Disappointment (Pushkin "Onegin")
• Nonconformism (rejected existing value systems, did not accept hierarchies and canons, protested against the rules) -
• Outrageous behavior (Lermontov "Mtsyri")
• Intuition (Gorky "Old Woman Izergil" (the legend of Danko))
• The denial of free will (everything depends on fate) - Walter Scott "Ivanhoe"

Themes, ideas, philosophy of romanticism

The main theme in romanticism is an exceptional hero in exceptional circumstances. For example, a highlander captivated from childhood, miraculously saved and ended up in a monastery. Usually children are not taken prisoner in order to take them to monasteries and replenish the staff of monks, the case of Mtsyri is a unique precedent.

The philosophical basis of romanticism and the ideological and thematic core is subjective idealism, according to which the world is a product of the subject's personal sensations. Examples of subjective idealists - Fichte, Kant. A good example of subjective idealism in literature is Alfred de Musset's Confessions of a Son of the Century. Throughout the story, the hero immerses the reader in subjective reality, as if reading a personal diary. Describing his love collisions and complex feelings, he shows not the surrounding reality, but the inner world, which, as it were, replaces the outer one.

Romanticism dispelled boredom and melancholy - typical feelings in the society of that period. The secular game of disappointment is brilliantly beaten by Pushkin in the poem "Eugene Onegin". The protagonist plays for the audience when he imagines himself inaccessible to the understanding of mere mortals. A fashion arose among young people to imitate the proud loner Childe Harold, the famous romantic hero from Byron's poem. Pushkin laughs at this trend, depicting Onegin as a victim of another cult.

By the way, Byron became an idol and an icon of romanticism. Distinguished by eccentric behavior, the poet attracted the attention of society, and won recognition with ostentatious eccentricities and undeniable talent. He even died in the spirit of romanticism: in the internecine war in Greece. An exceptional hero in exceptional circumstances...

Active Romanticism and Passive Romanticism: What's the difference?

Romanticism is inherently heterogeneous. Active Romanticism- this is a protest, a rebellion against that philistine, vile world that has such a detrimental effect on the individual. Representatives of active romanticism: the poets Byron and Shelley. An example of active romanticism: Byron's poem Childe Harold's Travels.

Passive romanticism- this is reconciliation with reality: embellishment of reality, withdrawal into oneself, etc. Representatives of passive romanticism: writers Hoffman, Gogol, Scott, etc. An example of passive romanticism is Hoffmann's Golden Pot.

Features of romanticism

Ideal- this is a mystical, irrational, unacceptable expression of the world spirit, something perfect, to which one must strive. The melancholy of romanticism can be called "longing for the ideal." People crave it, but they cannot get it, otherwise what they receive will cease to be an ideal, since it will turn from an abstract idea of ​​\u200b\u200bbeauty into a real thing or a real phenomenon with errors and shortcomings.

Romanticism is...

• creation comes first
• psychologism: the main thing is not the events, but the feelings of people.
• irony: rise above reality, tease it.
• self-irony: this perception of the world reduces stress

Escapism is an escape from reality. Types of escapism in literature:

• fantasy (departure into fictional worlds) - Edgar Allan Poe ("The Red Mask of Death")
• exotic (leaving in an unusual area, in the culture of little-known ethnic groups) - Mikhail Lermontov (Caucasian cycle)
• history (idealization of the past) - Walter Scott ("Ivanhoe")
• folklore (folk fiction) - Nikolai Gogol ("Evenings on a farm near Dikanka")

Rational romanticism originated in England, which is probably due to the peculiarity of the mentality of the British. Mystical romanticism appeared precisely in Germany (the brothers Grimm, Hoffmann, etc.), where the fantastic element is also due to the specifics of the German mentality.

historicism- this is the principle of considering the world, social and cultural phenomena in the natural historical development.

The concept of "romanticism" is often used as a synonym for the concept of "romance". By this they mean the tendency to look at the world through rose-colored glasses and an active life position. Or they associate this concept with love and any actions for the sake of their loved one. But romanticism has several meanings. The article will focus on a narrower understanding that is used for a literary term, and on the main character traits of a romantic hero.

Characteristic features of the style

Romanticism is a trend in literature that arose in Russia in the late 18th - first half of the 19th century. This style proclaims the cult of nature and the natural feelings of man. Freedom of self-expression, the value of individualism and the original character traits of the protagonist become new characteristic features of romantic literature. Representatives of the direction abandoned rationalism and the primacy of the mind, which were characteristic of the Enlightenment, and put the emotional and spiritual sides of a person at the forefront.

In their works, the authors do not display the real world, which was too vulgar and vile for them, but the inner universe of the character. And through the prism of his feelings and emotions, the outlines of the real world are visible, the laws and thoughts of which he refuses to obey.

Main conflict

The central conflict of all works written in the era of romanticism is the conflict between the individual and society as a whole. Here the protagonist goes against the rules established in his environment. At the same time, the motives for such behavior can be different - actions can both go for the benefit of society, and have a selfish intention. In this case, as a rule, the hero loses this fight, and the work ends with his death.

A romantic is a special and in most cases very mysterious person who tries to resist the power of nature or society. At the same time, the conflict develops into an internal struggle of contradictions, which takes place in the soul of the main character. In other words, the central character is built on antitheses.

Although in this literary genre the individuality of the protagonist is valued, literary critics have nevertheless identified what features of romantic heroes are the main ones. But, even despite the similarity, each character is unique in its own way, since they are only general criteria for highlighting the style.

Ideals of society

The main feature of the romantic hero is that he does not accept the well-known ideals of society. The main character has his own ideas about the values ​​of life, which he tries to defend. He, as it were, challenges the whole world around him, and not an individual person or group of people. Here we are talking about the ideological confrontation of one person against the whole world.

At the same time, in his rebellion, the main character chooses one of two extremes. Either these are unattainable highly spiritual goals, and the character is trying to catch up with the Creator himself. In another case, the hero indulges in all sorts of sins, not feeling the measure of his moral fall into the abyss.

Bright personality

If one person is able to withstand the whole world, then it is as large and complex as the whole world. The protagonist of romantic literature always stands out in society, both externally and internally. In the soul of the character there is a constant conflict between the stereotypes already laid down by society and his own views and ideas.

Loneliness

One of the saddest traits of the romantic hero is his tragic loneliness. Since the character is opposed to the whole world, he remains completely alone. There is no such person who would understand it. Therefore, he either himself flees from a society he hates, or he himself becomes an exile. Otherwise, the romantic hero would no longer be like this. Therefore, romantic writers focus all their attention on the psychological portrait of the central character.

Either past or future

The features of the romantic hero do not allow him to live in the present. The character is trying to find his ideals in the past, when the religious feeling was strong in the hearts of people. Or he indulges himself with happy utopias that supposedly await him in the future. But in any case, the main character is not satisfied with the era of dull bourgeois reality.

Individualism

As already mentioned, the hallmark of the romantic hero is his individualism. But it's not easy to be "different from others." This is a fundamental difference from all the people who surround the main character. At the same time, if a character chooses a sinful path, then he realizes that he is different from others. And this difference is taken to the extreme - the cult of personality of the protagonist, where all actions have an exclusively selfish motive.

The era of romanticism in Russia

The poet Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky is considered the founder of Russian romanticism. He creates several ballads and poems ("Ondine", "The Sleeping Princess" and so on), in which there is a deep philosophical meaning and aspiration for moral ideals. His works are saturated with his own experiences and reflections.

Then Zhukovsky was replaced by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol and Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov. They impose on the public consciousness, which is under the impression of the failure of the Decembrist uprising, the imprint of an ideological crisis. For this reason, the work of these people is described as a disappointment in real life and an attempt to escape into their fictional world, filled with beauty and harmony. The main characters of their works lose interest in earthly life and come into conflict with the outside world.

One of the features of romanticism is the appeal to the history of the people and their folklore. This is most clearly seen in the work "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov" and a cycle of poems and poems dedicated to the Caucasus. Lermontov perceived it as the birthplace of free and proud people. They opposed the slave country, which was under the rule of Nicholas I.

The early works of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin are also imbued with the idea of ​​romanticism. An example is "Eugene Onegin" or "The Queen of Spades".

Who is a romantic hero and what is he like?

This is an individualist. A superman who has lived through two stages: before the collision with reality, he lives in a ‘pink’ state, he is possessed by the desire for achievement, change of the world; after a collision with reality, he continues to consider this world both vulgar and boring, but he does not become a skeptic, a pessimist. With a clear understanding that nothing can be changed, the desire for a feat degenerates into a desire for danger.

Romantics could give eternal, enduring value to every little thing, to every concrete fact, to everything singular. Joseph de Maistre calls it "the paths of Providence", Germaine de Stael - "the fruitful bosom of the immortal universe." Chateaubriand in the "Genius of Christianity", in a book devoted to history, directly points to God as the beginning of historical time. Society appears as an unshakable bond, "the thread of life that connects us with our ancestors and which we must extend to our descendants." Only the heart of a person, and not his mind, can understand and hear the voice of the Creator, through the beauty of nature, through deep feelings. Nature is divine, it is a source of harmony and creative forces, its metaphors are often transferred by romantics into the political lexicon. For romantics, the tree becomes a symbol of family, spontaneous development, perception of the juices of the native land, a symbol of national unity. The more innocent and sensitive the nature of a person, the easier he hears the voice of God. A child, a woman, a noble youth more often than others see the immortality of the soul and the value of eternal life. Romantics' thirst for bliss is not limited to the idealistic desire for the Kingdom of God after death.

In addition to mystical love for God, a person needs real, earthly love. Unable to possess the object of his passion, the romantic hero became an eternal martyr, doomed to wait for a meeting with his beloved in the afterlife, "for great love is worthy of immortality when it cost a person life."

A special place in the work of romantics is occupied by the problem of the development and education of the individual. Childhood is devoid of laws, its momentary impulses violate public morality, obeying its own rules of childish play. In an adult, similar reactions lead to death, to condemnation of the soul. In search of the heavenly kingdom, a person must comprehend the laws of duty and morality, only then can he hope for eternal life. Since duty is dictated to the romantics by their desire to gain eternal life, the fulfillment of duty gives personal happiness in its deepest and most powerful manifestation. To the moral duty is added the duty of deep feelings and lofty interests. Without mixing the merits of different sexes, romantics advocate the equality of the spiritual development of men and women. In the same way, love for God and his institutions dictates civic duty. Personal striving finds its completion in the common cause, in the striving of the whole nation, of all mankind, of the whole world.

Every culture has its own romantic hero, but Byron, in his work Charld Harold, gave a typical representation of the romantic hero. He put on the mask of his hero (he says that there is no distance between the hero and the author) and managed to comply with the romantic canon.

All romantic works are characterized by characteristic features:

First, in every romantic work there is no distance between the hero and the author.

Secondly, the author of the hero does not judge, but even if something bad is said about him, the plot is built in such a way that the hero is not to blame. The plot in a romantic work is usually romantic. Romantics also build a special relationship with nature, they like storms, thunderstorms, cataclysms.

romantic hero

romantic hero- one of the artistic images of the literature of romanticism. A romantic is an exceptional and often mysterious person who usually lives in exceptional circumstances. The clash of external events is transferred to the inner world of the hero, in whose soul there is a struggle of contradictions. As a result of such a reproduction of the character, romanticism raised the value of the personality, inexhaustible in its spiritual depths, extremely highly, opening its unique inner world. A person in romantic works is also embodied with the help of contrast, antithesis: on the one hand, he is understood as the crown of creation, and on the other, as a weak-willed toy in the hands of fate, forces unknown and beyond his control, playing with his feelings. Therefore, he often turns into a victim of his own passions.

Signs of a Romantic Hero

1. Exceptional Hero in Exceptional Circumstances
2. Reality is actively recreated in accordance with the ideal
3. Independence
4. Insolvability of the conflict between the hero and society
5. Abstract perception of time
6. Pronounced two or three character traits

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