Life and career of M. Characteristics of the main works of the writer

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Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov (1891-1940) was a Russian writer, playwright, theater director and actor. Author of novels and short stories, many feuilletons, plays, dramatizations, screenplays, opera librettos. “Listen to me, my friends…” “Everything will pass. Suffering, torment, blood, hunger and pestilence. The sword will disappear, but the stars will remain, when the shadow of our bodies and deeds will not remain on the earth ... ". “The presentation was prepared by the librarian-bibliographer O.V. Matveeva. Murmansk College of Economics and Information Technologies"

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May 15, 1891 was born Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov, Russian writer, playwright, theater director and actor, author of novels and short stories, feuilletons and plays, dramatizations, screenplays and opera librettos. His first creation with the title "The Adventures of Svetlana" was written by him at the age of seven. Despite the artistry of nature and attraction to literature, Mikhail Bulgakov chose the profession of a doctor and, having graduated from the medical faculty of Kyiv University with honors, worked as a military doctor, and later as a zemstvo doctor. Bulgakov was secretary of the LITO Glavpolitprosveta, entertainer, chronicler and feuilletonist, earned money by translating and writing librettos for the Bolshoi Theater, and sometimes played in performances of the Moscow Art Theater. The works "Heart of a Dog", "White Guard", "Master and Margarita", "Ivan Vasilyevich" made their author one of the most widely read writers of the 20th century. Over 400 events dedicated to the 125th anniversary of the birth of the writer Mikhail Bulgakov took place in the capital in 2016. Excursion programs, several major exhibitions, an essay contest organized by the Novy Mir magazine were planned. Throughout the summer, the Bulgakov Festival was held at Patriarch's Ponds, which included literary and musical programs, in particular, jazz concerts. In addition, the authorities of the capital planned to erect a monument to the writer in the square on the Patriarch's Ponds, the author of the monument was the sculptor G. Frangulyan.

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Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born (3) May 15, 1891 in Kyiv, in the family of a professor at the Kyiv Theological Academy. Bulgakov's father, Afanasy Ivanovich, was an assistant professor at the Kyiv Theological Academy. He himself baptized his son, naming him in honor of the guardian of the city of Kyiv. The writer's mother's name was Varvara Mikhailovna (in her maiden name she bore the surname Pokrovskaya). Mikhail was the eldest of her seven children. It was from his mother that Mikhail inherited his love for music and books. The Bulgakov family is large, friendly, cultural, musical, theatrical. This atmosphere would later be reflected in the novel The White Guard and the play Days of the Turbins. Mikhail Bulgakov wrote his first literary work - the story "The Adventures of Svetlana" at the age of seven. Misha Bulgakov with sisters Vera, Nadezhda and Varvara

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Until the autumn of 1900 he studied at home, then he entered the first class of the Alexander Gymnasium, where the best teachers of Kyiv were concentrated. Already in the gymnasium, Bulgakov showed his various abilities: he wrote poetry, drew caricatures, played the piano, sang, composed oral stories and told them beautifully. In the fifth grade of the gymnasium, the feuilleton “The Day of the Chief Physician” came out from under his pen, and the future writer also composed epigrams and satirical poems. But young Bulgakov considered medicine to be his real life calling and dreamed of becoming a doctor. Alexander Gymnasium. Kyiv

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After graduating from the gymnasium, Mikhail Bulgakov did not particularly hesitate in choosing a profession: the influence of relatives-doctors, the brothers Vasily, Nikolai and Mikhail Pokrovsky; the close presence of a friend of their home, pediatrician I.P. Voskresensky, outweighed the hereditary roots of the ancestors - the clergy, and the time and upbringing were already completely different. On August 21, 1909, he was enrolled in the medical faculty of the Imperial University of St. Vladimir in Kyiv. The study took place in the conditions of the war that began then in 1914-1918. April 1915 - the wedding of Mikhail Bulgakov and Tatyana Nikolaevna Lappa (1892-1982) in the Kiev-Podolsk Church of St. Nicholas the Good.

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M. Bulgakov and Tatyana Lappa The husband of Bulgakov's sister Varya, Leonid Sergeevich Karum, recalling Bulgakov's first marriage, writes: was not... Tasya was not beautiful, but she was a very good woman, a quiet and loving wife, thin and inconspicuous. They didn't have children. This was Mikhail's categorical condition ... ”In April 1924, Bulgakov disagrees with her. She did not have any special talents or acquaintances in literary and theatrical circles, and this was no longer enough for Mikhail Afanasyevich. Therefore, as soon as Bulgakov felt like a writer, he left her, marrying a more interesting, from the point of view of the circle of literary acquaintances, Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya.

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With the outbreak of the First World War, he worked in a hospital with his wife, then volunteered for the front, worked in a front-line hospital, gaining medical experience under the guidance of military surgeons. October 31, 1916 at Kiev University, Mikhail Bulgakov received a diploma of approval "in the degree of a doctor with honors with all the rights and benefits, the laws of the Russian Empire assigned to this degree." In 1916, after graduating from the university, he received a diploma with honors and went to the Smolensk province as a zemstvo doctor, which was subsequently reflected in the Notes of a Young Doctor. “Here’s the thing, uncle… you can’t indulge in despondency here, otherwise we will really go to hell.” From the book "Notes of a young doctor" Diploma of Mikhail Afanasyevich. He hid his medical education for the rest of his life.

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In December 1917, he first came to Moscow, staying with his uncle, the famous Moscow doctor N. M. Pokrovsky, who became the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky from the story “Heart of a Dog”. “... came without money, without things to Moscow in order to stay there forever” (From the autobiography of M. A. Bulgakov). “I took my cylinder from hunger to the market. But I won’t take my heart and brain to the market even if I die.” (From the book Notes on the Cuffs). « N. M. Pokrovsky E. A. Evstigneev, in the role of Professor Preobrazhensky. Film "Heart of a Dog" 1988

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Autumn 1919 - according to various versions, Bulgakov either goes over to the side of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, or is captured by them during street fighting. One way or another, he becomes a doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment. Together with the regiment, he travels to the Caucasus, where he works in a military hospital in Vladikavkaz. The civil war found Bulgakov in Kyiv. He saw the decline of the "white movement", witnessed the German occupation of Ukraine in 1918, the atrocities of the Petliura gangs. The beginning of 1919 - Mikhail Bulgakov was mobilized into the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, but a few days later he deserted during the retreat of troops from Kyiv. N.S. Samokish. "Fight for the banner. Attack"

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1920. End of January - retired from the hospital, worked as a journalist. February - collaborates in the newspaper "Caucasus". February-March - fell ill with relapsing fever. Beginning of April - worked as the head of the literary section of the sub-department of arts in the Vladikavkaz Revolutionary Committee (since the end of May he has been in charge of the theater section). In Vladikavkaz, he began to write for the theater - the comedy "Self-Defense" was staged and was a success. Inspired by success, Bulgakov writes two more plays - Clay Grooms and Paris Communards, with the staging of the latter in Vladikavkaz celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Paris Commune. The play was recommended by the Glavpolitprosvet for staging in Moscow theaters. Vladikavkaz 1920s Proletarian Avenue.

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In 1921 he moved to Moscow. During the NEP, literary life in Russia began to revive, private publishing houses were created, and new magazines were opened. In 1922, Bulgakov published not only feuilletons and correspondence, but also the stories "The Extraordinary Adventures of the Doctor" and "Séance" (in the magazine Rupor). In the newspaper "On the Eve" and its literary supplement, many works by M. Bulgakov were published: "Notes on the Cuffs", "The Adventures of Chichikov", "Forty Magpies", "Travel Notes", "Crimson Island", etc. (1922 - 24) . M. Bulgakov's popularity began with publications in "On the Eve".

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In 1924, he worked in the railway workers' newspaper Gudok, which at that time united such talented writers as Olesha and Kataev, Ilf and Petrov, Paustovsky and others. In 1923, Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Union of Writers. Since 1926, at the initiative of the Moscow Art Theater, he created a play based on the novel The White Guard, which was staged under the title Days of the Turbins. Its production was allowed for a year, but later it was extended several times, since Stalin liked the play. These were the main works with which M.A. Bulgakov entered literature. The fates of Bulgakov's best heroes - "the children of the terrible years of Russia", drawn into the whirlpool of the Civil War - become part of the tragedy of the entire Russian intelligentsia in a turning point, historically significant period for the country. Love and hate, courage and fear, honor and betrayal - all this against the backdrop of a raging world in which the foundation of the world order is collapsing - are described in the bewitching language of a brilliant master. Despite the horror and tragedy of what is happening, hope and faith remain ... The Days of the Turbins was the only play in the Soviet theater where the whites were shown not as a caricature, but with obvious sympathy. Stalin was very fond of the Turbins, watched the performance at least 15 times, enthusiastically applauding the artists from the government box.

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In 1925, Mikhail Bulgakov files for a divorce and officially registers his marriage with Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya. Despite the changes in his personal life, Bulgakov's performance remained at the same level. Attraction to the theater, impressions from working with actors will form the basis of the “Theatrical Novel”, the book “The Life of Monsieur de Molière”. In these works, the theme of the master, who was ahead of his time with talent, is declared. This theme will become the main one in The Master and Margarita. A biographical novel about the life and work of the great French comedian Jean-Baptiste Molière (1622-1673). It is no coincidence that Mikhail Bulgakov became interested in the personality of Moliere: the fate of the playwright in the 17th century was in many ways similar to his own fate. First of all, the similarity was manifested in the close attention of the authorities to the art of the theater, because at all times the stage, like in a mirror, reflected the actual problems of everyday reality. Jean-Baptiste Molière was the son of a royal upholsterer, but from an early age he dreamed of the theater and became an actor, and then a writer and director of plays. His difficult creative path is shown in the novel brightly, colorfully, with inimitable "Bulgakov's" humor, truly exciting and interesting. "Theatrical Romance" is a concise and fascinating story of the "backstage world", a satirical, caustic, lyrical tragicomedy. For the sake of playing in the illuminated space, non-theatrical feats and betrayals are committed. And the inner life of the theater is an amazing cast of everything that has been established beyond its threshold. This book is good, exciting and funny without commentary who is who. Like the rest of Bulgakov's books, this one can be re-read endlessly. The curtain doesn't fall...

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They met in January 1924 at a party hosted by the editors of "On the Eve" in honor of the writer Alexei Tolstoy. Mikhail already felt what it was like to be a writer and was looking for his muse, able to inspire and direct his creative impulse in the right direction, able to soberly evaluate the manuscript, give advice. Marriage with Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya brought Bulgakov into the midst of the old Moscow intelligentsia, contributing to his friendship with people who were close to the Art Theater. The relationship between Mikhail and Lyubov resembled precisely a creative union. Love helped him with storylines, was the first listener, reader. The couple got married only a year after they met - on April 30, 1925. Happiness lasted only four years. The writer dedicated the story "The Heart of a Dog" and the play "The Cabal of the Saints" to her. From the memoirs of the writer Yuri Slezkin: "Here Bulgakov started" family matters ".. Success hit him in the nose! ... Lyubov Evgenievna, a smart, practical woman who has experienced a lot in her lifetime. She kept an eye on all the men who could help build her future." From Bulgakov's diary: "My wife suppresses me sensually. It's good, and desperate, and sweet, and, at the same time, hopelessly difficult. But alone, without her, I no longer think. Apparently I'm used to it ... ... This one is terribly stupid with my plans, but it seems that I'm in love with her. One thought interests me. Would she have adapted just as comfortably to everyone, or is it selective for me?" M. Bulgakov and Lyubov Belozerskaya

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In 1925, the story Fatal Eggs was published in the Nedra almanac, which caused discontent among the authorities. Therefore, the story "Heart of a Dog", already prepared for publication, was not allowed for publication (it was first published in 1987). The story "Fatal Eggs" is a fantastic work and, at the same time, terribly realistic. You will enjoy the atmosphere and spirit of the story, embodied in a capacious, multifaceted "Bulgakov's" language, a vivid play of allegories and meaning, bitter and merciless humor. The scientist Persikov is developing a ray of life that can repeatedly accelerate the development of living beings. Alexander Semenovich Rokk, head of the state farm, is going to take advantage of this discovery. He orders boxes of chicken eggs from abroad. As a result of a fatal mistake, eggs of snakes, crocodiles and ostriches are sent to the state farm, which have bred, grown to incredible sizes and moved to Moscow ... In the center of the story "Heart of a Dog" is an experiment by Professor Preobrazhensky and Dr. Bormental, who turned the homeless dog Sharik into a man of unsympathetic appearance . The famous story that even a dog can be made into a person, but sometimes a dog's heart turns out to be much kinder and more faithful than a human one.

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This captivating and controversial book has spawned many theatrical productions, several films have been made based on it, both in Russia and in other countries. On the basis of The Master and Margarita, films and television series were shot and continue to be shot, this work formed the basis of an opera, a symphony, a rock opera, it was illustrated by the most famous artists and photographers. It is enough to list only a few creators of works dedicated to and inspired by Bulgakov's masterpiece: Andrzej Wajda, Ennio Morricone, Mick Jagger, David Bowie. Is this a story about the devil and his retinue, who honored Moscow in the 1930s with their presence, about the procurator of Judea, the equestrian Pontius Pilate and the impoverished philosopher Yeshua Ha-Nozri, about the talented and unfortunate Master and his beautiful and faithful beloved Margarita? The Master and Margarita "The Master and Margarita" - "the last sunset" novel by M.A. Bulgakov, a novel testament, resurrected from the ashes of the first edition destroyed by the author. The theme of the master, who was ahead of his time with talent, will become the main one in The Master and Margarita, which he began to write in 1928 and worked on it for 12 years, that is, until the end of his life, not hoping to publish it. The novel was first published in 1966–1967 in the Moscow magazine. The genre originality of this work had no analogues: realistic pictures of Moscow life in the 30s and mystical fantasy of the phenomena of the other world were bizarrely combined here; here satire and melodrama, farce and parable amicably coexisted; here, within one narrative, another was composed - a new myth on an ancient plot ...

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Woland's phrase "Manuscripts do not burn" - an illustration of the Latin proverb: "Words fly away, what is written remains" - is certainly true. Master and Margarita

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Sometimes the characters of the works turn out to be so vivid that they begin to live their own lives and gain popularity no less, and sometimes even more than the author himself. A striking example of this phenomenon is the cat Behemoth. In this regard, I would like to note that the famous assistant to Woland, the cat Behemoth, had a real prototype. Mikhail Afanasyevich had a black dog named Behemoth. This dog was very smart. Once, when Bulgakov was celebrating the New Year, after the chiming clock, Behemoth barked 12 times, although no one taught him this. Cat-Behemoth Ukraine. Kharkiv. Monument to Bulgakov and the cat Behemoth Chita. Cat Behemoth Moscow. Marina Grove. Koroviev and the cat Behemoth Moscow. House-Museum of Bulgakov Koroviev and the cat Behemoth Armavir. Vigilant Citizen and Behemoth the Cat

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In 1930, Bulgakov's works ceased to be published, the plays were withdrawn from the theater repertoire. Prohibited from staging the play "Running", "Zoyka's apartment", "Crimson Island", the play "Days of the Turbins" was withdrawn from the repertoire. In 1930, Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the unfavorable literary and theatrical situation and difficult financial situation. At the same time, he writes a letter to the Government of the USSR with a request to determine his fate - either to give the right to emigrate, or to provide the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater. Stalin calls Bulgakov, who recommends the playwright to ask to enroll him in the Moscow Art Theater. He got a job as an assistant director of the Moscow Art Theater (1930 - 36). 1932 The Moscow Art Theater resumed the production of The Days of the Turbins. In the same year he married for the third time to Elena Shilovskaya. Krotkov V. Portrait of M. Bulgakov

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On February 28, 1929, Fate prepared for M. Bulgakov a meeting with Lyubov's girlfriend - the one about whom the writer would later say: "I loved only the only woman, Elena Nurenberg ..." They met at the apartment of the artist Moiseenko. Elena herself many years later will say about that meeting: “When I met Bulgakov by chance in the same house, I realized that this was my destiny, despite everything, despite the insanely difficult tragedy of the gap ... we met and were close. It was fast, extraordinarily fast, in any case, on my part, love for life ... ”In September 1929, Bulgakov dedicated the story“ Secret Friend ”to Elena Sergeevna. Fate had prepared for them a difficult life, Elena became his secretary, his support. He became for her the meaning of life, she - his life. She became the prototype of Margarita and remained with him until his death. When the writer's health deteriorated - doctors diagnosed him with hypertensive nephrosclerosis - Elena devoted herself completely to her husband and fulfilled the promise she had made back in the early 1930s. Then the writer asked her: “Give me your word that I will die in your arms ...” Elena - love forever

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Since 1936 - at the Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator. In 1936 Bulgakov's Molière premiered at the Moscow Art Theater. In 1937, Bulgakov worked on the libretto "Minin and Pozharsky" and "Peter I". In 1939, Bulgakov worked on the libretto "Rachel". The writer collected in a special album newspaper and magazine clippings with reviews of critics about his works, especially about plays. Among the published reviews, according to Bulgakov's calculations, there were 298 negative ones and only three assessed the master's work positively. In 1938, the leadership of the Moscow Art Theater asked Bulgakov to write a jubilee play about Stalin, he agreed. However, the play "Batum" was also banned. The news about the ban on staging the play may have provoked the rapid development of a hereditary disease - hypertensive nephrosclerosis. The first symptom was a sharp deterioration in vision. The last corrections to the text of The Master and Margarita under Bulgakov's dictation are made by Elena Sergeevna. 1940 January 6 - made notes for the play "Swallow's Nest". January 22 - signed an agreement with the Moscow Art Theater for the production of the play "Alexander Pushkin" ("The Last Days").

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Tragedy Since February 1940, friends and relatives have been constantly on duty at the bedside of Bulgakov, who suffers from kidney disease. March 10 - at 16:39 Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died. March 11 - a civil memorial service was held (in the building of the Union of Writers of the USSR). March 12 - the cremation of the body of M. A. Bulgakov took place; the urn with the ashes was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. Before the memorial service, the Moscow sculptor SD Merkurov removes the death mask from Bulgakov's face. M. Bulgakov. Death mask of M. Bulgakov. One of the last lifetime photographs Stone from the grave of Nikolai Gogol on the grave of Mikhail Bulgakov Monument to M. Bulgakov. Vladikavkaz

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Memories of Mikhail Bulgakov E.S. Bulgakov. “... He had extraordinary bright blue eyes, like the sky, and they always shone. I never saw him have dull eyes. These were always eyes that burned brightly with interest, greed for life. He madly loved life. And even when he was dying, he said this phrase: "It's not a shame that I want to live so much, even if I'm blind." This was a man who, when he appeared somewhere, was very modest. He never claimed the first place, but involuntarily it turned out so thanks to his wit, thanks to the extraordinary vitality seething in him. He always started talking, arguing, and most importantly, he was forced to tell, because he was a master of storytelling. He immediately created some short stories, while brilliantly showing them as an actor. He ran into the next room, immediately changed into a woman or a man, he didn’t care at all. ” K. Paustovsky. “The whole life of this restless and brilliant writer was, in essence, a merciless struggle for the sake of pure human thoughts, for the sake of what a person should be and should not dare not be reasonable and noble. In this struggle, Bulgakov had a smashing weapon in his hands - sarcasm, anger, irony, a caustic and precise word. He did not spare his weapons. Bulgakov never dulled it...”

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Memories of Mikhail Bulgakov M. Yanshin. “Those who happened to meet Mikhail Afanasyevich at that time, in the mid-twenties, remember this slightly stooping, with raised shoulders, fair-haired man, with slightly faded eyes, with an eternal tuft at the back of his head, with constantly falling hair, which he usually straightened five. There was a special, I would say, emphasized cleanliness of both external and internal order in this. P. Markov. “He was, of course, very smart, devilishly smart and amazingly observant, not only in literature, but also in life. And, of course, his humor could not always be called harmless - not because Bulgakov proceeded from the desire to humiliate someone (this was in fundamental contradiction with his essence), but his humor sometimes took on, so to speak, a revealing character, often growing into philosophical sarcasm. Bulgakov looked into the essence of a person and vigilantly noticed not only his external habits - he delved into the psychological essence of a person. In the most bitter moments of his life, he did not lose the gift of being surprised by her, he loved to be surprised.

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov is a famous Russian writer whose life is shrouded in mysterious mysticism and a halo of secrets. Coming from the family of a Kyiv professor, he was born on May 15, 1891, and received his name in honor of the Archangel Michael, the guardian of the city of Kyiv.

The young man began to write from an early age, although many biographers argue the opposite, calling the starting point 30 years of age. As a brief biography tells, Bulgakov at a young age was very fond of reading, absorbed the information received like a sponge and remembered a lot from what he read. Vera, the elder sister, claimed that Misha wrote his first work, The Adventures of Svetlana, at the age of seven, and at the age of 9 he mastered Notre Dame Cathedral (V. Hugo). In the Alexander Gymnasium (one of the best in Kyiv), Bulgakov fully showed his talents during his studies: he drew caricatures, wrote poetry, played the piano, sang and wrote.

So who is Bulgakov?

Biography (a photo of the writer can be seen below) of Mikhail Afanasyevich further continues with his studies at the medical faculty of Kyiv University. Upon graduation in 1914, Bulgakov worked as a doctor in Saratov, and with the outbreak of the First World War, in front-line hospitals under the supervision of experienced military surgeons. The writer Bulgakov, whose biography is full of wartime impressions and medical practice, wrote a series of stories “Notes of a Young Doctor”, and the fatal incident that brought him together with a boy with diphtheria completely turned the life of a genius.

Saving a child by sucking diphtheria films from his throat through a tube through his mouth, Bulgakov became infected. The injected antidiphtheria serum caused a severe allergic reaction, manifested by intolerable itching and a terrible rash on the body. An injection of morphine helped relieve the pain, and repeated injections made it possible to cope with the allergy, while at the same time causing addiction to the “saving” drug. The resulting drug addiction ruined everything on Bulgakov's life path, mercilessly taking away spiritual and physical health, rewarding the writer with panic fear and severe depression, bringing him to violent insanity. Wife Tatyana Nikolaevna, trying to save her husband, instead of morphine injected him with distilled water, which caused the latter severe withdrawal symptoms.

Gogol: did he come or not?

It was during this period that Bulgakov had a meeting with Gogol, the first of three. During one of the pain attacks in Bulgakov's rented accommodation, Nikolai Vasilyevich appeared, who quickly entered Mikhail Afanasyevich's apartment, looked at him with a crazy look and threatened with his finger. From that day on, there was a truly miraculous salvation from the terrible drug addiction of Bulgakov, who did not understand whether Gogol's arrival was a dream or reality. The writer later told this story in the work "Morphine".

Mikhail Bulgakov, whose biography and work were closely intertwined, was successful in his personal life and was married three times. According to the prophecy of a Kyiv gypsy, which the writer once laughed at, in his life he will get three wives: one from God, the second from people, the third from the devil. After a miraculous recovery, Mikhail Afanasyevich opened a private practice and in the same period began to engage in writing.

Tatyana Lappa traveled with her husband everywhere, helping him in his medical work and in an incredible healing from a fatal addiction to a drug. The First World War and the Civil War shook Bulgakov around the country mercilessly: mobilization by the Petliurists, escape, mobilization by the Denikinists, typhus, termination of medical activity, poverty, hunger ... And she was always there - faithful Tasya.

Bulgakov: a brief biography and creativity

From 1919 to 1921 the writer lived in Vladikavkaz; it was there that he stopped studying medicine and began to professionally engage in literary activities, working as a journalist in local newspapers. There were written for the theater comedy "Self-defense" (the production of which was a success), as well as the plays "Clay Bridegrooms" and "Paris Communards", the latter being recommended by the Glavpolitprosvet for staging in Moscow theaters.

Bulgakov managed to get to Moscow only in 1921. At first, he grabbed any job, trying to feed himself and his wife; He also wrote at night. And he succeeded: Bulgakov began to print! His stories and feuilletons were on many pages of newspapers and magazines. It is with Moscow that the actions of such works as "Heart of a Dog", "Fatal Eggs" are connected.

Creativity of Mikhail Bulgakov

The novel "The White Guard" described the tragedy of the civil war that played out in Kiev - the writer's hometown, and the work shows the tragedy of the people as a whole and in the context of a single Turbin family - people with a high sense of honor and dignity. Bulgakov, whose creative biography is rich in vivid life moments that formed the basis of his works, in the novel The White Guard described the Kiev home of his youth quite similarly. People who lived there some time later broke all the walls, trying in vain to find the treasure described in the work. Based on the novel "The White Guard", the play "Days of the Turbins" was written, and the play based on it was a huge success with the audience.

Inspired by success, Mikhail immersed himself more and more in a bohemian life, losing his love for a woman who completely dissolved in him. One day he announced to his Tasha that he was leaving. When parting, feeling great guilt, Bulgakov only said: "God will punish me for you ...". This is how the 11 years spent with Bulgakov ended in an everyday way for Tasia.

Lyubov Belozerskaya, a bright spot against the gray background of everyday Moscow life, became the second wife of the writer. A native Muscovite, she helped her husband in everything: she delivered manuscripts to the editorial offices, helped to overcome provincial shyness, and selected materials for his creations. It was with her help that the plays "The Cabal of the Saints" and "Running" were created.

Difficult period, rejection

In the late 1920s, Bulgakov was attacked by literary critics. His works were evaluated negatively, they were no longer published, the plays were removed from the repertoire. In March 1930, the exhausted and torn Bulgakov, who found himself on the verge of poverty, turned to Stalin with a letter about providing an opportunity to earn money in the theater or leave the USSR. A month later, Stalin personally called the writer, allowing him to work. An assistant director at the Moscow Art Theater, who worked as a translator and wrote a libretto and occasionally played in performances - that's what Bulgakov had to be content with in such a difficult period for himself.

An outlet for him was the opera Faust, to which he often went to the Bolshoi Theater; this sight had a special effect on him, raising his spirits. Another trip to my favorite production ended in a severe depression. This was connected with the play “Batum” written by him, in which the young Stalin was the central figure, and the writer recognized himself in the image of Faust, who had sold his soul to the devil.

Is she Margaret?

Elena Shilovskaya is the third love of the writer. A brief biography (Bulgakov again in a halo of mysticism) tells that one day, in the icy autumn of 1927, the writer was walking through the streets of Moscow, and suddenly a sharp-nosed short man ran into him, painfully similar to the apartment guest during the period Bulgakov was addicted to morphine. Gogol (and this, apparently, was he) looked into the eyes of Mikhail Afanasyevich and with his eyes pointed to one of the nearby houses. It was there that Elena Sergeevna lived.

At one of the parties where they met, she asked Mikhail to tie a ribbon on her sleeve, and thus "tied" him to her. The wife of General Shilovsky, Elena rushed between the two men for a long time, until her husband nevertheless agreed to a divorce. It was with the advent of Elena Bulgakov that he zealously began to continue writing his famous novel The Master and Margarita, begun in 1929. Elena helped him in everything: she ran the house, printed manuscripts, wrote from dictation, realizing that only future generations would be able to read Bulgakov. Bulgakov created his offspring, a novel about the Master and his secret beloved, about Christ and the devil, in conditions of complete lack of money and hopelessness. Elena fell in love with this creation, recognizing herself in Margarita, realizing that this is the most important book in the writer's life.

The real prototype of the Behemoth cat

By the way, Woland's famous assistant had a real prototype, which was Mikhail Afanasyevich's black dog named Behemoth, very smart for an ordinary animal. There was such a case: during the celebration of the New Year, to the sound of chimes, the dog barked twelve times, although no one taught it this. A brief biography has preserved such an interesting story.

Bulgakov during this period was already stricken with a fatal illness, so he dictated some of the chapters from the novel to his wife Elena. A month before his death, he completed work on his most famous work, which is read by many. It was after the release of this novel that it was said that Bulgakov's abilities were of an otherworldly nature, otherwise how could he describe the devil himself and his retinue so accurately?

The heroes of Bulgakov's works are characterized by a charm that makes one fall in love with oneself and feel the special charm of an undisclosed thought. His brief biography, in which Bulgakov is a key figure, arouses great interest in the personality of the writer. His work is constantly filmed, and literary works are hotly debated. The work "The Master and Margarita" does not leave anyone indifferent, forcing them to treat themselves either badly or well.

1940 - the end of the writer's journey

Nervous exhaustion gave rise to hypertensive nephrosclerosis, which chained Bulgakov to bed. Elena could not pull him out of the clutches of the disease, in March 1940 the writer died, and he predicted his departure long before the illness. In the history of his life, there is such a fact: on the grave of Gogol in the Monastery cemetery there was a stone, nicknamed because of its resemblance to the Jerusalem Mount Golgotha. When Gogol was reburied in another place, a bust was erected on his grave, and his wife subsequently installed a stone on Bulgakov's grave. And here I recall the writer's phrase, which he addressed to Gogol in a dream, when he came to him for the third time: "Teacher, cover me with your overcoat."

Bulgakov's biography, the life and work of the great writer constantly arouse the reader's interest, which only intensifies with time, fueled by a craving for mysticism and the unknown.

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ABSTRACT

On the topic

Life and artM. A. BulgakovA

Completed:

11th grade student G.

Secondary School No. 64

Buzhin Yuri.

Kazan 2003

IN step .

Biography and creativity writer.

Causes of Bulgakov's death.

List of used literature.

Introduction

Name Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov , largest writer, uses in our wide country fame.

Every artistic text of Bulgakov is a mystery, there is a riddle that needs to be unraveled. This is what makes him attractive. I believe that overcoming “barriers” in cognition is the initial human need: if it is not clear or not fully understood, then I must definitely understand this in order to assert myself as a full-fledged personality. In the process of such active cognition - "overcoming barriers" - there is development, intellectual and personal growth. That is why the literary text of the writer is valuable because it is mysterious, that its content is hidden and requires significant efforts for its disclosure, unraveling. To use this feature of a literary text by presenting students with a number of problems (psychological, moral, philosophical) that they would like to solve is the task of the teacher: it is both more difficult and more important than explaining, giving answers to questions - instead of to raise these questions. An extremely grateful material in this sense is M. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" - due to its textbook complexity, mystery, ambiguity.

Biography

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov (1891-1940) was born into the family of a professor at the Kyiv Theological Academy. Bulgakov's childhood and youth were spent in Kyiv. Kyiv will enter the writer's work as a City (the novel "The White Guard") and will become not just a scene of action, but the embodiment of the innermost feeling of family, homeland (essay "Kiev-Gorod", 1923). In 1909, Bulgakov entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. Upon graduation in 1916, he received the title of "doctor with honors." The Kyiv years laid the foundations for Bulgakov's worldview. It was here that his dream of writing was born. By the time of the First World War, Bulgakov had already formed as a person. After graduating from the university, in the summer of 1916, he worked in the Red Cross hospitals on the Southwestern Front. At the same time, he was called up for military service and transferred to the Smolensk province, where he became a doctor, first at a rural hospital, then from September 1917, at the Vyazemsky city hospital. These years served as material for eight stories of the writer, which made up the cycle "Notes of a Young Doctor" (1925-1927). He began work on them there, in the Smolensk province, regularly recording his impressions of meetings with patients. The events of 1917 passed almost unnoticed by the zemstvo physician Bulgakov. His trip to Moscow in the autumn of that year was caused not by an interest in the events of the revolution, which some biographers tried out of good intentions to ascribe to him, but by a desire to be freed from military service and from a personal illness, quite accurately reproduced in one of the stories of the mentioned cycle - "Morphine ". Bulgakov encountered the events of the revolution and the civil war in his native Kyiv, where he returned in March 1918. it was impossible to remain aloof from political events. Bulgakov himself in one of the questionnaires writes about this as follows: "In 1919, while living in the city of Kyiv, he was consistently called up for service as a doctor by all the authorities that occupied the city." The novel "White Guard", the play "Days of the Turbins", the story "The Extraordinary Adventures of the Doctor" (1922) testify to the key importance for his work of these one and a half years of stay in Kyiv. After the capture of Kyiv by General Denikin (August 1919), Bulgakov was mobilized into the White Army and sent to the North Caucasus as a military doctor. Here appeared his first publication - a newspaper article entitled "Future Prospects" (1919). It was written from the position of rejection of the "great social revolution" (Bulgakov's ironic quotes), which plunged the people into the abyss of disaster, and foreshadowed the inevitable retribution for it in the future. Bulgakov did not accept the revolution because the collapse of the monarchy in many ways meant for him the collapse of Russia itself, the motherland - as the source of everything bright and dear in his life. During the years of social breakdown, he made his main and final choice - he parted with the profession of a doctor and devoted himself entirely to literary work. In 1920-1921, while working in the Vladikavkaz sub-department of arts, which was headed by the writer Yu. L. Slezkin, Bulgakov composed five plays; three of them were staged at the local theatre. These early dramatic experiments, made, according to the author, hastily, "out of hunger", were subsequently destroyed by him. Their texts have not been preserved, with the exception of one - "Sons of the Mullah". Here Bulgakov experienced his first encounter with "leftist" critics of the proletarian persuasion, who attacked the young author for his adherence to the cultural tradition associated with the names of Pushkin and Chekhov. The writer will tell about these and many other episodes of his life in the Vladikavkaz period in the story Notes on the Cuffs (1922-1923). At the very end of the civil war, while still in the Caucasus, Bulgakov was ready to leave his homeland and go abroad. But instead, in the autumn of 1921, he appeared in Moscow and since then has remained there forever. Perhaps he took this step not without influence. O. E. Mandelstam whom he met in the last days of his stay in the Caucasus. The initial years in Moscow were very difficult for Bulgakov, not only in everyday life, but also in creative terms. In order to survive, he took on any job: from the secretary of the LITO Glavpolitprosveta, where he got a job with the assistance of N. K. Krupskaya, to an entertainer in a small theater on the outskirts. Over time, he became a chronicler and columnist for a number of well-known Moscow newspapers: "Gudka" (here Bulgakov made the famous "fourth page" along with V. Kataev, I. Ilf and E. Petrov, I. Babel, Yu. Olesha), "Rupor" , "Worker", "Voices of the Education Worker", "On the Eve", published in Berlin. In the literary supplement to the latter, in addition to the mentioned "Notes on the Cuffs", his stories "The Adventures of Chichikov", "The Red Crown", "The Cup of Life" (all - 1922) were published. Among the many early works written by Bulgakov in the "journalistic period", the story "Khan's Fire" (1924) stands out for its artistic skill. In his work of that time, the influence of various currents of modern literature from A. Bely to B. Pilnyak, the influence of which was experienced by many young writers who started with Bulgakov, was least noticeable. He was alien to the then popular concepts of "left" art, formal creative experiments (hence the satirical barbs in his works addressed to V. Shklovsky, Vs. Meyerhold, V. Mayakovsky). From a young age, his favorite authors were Gogol and Saltykov-Shchedrin. Gogol's motifs directly entered the writer's work, starting with the early satirical story "The Adventures of Chichikov" and ending with the staging of "Dead Souls" (1930) and the screenplay "The Government Inspector" (1934). As for Shchedrin, Bulgakov repeatedly and directly called him his teacher. The main theme of Bulgakov's feuilletons, stories, novels of the 1920s, in his own words, is "the countless ugliness of our life." The main target of the satirist was the diverse distortions of human nature under the influence of the social breakdown that had taken place (The Diaboliad (1924), Fatal Eggs (1925)). The author's thought moves in the same direction in the satirical story "Heart of a Dog" (1925; first published in 1987). All these peculiar "signals-warnings" of the writer served for some of his contemporaries as a reason for admiration (M. Gorky called "Fatal Eggs" "a witty thing", for others - to a categorical refusal to publish (L. B. Kamenev about "The Heart of a Dog ":" this is a sharp pamphlet on the present, it is impossible to print in any case"). In these stories, the originality of the literary manner of Bulgakov the satirist was clearly revealed. The boundary separating the early Bulgakov from the mature one was the novel "The White Guard", two parts of which were published by I. G. Lezhnev in the magazine "Russia" (1925, the novel was published in full in the Soviet Union in 1966). This novel was the writer's favorite thing. Later, on the basis of the novel and in collaboration with the Moscow Art Theater, Bulgakov wrote the play Days of the Turbins (1926), which to a certain extent is an independent work. She has her own remarkable fate, predetermined by the famous Moscow Art Theater production (the premiere took place in 1926). It was she who brought Bulgakov wide fame. "Days of the Turbins" enjoyed unprecedented success with the audience, but by no means with the critics, who launched a devastating campaign against the performance, which was "apologetic" in relation to the white movement, and, consequently, against the "anti-Soviet" minded author of the play. In 1929, massive attacks by critics led to the removal of the performance from the Moscow Art Theater repertoire (it was resumed in 1932). And yet, absolute stage success, as well as repeated visits to the “Days of the Turbins” by I. Stalin, who showed a strange and incomprehensible interest for the theater officials in the “counter-revolutionary” performance, helped him survive and go on the Mkhatov stage (with a break of several years) for almost a thousand times with a constant full house. In May 1926, during a search of Bulgakov's Moscow apartment, the manuscript of the story "Heart of a Dog" and his diary were seized from him. In the future, his works were methodically, year after year, ousted from literary periodicals and from the stage of theaters. "Turbines" was Bulgakov's only play with such a successful, though not simple, stage history. Other of his plays, even if they made their way to the stage for a short time (the satirical comedy "Zoyka's Apartment" was staged in 1926 by the Vakhtangov Theater; the stage pamphlet "Crimson Island" was staged in 1928 by the Moscow Chamber Theater; the drama "Kabala Saint (Molière)" staged by the Moscow Art Theater in 1936), subsequently banned. The satirical comedy "Running" (1927) was not brought to the premiere - the writer's last touch on the theme of the white movement and emigration; "defensive" play "Adam and Eve" (1931); the fantastic comedy Bliss (1934) and the grotesque play Ivan Vasilyevich (1935), which spun off from it; historical-biographical play "Batum" (1939). The drama "Alexander Pushkin (The Last Days)" (1939) appeared on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater only three years after the author's death. A similar fate awaited Bulgakov's theatrical performances ("Crazy Jourdain", 1932, "War and Peace", 1932, "Don Quixote", 1938), with the exception of Dead Souls, staged by the Moscow Art Theater in 1932 and preserved for a long time in his repertoire . None of Bulgakov's plays and dramatizations, including the famous Days of the Turbins, were published during his lifetime. As a result, his plays of the 1920s-30s. (those that walked on the stage), being an undoubted theatrical phenomenon, were not at the same time a phenomenon of literature. Only in 1962 the publishing house "Art" published a collection of Bulgakov's plays. At the turn of the 1920-30s. Bulgakov's plays were withdrawn from the repertoire, persecution in the press did not weaken, there was no opportunity to publish. In this situation, the writer was forced to turn to the authorities ("Letter to the Government", 1930), asking either to provide him with a job and, consequently, a livelihood, or to let him go abroad. The mentioned letter to the government was followed by a telephone call from Stalin to Bulgakov (1930), which somewhat weakened the tragedy of the writer's experiences. He got a job as a director of the Moscow Art Theater and thus solved the problem of physical survival. In the 1930s perhaps the main theme in the writer's work is the theme of the relationship between the artist and power, realized by him on the material of different historical eras: Molière's (the play "Molière", the biographical story "The Life of Monsieur de Molière", 1933), Pushkin's (the play "Last Days"), modern (the novel "The Master and Margarita"). The matter was further complicated by the fact that even cultural figures who were benevolent towards Bulgakov (for example, K. S. Stanislavsky) sometimes showed a lack of understanding of the writer, imposing on him artistic solutions unacceptable to him. With all its acuteness, this was revealed during the rehearsal of Molière, because of which Bulgakov was forced in 1936 to break with the Moscow Art Theater and go to work at the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR as a librettist. The novel "Master and Margarita" brought the writer world fame, but became the property of a wide Soviet reader with a delay of almost three decades (the first publication in an abridged form occurred in 1966). Bulgakov consciously wrote his novel as a final work that absorbed many of the motives of his previous work, as well as the artistic and philosophical experience of Russian classical and world literature.

Causes of Bulgakov's death

His illness was discovered in the fall of 1939 during a trip to Leningrad. The diagnosis was as follows: acutely developing high hypertension, renal sclerosis. Returning to Moscow, Bulgakov fell ill until the end of his days.

“I came to him on the very first day after their arrival,” recalls a close friend of the writer, playwright Sergei Yermolinsky. “He was unexpectedly calm. He consistently told me everything that would happen to him within six months - how the disease would develop. weeks, months and even dates, defining all the stages of the disease. I did not believe him, but then everything went according to the schedule he himself had drawn ... When he called me, I went to him. Once, raising his eyes to me, he spoke , lowering his voice and with some words uncharacteristic of him, as if embarrassed: - I wanted to tell you something ... You see ... Like any mortal, it seems to me that there is no death. It is simply impossible to imagine. But it is.

He thought about it and then said again that spiritual communication with a loved one does not go away after his death, on the contrary, it can become aggravated, and this is very important for this to happen ... Life flows around him in waves, but no longer touches him. The same thought, day and night, no sleep. Words stand up visibly, you can jump up and write them down, but you can’t get up, and everything, blurring, is forgotten, disappears. So the beautiful satanic witches fly over the ravine, as they fly in his novel. And real life turns into a vision, breaking away from everyday life, refuting it with fiction in order to crush the vulgar fuss and evil.

Almost until the very last day, he worried about his novel, demanded that one page or another be read to him ... These were days of silent and unrelieved suffering. The words were slowly dying in him... The usual doses of sleeping pills stopped working...

His entire body was poisoned, every muscle ached unbearably at the slightest movement. He screamed, unable to contain his screams. That cry is still in my ears. We carefully turned it over. No matter how painful it was for him from our touches, he strengthened himself and, even moaning softly, spoke to me barely audibly, with his lips alone: ​​- You do it well ... Well ... He went blind.

He lay naked, with only a loincloth. His body was dry. He lost a lot of weight ... In the morning, Zhenya, Lena's eldest son (son of Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova from her first marriage. - A.D.), came. Bulgakov touched his face and smiled. He did this not only because he loved this dark-haired, very handsome young man, coldly reserved in an adult way - he did this not only for him, but also for Lena. Perhaps this was the last manifestation of his love for her - and gratitude.

On March 10, at 4 pm, he died. For some reason it always seems to me that it was at dawn. The next morning - or maybe the same day, time shifted in my memory, but it seems the next morning - the phone rang. I came up. They spoke from Stalin's Secretariat. The voice asked: - Is it true that Comrade Bulgakov died? - Yes, he died. The person who spoke to me hung up."

A few entries from the diary of Bulgakov's wife Elena Sergeevna should be added to Yermolinsky's memoirs. She testifies that in the last month of his life he was deepened in his thoughts, looked at those around him with alienated eyes. And yet, despite not physical suffering and a painful state of mind, he found the courage in himself to, dying, joke "with the same force of humor, wit." He continued to work on the novel "The Master and Margarita".

Here are the last entries from the diary of E. S. Bulgakova:

Dictated a page (about Styopa - Yalta).

Work on a novel.

Terribly hard day. "You can get from Eugene * revolver?"

He said: "All my life I despised, that is, I did not despise, but did not understand ... Philemon and Baucis ** ... and now I understand that this is the only thing that is valuable in life."

Me: "Be courageous."

In the morning, at 11 o'clock. "For the first time in all five months of my illness, I am happy ... I am lying ... peace, you are with me ... This is happiness ... Sergey is in the next room."

"Happiness is to lie for a long time ... in the apartment ... of a loved one ... to hear his voice ... that's all ... the rest is not necessary ..."

At 8 o'clock (to Sergey) "Be fearless, this is the main thing."

In the morning: "You are everything to me, you replaced the entire globe. I saw in a dream that you and I were on the globe." All the time all day extraordinarily affectionate, gentle, all the time love words - my love ... love you - you will never understand it.

In the morning - a meeting, hugged tightly, spoke so gently, happily, as before before the illness, when they parted for at least a short while. Then (after a seizure): die, die... (pause)... but death is still terrible... however, I hope that (pause)... today is the last, no penultimate day...

Without date.

Strongly, drawn out, raised: "I love you, I love you, I love you!" - Like a spell. I will love you all my life ... - Mine!

"Oh my gold!" (In a moment of terrible pain - with force). Then, separately and with difficulty, opening his mouth: go-lub-ka ... mi-la-ya. When I fell asleep, I wrote down what I remembered. "Come to me, I will kiss you and cross you just in case ... You were my wife, the best, irreplaceable, charming ... When I heard the sound of your heels ... You were the best woman in the world. My God, my happiness, my joy. I love you! And if I am destined to live, I will love you all my life. My little queen, my queen, my star, which always shone for me in my earthly life! You loved my things, I wrote them for you... I love you, I adore you! My love, my wife, my life!" Before that: "Did you love me? And then, tell me, my friend, my faithful friend..."

Misha is dead.

And one more touch. Valentin Kataev, whom Bulgakov did not like and even once publicly called "an asshole", tells how he visited Bulgakov shortly before his death. "He (Bulgakov) said in his usual way: - I am old and seriously ill. This time he was not joking. He was really mortally ill and, as a doctor, he knew it well. He had an exhausted earthy face. My heart sank. - K unfortunately, I can offer you nothing but this," he said, and took out a bottle of cold water from behind the window. We clinked glasses and drank a sip. He bore his poverty with dignity.

I'm going to die soon," he said impassively. I began to say what is always said in such cases - to convince him that he is suspicious, that he is mistaken. “I can even tell you how it will be,” he interrupted me without listening to the end. he will hit the door of Romashov, who lives on the floor below.

Everything happened exactly as he predicted. The corner of his coffin hit the door of the playwright Boris Romashov..."

WITHlist of used literature

1) M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", M. "AST Publishing House", 1999.

2) Bible, M. "Russian Bible Society", 2000.

3) M. A. Bulgakov the playwright and the artistic culture of his time: Collection of articles. - M.: B.

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M. A. Bulgakov (1891 - 1940)

creative path

Kyiv

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born in Kyiv on May 3, 1991. The family is the main source of Mikhail's formation. His father is a teacher of history at the Kyiv Theological Academy, his mother is from the clergy. In the family - younger brothers: Nikolai, Vanya, sisters: Lelya, Varya, Vera, Nadia.

1901 - The first gymnasium described in The White Guard. The Bulgakovs lived on Andreevsky Spusk, described in the novel as Alekseevsky Spusk.

In 1907 my father died.

University. Start of medical activity

In 1908, Bulgakov entered the university at the Faculty of Medicine. He married very early, in 1913.

1914 - the First World War began, student Bulgakov has been working in hospitals since 1916. At the end of the summer, Bulgakov was sent to the Smolensk province, to the village of Nikolskoye, as a doctor. There he got in trouble. Saving the patient, he swallowed poison in order to recover - he took morphine and became addicted to it. Saved by his wife. At that time, a revolution was in full swing in Russia. Bulgakov is transferred to Vyazma. It is there that he begins to write. It is not known what happened to Mikhail in the days of the October Revolution.

Ukraine. The fate of the Bulgakov family

Ukraine announced its withdrawal from Russia in the summer of 1917. In Kyiv, the February Revolution was only learned on March 1, 1917. They immediately began to form a government called the Central Rada, whose president was Mikhail Grushevsky. And although the Central Rada was formally the highest body in Ukraine, its powers did not extend beyond Kyiv. After the October Revolution, the Soviets tried to take power in November, but the Central Rada won. It was created back in April 1917 at the Ukrainian National Congress, which was attended by delegates from two dozen parties and public organizations. The participants declared that they were authorized to speak on behalf of the whole of Ukraine and solve all its problems. The Rada advocated the separation of Ukraine from the rest of Russia, the forced introduction of the Galician dialect of the Ukrainian language, and the creation of a separate Ukrainian church. An independent republic arose in Ukraine, but the Council of People's Commissars (Council of People's Commissars headed by Lenin) did not recognize it.

In October 1917, the younger brother of Mikhail Afanasyevich Nikolai entered the cadet school, and this was dangerous. Junker Nikolai Bulgakov participated in Kyiv in battles against Soviet power in November. On January 16, an uprising of the Bolsheviks took place in Kyiv. It was crushed by the Central Rada. At the end of January 1918, Bolshevik troops approached the capital of Ukraine. The Central Rada fell. The Red Guard took Kyiv.

Brest peace and its consequences

The conclusion on February 9, 1918 by the Soviet government of a peace treaty with Germany and Austria-Hungary changed everything. On March 1, the first battalion of the Saxon infantry appeared at the Kiev railway station. Soviet power in Kyiv fell. The returned Rada signed an agreement with the Germans. The headquarters of the German command headed by Field Marshal Herman von Eichhorn settled in Kyiv. Following the German soldiers, the leaders of the Central Rada appeared. However, the ministers and generals of Kaiser Wilhelm II quickly realized that the operetta government of the Rada was not able to help them manage Ukraine. Therefore, the Germans decided to replace the Central Rada with a more efficient government.

Hetman Skoropadsky

In the Russian army, from the end of March 1917, a Ukrainization campaign began. Georgievich Kornilov, appointed by the Provisional Government as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, issued an order for the immediate Ukrainization of the 34th Army Corps. The commander of the Ukrainized 34th Corps was Lieutenant General Pavel Skoropadsky, one of his ancestors, although not in a straight line, under Peter the Great, was the hetman of Little Russia.

The election of the hetman took place on April 29, 1918 in the Krutikov circus on Nikolaevskaya street in Kyiv. In the circus gathered "grain growers-owners". Several "field workers" made speeches demanding to save Ukraine from chaos, and only the hetman can do this. And then Skoropadsky, dressed as a Cossack, appeared in one of the boxes of the circus. "Grain growers" unanimously "shouted" him as a hetman. Pavel Skoropadsky himself settled in the house of the Kyiv governor-general. The "independent" state was called the Ukrainian state.

Reflection of these events in the novel

In March 1917, Thalberg became a revolutionary - the tsar was overthrown.

End of January 18 "rumors are menacing, terrible: Red gangs are advancing"

Rada returned with the Germans - Thalberg's words about people in trousers.

“in March, the Germans came”, in April Thalberg participates in the selection of the hetman.

Bulgakov in 1918

In February 1918, Bulgakov arrived in Kyiv. At this time, the Brest peace was concluded. Mikhail Afanasyevich in 1918 - a practicing doctor in Kyiv

Autumn - winter 1918 through Kyiv, the most diverse public runs to the south. In the novel, the subchapter “They fled ...” But the main thing is anxiety: the German revolution was approaching. And the Germans had to leave with her.

Meanwhile, the occupying German-Austrian troops took decisive measures to restore order in Ukraine. The lands, cattle and equipment seized by the peasants were immediately returned to the landlords. Punitive detachments carried out mass executions. However, these measures did not calm the population, but only embittered it. It was under the hetman that the activity of various insurgent formations increased sharply, in comparison with the times of the Central Rada.

Revolution in Germany

On November 9, 1918, a republic was proclaimed in Germany, and the next day Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to Holland. On November 11, the Compiègne armistice between the Entente countries and Germany was signed, ending the First World War.

On November 13, the Soviet government annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. There was a message about the formation of the Directory - the nationalist government of Ukraine, headed by S. V. Petlyura (a clean-shaven man in a train car not far from Kyiv).

Petlyura

Simon Vasilyevich Petlyura, the son of a cab driver, studied at the seminary. After leaving the seminary, he worked as a journalist and accountant in a company that sold tea. Then he went to Austria-Hungary, where he graduated from Lviv University. In the Central Rada, Petlyura served as "military secretary". In July 1918, he and his colleague - Minister Vladimir Vinnichenko (once a Social Democrat-Menshevik, writer) - were arrested on charges of plotting to remove Skoropadsky from power. They spent several weeks under lock and key, and then gave their word of honor to Minister of Justice Vyazlov not to oppose the hetman, and with that they were released to all four sides.

Petlyura immediately goes to Belaya Tserkov. Sich Riflemen - Galicians were stationed there. They advocated the creation of Ukraine independent from Russia. Enemies were seen in the "Muscovites" - that's what they called the Russians. On November 14, 1918, a new government of Ukraine, the so-called Directory, appeared in Bila Tserkva. (These characters were very flattered by the comparison with the French Revolution). The "village" actively supported Petliura, having the opportunity to rob landowners, Russian village doctors and teachers, Jews, and retreating German rear units.

Pavel Skoropadsky assessed the situation and on November 14 appointed a new cabinet of ministers, proclaimed the Act of Federation, according to which he pledged to unite Ukraine with the future non-Bolshevik Russia. In making this decision, Skoropadsky hoped to get support from Mr. Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army, General Anton Denikin and the Entente standing behind him.

On November 17, in Bila Tserkva, the Germans concluded an agreement on neutrality with the Directory. The German command promised not to interfere with Petliura's overthrow of the hetman in exchange for the condition not to impede the evacuation of German and Austrian troops to their homeland.

At the end of November, Hetman Skoropadsky failed to come to an agreement with Denikin, which means that after the Germans left, the Petliurists would come. Can allies help? The inscription on the stove: “But where are the Senegalese companies?” At the end of November - fighting with the Petliurites on the outskirts of Kyiv at the Volynsky post. Myshlaevsky participates in these battles.

Skoropadsky appoints Lieutenant-General Prince Alexander Dolgorukov to the post of commander-in-chief. On December 12, the Germans agreed with Petlyura on the evacuation of Kyiv. On the morning of December 14, Prince Dolgorukov and a number of his officers fled to Germany.

December 1918 in Bulgakov's life

December 1918 is the most dramatic month in Bulgakov's life. Probably, he was mobilized into the hetman's army. On the night of December 14, the hetman fled from Kyiv, and Bulgakov and his brothers, not knowing this, went to defend the city. Ivan and Nikolai were at the assembly point in the gymnasium. Escaped with difficulty. On December 15, Petlyura entered Kyiv.

At the end of January, Bulgakov was mobilized into the Petliura army as a doctor.

On January 27, the Petliurists began to flee from Kyiv under the blows of the Red Army. Petliurists arrange pogroms, robberies, constant murders. On the night of February 2-3, Bulgakov experienced terrible moments on the bridge across the Dnieper. This ends the novel.

The fate of Bulgakov during the Civil War

On February 6, 1919, the Reds entered Kyiv. Now Bulgakov is in danger as a former officer. Shootings in the city. On August 31, Denikin at the head of the Volunteer Army entered Kyiv. In early autumn, Bulgakov was mobilized into the White Army. In October 1919, his brothers take part in the battles against the Soviets. Soon the brothers will part forever. Nikolai will take part in the battles in the Crimea in the autumn of 1920, he will be wounded and evacuated with the remnants of Wrangel's troops. Leave Russia and Ivan. The fact that they remained alive, Bulgakov learns many years later.

November 26, 1919 Bulgakov began to publish for the first time. At this time, he serves as a doctor for whites. Fights are going on in the North Caucasus, Bulgakov is constantly there. At the beginning of 20, the Reds defeated the main military force of the Whites - the Cossack cavalry. White armies began to roll back to the South. At that time, Mikhail fell ill with typhus and was unable to evacuate to Novorossiysk. And when he recovered, there were already Reds in Vladikavkaz. Mikhail abandoned his medical practice forever and decided to become a writer at all costs.

Change of professions

Bulgakov spent 1920 and part of 1921 in the Caucasus. He met Mandelstam and Akhmatova, published, staged the first plays in local theaters. Dreamed of going abroad. But it didn't work out.

In September 1921, Bulgakov arrived in Moscow, an exhausting struggle for existence began, a struggle for housing, for a piece of bread and a profession. By this time, war communism with its distribution of products and things had ended, at the insistence of Lenin, the NEP (New Economic Policy) was announced. Trade was allowed again, cafes, shops, restaurants were opened, wealthy gentlemen appeared. ( Material "Heart of a Dog"). Bulgakov and his wife are renting some rooms, trying to get jobs in institutions, all around is the triumph of bureaucracy.

In 1922, Bulgakov published not only feuilletons and correspondence, but also stories "The Extraordinary Adventures of the Doctor" and "Séance"(in the magazine "Rupor"). In the newspaper "Nakanune" and its literary supplement, many works of M. Bulgakov were published: "Notes on the Cuffs", "The Adventures of Chichikov", "Forty Magpies", "Travel Notes", "Crimson Island" and others (1922 - 24). The popularity of M. Bulgakov began with the newspaper "Nakanune".

In 21-22 the persecution of the church began. Church valuables are confiscated, churches and monasteries are closed. In September 1922, by decision of Lenin, hundreds of cultural figures, philosophers, poets, and professors were expelled from Soviet Russia.

In 1922, Bulgakov began writing a novel about the civil war in Ukraine - The White Guard. For the whole of 23, Bulgakov has been working on the novel. In January 24, Lenin died, Bulgakov was at that time on the street and saw the expression of nationwide grief. He wrote an article about it. Bulgakov finds himself among the intelligentsia, who live in the area of ​​​​Prechistensky Boulevard (next to the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts). These observations form the basis of the story. "Dog's heart". In April 1924, Bulgakov signed an agreement for the publication of the novel The White Guard in the journal New Russia (published in Berlin). The novel will be printed there, but without the last part.

In 1923, Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Union of Writers. In 1924, he met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya, who had recently returned from abroad, and who would soon become his second wife.

In 1924, the writer worked in the railroad newspaper "Gudok", which at that time united such talented writers as Y. Olesha and V. Kataev, I. Ilf and E. Petrov, K. Paustovsky.

January 19, 1925 Bulgakov began the play "White Guard" ("Days of the Turbins") and in January - March he writes the story "Heart of a Dog". The new government will not allow this work to be printed. The story will be published for the first time only in the late 80s. Convinced that they would not be allowed to print, Bulgakov became a playwright. He establishes relations with the Moscow Art Theater. The struggle for the play "Days of the Turbins" begins. They will then be allowed to stage, then banned. In 1927, the theater will stage them more than 50 times.

Same story with the play "Running", "Zoykin's apartment", "Ivan Vasilyevich", "Crimson Island".

Bulgakov writes a book about Molière for the ZhZL series (Life of Remarkable People, created by Gorky), the book is banned. About the last days of Molière in 29, Bulgakov writes a play "The Cabal of the Saints" the play was not staged.

At the same time, an intensive and extremely sharp criticism of Bulgakov's work takes place in the Soviet press; according to his own calculations, in 10 years there were 298 abusive reviews and 3 favorable ones.

1928 Bulgakov starts writing a new novel without any hope of being published. A novel about the adventures of the devil in Soviet Russia - the future "Master and Margarita".(For the first time the novel was published in late 1966 - early 1967 in the magazine "Moscow".)

In 1929, Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, his future third wife.

In 1930, Bulgakov's works ceased to be published, the plays were withdrawn from the theater repertoire. Prohibited from staging the play "Running", "Zoyka's apartment", "Crimson Island", the play "Days of the Turbins" was withdrawn from the repertoire. In 1930, Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the unfavorable literary and theatrical situation and difficult financial situation.

On March 28, 1930, Bulgakov sent a letter to the Soviet government with a request to either let him go abroad or give him a means of subsistence. Mayakovsky shot himself on April 14. Perhaps this influenced, and on April 18, Bulgakov called Stalin. This conversation changed Bulgakov's life for ten years. He was immediately accepted into the theater as the head of the literary department. But for himself, all the years until his death, he will write his sunset novel - “The Master and Margarita”.

In 1932, Bulgakov staged Nikolai Gogol's "Dead Souls" on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. He tried to put on The Cabal of the Saints, but the play was banned almost immediately. "The Cabal of the Saints" saw the light only in 1936, passed 7 times with great success, after which it was finally banned, and a devastating article was placed in Pravda. In January 1932, Stalin again allowed the production of The Days of the Turbins, and before the war it was no longer banned. True, this permission did not apply to any theater, except for the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1936, after an article in Pravda, Bulgakov left the Moscow Art Theater and began working at the Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator.

In 1939, Bulgakov is working on a play about Stalin ("Batum"). The play was approved by Stalin, but contrary to the writer's expectations, it was banned from publication and staging. Bulgakov's health deteriorated sharply. Like a doctor. The writer understands that he will not live long. He begins to dictate to Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova the latest versions of the novel The Master and Margarita.

Since February 1940, friends and relatives have been constantly on duty at the bedside of Bulgakov, who suffers from kidney disease. On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died. Bulgakov was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. On his grave, at the request of his wife E. S. Bulgakova, a stone was installed, nicknamed "calvary", which previously lay on the grave of N. V. Gogol.

Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich was born in 1891, on May 3 (15). He was born in Kyiv. The parents of the future writer - Varvara Mikhailovna (maiden name Pokrovskaya), a teacher, after - an inspector at courses for women. Father - also a teacher, worked in Mikhail became the eldest son in a large family, in which cultural traditions were very strong. Bulgakov's work, as well as his biography, we will describe in this article.

Studying at the gymnasium, passion for theater, literature, marriage

His education took place at first in the Kyiv gymnasium. The future writer finished it with only two excellent marks - according to the law of God and geography. At this time, he was fond of theater (he knew, for example, "Aida" and "Faust" by heart), reads "with rapture" Saltykov-Shchedrin and Gogol, the first works that marked Bulgakov's work also appear.

In 1907 his father died. In 1913 Mikhail Afanasyevich married T.N. Lappe.

Work as a doctor

The period from 1916 to 1917 - the end of Kyiv University, where he studied at the medical faculty. Released from the draft due to illness, the author of interest to us is going to his destination. This institution was located in the village of Nikolskoye And after some time he went to Vyazma. "Notes of a young doctor" were written on the basis of impressions received during this period.

Medical practice in Kyiv

In 1918, Bulgakov returned to Kyiv, where he made attempts to engage in medical practice (private - as a free-practitioner venereologist). At this time, according to the testimony of the writer himself, as a doctor he was consistently called to the service by all the authorities that occupied the city. However, Bulgakov managed to evade both the Red Army and the Petliurists, who "mobilized" him.

Service in the army, professional literature

In 1919-1920, the following events take place in the life of the writer. Mikhail Afanasyevich was "mobilized" by Denikin's troops and sent to the North Caucasus with an echelon. Here he began to engage in literature professionally: at that time, the first stories appeared in the newspapers of Vladikavkaz and Grozny, which reflected sympathy for the White movement, the perception of the abdication of Nicholas II as a "historical misfortune", etc. He participates as a doctor in battles. Denikin's men, retreating under the onslaught of the Red Army, left Bulgakov, ill with typhus, to the mercy of fate, which served as the basis for disappointment in these "comrades in arms." With the advent of the Reds, Mikhail Afanasyevich begins to work in the sub-department of arts. His activities consisted of reports on Chekhov and Pushkin, writing plays for the local theater, one of which, called "Paris Communards", he even sent to Moscow, hoping for success in the competition announced in this city.

Moving to Moscow

In 1921, Mikhail Afanasyevich arrived in Moscow, where he began to work as a secretary in the literary department at the People's Commissariat for Education. In search of earnings with the beginning of the NEP, he often changes his job: he works as a chronicle editor in one of the private newspapers, an entertainer, an engineer, etc. At the same time, he settled on Sadovaya, in a communal apartment in a house that once belonged to a tobacco manufacturer. Many times the manners of apartment No. 50 will appear in various works that make up Bulgakov's work.

In 1922, Mikhail Afanasyevich actively published in the press - in such magazines as Rupor, Rabochiy, Krasny Zhurnal dlya Vseh, Zheleznodorozhnik, Krasnaya Niva, and others.

Collaboration in Gudok, new works and a new marriage

The period from 1922 to 1926 - cooperation with a newspaper called "Gudok", and also published "On the Eve" in the Berlin Russian newspaper, whose editor is A. N. Tolstoy, who at that time had not yet returned from exile.

The life and work of Bulgakov in 1923-1924 will be represented by the following two main events. In 1923, the story "Notes on the Cuffs" appeared. The following year, Mikhail Afanasyevich meets with L. E. Belozerskaya, who returned from emigration to Paris, marries her.

In 1925, Bulgakov's work continued. Appears "Diaboliad" - the first collection of satirical stories. At the same time, a collection of short stories called "Fatal Eggs" was published. This year is also marked by the creation of the manuscript of "Heart of a Dog" - a work that was published only 60 years later.

Search at Bulgakov's

In May 1926, Bulgakov was searched by OGPU officers, who seized the above manuscript, as well as diaries. The writer, repeatedly requesting that these materials be returned to him and receiving no answer to these requests, declares that he will soon be forced to withdraw from the All-Russian Union of Writers defiantly. After that, the papers, including the manuscript of The Heart of a Dog, were returned to Bulgakov.

Works 1925-1928

In 1925-1926, the cycle "Stories" was published, as well as a collection of stories called "Notes of a Young Doctor".

The following events belong to the period from 1925 to 1927. The novel "White Guard" was created. Based on his motives, in 1926 the play "Days of the Turbins" was written and staged, which premiered at the Moscow Art Theater at the same time.

From 1926 to 1928, Mikhail Bulgakov, whose life and work are presented in our article, wrote a play called "Running", which saw the audience only in 1957.

In 1926, the play "Zoyka's Apartment" was also created, which was staged at the Vakhtangov Theater. Together with The Days of the Turbins, it was soon withdrawn due to the pressure of tendentious criticism.

In 1928 - another work for the theater ("Crimson Island"). It was staged by the Chamber Theater in the same year, but this time the play was banned almost immediately.

Evaluation of Bulgakov's work by literary criticism

Literary criticism of the late 1920s assessed the work of Mikhail Bulgakov sharply negatively. His works were not published, they were not played on stage. For example, Stalin's negative reviews of the play "Running" are known, which, from his point of view, is an "anti-Soviet phenomenon." "Waste paper" called the leader of the "Crimson Island". The result of the persecution - and whose work was often marked by the negative consequences of contact with the Soviet authorities before, remains without work and, accordingly, without funds, writes a letter to the "Government of the USSR" and sends it to seven addresses of various institutions of power. Trying to understand his future fate, he explains his author's position in a letter, saying that he prefers the Great Revolution to the Great Evolution, that is, a more natural, in his opinion, gradual course of history. In 1930, on April 18, Stalin himself called Mikhail Afanasyevich's apartment, and as a result of this conversation, the writer was promised a job at the Moscow Art Theater. The unspoken condition of the agreement was the creation of a work praising the leader. Later, in 1939, a play called "Batum" was written, which tells about the "young years of the leader." However, neither its content nor the tone of the narration satisfied the authorities.

Work at the Moscow Art Theater

With the beginning of work at the Moscow Art Theater, Bulgakov's life and work changed significantly. Mikhail Afanasyevich has been an assistant director in this theater since the early 1930s. Refers to this period of his life passion Shilovskaya Elena Sergeevna (1929), who later became his wife.

In 1931, the play "Adam and Eve" appears. During this, as well as the following year, he writes a staging of Tolstoy's "War and Peace" commissioned by the Bolshoi Drama Theater. However, this performance was not staged.

In 1932, a staging of Gogol's "Dead Souls" appeared. Returned to the viewer (on the personal order of Comrade Stalin) "Days of the Turbins".

In the years 1930-1936, a drama called "The Cabal of the Saints" was created, staged in 1943. This was preceded by work on a biographical story, in 1932-1933. It was published in 1962.

Another play, "Bliss", came out in 1934 (published only in 1966).

In 1934-1935. a drama called "The Last Days" is released, staged on stage in 1943. At first it was conceived in collaboration with

Bulgakov refuses to "alterations"

The period from 1934 to 1936 is marked by the following events. Bulgakov's play "Ivan Vasilyevich" appears. This work, brought to dress rehearsals at the Theater of Satire, was filmed literally on the eve of the premiere. For the period from 1928 to 1936, not a single thing was printed by the writer, and not a single play representing the original work of M.A. appeared on the stage of the theater. Bulgakov. Mikhail Afanasyevich stubbornly refuses the "alterations" suggested to him (for example, "reforging" some white officer from the work "Running", ending with the revolutionary choral song "Crimson Island", etc.).

Latest works

In 1936-1937, "Theatrical novel" was created (unfinished work). It was published in 1965.

Bulgakov in 1938 creates a play called "Don Quixote". From the beginning of the 1930s until the end of his life, he also continued to work on his most famous work, which is now addressed first of all when studying Bulgakov's work - The Master and Margarita.

Mikhail Afanasyevich died in Moscow in 1940 from which was hereditary in his family (passed on to the writer from his father).

Thus ends the life and work of M. Bulgakov - now recognized