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Famous orators of our time. Good speaker

Famous orators of our time. Good speaker

23.09.2019

In order to become successful in rhetoric, you need a great desire to give a speech. Even a novice in this field should be familiar with the feeling of satisfaction and pleasure from public speaking. It is necessary first of all to realize the purpose of your appearance in public, the purpose of your speech. The right start is half the battle!

A lot depends on your acting skills: the ability to hold the audience, look into the eyes, alternate emotional and logical arguments, maintain a harmonious and vivid image of the speaker.

Cicero always prepared very carefully for his performances. Without preparation, he could not utter a single word. The wife was often the author of the texts.

Demosthenes often nervous before going out in public. He got rid of the nervous twitching in only one way: he stood on a pointed sword during rehearsals. The main thing in oratory is practice, and Demosthenes understood this very well. He was an excellent rhetorician, despite his poor diction and weak voice. Picking up pebbles in his mouth and trying to shout over the sound of the sea, he gained experience.

Lomonosov considered rhetoric to be the basis of all sciences. He was strong in many areas, but zoology was not given to him: for example, he confused a rhinoceros with a hippopotamus.

Mirabeau I taught all my texts exclusively by heart. At the same time, all of them at the performances sounded not like an ordinary retelling, but like a talented improvisation. One of these speeches called for the taking of the Bastille.

Oratory is inextricably linked with a good memory, which must be constantly trained with the help of systematic loads. The art of the rhetoric will disappear if the tongue is well suspended, but the memory does not work.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Of course, he had a remarkable talent as a rhetorician. His art of speaking basically contained expression and emotional expressiveness. This is really very important, because you must admit that many evaluate exactly how a person speaks, and not what.

Margaret Thatcher from birth was endowed with an unpleasant shrill voice. She studied acting and oratory for a very long time. At first, Thatcher was afraid of the public, did not know what to do with her eyes. However, the hard work paid off.

As said Winston Churchill, anyone can give a speech for an hour, and a five-minute speech requires talent. You need to prepare for it at least a month in advance and have a lot of life experience. A public speaking failure for him is a speech for more than 20 minutes when you don't get paid for it.

The history of rhetoric is actually quite controversial. However, one thing is clear: now more and more often the mental abilities of a person are evaluated by his ability to speak beautifully and convincingly. After all, only the ability to speak is the ability to think!

Larisa Glushkova

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Ministry of Education and Science of Russia

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education

"Tula State University"

Institute of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism

Department "Tourism and hospitality industry"

Control course work

discipline: "Business rhetoric"

on the topic: "Outstanding speakers of the XX century"

Completed by: student gr.720543

Komarova E.O.

Head: Assoc. cafe TIG

Kharitonov V.S.

Introduction

1. Public speaking

1.1 Oratory as the art of the word

1.2 Kinds and types of oratory

1.3 The structure of oratory

2. Famous speakers of the 20th century

2.1 Adolf Hitler

2.2Thomas Woodrow Wilson

2.3 Winston Churchill

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

People valued the oratorical word at all times. It is an important and active means of education and training, dissemination of philosophical, aesthetic teachings, political, economic and other knowledge, comprehension of cultural values and new ideas. The true word awakens the best civic feelings, serves the goals of progress.

The speaker deals directly with people. This allows the speaker to quickly respond to current life issues, actively promote advanced ideas, quickly respond to events, take into account the numerous interests of listeners, comment on known facts, and explain the policy of the state. The speaker addresses people's conscience, their memory, their national, patriotic feelings. It raises spirituality in a person, a noble movement of the mind, puts universal human concerns, interests, and ideas in the foreground. The noble goals of knowledge, the preaching of humanism and mercy, the "discovery" of the truth elevate speech, influence the spiritual world of listeners. A true orator, putting into speech the whole depth of his intellect and the passion of his soul, acts on the minds and hearts of people.

Now many people make speeches and reports, give lectures, and hold talks. The speech activity of people has increased significantly. And it pleases. But to improve skills, of course, it is necessary to study the theory of oratory, deeply analyze the speeches of outstanding speakers, and transfer theoretical knowledge into one's own practice.

The purpose of this control course work is to determine the features of the performance of outstanding speakers of the XX century.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

reveal the structure and types of oratory;

study the biographies of great orators;

1 . oratorical speech

1.1 Oratory as the art of the word

The ancient theories of eloquence are included in the golden fund of rhetorical science. And, of course, to understand the essence of eloquence, it is necessary, first of all, to get acquainted with the views of the ancient rhetoricians.

In ancient rhetorical science, one can name the names of researchers who occupied a leading position in the development of the theory of eloquence. These are Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian and some others. It is their theoretical research that constitutes the platform on which further research was based.

Ancient Greece is considered the birthplace of eloquence, although oratory was known in Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, and India. But it is precisely in ancient Greece that it develops rapidly, and systematic works on its theory appear for the first time. In the state of slave-owning democracy, a special atmosphere was created for the flourishing of eloquence. It becomes an essential element of social life and an instrument of political struggle. Owning it was considered a necessity. Gradually, a practical direction developed - the compilation of speeches for the needs of citizens. The first statements of practitioners about the language and style of speeches appeared. They served Plato, Aristotle and other theorists as the basis for systematizing, further developing and deepening these judgments, turning them into a theory.

Even Plato - the ancient Greek philosopher - emphasized that rhetoric, like any true art, is a creative activity. This creative activity, however, requires careful preparation. Rhetoric (Greek - oratory) is a philological discipline, the object of which is the theory of eloquence, oratory, ways of constructing expressive speech in all branches of speech activity (i.e. in different genres of written and oral speech). A good speaker needs to work hard to improve his speech. According to Plato, he should go through a special school of oratory, which would teach him to correctly, proportionately and effectively compose speeches. And Cicero, a Roman theorist, considered the most important conditions for the formation of a real orator not only natural talent, but also, most importantly, the study of oratory (theory) and exercises (practice). Since the theory of eloquence is an important philosophical and psychological doctrine, Cicero argued, it requires a serious attitude to itself.

Such a high culture of speech in the broadest sense of the term could not arise by itself. Naturally, it was stimulated by theoretical investigations in the field of oratory.

Protagoras is considered the founder of rhetorical art. A.F. Losev writes that in Diogenes we find a message about Protagoras dividing any speech into four parts: a request, a question, an answer and an order.

Plato believes that the speaker should not chase other people's opinions, but he himself should comprehend the truth of what he is going to speak about. Correct, true, accurate speech must proceed from the true definition of its object, the subject of speech. "He who intends to engage in oratory must, first of all, determine his path in it and catch what is the sign of each of its varieties."

According to Plato, the art of a speaker largely depends on the ability to cover everything with a general look, to raise disparate objects of speech to a single general idea and divide everything into types, and also to be able to build the particular to the general and get the particular from the general.

Rhetoric, like any true art, according to Plato, is a creative activity. It brings emotions, passions into a systemic, ordered state, thus embodying the highest justice. This creative activity, however, requires careful preparation of the speaker. And here Plato supports the idea of the sophists, who believed that a good speaker should work hard on self-improvement and speeches. Plato's reasoning testifies that he attached great importance to the technical side of speech, understanding the perfect technique of speech in close connection with the psychology of the listeners, considering the science of eloquence an important philosophical and psychological doctrine.

A great cultural and scientific event was the appearance of Aristotle's "Rhetoric" (384-322 BC), in which Aristotle significantly developed Plato's doctrine of oratory. Aristotle criticized the Platonic theory of incorporeal forms ("ideas"), but could not completely overcome Platonic idealism.

Aristotle believes that rhetoric is an art corresponding to dialectics, because both of them relate to such subjects, acquaintance with which can be considered the property of all. This brings the two arts together. He defines rhetoric as the art of persuasion, which uses the possible and probable in cases where real certainty is insufficient. Rhetoric deals with the allocation of methods of persuasion, the theoretical understanding of these methods. As Aristotle notes, the effect of persuasive speech depends on three points: the moral character of the speaker, the quality of the speech itself, and the mood of the listeners. Already in the teachings of Aristotle, a triad is distinguished: the sender of speech-speech-receiver of speech, which finds its development in modern research.

Aristotle identifies three types of speeches that arose as a result of the development of the socio-political life of Greece: deliberative, judicial and epideictic. The purpose of deliberative speeches is to "incline or reject", judicial speeches - to accuse or justify, epideictic - to praise or blame.

Aristotle believes that the orator must bring the audience into a state that will allow him to easily convince the audience. He dwells in detail on the fact that the role of anger, neglect and mercy, enmity and hatred, fear and courage, shame, good deeds (services), compassion, indignation is important in speech. He also talks about the impact of speech on people of different age and social groups, as we see, the philosopher outlines the development of problems in the psychology of impact on various groups of listeners.

The time of Plato and Aristotle in the history of Greek culture ends the period of the classics. From the second half of the 4th c. BC. a new period of ancient culture begins, called Hellenism (Hellene - Greek). Hellenistic rhetoric analyzed a large number of stylistic phenomena. She studied word combinations, developed a doctrine of the qualities of speech, and continued to deal with the problems of tropes, figures, and styles. In some treatises, however, at first we find a fascination with rhetoric, refinement of expressions, complex images, "colors of eloquence." This manner of speech came to be called the "Asiatic style" after the place of its origin and the prosperity of Asia Minor. The Asiatic style was studied by Hermogenes, Theodore Godarsky (teacher of Tiberius), an anonymous author called Longinus, who wrote the treatise On the Sublime. Representatives of this style preached pathos, uplift, exaltation.

However, not all theorists and practitioners were supporters of the Asian style; its opponents stood for classical patterns and strictness of speech. This style, in contrast to the Asian one, began to be called Attic, and its representatives - Atticists. They preached the refined imagery and intellectuality of speech, which evoked certain associations in the listeners, thereby influencing them. Atticists were supporters of the purity of speech, which meant its normativity, which boiled down to the correct choice of the word and morphological form. If the speaker followed these requirements, he could be considered an exemplary speaker, and his speeches were studied as models.

Representatives of the Attic trend were, for example, Apollodorus of Pergamon, mentor of the Roman emperor Octavian Augustus, who adhered to strict and precise rules of rhetoric; Cycelius, mentioned by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, is himself a supporter of the Attic direction, as well as Demetrius.

The greatest classic of ancient eloquence and the theoretician of oratory was the ancient Roman orator and politician Mark Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC). Three treatises on oratory reflect the rich experience of ancient rhetoric and his own practical experience as the greatest Roman orator. These treatises - "On the Orator", "Brutus, or on famous speakers", "The Orator" - monuments of the ancient theory of literature, ancient humanism, which had a profound influence on the entire European culture (Cicero, 1972). In the theory of knowledge, Cicero tends to skepticism, believing that there is no criterion for distinguishing real ideas from unreal ones. He considers questions about the highest good, about virtues as the only source of happiness, strives for perfection. This striving is perfected by four virtues: wisdom, justice, courage, moderation. His philosophical views formed the basis of his views on oratory.

The speaker's duty is to find something to say; put the found in order; give it a verbal form; affirm all this in memory; pronounce. In addition, it is the speaker's task to win over the audience; state the essence of the matter; establish a controversial issue; reinforce your position refute the opinion of the enemy; in conclusion, give shine to their positions and finally overthrow the position of the opponent.

1.2 Kinds and types of oratory

Genera and types of eloquence are distinguished depending on the sphere of communication, corresponding to one of the main functions of speech: communication, communication and influence. There are several areas of communication: scientific, business, outreach and social. The first, for example, can be attributed to a university lecture or scientific report, to the second - a diplomatic speech or speech at a congress, to the third - a military-patriotic speech or a rally speech, to the fourth - an anniversary (praise) speech or a drinking speech (toast). Of course, this division is not absolute. For example, a speech on a socio-economic topic can serve the scientific sphere (a scientific report), the business sphere (a propagandist's speech in a group of listeners). In form, they will also have common features.

In the modern practice of public communication, the following types of eloquence are distinguished: socio-political, academic, judicial, social, everyday, spiritual (church-theological). The type of eloquence is an area of oratory, characterized by the presence of a certain object of speech, a specific system for its analysis and evaluation. The result of further differentiation on the basis of more specific features are types or genres. This classification is situational and thematic in nature, since, firstly, the situation of the speech is taken into account, and secondly, the topic and purpose of the speech.

Speeches on issues of scientific and technological progress, reporting reports at congresses, meetings, conferences, diplomatic, political, military-patriotic, rally, propaganda, parliamentary speeches belong to socio-political eloquence.

Some genres of eloquence bear the features of an official business and scientific style, since they are based on official documents. In such speeches, the situation in the country, events in the world are analyzed, their main goal is to give listeners specific information. These public speeches contain facts of a political, economic nature, current events are assessed, recommendations are made, and a report is made on the work done. These speeches may be devoted to topical issues or may be of an invocative, explanatory, program-theoretical nature. The choice and use of language means depends primarily on the topic and target setting of the speech.

Political eloquence in Russia as a whole was poorly developed. Only military oratory reached a relatively high level. Peter I addressed the soldiers more than once.

Parliamentary eloquence is also rapidly developing today. It reflects the clash of different points of view, the debatable orientation of speech is manifested.

Academic eloquence is a kind of speech that helps to form a scientific worldview, distinguished by a scientific presentation of information, deep reasoning, and logical culture. This type includes a university lecture, a scientific report, a scientific review, a scientific message, a popular science lecture. Of course, academic eloquence is close to the scientific style of speech, but at the same time, expressive, pictorial means are often used in it.

Judicial eloquence is a kind of speech designed to have a targeted and effective impact on the court, to contribute to the formation of the convictions of judges and citizens present in the courtroom. Usually, a prosecutor's or accusatory speech and a lawyer's or defense speech are distinguished.

Of course, court speeches analyze in detail the factual material, forensic examination data, all the arguments for and against, the testimony of witnesses, etc. Find out, prove, convince - these are three interrelated goals that determine the content of judicial eloquence.

An anniversary speech dedicated to a significant date or delivered in honor of an individual, a memorial speech dedicated to a deceased person, belong to social and everyday eloquence. One of the types of social and domestic eloquence was the court. It is characterized by a predilection for high style, lush, artificial metaphors and comparisons.

The form of expression in oratory may not be worked out with the degree of completeness and thoroughness, as is the case in written speech. But one cannot agree with the fact that oratorical speech is spontaneous. Speakers are preparing to speak, albeit to varying degrees. It depends on their experience, skill, qualifications and, finally, on the topic of the speech and the situation in which the speech is made. It is one thing to speak at a farm or a conference, and another thing at a rally: different forms of speech, different times of pronunciation, different audiences.

Public speaking is a prepared speech. And it is prepared, of course, according to book and written sources, which have a direct and immediate impact on the structure of speech.

Styles, distinguished in accordance with the main functions of the language, are associated with a particular area and conditions of human activity. They differ in the system of language means. It is these means that form a certain stylistic coloring that distinguishes this style from all others.

Official business style serves the scope of official business relations; its main function is informative (transfer of information). The scientific style serves the sphere of scientific knowledge; its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth; it is characterized by the presence of terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary. Journalistic style serves the sphere of socio-economic, socio-cultural and other public relations; its main functions are communication and influence; in this style all language means are used; it is characterized by economy of language means, conciseness and popularity of presentation with informative richness.

Fiction and fiction style has an impact and aesthetic function; it most fully and vividly reflects the literary and, more broadly, the national language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery.

Conversational style serves the sphere of domestic and professional (but only unprepared, informal) relations. Its main function is communication; manifested orally; It has two varieties: literary-colloquial and everyday-everyday speech.

1.3 The structure of oratory

The integrity of oratorical speech lies in the unity of its theme - the main idea of the speech, the main problem posed in it - and the semantic parts of different structures and lengths. Speech affects listeners only if there are clear semantic connections that reflect the consistency in the presentation of thought.

When the speaker begins to speak, we, the listeners, sort of take shorthand and comment on his words. Informs what he will talk about ..., makes a reservation ..., goes to the main topic ..., makes a digression ..., repeats ..., discusses ..., refutes the opinion of the scientist ..., disagrees ..., emphasizes ..., repeats ..., adds ..., lists ..., answers to questions ..., draws conclusions. This comment reflects the composition of the speech.

The composition of speech is a natural, motivated by the content and design of the location of all parts of the speech and their appropriate correlation, the system of organizing the material.

Five parts can be distinguished in the composition: the beginning of the speech, the performance, the main part (content), the conclusion, the ending of the speech. This is a classic pattern. It can also be folded if any of the parts is missing, except for the main one (after all, there is no speech without content).

All parts of oratory are intertwined and interconnected. The combination of all parts of speech in order to achieve its integrity is called integration. The irreversibility of speech determines a lot in its construction. After all, it is difficult to keep the whole performance in RAM. This dictates its fundamentally different construction in comparison with written speech. The coherence of oratorical speech is provided by cohesion, retrospection and prospection.

Cohesion is a special type of connection that ensures the consistency and interdependence of individual parts of oratory, which allows you to penetrate deeper into its content, understand and remember individual parts. Its fragments, located at some (and even considerable) distance from each other, but to some extent connected with each other. This type of connection can be expressed by various repetitions, words denoting temporal, spatial and causal relationships. Examples: thus, so, firstly, secondly, thirdly, next question, now, quite obviously, let's look further. The connecting role is also played by words and phrases: taking into account, on the one hand, on the other hand, meanwhile, despite this, as it turns out, in all likelihood, as it turned out later.

Retrospection is a form of speech expression that refers listeners to previous content information. The speaker can refer to information that is available in addition to his speech (thus, this speech is connected with the general information context), refer listeners to information that is contained in his previous speeches or in this speech, but stated earlier (this is how speech is connected with previous speeches).

Prospection is one of the elements of speech that relates meaningful information to what will be discussed in subsequent parts of the speech. Prospection enables the listener to more clearly imagine the connection and interdependence of the thoughts and ideas expressed in the speech. At the beginning, the speaker may promise the audience to give some information about this speech, as well as talk about his future speeches or about the speeches of other speakers. This will be the prospect.

The etiquette of oratory is a stable specific unit of communication adopted in oratory practice and necessary to establish contact with the audience, maintain communication in the chosen key, and convey other information. In addition to the main function - maintaining contact - these speech formulas perform the function of politeness, a regulatory function, due to which the nature of the relationship between the speaker and listeners and speech perception is established, as well as emotionally expressive.

Most often, in speech etiquette, an appeal is used. Greetings to the audience are also common, i.e. expression of friendly feelings, friendly disposition, goodwill. The next group is the "farewell" and "thank you for your attention" formulas. There is also a group of speech cliches related to acquaintance. The speaker must be introduced or must introduce himself. High, neutral and emotional tonality is used in public speaking. through it, a favorable contact is established with the listeners.

2 . Famous speakers of the 20th century

2.1 Adolf Gitler

Adolf Hitler (Hitler). Born April 20, 1889 in Braunau, Austria.

Even before World War I, he was an ardent supporter of anti-socialist, nationalist theories. In the struggle for power, Hitler used unbridled demagogy, provocations, blackmail and murder.

Hitler was the inspirer and one of the main organizers of the mass extermination of the civilian population and prisoners of war, the monstrous atrocities committed by the Nazis in the countries occupied by Germany and especially in the temporarily occupied territories of the USSR. In 1945, in the conditions of the defeat of Nazi Germany, the collapse of the Nazi state and the entry of Soviet troops into Berlin, Hitler committed suicide in the dungeon of the Berlin Imperial Chancellery.

It was difficult to call many things in the Fuhrer normal. The main thing is his personal magnetism, which suppressed everything rational in those who listened to him. The German playwright Gerhard Hauptmann reverently described his gaze into the leader's eyes as "the greatest moment of my life."

Hitler's piercing gaze, combined with the attention-grabbing manner of speech, hypnotized. Even Hermann Göring, one of the proudest and most powerful men in the Reich, lost his temper in his presence.

As historians write, the Fuhrer was fully aware that he was able to flatten anyone at his feet. And he easily learned that his dazzling performances, either in front of a few listeners or in front of thousands, should not just be spontaneous, but carefully thought out. He once boasted that he was "the greatest actor in Europe." And indeed it is.

Ruthlessly restraining natural reciprocal feelings in everyday life, Hitler rarely laughed without covering his mouth with his hand, and learned an impressive repertoire of movements and postures that gave such unconditional persuasiveness to his speeches. Believing, as he wrote in Mein Kampf, that "all the great, most important world events are caused not by the printed word," but by the spoken word, Hitler constantly polished his stage art. Up to the point that he "practiced in the pathos and gestures that a huge hall with thousands of people demanded." Hitler, as eyewitnesses write, gave himself up to the role with such ardor that he easily managed to give the appearance of truth to the most blatant lies.

The purpose of this was not to convince the listeners, but to stun them. Hitler realized that many of his potential followers felt inferior and alienated, and the best way to get to such people was to plunge them into the cauldron of human nature, to bring the crowd of people to the peak of admiration. As Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf, such a ritual enabled the person who "felt himself negligible" to enter into something larger and more powerful: "He and three or four thousand others will merge in a powerful sensation that gives intoxication and enthusiasm." This is the essence of fascism. The doctrine hammered into the audience in this state will remain in the minds of the listeners, Hitler believed, because it carries the hypnotic power of mass suggestion.

Hitler scheduled performances at night, using dramatic lighting, and listeners became more suggestible. He turned the politician's speech into an act of art, into a theater. At night, the participants more easily succumb to the prevailing force of a powerful will. To make an even greater impression on the audience, the organizers of the rallies used heavy backstage, fanfare and so on.

One can find obvious analogies between the ideas of Kashpirovsky and those of Hitler. And there, and here the masses purposefully zombified.

French ambassador André François-Poncet described a stunning, shocking rally - a grand show - at Berlin's Tempelhof airfield shortly before Hitler came to power: in the presence of regimental detachments. Crowds of curious people flocked to the festival. Soon, about a million eager townspeople who wished to watch the show filled the field with military units and black-uniformed SS guards standing behind. Above "a forest of glittering banners," says François-Poncet, a huge podium with bristling microphones cuts like a ship's prow into a sea of human heads."

The Fuhrer arrives at eight o'clock. "Hitler appeared standing in the car, stretching out his outstretched hand, with a stern and distorted face. A lingering rumble of powerful greeting accompanied his advance. Night had already come. Searchlights placed at great distances turned on. Their soft bluish light, which did not dispel darkness, seemed to dissolve in it "The prospect of this human sea stretched to infinity. As soon as Hitler stepped onto the podium, all the floodlights turned off to save only an enveloping light on the Fuhrer. In such a blinding radiance, it seemed that he was looming over the human sea below. The crowd fell into religious silence" .

For the first few minutes, Hitler groped for the opening words and spoke brokenly in harsh tones. Then, as he developed his subject, the speech became smoother. "After 15 minutes, something happened that can be described by an ancient primitive metaphor: the spirit possessed him." Hitler Churchill oratory

The voice gradually became louder, the pace increased. Sweat poured from his face, and all the excitement contained in everyday life, he splashed to the surface as he captured the audience with an energy that he never allowed himself in ordinary performances. His eyes were cloudy and he looked mesmerized.

His listeners were stunned. In whatever direction Hitler swung, the crowd repeated the same thing. When he leaned forward, the crowd rushed towards him like a wave. Excited by his oratorical ecstasy, the women squealed hysterically and fainted. Even consummate skeptics, including French and Soviet diplomats and foreign journalists, have found themselves involuntarily holding out their hands in a stern greeting with cries of "Sieg heil!"

As Hitler's speech culminated, he became angry and brandished his fists as if he were near enemies: the Jews, the Reds, the hated Compromisers who had betrayed Germany and weakened her to the point of impotence. Hitler's blazing verbal attacks, increasingly filled with images of blood and violence, sent the audience into a fit that raged after every tirade he uttered. Goebbels gleefully reported after one of these performances in Berlin: "The audience in the Sportpalast roared and raged for an hour in a delirium of unconsciousness."

2.2 Thomas Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) - 28th President of the United States of America. He held this post for two terms, from 1913 to 1921. Wilson was:

One of ten US presidents recognized as the most outstanding in the history of the country;

One of the preeminent orators of the 20th century;

One of only four US Presidents to receive the Nobel Peace Prize;

First Southern president since Andrew Johnson, who took office in 1828;

The only US President to have a PhD;

One of two presidents - along with Theodore Roosevelt - former president of the American Historical Association;

The first US president to pay an official visit to Europe, participating in the work of the Paris Peace Conference;

Passionate car enthusiast who made daily car trips even as president;

A baseball fan who, in 1916, became the first sitting U.S. president to attend the Baseball World Cup.

The portrait of Woodrow Wilson is depicted on the US$100,000 bill, the largest in the country's history. Woodrow Wilson owns many quotations and aphorisms, including those that have not lost their significance even today. Below are some of them:

1. "If you want your report to be read, write it on one page."

2. "If you come to me with clenched fists, then I can promise you that my fists will be tightly clenched."

3. "If a man can become a king, don't think that the kingdom is already a democracy."

4. "The history of freedom is the history of resistance."

5. "We must ourselves believe in what we teach our children."

6. "A nation can be so right that it does not need to convince other nations of its rightness by force."

7. "Do not forget that the Lord's Prayer begins with a request for daily bread. It is difficult to praise the Lord and love your neighbor on an empty stomach."

8. "No nation has the right to judge another nation!".

9. "Freedom will not survive without the principle of constitutionalism."

10. "Freedom never comes from the government. Freedom always comes from its subjects. The history of freedom is the history of the limitation of government power, not its increase."

Wilson gave the impression of a cold and indifferent person, alienated from the outside world. In fact, he was a preacher in the guise of a president and, as a born introvert, could not become a populist in the modern sense of the word. Probably, this can explain that neither during his life nor after his death he belonged to the idols of the nation. However, according to expert assessments of liberal and conservative historians and political scientists, Woodrow Wilson invariably appears among the ten greatest US presidents.

2.3 Winston Churchill

According to Harvard University anthropologist and psychoanalyst Michael McCoby, it is through their eloquence that leaders gain popularity and find people who follow them. “They are often skilled speakers, and their charisma is due to some extent to this talent,” the scientist points out. “Without a doubt, anyone who has seen such leaders speak will attest to their personal charm and ability to arouse the enthusiasm of the audience.”

One of the most striking confirmation of these words was the British statesman Winston Churchill, who believed that "none of the talents that a person can possess is more valuable than the talent of oratory." Historian Simon Schama highlights Churchill's eloquence as one of the main components of his leadership style. Churchill "always turned to eloquence where others resorted to intrigue," adds Professor Anatoly Utkin.

"Public speaking skills are not a gift, they can be developed," the politician pointed out. Of course, Churchill knew what he was talking about. He was born with a lisp, never practiced a phoniatrist, never practiced at the elite Oxford Debating Club - and yet he was one of the greatest orators of the era. The analysis of the management activities of Winston Churchill made it possible to identify several practical recommendations for increasing the success of public speaking. Among them:

careful preparation;

focus on ideas

· "a good start";

the use of metaphors;

diction, facial expressions and gestures.

Let's dwell on them in more detail.

Careful preparation. Churchill's close friend Ferdinand Edwin Smith once remarked: "Winston spent the best years of his life compiling impromptu." This slightly humorous phrase contains one of the key principles of a famous speaker when working on texts. Speeches that seemed to be created spontaneously and the result of insight were actually carefully thought out, rehearsed, honed, polished and polished in a calm environment. “I don’t write quickly,” Churchill once admitted. “Everything I write is the result of hard work, everything is constantly polished. I try to polish it to a shine.”

When diplomat Harold Nicholson congratulated Churchill on a successful remark "improvised" by a politician at the end of one speech, Winston exclaimed: "Damn improvisation! I spent the whole morning on it while I was lying in the bath." "Successful impromptu speakers exist only in the imagination of the public," he noted. "While the flowers of rhetoric are hothouse plants."

Churchill wrote all his speeches personally, without resorting to the services of speechwriters for this. Responsible speeches were prepared for several days, constantly rewritten and edited again. Separate phrases, according to the recollections of assistants, Churchill could bear even more - for weeks, even months. He wrote them down in advance in a special notebook, after which he used them if necessary.

Focus on ideas. According to Churchill, the main sign of unsuccessful speeches is the lack of ideas, and sometimes of meaning. He repeatedly noticed and ridiculed this feature of his colleagues, noting once: “The speaker can be classified as one of those speakers who, before starting to speak, have no idea what they will talk about. When they speak, they do not know what they say. And finally, when they finish their speech, they have little idea what they just conveyed to the public. "

Drawing attention to the lack of meaning in the speeches of the speakers, Churchill did not spare not only ordinary deputies, but also respected members of the British establishment. In particular, he spoke of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald as follows: "We know that he has a special ability to make the maximum of words the minimum of meaning."

A master of rhetoric, Churchill believed that before starting a speech, the orator must clearly understand what he will say to the audience, what idea he will put into the minds of the listeners and what conclusions he will lead them to at the end. Even in his youth, while working on his essay "Forests of Rhetoric", he deduced the formula that the secret of successful speech is not so much in demonstrating facts as in demonstrating ideas.

Modern researchers of communication problems note that the lack of meaning in messages is a scourge not only of public speaking, but of all interpersonal communication. Behavioral theorist Professor Keith Davis states: "A bad message written on glossy paper will not get any better by increasing the power of the loudspeaker." According to Davis, the leitmotif of successful communications should be a mandatory rule - "Don't start talking before you start thinking."

Churchill believed that before taking the podium, the speaker should pass through himself the main ideas of his speech. “Before inspiring anyone, the orator must inspire himself,” he pointed out. “Before making the public resent, the speaker’s heart must itself be filled with hatred. Before causing tears in the audience, the orator himself must cry. Before convincing, The speaker must believe in what he is about to say.

" A good start" . The ancient Greek philosopher Plato in one of his works noted that "a good start is half the battle." Public speaking is no exception. It is no coincidence that Churchill always attached great importance to the first minutes in front of an audience.

The first thing he advised: "Be natural and completely calm. Imagine that you are talking with your best friend in a calm atmosphere and discussing something that is very interesting for both of you." Secondly, the speaker should not give in to the audience, should not be afraid to be known as persistent. "Act like a pile driver," said Churchill. And even more so, do not be afraid to be serious! "There is no need to indulge the whims of the audience: they say, they will not understand it. Where will they go! - the British politician considered. - Once they have come, let them listen!".

According to Churchill, he received the best advice on the art of making speeches at the dawn of his parliamentary career from cabinet minister Henry Chaplin: "Take your time. If you have something to say, they will listen to you." "The main thing is not to rush and not let yourself be pushed around," Churchill himself would later teach.

As for the first phrases, here Churchill advised not to shelve matters. "If the topic of the speech is serious, do not try to play with words or be clever, go straight to the main thing," he said.

Use of metaphors. Having considered the issues related to the preparation of speeches and opening remarks, let us dwell directly on Churchill's tools, which contributed to the increase in the degree of persuasiveness of his speeches. One of the techniques is metaphors and analogies. “I often try to present serious things in the form of simple stories so that they are better stored in memory,” said Churchill. According to him, "successful metaphors are among the impressive weapons of rhetoric."

One of the forms of metaphors and analogies is the biting definitions that the British politician gave to the actions of his opponents and colleagues. For example, he compared the followers of the appeasement policy of the 1930s to those who feed the crocodile, hoping that he will eat them last.

Another form of metaphor that Churchill turned to was cautionary tales (sometimes from his own life). In this case, several goals were achieved at once. First, the attention of listeners increased. A fascinating story or real life example is always more interesting than bare facts. Secondly, the degree of perception increased, since the audience did not just listen to the speech, but did it actively, visualizing the described scenes in their imagination. Thirdly, the use of stories not only made it possible to increase the degree of perception of the material, but also significantly increased memorization. According to psychologists, understandable material is remembered more easily and retained in memory longer than their amorphous counterparts.

Modern researchers consider metaphors to be the most powerful tool for effective communication. “By telling instructive stories and enriching his speech with metaphors, the leader is able to have a significant impact on others,” says Professor Richard Daft. “The ability to paint a clear picture and create a vivid image helps leaders rally followers. The influence of a leader is largely determined by how subordinates perceive emanating from him cautionary tales and metaphors, because they are powerful tools for creating vivid images and evoking strong emotions. People tend to relate cautionary tales to their own experiences and remember them better than dry statistics."

Humor. According to modern theories of effective leadership, humor is one of the "very effective management tools." According to Robert Goffey, professor at the London Business School, "when used properly, humor can be an indicator of the charisma of a leader."

In 1999, psychologist Sigal Barsade conducted a study at the Yale School of Management that showed that positive emotions are more contagious than negative ones. According to scientists, "this is a very ancient mechanism, since smiling and laughter strengthen relationships between individuals and thus contribute to the survival of the species. Leaders should draw a simple conclusion - humor helps to quickly establish a good mood in the team."

Unfamiliar with these studies, Churchill intuitively understood the enormous potential of humor in public speaking. The speeches of the politician are so full of numerous witticisms and jokes that the famous humorist Alan Patrick Herbert called Churchill "the most outstanding British humorist of our time."

When the politician was asked how he felt about the upcoming invasion of German troops, he immediately retorted: "We are looking forward to it. The same is expected of the fish." Churchill, the master of the episode, often used his effervescent humor in verbal battles with political opponents. "I believe it would be impossible to express something so contrary to the truth with greater accuracy," he commented on the speech of one deputy.

Churchill was no stranger to self-irony. For example, to the question "Are you not pleased to realize that every time during your performance the hall is crowded?", he replied: "Of course, it's nice, but every time I see a crowded hall, I repeat to myself - if it were not your performance, but your hanging, the audience would have gathered twice as much.

In rhetoric, jokes about oneself are considered the most effective, and self-irony is one of the signs of self-awareness, which, in turn, refers to the "primary component of emotional intelligence."

Diction, facial expressions and gestures. Despite his international fame as a master of public speaking, Churchill was not a born orator. And first of all, this was due to his physical defect - lisp. For hours, pronouncing numerous tongue twisters, Churchill was able to significantly improve his diction. But that's not all. According to his son Randolph, he used the residual effects of a birth defect to "create his own, distinctive and unique style of public speaking."

In his essay "Forests of Rhetoric," Churchill described the "defect-effect" formula as follows: "Sometimes a slight, barely noticeable stutter or some other physical handicap can do a good job of capturing the attention of the public." Lisp, although barely noticeable, was by no means the only "projectile" in the politician's bandolier. Churchill was a master of small strokes and sometimes he could convey an idea with just intonation, evoke the desired mood. Over the years of training, Churchill learned the filigree technique of controlling his own voice. For him, the voice was akin to a musical instrument, playing which he achieved amazing success in increasing the persuasiveness of his speeches. Along with intonation and facial expressions, Churchill was able to superbly beat his speech. “Like a great actor, he recited memorable lines in a majestic, dignified and unfussy manner,” wrote the English philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin. “His performances are great public recitations, possessing all the qualities of splendor and luxury.”

Conclusion

In this control course work, I have identified the features of the speeches of outstanding speakers of the 20th century. To analyze their activities, the great Winston Churchill was taken as an example of oratory. Based on this personality, I identified the main features inherent in great speakers, examined how the success of oratory depends on personal qualities and the ability to control the audience, and what abilities a person must have in order to be able to influence others with speech.

She also analyzed the speech techniques of Adolf Hitler, which allowed him to influence the audience. The Fuhrer, using his oratorical skills, was able to lead the entire German people, but, in the end, led the country to death.

In addition, in this work, I have reviewed the biographies of great orators.

List of sources used

Pprinted sources:

2. Vvedenskaya M.A., Pavlova L.G. Culture and art of speech. - Rostov-on-Don.: Phoenix, 1995.

3. Rozov A.N. Rhetoric. The art of public speech. - St. Petersburg, 2009.

Internet resources:

1. Bestreferat.ru - reference and information portal. Access mode:

http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-85370.html.

2. Wikipedia.ru - reference and information portal. Access mode:

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston.

3. E-xecutive - reference and information portal. Access mode:

http://www.e-xecutive.ru/knowledge/announcement/1851798/index.php.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Famous orators of ancient times

Oratory appeared in ancient Greece. Then rhetoric appeared with a whole set of rules and secrets of oratory. There was such a science in Assyria, Babylon and Egypt. But classical eloquence originated in Hellas. From the ability to beautifully express their thoughts, the fate of the ancient Greeks was largely determined. It was a basic indicator of a person's education and a necessary skill for a lawyer and politician. Sophists appeared in the 5th century BC. These were teachers of eloquence, helping to learn how to conduct public discussions. Of the famous speakers of those times, it is worth noting Demosthenes, Aristotle, Cicero and Lysias.

Demosthenes

One of the greatest orators of Greece was Demosthenes. He was noticed during the first speech in court. He studied with Isaius of Athens, and as an example to follow, he chose Pericles, a famous master of eloquence. In those days, the public had few beautiful speeches. She expected an unusual and theatrical presentation with a staged voice and gestures. Demosthenes had problems with his voice and practiced a lot. He put diction, typing pebbles in his mouth. For the development of breathing, he read poetry, climbing the mountains. And speeches rehearsed at the sound of the surf. Thanks to his perseverance, he achieved tremendous success.

Cicero

Another outstanding master of Greek eloquence was Marcus Tullius Cicero. He came from a poor and simple family, but had a great sense of purpose and a thirst for success. Oratorical talent helped him become a consul and enter the senate. His teachers were Lucius Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony. Cicero studied Greek literature and left behind significant literary works.

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Lysias was a remarkable judicial orator of antiquity. His speeches were remembered for their originality and brightness. He carefully prepared speeches and worked on every part of the text. Lysias's speeches were short and ironic, which appealed to the audience. Many court speakers took their cue from his methods.

Gorgias

One of the famous sophists was Gorgias of Leontina. He was considered a talented rhetorician and theorist. Gorgias traveled extensively and became famous for his outstanding performances.

The famous orator worked hard on style. He owns the reception of Gorgian figures, which give expressiveness to speech.

Representatives of foreign rhetoric

Many of the greatest orators in foreign countries are also worth mentioning. These are famous politicians and public figures.

Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of America. He became famous for his unique eloquence. He was from a poor family, but from childhood he showed an interest in learning. Lincoln graduated as a lawyer and first became known as a skilled storyteller. People came from afar to listen to him. His famous Gettysburg speech also went down in history. The President prepared his speeches for a long time. And he took this process very seriously.

Churchill

Winston Churchill is known as the Prime Minister of Great Britain. But he was also a writer and journalist, and even a Nobel Prize winner in literature. He went down in history as a great orator. His speeches were distinguished by emotionality and devotion to ideas. Churchill spent a lot of time working on technology.

Martin Luther King

Martin Luther King was a great orator, Baptist preacher and leader of the black rights movement. His teacher was Mahatma Gandhi, whom he admired. In one year, he delivered more than 230 speeches during his travels around the country, during which he tried to convey to people the words of freedom and peace.

Domestic speakers

Many famous speakers were born in Russia. Of the true masters of eloquence, it is worth noting Trotsky, Koni and Putin.

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Anatoly Fedorovich Koni was a lawyer and public figure in the late 19th and early 20th century. His speeches were distinguished by integrity and morality in the conduct of trials. Koni's speeches were not monotonous. They were original, emotional and alive. He believed that speakers should be fair and defend the truth. A skilled speaker was able to correctly combine feelings and facts.

Koni observed the rules of honor, possessed high moral character and was well versed in the art of eloquence.

Trotsky

One of the famous orators of the 20th century was Lev Davidovich Trotsky. He had a good timbre of voice and spoke intelligibly and clearly. He was an active public figure with great intellectual abilities. Trotsky's speeches were short and logical. He had the ability to convince people and had many associates. He is especially remembered for his political speeches.

Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is also a famous orator of the 20th century. His speeches were understandable and accessible to any person from the people. He had a unique flair for the mood of other people and can interest everyone. During his speeches, he used a dialogue with the people.

Lenin used directional hand gestures, and his speeches were specific and concise. This public figure had a charisma that attracted people. His speech was parsed into quotations and printed in newspapers.

Putin

In the modern world, one of the famous political speakers is Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. His speeches are light and do not contain unnecessary information. He uses a bit of humor in his speeches. Gesticulation is smooth and does not distract attention to itself.

This politician is known for his calmness and restraint while communicating with colleagues or with the people. Many speeches are built in the form of dialogues. Answers to questions are clear and to the point.

Zhirinovsky

Vladimir Volfovich's speeches are characterized by emotionality and bright colors. Some performances are unpredictable and even colored with some aggressiveness. His appeals to the people often resemble a thoughtful performance and an exciting show. He has the ability to influence his interlocutors in his own words and uses active gestures.

Zhirinovsky is distinguished by bright charisma. Recently, he has shown himself not only as a wonderful orator, but also as an intelligent politician. He deftly participates in disputes and skillfully refutes the arguments of his opponents.

It is difficult to answer the question of who is the best speaker of all time. But one thing is for sure, each of them has something to learn.

Essay on literature, made for a friend, on the topic "Orators of our time."

SPEAKER - One who delivers a speech, as well as a person with the gift of eloquence.
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949-1992.

Introduction.

A speaker is, first of all, a person who delivers a speech addressed to an audience. In this sense, perhaps, everyone at least once in their life had to try this craft on themselves and find out how difficult it is. After all, the totality of qualities that a person possesses determines his oratorical potential. And almost everything is important here; intellectual level, degree of education, character, personal life experience ... And besides this, a special flair that allows you to feel the audience, feel its mood and predict the reaction. Being a real orator is a rare gift, and although most people can cope with this function tolerably, not everyone can become the person who, as we see from the examples of history, is capable of leading thousands of people and even entire nations only by the power of his own personality, towards your destiny.

Defining qualities of speakers.

So, as mentioned above, in general, the speaker is characterized by almost all of his qualities, but which of them are decisive? Of course, the role of such factors as intelligence, education and experience cannot be underestimated - without them, the speaker is doomed to defeat in a serious discussion, he will not be able to debate with a worthy opponent. However, at the same time, these qualities are only a necessary basis for a modern speaker, they do not determine him in essence, just as they do not determine the personality of a person, with the exception of the level of his development. I want to say that it is the character and personal qualities of a person that play a decisive role in shaping the image of a particular speaker.

In general, it is worth noting that the image of the speaker, perhaps, will always be a reflection and shadow of his personality, even if he has great flair and artistry, all the same, the set of his personal guidelines will become the vector of their application.

Brief classification of oratory and oratory.

Below I give the most general classification of types of oratory and the manner of its conduct, according to the most obvious signs of difference.

By type of activity:

Political
- Judicial
- Academic
- Cultural
- Spiritual
- Social and household

According to the degree of emotionality:

Expressive
- Restrained

By type of interaction with opponents:

Aggressive
- Non-aggressive

Modern oratorical style.

Today, the global trend towards globalization has made its own adjustments in all spheres of life, including a strong impact on the norm of oratory. Without a doubt, the tone in it is set by the liberal-democratic West, in which there is a certain unspoken standard of political oratorical style, focused on restraint, accuracy, objectivity, tolerance and diplomacy. All politicians who aspire to be known as progressive and modern are guided by this model. An example is the current US President Barack Obama, as well as many European leaders, and in our country, President Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev is a model of this manner.

On the other hand, the politicians of the countries that are in opposition to the West express it in the same oratory manner. Their speeches are more expressive, they are not afraid of non-diplomatic statements and sometimes, they are not at all shy in expressions. Of course, this raises the level of their popularity among supporters and people loyal to them, but in general, it inevitably leads to a contrasting perception, that is, it becomes difficult to treat them indifferently, the majority either warmly supports them or vehemently condemns them. Hugo Chavez, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Muammar Gaddafi can be cited as the most striking examples of leaders of countries using this manner. In general, it is worth noting that a bright and expressive oratorical style is most characteristic of fiery leaders of revolutions, as well as authoritarian rulers.

In this regard, I want to say a little about the personality, which, it seems to me, most of all influenced the current oratorical style, and indeed the whole modern world. Indeed, when discussing speakers, one cannot ignore the odious figure of Adolf Hitler. This man, with all the horror of the path he had chosen and the crimes he had committed, was a born, brilliant orator, and that is what made him the leader of an entire nation. Even Hitler's most implacable opponents admitted that he was the greatest orator Germany had ever known. Sigmund Freud said that Hitler was master of mass hypnosis. His oratory style can be described as extremely expressive, but at the same time flexible and precise, focused on the perception of the public, as a sincere spiritual impulse of a strong person.

Hitler perfectly felt his audience and ideally tuned in to it - he spoke to the workers differently than to the soldiers and spoke to politicians differently than to officials. At the same time, his tenacious gaze was always fixed on the audience, he observed how accurately his remarks reached the audience and continued his speech, based on the reaction of the public.

Here is what Hitler himself wrote in his book “My Struggle”: “In mass meetings, thinking is turned off. And I use this state; it gives my speeches the greatest degree of impact, and I send everyone to a meeting where they become a mass, whether they like it or not. The intellectuals and the bourgeoisie are just as good as the workers. I stir people. I talk to him like a mass."

History decreed that Adolf Hitler rightly became for most people a kind of collective image of evil and cruelty, but at the same time, this is perhaps the first person that pops up in the minds of the majority when asked about the greatest orators of the 20th century. However, thanks to the created, negative image of Hitler, his aggressive and expressive oratorical style is also perceived today as negative. In doing so, he influenced all modern orators, especially in politics. No one wants to be associated with Hitler, no matter how brilliant he was orator. In my opinion, this is one of the key factors that influenced modern rhetoric - now it is not only and not so much the speaker's ability to win over the crowd that is valued, but rather his prudence, accuracy and rationality.

Several contemporary Russian speakers.

Perhaps the first Russian speaker that comes to mind for most of our fellow citizens is Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky. His figure is the most controversial in Russian politics. On the one hand, he is the founder and permanent leader of one of the oldest parties in modern Russia, Deputy Chairman of the State Duma, Doctor of Philosophy, holder of several orders and medals, and, of course, is quite popular in Russian society. But on the other hand, his name has already become a household name and he is always associated with scandal, irrational thinking and behavior.

The fact is that Vladimir Volfovich is an extraordinary speaker, who thereby won over many people from the people, although his style runs counter to the modern norm. In addition, Zhirinovsky is a rather unrestrained person; he has several public fights and insults on his account, including in the State Duma.

How can you characterize him as a speaker? Expressive and aggressive, prone to biting, provocative phrases and rash actions, loud almost to the point of clamor and always actively gesticulating - in his own eyes, Vladimir Volfovich certainly appears as a loud accuser, but, alas, for all his popularity, few people take him seriously. He became a hostage of his manner and his role, with an eternal halo of scandalousness, turned into the main "character" of the political scene, which is interesting to watch, because he is unpredictable and outrageous, and in this sense he always justifies the expectations of the public. It remains to add that, according to some political scientists, many of the voters vote for Zhirinovsky precisely out of protest to the entire political system, not so much supporting his position as choosing the most contrasting option, out of dislike for the rest.

As an opposite example of a political orator, the current President of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev, is perfect - as mentioned above, he is a model of modern oratory on the domestic political scene, especially in recent times. No expression - he is restrained and calm, his speech is always correctly and logically built, the definitions that he selects in a free dialogue convey the meaning as accurately as possible. It is always extremely correct and does not allow ambiguous formulations.

This manner does not make a strong impression on most people, speech is too harmonious and calm, sometimes it even contributes to a defocusing of attention. There is no factor of direct emotional interaction with the listener, this is a key point - all interaction lies in the field of action of the mind and rational comprehension of the meaning of speech. Such a manner is best perceived by people of science, especially lawyers, to whom Dmitry Anatolyevich himself belongs, but to ordinary people such a manner may appear plain, vague, unconvincing. This is perhaps the only serious drawback of such a manner.

Fortunately, in our society, oratory covers almost all areas, and not just politics and jurisprudence. And I want to say a little about three outstanding speakers of culture and science who impress me. These are the recently deceased art critic, translator, TV and radio presenter, critic, Vitaly Yakovlevich Vulf, historian, playwright, screenwriter and TV presenter Edvard Stanislavovich Radzinsky and Professor of Moscow State University, Doctor of Biology and TV presenter Nikolai Nikolayevich Drozdov.

Vitaly Wolf is a perfect example of a calm, charismatic speaker. He talked about people and their destinies in such a way that the listener felt what it was like for them to live. His manner is extremely calm, not even restrained, namely calm - he always spoke slowly and thoughtfully, so that the public had time to think about what was said with him.

Edvard Radzinsky is also a prime example of a cultured orator. His historical stories, of course, more artistic than scientific, but still accurate, based on facts - paint pictures of the past and tell about human destinies in such a way that an attentive listener experiences them with him. He is more emotional than Vitaly Yakovlevich, sometimes he gesticulates strongly and plays with his voice, but in his manner this is absolutely appropriate and justified.

And Nikolai Drozdov is also a wonderful storyteller, with an incredibly kind and sincere, calm manner, inviting to the topic and captivating both young children and adults. And it can certainly be recognized by anyone who has ever heard his story about animals. Of course, he tells for a wide range of people, and not for specialists - this is popular science, but within its framework he found a surprisingly correct manner that does not leave the listener indifferent.

These people are exemplary speakers of culture and science. In the manner of each of them there is a certain originality, its own charisma, and for all of them it is so original that it has become the object of parody more than once. Their stories captivate the listener, making him truly empathize with the stories. In general, in the speeches of talented speakers of culture and science there is some kind of magic, probably due to the very phenomena they are talking about, and their feeling, which is given to them in full.

Conclusion.

In this work, I have tried to consider the main features of the modern oratorical style and some of the features of several speakers. Of course, each of them displays their own personality, but they all have something in common - they interact with the public. And from this we can conclude that to some extent, all speakers are a reflection of ourselves.

Oratory is one of the most mysterious. And one of the most impressive too. Indeed, eloquence is a great, unstoppable force. It is not entirely clear exactly what gift the greatest speakers have, and yet they are all simply heard. And they manage, lead the crowd, skillfully using their eloquence.

History remembers cases when a successful speech helped to seize power. And a well-spoken call to action can wake up a crowd and rouse them to rebellion. And just as the consequences of the speeches made by the greatest orators of history will be forever preserved in the archives, the names of those who stood behind them will also be recorded there. Let's consider them.

Great speakers of the world: list

Below are the names of those who most of all influenced oratory, achieved mastery in it and, improving themselves, left a mark on history. Naturally, these are far from all the greatest speakers: there is simply no room for everyone in this short article. But these are significant personalities that are worth knowing about more than just names.

Demosthenes

Ancient Greece was not stingy with talent. The world remembers her artists. Demosthenes became famous for his eloquence, many great orators of antiquity took an example from him. What was the path of this brilliant man? From childhood, the Greek knew what he wanted, and from an early age he understood how much he would have to overcome for this: after all, the boy suffered from a tongue-tied tongue, his voice was weak, and his breathing was too short. Severe training corrected all these shortcomings: the future master of political speech typed pebbles into his mouth and took the elements as his assistant - he learned to recite on the seashore and climbing high hills. The first method is still recommended for the development of diction and is considered very effective - there are good arguments and numerous confirmations for this. As you can see, Demosthenes is not just the first to be mentioned when talking about those who are called "the greatest orators."

Cicero Mark Tullius

An outstanding speaker from Ancient Rome, whose skill reached such heights that his name became a household name in this type of activity. Unfortunately, out of more than a hundred different judicial and political speeches of Cicero, only fifty-eight have survived to this day. The development of the theory of rhetoric also belongs to his merits.

Abraham Lincoln

The trend is that many of the greatest speakers have achieved success by practicing on their own. They turned art into their life's work, without putting an end to development and continuing to improve. The same applies to Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth president of the United States of America, whose family's financial situation allowed him to sit on the school bench for only a year. Nevertheless, the boy took up his own education and eventually became one of the most prominent orators the world remembers.

Winston Churchill

The great orators of the 20th century cannot be mentioned without the name of Winston Churchill, whose merits were enough for both the political sphere of activity and the literary one (for the latter he was awarded the Nobel Prize). The path of the Prime Minister of Great Britain in oratory is somewhat similar to the path to the skill and glory of the aforementioned Demosthenes: after all, just like his ancient Greek counterpart, Churchill had speech defects, but, pulling himself together and calling for help with remarkable willpower, managed to overcome this obstacle, which earned him a place in this list.

Thomas Woodrow Wilson

The twenty-eighth President of the United States of America, Woodrow Wilson, was a highly educated head of state. He was fluent in English and had a Ph.D. One of his most outstanding speeches - "Wilson's Fourteen Points" - contained the president's theses on the war and became a draft peace treaty that ended the First World War.

Adolf Gitler

A significant person in the history of the twentieth century, who influenced it in no small way, is usually remembered as the greatest tyrant. But it is difficult to argue with the fact that Adolf Hitler had numerous talents, otherwise he would not have reached such heights. Eloquence, the ability to speak beautifully and convincingly, was also fully inherent in him. Hitler is called the most hated and at the same time the most adored man of the 20th century. The ability of this figure to make speeches was recognized even by his most ardent opponents.

Vladimir Putin

The second and fourth president of Russia is rightfully included in the list of the greatest speakers. Thus, Vladimir Putin has more than fifteen years of public speaking experience. His rhetoric has several features: oratory is often emphasized by brightness and outrageousness, but the speech of the President of Russia is always balanced, constructive, calm and reasonable. And this has its impact: after all, Vladimir Putin is a significant player in the political arena of the world.

Steve Jobs

A contemporary speaker whose skills will be judged by future generations through YouTube videos - he reflects the spirit of the twenty-first, digital, century. Seeing the pace at which this man promoted the company of his Apple products, it is difficult to doubt his possession of public speaking. Unlike the examples above, however, Steve Jobs directed his eloquence not to the political realm, but to marketing. This has borne its well-deserved results. The magnetic, charismatic and catchy way of speaking of Mr. Steven Jobs deserves to be mentioned in this list.