Meaning of DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION in the Dictionary of Literary Terms

DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION

Structural element of the plot: a system of events arising from the plot. In the course of the R. d., the conflict escalates, and the contradictions between actors deepen and intensify.

Dictionary of literary terms. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is ACTION DEVELOPMENT in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• DEVELOPMENT in the Dictionary of Analytical Psychology:
  (Development; Psychogenesis) - psychoanalysis claims that human behavior can be considered in its development, that is, to interpret the behavior of an adult as a complication ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
  characteristics of qualitative changes in objects, the emergence of new forms of being, innovations and innovations, and associated with the transformation of their internal and external relations. …
• ACTIONS in the One-volume large legal dictionary:
  - one of the types of legal facts, are such facts that depend on the will of people, since they are committed by them. are subdivided ...
• ACTIONS in the Big Law Dictionary:
  - one of the types of legal facts, are such facts that depend on the will of people, since they are committed by them. D. are subdivided ...
• DEVELOPMENT
  ECONOMY - an absolute and relative change in macroeconomic indicators that characterize the state of the country's economy over time over a long period. Used for…
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  TECHNICAL - see TECHNICAL ACTIONS...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  INVESTIGATORY - see INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS ...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  lewd - see lewd acts...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  LEGAL - see LEGAL ACTIONS...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  NOTARY - see NOTARY ACTIONS ...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  ILLEGAL - see ILLEGAL ACTIONS...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  SUSPENSION OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY - see SUSPENSION OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  CONCLUDENT - see CONCLUS -DENT ...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  CURRENCY - see CURRENCY ACTIONS...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  WITH RESPECT TO VICTIMS OF WAR PROHIBITED - see PROHIBITED ACTIONS IN RESPECT OF VICTIMS OF WAR ...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  - such legal facts, the occurrence of which depends on the will and consciousness of people. D. are divided into lawful and unlawful (offences) ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  directional, regular change; as a result of development, a new qualitative state of the object arises - its composition or structure. There are two types of development...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• DEVELOPMENT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  directed, regular change in nature and society. As a result of development, a new qualitative state of the object arises - its composition or structure. …
• DEVELOPMENT V encyclopedic dictionary:
  , -i, cf. 1. see develop2, -sya2. 2. The process of regular change, transition from one state to another, more perfect; transition ...
• DEVELOPMENT
  DEVELOPMENT (biol.), a process of closely related quantities. (growth) and qualities. (differentiation) transformations of individuals from the moment of birth to the end of life (individual R., ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  DEVELOPMENT, evolution, directed change of c.-l. organic whole (biol., social, cultural-ist.), in the process of which its internal are deployed. possibilities. Flowing through time...
• ACTIONS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ACTION AND REACTION LAW (Newton's third law of mechanics), see Newton's laws ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
  (philosophical) ? cm. …
• DEVELOPMENT in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  development, development, development, development, development, development, development, development, development, development, development, development, development, ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Popular Explanatory-Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  -I, only ed. , With. 1) Gradual improvement, strengthening, strengthening through training. Muscular development. Memory development. Development of abilities. Of all …
• DEVELOPMENT
  1. Syn: progress, improvement, evolution, growth 2. Syn: development, forging (rare, arr., strengthened), formation (book), education 3. Syn: development, ...
• ACTIONS in the Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary:
  Syn: See...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Russian Thesaurus:
  1. Syn: progress, improvement, evolution, growth 2. Syn: development, forging (rare, arr., intensified), formation (book ...
• ACTIONS in the Russian Thesaurus:
  Syn: See...
• DEVELOPMENT
  Syn: progress, improvement, evolution, growth Syn: production, forging (rare) arr. str.), formation (book), upbringing Syn: development, ...
• ACTIONS in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
  Syn: See...
• DEVELOPMENT
  cf. 1) The process of action by value. Verb: develop, develop. 2) Status by value verb: develop. 3) The process of regular change, transition ...
• ACTIONS in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
  pl. 1) Military operations. 2) Behavior, actions ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
  development, ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  development, …
• DEVELOPMENT in the Spelling Dictionary:
  development, ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
  <= развить 2, -ся 2 развитие степень сознательности, просвещенности, культурности Высокое умственное р. развитие процесс закономерного изменения, перехода из одного …
• DEVELOPMENT in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  the biological process of closely interrelated quantitative (growth) and qualitative (differentiation) transformations of individuals from the moment of birth to the end of life (individual development, or ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
  development, pl. no, cf. (book). 1. Action on verb. develop-develop. Muscle development through gymnastics. 2. State according to vb. develop-develop. Industry development. …
• DEVELOPMENT
  development cf. 1) The process of action by value. Verb: develop, develop. 2) Status by value verb: develop. 3) The process of regular change, ...
• ACTIONS in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
  actions pl. 1) Military operations. 2) Behavior, actions ...
• DEVELOPMENT
  cf. 1. the process of action according to Ch. develop, develop 2. state according to Ch. develop 3. The process of regular change, transition from one ...
• ACTIONS in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
  
• DEVELOPMENT
  cf. 1. the process of action according to Ch. develop II, develop II, develop II 1., 2., 3., 4. 2. The result of such an action; …
• ACTIONS in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  pl. 1. Military operations. 2. Behavior, actions ...
• HABERMAS in Dictionary of Postmodernism.
• FRANCE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
  Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radianska Socialist Republic), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was formed on December 25, 1917. With the creation of ...
• THE USSR. SOCIAL SCIENCES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  Sciences Philosophy As an integral part of world philosophy, the philosophical thought of the peoples of the USSR has come a long and difficult historical path. In the spiritual...

One of the currents in neo-romanticism k.19-n. 20 centuries. In the center of attention of the literature of "action" is an actively acting hero. The activity of the hero is realized primarily in an act that has a tangibly effective, cultural and historical character. The hero's act is nothing more than the "objectification" of his will (see: "Will") into the flesh of national-historical being. The hero, as it were, establishes, as a result of the manifestation of his will, a certain new Law and, thanks to this, acquires the status of a cultural hero in the national tradition. It is very significant that a hero of this type is not a thinking hero, an intellectual hero, whose superhuman activity is concentrated in analytical abilities, in thought (Sherlock Holmes in K. Doyle, Pastor Brown in G.K. Chesterton and other characters of the so-called . analytical genres in neo-romanticism), on the contrary, the hero's inability to perform complex mental operations is very often emphasized (the hero of R. Kipling's "barracks" ballads Tommy Atkins or Captain McWhirl from D. Conrad's story "Typhoon"). The low intelligence of the heroes, and sometimes the lack of it, is not a negative characteristic of the character of the literature of "action", on the contrary, this limitation helps the hero to concentrate on a specific goal and convincingly achieve it. Thought, the ability to reason, to surrender to the flow of speculative-logical operations would look like obstacles that interfere with the hero, hindering the process of the character's volitional activity. Until recently, it was customary to link the literature of "action" with the so-called. “imperialist” ideology (the work of the “ideologist of colonization” R. Kipling often appeared as an example), which, of course, does not hold water: Joseph Conrad, who, like R. Kipling and H. R. Haggard, pays tribute to this literature, cannot be called "the ideologue of English colonization" and "singer of imperialism" because of his democratic leanings. Lit-ra: Yu. I. Kagarlitsky. Rudyard Kipling // Rudyard Kipling. Stories. Poetry. Fairy tales. - M., 1989.

Offers several definitions of the concept of "plot". According to Ozhegov, the plot in literature is the order and connection of events. Ushakov's dictionary proposes to consider them a set of actions, the sequence and motivation for the deployment of what is happening in the work.

Relationship with the plot

In modern Russian criticism, the plot has a completely different definition. The plot in the literature is understood as the course of events, against which the confrontation is revealed. The plot is the main artistic conflict.

However, other points of view on this issue have existed and continue to exist in the past. Russian critics of the middle of the 19th century, supported by Veselovsky and Gorky, considered the compositional side of the plot, that is, how the author communicates the content of his work. And the plot in literature is, in their opinion, the actions and relationships of characters.

This interpretation is directly opposite to that in Ushakov's dictionary, in which the plot is the content of events in their sequential connection.

Finally, there is a third point of view. Those who adhere to it believe that the concept of "plot" has no independent meaning, and in the analysis it is quite enough to use the terms "plot", "composition" and "plot scheme".

Types and variants of product schemes

Modern analysts distinguish two main types of plot: chronicle and concentric. They differ from each other in the nature of the connections between events. The main factor, so to speak, is time. The chronic type reproduces its natural course. Concentric - focuses no longer on the physical, but on the mental.

The concentric plot in literature is detectives, thrillers, social and psychological novels, and dramas. Chronicle is more common in memoirs, sagas, adventure works.

Concentric plot and its features

In the case of this type of course of events, a clear causal relationship of episodes can be traced. The development of the plot in the literature of this type is consistent and logical. Here it is easy to distinguish the tie and the denouement. Previous actions are the causes of subsequent ones, all events seem to be pulled together into one node. The writer explores one conflict.

Moreover, the work can be both linear and multilinear - the causal relationship is preserved just as clearly, moreover, any new storylines appear as a result of events that have already happened. All parts of a detective, thriller or story are built on a clearly expressed conflict.

chronicle plot

It can be contrasted with concentric, although in fact there is not an opposite, but a completely different principle of construction. These types of plots in literature can interpenetrate each other, but most often either one or the other is decisive.

The change of events in a work built according to the chronicle principle is tied to time. There may be no pronounced plot, no strict logical causal relationship (or at least this relationship is not obvious).

In such a work, we can talk about many episodes, which have in common only that they happen in chronological order. The chronicle plot in literature is a multi-conflict and multi-component canvas, where contradictions arise and go out, one is replaced by another.

Ending, climax, denouement

In works whose plot is based on conflict, it is essentially a scheme, a formula. It can be divided into constituent parts. Plot elements in literature include exposition, opening, conflict, rising action, crisis, climax, falling action, and denouement.

Of course, not all of these elements are present in every work. More often you can meet several of them, for example, the plot, the conflict, the development of the action, the crisis, the climax and the denouement. On the other hand, it matters how exactly the work is analyzed.

The exposition in this regard is the most static part. Her task is to introduce some of the characters and the setting of the action.

The opening describes one or more events that trigger the main action. The development of the plot in literature goes through conflict, growing action, crisis to climax. She is also the peak of the work, playing a significant role in revealing the characters of the characters and in the development of the conflict. The denouement adds the final touches to the story told and to the characters of the characters.

In the literature, a certain plot construction scheme has developed, psychologically justified from the point of view of influencing the reader. Each described element has its place and meaning.

If the story does not fit into the scheme, it seems sluggish, incomprehensible, illogical. In order for a work to be interesting, for readers to empathize with the characters and delve into what is happening to them, everything in it must have its place and develop according to these psychological laws.

Plots of Old Russian Literature

Ancient Russian literature, according to D.S. Likhachev, is “the literature of one theme and one plot.” World history and the meaning of human life - these are the main, deep motives and themes of the writers of those times.

The plots of ancient Russian literature are revealed to us in the lives, epistles, walks (descriptions of travel), chronicles. The names of the authors of most of them are unknown. According to the time interval, the Old Russian group includes works written in the 11th-17th centuries.

The diversity of modern literature

Attempts to classify and describe the plots used have been made more than once. In his book The Four Cycles, Jorge Luis Borges suggested that there are only four types of cycles in world literature:

• about the search;
• about the suicide of a god;
• about a long return;
• about the assault and defense of the fortified city.

Christopher Booker singled out seven: "rags to riches" (or vice versa), adventure, "there and back" (Tolkien's "The Hobbit" comes to mind here), comedy, tragedy, resurrection, and victory over the monster. Georges Polti reduced the entire experience of world literature to 36 plot collisions, and Kipling singled out 69 of their variants.

Even experts of a different profile did not remain indifferent to this issue. According to Jung, the famous Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology, the main plots of literature are archetypal, and there are only six of them - this is the shadow, anima, animus, mother, old man and child.

Folk tale index

Most of all, perhaps, the Aarne-Thompson-Uther system “allocated” opportunities to writers - it recognizes the existence of approximately 2500 options.

However, this is about folklore. This system is a catalog, an index of fairy-tale plots known to science at the time of the compilation of this monumental work.

There is only one definition for the course of events. The plot in the literature of such a plan is as follows: “The persecuted stepdaughter is taken to the forest and thrown there. Baba Yaga, or Morozko, or Goblin, or 12 months, or Winter, test her and reward her. The stepmother's own daughter also wants to receive a gift, but she does not pass the test and dies.

In fact, Aarne himself established no more than a thousand options for the development of events in a fairy tale, however, he allowed the possibility of the emergence of new ones and left a place for them in his original classification. It was the first pointer that came into scientific use and was recognized by the majority. Subsequently, scientists from many countries made their additions to it.

In 2004, an edition of the handbook appeared, in which the descriptions of fabulous types were updated and made more accurate. This version of the pointer contained 250 new types.

the most important component of artistic conflict; the concept characterizes the way in which an artistic action moves through the points of initiation, climax, and denouement. The development of the action can be carried out in a different compositional rhythm, have a different number of climax points.

Whole: plot

Other associations: climax, conflict, climax, denouement

"In a work of art, the development of an action can be interrupted by a sudden, unexpected denouement. In ancient Greek tragedies, the gods were such a force, unraveling all contradictions with their intervention" (A. Revyakin).

"There are no universal rules and norms in the field of plot construction. In some cases, the conflict underlying the plot requires numerous ups and downs; in others, on the contrary, the slowness of the development of the action is important for the writer" (VE Khalizev).

• - irreversible, directed, regular quantities. and qualities. changes in a living organism, characterized by a transformation in its structure, a transition from one quality ...

  Veterinary Encyclopedic Dictionary

• - the passage by the body of a number of stages that differ in morphological and physiological characteristics, leading, as a rule, to a change in its structure and functions ...

  Plant anatomy and morphology

• - A set of processes that determine the morphological, physiological and biochemical changes that an individual undergoes on the way from fertilization of the egg to death ...

  Terms and definitions used in breeding, genetics and reproduction of farm animals

• - process of closely related quantities. and qualities, transformations of individuals from the moment of birth to the end of life and during the entire time of the existence of life on Earth of their species, etc. system-tich. groups...

  Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

• - a natural change in matter and consciousness, their universal property ...

  The Beginnings of Modern Natural Science

• - a structural element of the plot: a system of events arising from the plot. In the course of the R.D., the conflict escalates, and the contradictions between the actors deepen and intensify ...

  Dictionary of literary terms

• - 1. Strengthening, strengthening. 2. Bringing to a certain degree spiritual, mental maturity, consciousness, culture, etc. 3. Bringing strength, power, perfection to a certain degree; raising the level of something. 4...

  Great Psychological Encyclopedia

• - psychoanalysis claims that human behavior can be considered in its development, that is, adult behavior can be interpreted as a complication or evolution of child behavior, and that the "higher" forms of the latter ...

  Analytical Psychology Dictionary

• - progressive movement, evolution, transition from one state to another. R. is opposed to "creation", "explosion", emergence from nothing, as well as spontaneous formation from chaos and ...

  Philosophical Encyclopedia

• - characteristics of qualitative changes in objects, the emergence of new forms of being, innovations and innovations and associated with the transformation of their internal and external relations ...

  The latest philosophical dictionary

• - DEVELOPMENT - an irreversible, progressive change in the objects of the spiritual and material world in time, understood as linear and unidirectional. In European philosophy, the concept of R. has become dominant in ...

  Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

• - English. development; German Entwicklung. 1. Individual R. - manifested in the totality of successive morphol., Physiol., Biochemical changes occurring in the body from the moment of its inception until the end of life ...

  Encyclopedia of Sociology

• - A multi-dimensional process, usually involving a change in state from less satisfactory to more satisfactory ...

  Political science. Dictionary.

• - directed, regular change in nature and society. As a result of development, a new qualitative state of the object arises - its composition or structure ...

  Modern Encyclopedia

• - qualitative changes in the structure and functions of the body and its individual parts - organs, tissues and cells that occur in the process of ontogenesis ...

  Ecological dictionary

• - 1. the process of regular change, transition from one state to another, more perfect; transition from an old qualitative state to a new one, from simple to complex, from lower to higher 2...

  Big Economic Dictionary

"development of action" in books

Path development during the action