- APOSTROPHE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from Greek apostrophos - turned to the side or back) superscript comma used to indicate the omission of a vowel (for example, English don t ... - APOSTROPHE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(French apostrophe, from Greek arustrophos), superscript comma, is used in alphabetic writing in various functions: 1) in French, Italian, English. And … - APOSTROPHE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Greek) - a sign ("), placed instead of a released vowel at the beginning, middle or end of a word, or when two ... - APOSTROPHE
[from the ancient Greek apostrophos facing to the side or back] a comma-shaped icon above the line, replacing the omitted vowel (for example, joan of arc ... - APOSTROPHE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
[not: apostrophe], a, m A comma at the top of a line used when writing certain words (e.g. … - APOSTROPHE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -а, m. Superscript comma (), e.g. written by Jeanne... - APOSTROPHE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
APOSTROPHE (from the Greek apostrophos - turned to the side or back), a superscript comma used to indicate the omission of a vowel (for example, English don "t ... - APOSTROPHE in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
(Greek) - a sign ("), which is placed instead of a released vowel at the beginning, middle or end of a word, or when two are merged ... - APOSTROPHE in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
apostro "f, apostro" f, apostro "fa, apostro" fov, apostro "fu, apostro" fam, apostro "f, apostro" f, apostro "fom, apostro" fami, apostro "fe, ... - APOSTROPHE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
(Greek apostrophes - turned to the side or back). A superscript sign in the form of a comma, used: a) to separate service words ... - APOSTROPHE in the Popular Explanatory-Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
apostr "ofa, m. A superscript character in the form of a comma ("), used in writing for various purposes. The use of apostrophes in foreign proper names. … - APOSTROPHE in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
Superscript... - APOSTROPHE in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gr. apostrophes) a comma-shaped icon placed at the top of the line when writing certain words, in particular replacing the omitted ... - APOSTROPHE in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[gr. apostrophes] a comma-shaped icon placed at the top of a line when writing certain words, in particular replacing an omitted vowel, ... - APOSTROPHE in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
- APOSTROPHE in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
m. Superscript comma, usually denoting the omission of a vowel ... - APOSTROPHE in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
apostrophe, -a (superscript ... - APOSTROPHE in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
apostrophe, -a (superscript ... - APOSTROPHE in the Spelling Dictionary:
apostrophe, -a (superscript ... - APOSTROPHE in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
superscript comma ("), for example in writing Zhanna ... - APOSTROPHE in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(from the Greek apostrophos - facing to the side or back), an superscript comma used to indicate the omission of a vowel (for example, English don "t instead of ... - APOSTROPHE in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
apostrophe, m. (Greek apostrophos - facing backwards). Superscript comma, e.g.: John ... - APOSTROPHE in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
m. Superscript in the form of a comma (facing to the side or back), usually indicating the omission of a vowel ... - APOSTROPHE in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
m. Superscript in the form of a comma (facing to the side or back), usually indicating the omission of a vowel ... - THE NIGHT WATCH in the List of Easter eggs and codes for games:
Find the cfg directory in the game folder, and inside the nwinput.cfg file. Open it with any text editor. …
1431 year. Location - France, Rouen. Jeanne d'Arc Domremy, the great ascetic of the French land, burns in the fire of hatred. The peak of the events of the Hundred Years War fell on the year 1420, just in the youth of the future martyr, and for more than five hundred years she has been considered the clearest symbol of selfless courage and genuine Christian virtue. There is hardly an enlightened person in the world who has never heard her name and does not know her short but glorious biography. The reward for her exploits was the accusation of witchcraft and a fire. However, the truth triumphed and the great warrior maiden was recognized as a saint.
An image familiar from an illustration in a school textbook: a girl on a horse, in armor, with a banner and a sword, enters a besieged city. The legendary Joan of Arc. What was she really like?
How did she look?
We do not know of a single authentic image of Jeanne. The only “portrait” of her now known in her lifetime is a pen drawing made by the secretary of the Parisian parliament on the margins of her register on May 10, 1429, when Paris learned about the lifting of the English siege from Orleans. This drawing has nothing to do with the original. It depicts a woman with long curls and a dress with a pleated skirt; she holds a banner and is armed with a sword. Jeanne really had a sword and a banner. But she wore a man's suit, and her hair was cut short.
Some vague and generalized features of Jeanne's external appearance can be established from those "verbal portraits" that her contemporaries left. People who saw Jeanne said that she was a tall, black-haired and black-eyed girl.
She was distinguished by good health, which allowed her to lead the difficult life of a warrior. The power of her personal charm was experienced by everyone who met her, even her opponents. Time did not spare the images of Jeanne. But it saved something much more valuable than mute portraits and statues: a lot of reliable and expressive evidence. 
Official legend N1: Zhanna is a folk heroine
Jeanne d'Arc, born into the family of a village headman in the village of Domremy during the Hundred Years' War, realized her vocation early. Once she heard the voices of Saints Margaret and Catherine, who told the girl that it was she who had to save France from the English invasion. Jeanne left her home, achieved a meeting with the Dauphin Charles VII and became the head of the French army. She liberated several cities, in particular Orleans, after which she began to be called the Maiden of Orleans. Soon Charles VII was crowned in Reims, and Jeanne won a number of important military victories. On May 23, 1430, during a sortie near the city of Compiègne, Jeanne's detachment was captured by the Burgundians, who handed her over to the Duke of Luxembourg, who, in turn, to the British. There were persistent rumors that Joan had been betrayed by those close to Charles VII. 
In January 1431, the trial of Joan of Arc began in Rouen. The Inquisition brought forward 12 articles of accusation. At this time, Henry VI was proclaimed King of France and England in Paris. The trial of Joan was intended to prove that Charles VII had been placed on the throne by a heretic and a sorceress. The process was led by Bishop Pierre Cauchon, who, even before the start of the trial, subjected Jeanne to a medical examination in order to establish that the girl was not innocent, that she had entered into a relationship with the devil. But the examination showed that Jeanne was a virgin, and the court had to drop this accusation. The process, full of tricky questions and traps, in which, according to the plan of the inquisitors, Jeanne was supposed to fall, lasted several months. Finally, on May 29, 1431, the judges issued a final decision that the defendant was transferred into the hands of secular authorities. She was sentenced to be burned at the stake. Jeanne was only 21 at the time. On May 30, 1431, the sentence was carried out. The tablet on the pillar to which the girl was tied read: "Joan, who calls herself the Virgin, an apostate, a witch, an accursed blasphemer, a bloodsucker, a servant of Satan, a schismatic and a heretic." The execution was carried out with a large crowd of people, the scaffold was cordoned off by the ranks of English soldiers. 25 years after her death, Joan of Arc was rehabilitated and recognized as a national heroine, and in the 20th century the Catholic Church proclaimed her a saint. However, rumors that in fact Joan of Arc did not die at the stake, but escaped, began to go among the people immediately after the execution. 
Legend N2: Zhanna does not burn in fire
Ukrainian anthropologist Sergei Gorbenko made a sensational statement: Joan of Arc was not burned, but lived to be 57 years old (Ukrinform reports). She was not a shepherdess, as the legend says, but came from the royal Valois dynasty.
The specialist is sure that the historical name of the Virgin of Orleans is Marguerite de Champdiver. Examining the remains in the sarcophagus of the temple of Notre Dame de
Clery San André nearby
from the city of Orleans, Sergei Gorbenko discovered that the female skull, which was kept together with the skull of the king, did not belong to Queen Charlotte, who died at 38, but to a completely different woman who was at least 57 years old. The scientist came to the conclusion that in front of him were the remains of Joan of Arc, who in reality was an illegitimate princess of the Valois house. Her father is King Charles VI and her mother is his last mistress Odette de Champdiver. The daughter was brought up under the supervision of the father-king as a warrior, so she could wear knightly armor. Now it becomes clear how Zhanna could write letters (an illiterate peasant woman would not have done this). King Charles VII imitated the death of the Maiden of Orleans: another woman was burned instead. 
Rumors that the real Joan of Arc did not burn in the fire of the Inquisition in Rouen in 1431 have always circulated in France. In the account book of the city of Orleans, there are entries indicating that five years after the execution, Jeanne's brother corresponded with his sister, traveled to her "in Luxembourg" and received money for postage and travel expenses. There is a version that Jeanne was in honorary captivity with her aunt, the Duchess of Luxembourg. According to another version (since Jeanne, imprisoned in the Rouen castle, was not forbidden to receive visitors), one of her friends could well have prepared an escape. Already today, in 1995, the remains of an underground passage were discovered, leading somewhere from the very Rouen castle in which Jeanne was languishing. Perhaps it was on him that the escape was carried out. Perhaps not even an escape, but an honorable surrender. 
Legend N3: Jeanne's doubles
Representatives of the political elite have always had twins. It has never been given much publicity. But it was not denied, as a matter of course. And in our time, the institution of twins has not exhausted itself. If some other woman was burned in Rouen in 1431, then who is she? Doppelgänger-volunteer, who knew that on duty he could die under a false name? Or an unfortunate woman unrelated to Jeanne who was sacrificed to save the original? There are many facts about this. It is strange that with the strictest discipline and scrupulousness of the inquisitors, there is no record of the costs specifically for the execution of Joan of Arc. While there are records of sums of money for firewood and other "entourage" for other executions. It seems that everything was really done so that no one could see exactly who was being led to the platform.
He was cordoned off by English soldiers, besides, the convict covered her face. True, during the trial, Jeanne could hardly be seen by anyone other than the inquisitors, so the precaution was unnecessary. But she was. When everything was already done, the crowd was asked to make sure that the heretic was burned: the executioner raked the still burning firebrands. Those who wished could really see the charred corpse. But whose it was, it was decidedly impossible to say.
Legend N4: the maiden is getting married 
According to one of the legends, which, in particular, is set forth in Chernyak’s book “The Judicial Noose”, Jeanne d’Arc not only escaped death, but also settled down, married a certain Robert d’Armoise and gave birth to two sons. The descendants of this d'Armoise still regard themselves as relatives of Jeanne and claim that their venerable ancestor would never have married a woman who would not have provided him with genuine documents proving her origin. People who knew the real Jeanne, in particular, her brothers from the village of Domremy and the soldiers who fought with her, were firmly convinced that this was she. It is known that this mysterious lady lived in Arlon, where she led a stormy social life, then in Cologne, and later returned to Arlon due to political intrigues. In 1439, the miraculously resurrected Jeanne showed up in Orleans. Judging by the entries of the same account book, the inhabitants of the city liberated by her received Jeanne d'Armoise more than cordially. She was not only recognized - in her honor, the noble citizens gave a gala dinner, and presented 210 livres as a gift: "for the good service she rendered to the specified city during the siege." 
Legend N5 (scandalous version): Jeanne was a third of a man
Reported by journalist Nikolai Nikolaev. The scandalous diagnosis was made by the Russian scientist Efroimson. Only five centuries after the events that occurred, the domestic Aesculapius became aware of the reasons why Joan of Arc ... was accused of having links with the devil. It was possible to unravel the mystery of Jeanne's death by studying the biographical data and materials from the investigation of the period of the stay of the Virgin of Orleans in English captivity. By bringing together many signs and symptoms, the scientist came to the conclusion that the famous peasant woman suffered from a rare gynecological abnormality.
According to the Republican Center for Human Reproduction, on average, only five out of a hundred thousand women suffer from Morris syndrome. Thus, the French king Charles VII was very lucky. If Joan of Arc had been absolutely healthy, the monarch would have been left without a crown, and France without independence. 
Legend N6: Zhanna was ruined by clothes
Decidedly no one, except the Rouen judges and their Parisian associates, considered Jeanne an apostate and a heretic because she wore a man's suit. But in this costume she was seen by tens of thousands of people. In it, she not only fought, but also attended churches, prayed, confessed, took communion, and received pastoral blessings. She talked with many priests, but never heard from them a reproach about the inappropriate dress. 
Furthermore. Jeanne was also wearing a men's suit when she stood before a commission in Poitiers, which specifically clarified the issue of the compliance of the girl's words and actions with the norms of Christian morality. The professors of theology and experts in canon law who were part of this commission did not find anything reprehensible in the behavior of the subject. Therefore, they were not embarrassed by such a seemingly obvious violation of the canonical prohibition. 
According to the leading French theologian of that time, Jean Gerson, this prohibition was not a generally binding legal norm, but an ethical rule, the main purpose of which was to suppress debauchery and debauchery. Jeanne, on the other hand, put on a man's suit for a charitable purpose.
By the way, the lawyers of the papal tribunal Theodore de Lelis and Paolo Pontano, having familiarized themselves with the materials of the accusatory process during the preparation of Jeanne's rehabilitation, came to the conclusion that by putting on a man's suit and refusing to take it off, Jeanne did not violate the canonical prohibition at all. 
On the contrary, both lawyers saw in this evidence of the moral purity of the girl, because with the help of a man's suit she defended her honor from encroachments on the part of soldiers and guards. As you can see, both theoretical theology and applied jurisprudence did not consider wearing clothes inappropriate for one's gender as an unconditional manifestation of heresy.
The passions boiling around life and, most importantly, the death of the national French heroine Joan of Arc, are similar only to the centuries-old dispute about who William Shakespeare was and whether he was at all. The story of her short life and martyrdom invariably excites the minds of reputable historians and people of art, but no one knows what the real life of Joan of Arc was like. 
One of my friends on Facebook wrote a post:
And I dreamed that they burned me at the stake. Along with my new dress. It was very painful and scary.
Fine. that it's already evening and I'm alive :)
What color is the dress?
- Green with some stains. Grass colors. Horror and pain, I remember more than a dress.
Wikipedia:
Jeanne d'Arc, Maid of Orleans (modern French Jeanne d "Arc; January 6, 1412 - May 30, 1431) - the national heroine of France, one of the commanders of the French troops in the Hundred Years' War. Having been captured by the Burgundians, she was handed over to the British, condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake.Subsequently, she was rehabilitated and canonized - canonized by the Catholic Church as a saint.
We are introduced to the name Jeanne - where the first two letters stand for I = je
So this name is none other than I am Anna
d "Ark - from the Arch.
Full name: I'm Anna from Arki.
So: I'm Anna from Arch. Anna from the portal. Anna from another world who came to help the people who deceived her. She helped people, and while she was needed, she was alive and respected. Look at Anna was invited to the coronation:
Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc at the coronation of Charles VII. Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1854. Cara Dague Rupor
Wikipedia: The news that the army was led by a messenger of God caused an extraordinary moral upsurge in the army. Hopeless commanders and soldiers, tired of endless defeats, were inspired and regained their courage.
April 29 Jeanne with a small detachment enters Orleans. On May 4, her army won its first victory, taking the bastion of Saint-Loup. Victories followed one after another, and already on the night of May 7-8, the British were forced to lift the siege from the city. Thus, a task that other French military leaders considered impossible, Joan of Arc solved in four days.
After the victory at Orleans, Jeanne was nicknamed the "Maid of Orleans" (French la Pucelle d'Orléans). Day 8 May is celebrated every year in Orleans as the main holiday of the city.
May 8 is the day of arrival on Earth, the excitation of female energy, which can break any resistance. The energy of a woman can turn the world upside down. Direct it to good, destroy evil.
Wikipedia: In the spring of 1430 hostilities were resumed, but were sluggish. Jeanne was constantly hindered by royal courtiers. In May, Jeanne comes to the aid of Compiègne, besieged by the Burgundians. On May 23, as a result of a betrayal (a bridge was raised to the city, which cut off Joan's escape route), Jeanne d'Arc was captured by the Burgundians. King Charles, who owed her so much, did nothing to save Jeanne. Soon, for 10,000 gold livres, the Burgundians sold it to the British. In November-December 1430, Jeanne was transferred to Rouen.
Wikipedia: In the chronicles of the Venetian Morosini, it is directly stated: “The English burned Joan because of her successes, because the French succeeded and, it seemed, would succeed without end. The English said that if this girl died, fate would no longer be favorable to the Dauphin. During the process, it turned out that it would not be so easy to accuse Jeanne - the girl held on to the court with amazing courage and confidently refuted accusations of heresy and intercourse with the devil, bypassing numerous traps. Since it was not possible to get a confession of heresy from her, the court began to concentrate on those facts where the voluntary confession of Joan was not required - for example, wearing men's clothes, disregarding the authority of the Church, and also tried to prove that the voices that Jeanne heard came from the devil . Contrary to the norms of the ecclesiastical court, Joan was not allowed to appeal to the Pope and ignored the favorable conclusions of the trial in Poitiers for Joan.
This is not about losing favor with the Dauphin of Fate, the British did not care about that. The point is that if this girl dies, then there will be no female power capable of destroying evil. Thus, the British embodied evil for Anna from the Arch, for Anna from another world, the world of goodness and light.
Wikipedia:
In the hope of breaking the will of the prisoner, she is kept in terrible conditions, the English guards insult her, during interrogation on May 9, the tribunal threatened her with torture, but all in vain - Jeanne refuses to submit and plead guilty. Cauchon understood that if he condemned Jeanne to death without obtaining a confession of guilt from her, he would only contribute to the emergence of an aura of a martyr around her. On May 24, he resorted to outright meanness - he presented the prisoner with a ready fire for her execution by burning, and already near the fire he promised to transfer her from an English prison to a church prison, where she would be provided with good care if she signed a paper on renunciation of heresies and obedience to the Church. At the same time, the paper with the text read to the illiterate girl was replaced by another, on which there was a text about the complete renunciation of all her “delusions”, on which Zhanna put an end to it. Naturally, Cauchon did not even think of fulfilling his promise and again sent her to her former prison.
http://www.kommunicera.umea.se/hemma/mathias/
http://www.kommunicera.umea.se/hemma/mathias/
Cochon - in French means PIG = le cochon. So we may not know the name. I remember the great magician violinist Paganini, when the mayor of the city entered the hall for his concert, Paganini played on his violin: Pig, pig. Hall laughed. The angry mayor ran out of the hall.
A few days later, under the pretext that Jeanne again put on men's clothes (the women's was taken from her by force) and, thus, "fell into her previous delusions" - the tribunal sentenced her to death. On May 30, 1431, Joan of Arc was burned alive in the Old Market Square in Rouen. They put a paper miter on Jeanne's head with the inscription "Heretic, apostate, idolater" and led her to the fire.
Jeanne Darke at the stake
In the picture, Anna is in a red dress. This is the color of blood. It is unlikely that the Inquisition put her in a red dress. Most likely grey. But my friend saw GREEN. The color green is the color of reflection. The best reflection is through green. As you know, now the green color of the screen is used for video recordings. The desired picture is projected onto the green screen, and it is embodied as if it were a living reality. Therefore, my friend was in green. A living image of Anna from the Arch was projected onto her.
With the death of Anna's mother, who descended from heaven to Earth, EVIL settled on earth. Since then, for many years, Evil has ruled the ball. Fathers inquisitors have bred, their descendants are destroying the Light on earth. After Anna of Arc, from another world, they began to burn all the women in France. It was believed that Anna gave all the women of France her power, which was directly connected to the Cosmos. This is what the Inquisition feared. Women and little girls were burned by the thousands.
Divide these words into word-building types, taking into account that the same type in word-building includes words formed from the same part of speech, with the same word-building affix and the same word-building meaning. Grove, ashtray, witness, little book, lioness, she-wolf, sugar bowl, comforter, cornea, eagle, puddle, winner, editorial, bear, dumbass, bread box, soapbox, clever.
These nouns are divided into the following derivational types: Derivatives from nouns with the help of the suffix -IC with the word-formative diminutive value: grove, puddle, little book. Derivatives from nouns with the help of the suffix -IC with the derivational meaning of femininity: lioness, eagle, she-wolf, bear. Derivatives from adjectives with the help of the suffix -IC with the derivational meaning "carrier of a feature called the generating word": stupid, clever, cornea (cornea of the eye), editorial (leading article in a newspaper); Derivatives from nouns with the suffix -NIC with the derivational meaning "an object intended for what is called a generating word": sugar bowl, soap dish, ashtray, bread box. From nouns with the help of the suffix -NIC with the derivational meaning of "femininity": witness, winner, comforter.
"How do I know: maybe in three weeks the end of the world will come!" (With)
Regine Pernu, Marie-Véronique Clain
Joan of Arc
Jeanne d'Arc name
“At home, they called me Jeannette, but when I arrived in France, they began to call me Jeanne,” Jeanne answered at the first meeting of the accusatory process, when she was asked to give her last name and first name.
During her lifetime, Jeanne was never called Joan of Arc. In the 15th century, it was customary to add the name of the area, village or mention of origin to the name; sometimes a nickname was added to the name. her pilgrimage to Rome.Jeanne also said that in her homeland her daughters had their mother's surname.But she called herself "Joan the Virgin", she was proud of this name and saw in it a symbol of her vocation.
In a letter to the English, dictated on March 22, 1429 in Poitiers, she refers to the regent and his assistants as follows: "Reward the Virgin sent here by God ... and firmly believe that the King of Heaven will give the Virgin strength." On May 5, 1429, in a warning letter to the English, the clerk writes under her dictation: "The King of heaven warns you and passes through me, Jeanne the Virgin." In addresses to the inhabitants of Tournai on June 22, 1429, to the inhabitants of Troyes on July 4 of the same year, to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, on July 17, 1429, she still calls herself "Joan the Virgin".
The inhabitants of Reims (letter dated August 1429) and the Count d "Armagnac (letter dated August 22) also call her by this name. Three letters that have survived to this day are signed by her personally "Jeanne". For people from the Armagnac party, for the townspeople of Orleans , for her associates she is Jeanne the Virgin. Enemies, for example, Jean, Duke of Bedford, speak of her: "called the Virgin." For the Duke of Burgundy, she is "the one who is called the Virgin", for her worst enemy Cauchon - "Jeanne, called the Virgin", finally, for the University of Paris: "mulier quae Johannam se nominebat".
Chroniclers, supporters of Armagnac or Burgundians, also do not know "Joan of Arc", whether Jean Chartier or William Caxton, or the author of the "Diary of the Siege of Orleans", Antonio Morosini or Georges Chatellin. For the poets Christine of Pisa or François Villon, she is "Virgo ", "Joan, good Lorraine", "French Maiden" or "Virgin of God".
The historian finds the name Jeanne d "Arc in the materials of the process for the annulment of the sentence. In 1445, Pope Calixte III in a rescript calls her brothers: "Pierre and Jean Darc and their sister quondam Johanna Darc"; the Archbishop of Reims also mentions the Dark family: "Isabella Dark, Pierre and Jean Darc, mother and brothers of the late Jeanne Darc, usually called the Virgin (...Isabelle Darc, Pierre et Jean Darc, mere et freres defunctae quondam Jeannae Darc, vulgariter dictae la Pucelle)". At the same time, in the petition of the family we read: " Isabella Darc, mother of the late Jeanne, commonly called the Virgin ("Ysabellis Darc, mater quondam Johannae vulgariter dictae la Pucelle")". The expression "Maid of Orleans" appears in the 16th century ... The first major biography of Jeanne, written by Edmond Richet, was published in 1630 under the title "The Story of Joan, Maid of Orleans".
How was the surname of her father and her brothers spelled? Famous historians Kishera, Simeon Luce, Airol, Champion write d "Arc. Following them, Pierre Tisse, having studied the texts of the accusatory process, accepts the spelling d" Arc. Pierre Duparc, while translating the proceedings for the annulment of the sentence, also uses this already accepted spelling.
If we turn to the original texts, then there is the most diverse spelling: Dark or d "Ark, but also Dars, Day, De, Darks, Dar, Tark, Tard or Dart (Darc, d" Arc, Dars, Day, Dai, Darx, Dare, Tare, Tard, Dart). Consequently, there was no firmly accepted spelling in Joan's time. In the 15th century, an apostrophe was never put: Dalbre, Dalanson or Dolon wrote in one word; only in modern orthography separate spelling indicates origin from a certain area or belonging to the nobility. They write Duke d'Alencon, Duke d'Armagnac, but also Jean d'Olonne, Jean d'Auvergne, Guillaume d'Etive, denoting only the place of origin.
As for the Deva family, research was carried out in two directions. Depending on the conclusions drawn, Jeanne became either a commoner or an aristocrat.
In his Short Treatise on the Name and Arms, and on the Birth and Relatives of the Maid of Orleans and Her Brethren, written in October 1612 and revised in 1628, Charles du Lis writes in chapter II: "On the arms of the relatives and other descendants of the said Jacques Darhk depicted a bow drawn with three arrows. Thus, the descendants of Jeanne's family do not put an apostrophe and simply write "Dark". Charles du Lys, "the enlightened man who asked Louis XIII for permission to add the coat of arms of the senior branch to his, never forgets in his Treatise" - intended to justify his request - to separate the particle from his own name Du Lys: and if he never put an apostrophe in Dark's name, so he couldn't legally do it."
Attributing to the father of the Virgin a coat of arms - "a golden bow on an azure stripe", they want to prove the noble origin of the family. The question then must be asked: why did Charles VII grant nobility to the family, giving it a different coat of arms instead of its own? This expressive coat of arms did not exist before the award of the nobility and was invented at a later time.
Father Doncker concludes: "We believe that, in the absence of sufficient evidence, we have no reason to change the spelling of Dark to d" Arc. The Latin texts in which this name occurs are proof of this. If the surname indicated the place of origin, then in Latin the name of the area would be preceded by the particle de. Thus, Guillaume Dethoutville would be written in Latin Estoutevilla, Guillaume Detivet would be written de Estiveto, Georges d "Amboise would be written de Ambasia or Ambasianus, Jacques d" Arc would be written in Latin de Agso, as in 1343 a certain Pierre Darc, canon of Troyes, was written Petrus de Agso. Nowhere do we find such a spelling.
The apostrophe is sometimes considered to indicate aristocratic origin. Let us refer a contrario to the conclusion of "Monitor du soir", made in 1866 regarding the controversy about the spelling of the name of the father of Joan of Arc: "From the foregoing, it follows that the spelling of Dark is preferable to any other, since it is more in line with the rules of etymology and the common origin of the girl who became famous thanks to her courage and patriotism!"
In conclusion, we note a curious fact: the Minute francaise document preserved in Orleans gives the spelling "Tart", which corresponds to a rough Lorraine pronunciation.
VI. The language of Joan of Arc and her contemporaries
Recall that in response to the question of Seguin Seguin, one of the judges at the trial in Poitiers: "What language does your voice speak?" she replied: "In a language that is better than yours." Séguin Séguin specifies that he himself spoke a Limousin dialect with a heavy accent.
We learn about the features of the language of the Virgin from the testimony of witnesses at the acquittal process. Jean Pasquerel, her confessor, quotes her address to Glasdale: "Glasidas, rends-ti, rends-ti au roi du ciel" (Glasidas, surrender! Surrender to the Heavenly King!) - "ti" instead of "toi". From a letter dated March 16, 1430 to the inhabitants of Reims, it is clear that Jeanne pronounced "ch" (sh) instead of "j" (g) or "y" (u). So, the clerk, not hearing "joyeux" (cheerful) wrote "choyeux" (coddled); then, mindful of Jeanne's accent, he crossed out the word and spelled it correctly. As for the words "en nom De" (au nom de Dieux - in the name of God) used by Jeanne, as mentioned by Eamon de Macy and Colette, Millet's wife, this expression is typical of the inhabitants of Lorraine; and Dunois says "fille De", i.e. "fille de Dieux" (daughter of God).
Consequently, Jeanne spoke French, but with a Lorraine accent (this accent has survived to this day). In Lorraine, "i" (u) was added to the end of the word, and "e" (e) was pronounced "e" (e). Domremy - "border mark" in the valley of the upper Meuse. Regardless of whether it was part of the French kingdom or the Empire, this area remained French - both in manners and in language, and the dialect of its inhabitants, its culture and art were strongly influenced by the province of Champagne.
