gender binary or binary gender system(BGS) is the division of gender into two dichotomous types - male and female. This is a general, standard type of gender system. One of the principles of gender binarity is the establishment of a boundary to avoid the intersection of gender roles and also to prevent the emergence of other non-binary gender identities.
General information
The binary gender system separates males and females into corresponding (cis-)gender categories, which are assigned specific gender roles, identities, and attributes. Gender role is one aspect of the gender binary. Some believe that the BGS exists to maintain order in society, while others, on the contrary, that it divides and creates two opposite poles in society. Certain religious sources are also often used as an authority to defend BGS.
Exceptions in the form of special trans* (non-binary) identities are widespread in BGS. In addition to the biological identification of intersex, elements of both or neither of the sexes have laid the foundation for a variety of identities: bigender, agender, queergender, and so on.
Criticism
Many researchers dispute the existence of a strict binarity of gender. A lot of evidence shows that the division of people into two separate categories is the source of many problems. For example, one of them is the fact that the differences between people within each of the dichotomies are often much greater than the differences between the dichotomies themselves. This confirms that BGS is unfounded and leads to false expectations from both genders.
There is now growing support for eliminating the additional categorization of people and treating each individual as a person first and foremost. With the drive to make gender a more fluid concept, there is a growing opportunity for people to express themselves in ways they feel comfortable with.
Another problem with BGS is the assertion that men are masculine and women are feminine. This contributes to the fact that people who express themselves outside of their gender role fall under close attention from those around you. Moreover, masculine and feminine is not synonymous with masculine and feminine since the latter terms are not mutually exclusive. Also the assertion that femininity applies only to women and masculinity only to men has fundamental flaws. It is important to use the concepts of masculinity and femininity as a description of behavior and attitude without linking them to male or female. female gender. The use of these terms in connection with a particular gender makes them a tool of oppression and discrimination.
Notes
- Rosenblum, Darren ""Trapped" in Sing-Sing: Transgendered Prisoners Caught in the Gender Binarism" // Michigan Journal of Gender & Law. - 2000. - No. 6.
- Claudia Card. Adventures in Lesbian Philosophy. - Retrieved 18 September 2012. - Indiana University Press, 1994. - C. p. 127. - ISBN 978-0-253-20899-6.
- Marjorie Garber Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety // Psychology Press. - November 25, 1997. - S. pp. 2, 10, 14–16, 47. - ISBN 978-0-415-91951-7.
- 1 2 Lorber, Judith "Believing is Seeing: Biology as Ideology." // The Gendered Society Reader. - Oxford University Press, 2011. - S. 11-18.
- Beckwith, Karen A Common Language of Gender. // Politics and Gender. - 2005. - No. 1. - S. 128-137. - DOI:10.1017/S1743923X05211017
binary system, binary number system
For Russian culture characterized by binarity and ambivalence. There is a widespread opinion about the "mysteriousness of the Russian soul", as a result of which no nation is evaluated so differently as the Russian one. This is explained by the fact that in national character Russian people sometimes in a strange way completely opposite traits are combined: kindness with cruelty, sincerity with rudeness, altruism with egoism, self-abasement with pride, love of freedom with despotism, humility with rebellion, etatism with anarchism.
Often the combination of opposite features is presented as the originality of Russian culture. However, such a combination, as K. Leontiev noted, is a sign of all developing, “blooming” cultures in general. The originality is not in the presence of opposites, but in the absence of a middle between them, in the ability of the Russian people to go to extremes in everything, without any mediation, transitions, intermediate links or stages. The binarity of Russian culture is manifested in the fact that it consists, as it were, of two parts. Their dominant centers pull together cultural features that are polar in their semantic content. Between these centers within the framework of a single culture, a constant “drama” of values and ideas unfolds, combining the attraction and repulsion of various semantic poles: Christianity and paganism; Westernism and Slavophilism; communality and individualism; patriotism and cosmopolitanism. At the same time, this two-centeredness forms the tension that alone makes it possible.
The binarity of Russian culture, being the source of its instability and dynamism, variability and inversion, gives rise to discreteness and catastrophism of its development, develops a steady desire to break out of the captivity of dual contradictions due to a sharp, by means of an “explosion”, a decisive transition to a new, often unexpected, new quality.
The binarity of Russian culture, according to some culturologists, is one of the reasons for its exceptional flexibility and adaptability, adaptability to extremely difficult, even unbearable social conditions, which would seem to exclude any cultural development. This explains, in particular, the amazing survival of Russian culture during periods of state-national catastrophes.
Binarity is also one of the reasons for the sociocultural split in Russia: not so much in terms of the presence of polar Ciocultural types, but in the sense of a permanent conflict between culture and social structure in society. The inversion nature of Russian culture, i.e. its ability to turn into its opposite, to suddenly and instantly move “from love to hate”, has, as a rule, a destabilizing and destructive effect on established social relations.
The binarity of Russian culture is also found in the polarity of the culture of the Russian people and the Russian people, the irreducibility of one culture to another. The nature of the culture of the Russian people cannot be automatically judged on the basis of the recurring features of the culture of the Russian people. If the religiosity of the Russian people, noted by many culturologists, is one of the essential features of its culture, then this cannot be said about the culture of the Russian people.
If the culture of the Russian people is introverted in nature, then the culture of the Russian people, on the contrary, is extraverted and largely imitative. Of course, these cultures are in constant interaction, but this is interaction, not identity. Between these cultures there is not only mutual influence, but also mutual compensation: the shortcomings of one culture are, as it were, compensated by the merits of another. In this regard, it should be noted that the Russian people are better than the Russian people, therefore, Russian people, uniting and feeling their ethnicity, compensate, for example, their will and selfishness, which give rise to evil and impede good, with folk religiosity and tolerance and the search for universal grace associated with them.
The identification of the culture of the Russian people and the Russian people is one of the reasons for the stable existence of such a well-known phenomenon of mass and specialized, cultural consciousness, as the "mysteriousness" and "unpredictability" of the Russian soul.
The “antinomy of Russia” discovered by N. Berdyaev and the “terrible inconsistency” of Russian culture determine its dual faith, doublethink and split. IN contemporary literature it is noted that the stable inconsistency of Russian culture, which, on the one hand, gives rise to an increased dynamism of its self-development, and, on the other hand, periodically escalates conflict inherent in civilization itself, constitutes its organic originality, typological feature and is called binary.
The binarity of Russian culture is also manifested in its ambivalence, i.e. in an equally pronounced direction of development in opposite, mutually exclusive directions. This made it possible to talk about the “centauri-likeness” of Russian culture, its “double face”. The culturological image of the “centaur” in relation to Russia was first used by G. Fedotov, characterizing the eternal Russian “split”, due to which the “image of Russia”, “the eclectic image of the “Eurasian” meaning, constantly doubles”.
It is noticed that at any stage of its formation and historical development Russian culture, as it were, doubles, showing at the same time two different faces from each other. Therefore, in relation to Russian culture, one can also use the image of the “two-faced Janus”, who constantly looks into different sides but the body has one.
The ambivalence of Russian culture determined the constant struggle in the history of Russia between centripetal, integrative, and centrifugal, disintegrative forces. In the struggle of these forces, starting with V. Solovyov, they often see the dichotomy of East and West that is found in this culture, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the “feature” of Russian culture, its “falling out” of Eastern and Western cultural limits. This was also pointed out by N. Berdyaev, who connected the "contradictions and complexity of the Russian soul" with the fact that in Russia two streams of world history collide and come into interaction - East and West. However, at the same time, N. Berdyaev emphasized that "the Russian people are not a purely European and not a purely Asian people", and therefore "two principles, eastern and western, have always fought in the Russian soul."
The ambivalence of Russian culture is manifested in the permanent search for alternative ways of development, its constant “understatement”: at the very moment when something is affirmed in Russian culture, it is already denied, overthrown by the very course of its development. further development. Russian culture, wrote M. Bakhtin, constantly avoids the “last”, final judgments about itself, it strives with its entire history to prove that the last word it has not yet said, if it is possible at all.
A characteristic feature of the Russian type of culture is monumentalism, a penchant for grandiose forms of cultural self-expression and self-affirmation.
Russian culture is also characterized by irrationalism, expressed in the unpredictability and unknowability of the Russian soul. This type is characterized by illusory nature, which manifests itself in the fact that the marginality of culture itself is presented as "all-humanity".
An important element of the Russian type of culture is also legal nihilism and state piety, etatism, identifying power and authority, paternalism as a self-limitation of the need for political freedom and a sense of political responsibility.
All these distinctive features The Russian type of culture is characteristic of both its divergent and convergent subcultures, but they manifest themselves at this level: in a special form specific to each subculture.
The difference between them goes along another line. A convergent, Westernized subculture focuses on the individual, while a divergent, soil-based subculture focuses on society. A convergent culture considers a person as the goal of social existence, a divergent one - as a means community development. Therefore, a convergent culture is oriented towards the freedom of the individual, while a divergent culture is oriented towards the depersonalization of the individual, towards the patronymic of the state. In general, the Russian type of culture and its subcultures are poorly prepared for the dialogue of cultures, since they themselves are difficult to understand and show a weak ability to adequately perceive other cultures...
binary
bin "arity, -and
Russian spelling dictionary. / Russian Academy Sciences. In-t rus. lang. them. V. V. Vinogradova. - M.: "Azbukovnik". V. V. Lopatin (executive editor), B. Z. Bukchina, N. A. Eskova and others.. 1999 .
Synonyms:See what "binarity" is in other dictionaries:
binary- BINARY, oh, oh; ren, rna (special). Double, consisting of two components. binary alloys. Binary opposition (in linguistics). Dictionary Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
binary- noun, number of synonyms: 1 binary (1) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
FLOROVSKII- Georgy Vasilyevich (1893 1979) religion. figure, philosopher, theologian, cultural historian. In 1911 he graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal and entered the historical philol. f t Novoross. un ta. In 1916 he graduated from it and was left to prepare for ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies
Churakova, Natalya Alexandrovna- (b. 03/06/1954) special. in religious studies; Dr. philos. sciences, prof. Genus. in Tatarsk, Novosibirsk region Graduated from Philology. f t of the Samara state. unta (1976). From 1977 to 1991 she worked as a researcher. Samar employee. region arts. museum and taught philosophy. ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia
LEVINAS- (Levinas) Emmanuel (01/12/1906 12/25/1995; the exact dates of life are indicated due to the prevalence of errors in the Russian-speaking reference literature Ed.) French philosopher dialogist, postmodernist. Born in Kaunas. In 1916 1920 he lived in Kharkov, in ... ... History of Philosophy: Encyclopedia
SEMIOSPHERE- (see SEMIOTICS) a concept developed in semiotic culturology by Yu. M. Lotman. S. is a semiotic space, in its object, in essence, equal to culture; WITH. prerequisite language communication. A device made up of... Encyclopedia of cultural studies
BINARY- BINARY, oh, oh; ren, rna (special). Double, consisting of two components. binary alloys. Binary opposition (in linguistics). | noun binary, and, wives. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
YIN AND YANG- one of the main whale concepts. philosophy. Initial value: overcast and sunny weather or shady and sunny sides (eg mountains, gorges). Dr. whale. thinkers used the binary nature of this opposition for philosophy. expressions pl. ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
Bunin Ivan Alekseevich- (1870 1953), Russian writer, honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1909). In 1920 he emigrated. In lyrics, he continued the classical traditions (collection Falling Leaves, 1901). In stories and novels he showed (sometimes with a nostalgic mood) impoverishment ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
binary- noun, number of synonyms: 1 binary (1) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Books
- Dream@. A novel about unreal love, Vijani V.. Binarity - split personality - symptoms modern life. Our life. Every day, becoming like the Creator, we create a second self. We see another self in the plane of the monitor. And there we...
