Ancient household items. Traditional Russian life

Slavic life: household items of the ancient Slavs with protective symbols

Slavic culture and way of life were famous for the embodiment of Native beliefs in every household item and successful attempts to give not only practical, but also magical, ritual meaning to each of them. Our Masters have prepared for you a lot of ancient household items of Ancient Rus' and Eastern Slavs, made taking into account the traditions and culture of the Ancestors, when applying for help and blessings to the Gods - the Patrons of the Craft.

Each product in the site catalog shows the strength and simplicity of the Life of the Slavs: Eastern and Western, helps its owner to touch the secrets of the Past, get help in the Present and create happiness and good luck in the Future. Chirs, Slavic amulets on these products and their ritual purpose prove - in their Descendants, in every particle and the merging of Navi, Reveal and Rule in Nature creates an indestructible union of Being.

Beliefs and life of the Slavs: the culture of interaction between Gods, ancestors and descendants

In the culture, beliefs and life of the ancient Slavs: especially the Eastern ones, special attention was paid to the manufacture of items that in one way or another can affect the fate of a person and the well-being of the Family: for taking food, storing belongings and harvested crops, making clothes and utensils: knives, spoons, pots , agricultural tools.

The magic of spindles and needles, the art of knitting nauzes and spinning the best Share - this is patronized by Mother Makosh and shares her skills with those who wish to strengthen their family and protect it by recreating ancient household items and culture of the Slavs. The craft of carving wood, making castles, cultivating lands, gathering and creative ideas - all of the above helps to master and realize Batyushka Veles. Blacksmithing jealously guards Svarog and makes the steel stronger and the blade sharper. Lada-Bogoroditsa is very fond of those who seek to make women more attractive and make them from precious metals, instill in girls patience in doing household chores. To grow and preserve the crop, to receive a reward for the work done, Grandfather-Dazhdbog will gladly come to the rescue.

As you can see: in the beliefs of the Slavs, their culture and way of life, the Worlds are closely intertwined - and the Gods, Goddesses and their Children, the inhabitants of the Russian Land respect each other and have help and gratitude, reverence for the Native Nature.

The life and economy of the Eastern Slavs were timed to coincide with the Calendar of the Gods and the time of their Appearance in Yavi, their readiness to start Rule here or surrender their post to the Brother in the Slavic Pantheon who came to replace them to manage their element, their time of year and their direction.

The most common household items in the life of the Slavs and their role

In our catalog you can buy the following items of Slavic life, household and household items in Ancient Rus', handmade from natural materials and waiting for the Owner to acquire and activate them in order to get the maximum benefit when used:

• crests

They played a very important role in the life and life of the ancient Slavs and were not only a household item, but also a powerful amulet. It was believed that they can clean off the negative, protect themselves from the evil eye, relieve headaches. The symbols that were applied to the comb were different and were chosen depending on the task.

• Towels

With an embroidered charm ornament, they were an indispensable attribute of every Slavic wedding in Ancient Rus'. They were kept and passed down from generation to generation, such towels possessed the life-giving power of the Family and were able to get rid of ailments, the evil eye and damage, open new paths and roads.

• Cutlery

Scoop spoons, wooden spoons and knives, large spades for baking - all of them were used not only for practical, but also for ritual purposes. Attracting a flow of money and wealth, gaining strength through food, baking a child in order to rid him of illnesses - all this was carried out with the help of the above household items by the ancient Slavs.

• tablecloths

Self-assembled tablecloths are often mentioned in Russian folk tales. This is the personification of an ancient object of culture and life of the Slavic. Treats were served on tablecloths woven by mothers and family feasts were held in honor of this or that holiday and harvest. They were embroidered with chirs of Mother Makosh, symbols of Beregin and Rozhanitsy, as well as other protective symbols.

• Chests

Ancient Slavs kept grain, clothes, acquired property and savings in chests. They served as a closet, and a safe, and a chair, and a bed. That is why they had to be strong and reliable, and required the application of a talisman against the encroachments of thieves and the multiplication of the stored symbolism. The chest kept ancestral secrets and was a symbol of prosperity.

• Locks

Forging locks heavy, real and keeping property was the lot of blacksmiths chosen by the Gods. Masters were valued and glorified, talent and experience were protected and passed on by inheritance. Reliable mechanisms were well known not only among all the ancient Slavs, but also outside of Ancient Rus'. For locks came from distant countries and were ready to pay a good price for them.

• dolls

- this is a separate part of the household items of every ancient Slav. At the moment, more than thirty types of these useful dolls are known, each of them was made with a specific purpose: attracting a betrothed and a share, safe childbirth and curing an illness, harmonizing relationships and getting what you want. Scissors or needles are not used when preparing and connecting the parts of the body of a Slavic charm doll.

• Spinning wheels and spindles

The spinning wheel and spindle were not only a necessary and important household item for every Slavic family in Ancient Rus', but also a symbol of Makosh - the Heavenly Spinner. With the help of a spinning wheel and a spindle, it was possible to spin the best Share and create protection for each of the members of the Family, and subsequently weave other useful things from the received woolen threads for the Good.

As well as other household items of the ancient Eastern Slavs of Rus', which will become a powerful amulet for your home, an exquisite interior design detail in ethnic style, and simply a useful, functional thing.

A person all his life - from birth to death - is surrounded by household items. What is included in this concept? Furniture, dishes, clothes and more. A huge number of proverbs and sayings are associated with household items. They are discussed in fairy tales, poems are written about them and riddles are invented.

What items of folk life in Russia do we know? Have they always been called that? Are there things that have disappeared from our lives? What interesting facts are connected with household items? Let's start with the most important.

Russian hut

It is impossible to imagine the items of Russian folk life without the most important thing - their homes. In Rus', huts were built on the banks of rivers or lakes, because fishing has been one of the most important industries since ancient times. The place for the construction was chosen very carefully. The new hut was never built on the site of the old one. An interesting fact is that pets served as a guide for selection. The place that they chose to rest was considered the most favorable for building a house.

The dwelling was made of wood, most often of larch or birch. It is more correct to say not "build a hut", but "cut down a house". This was done with an ax, and later with a saw. Huts were most often made square or rectangular. Inside the dwelling there was nothing superfluous, only the most necessary for life. The walls and ceilings in the Russian hut were not painted. For wealthy peasants, the house consisted of several rooms: the main dwelling, a canopy, a veranda, a closet, a yard and buildings: a flock or a corral for animals, a hayloft and others.

In the hut there were wooden household items - a table, benches, a cradle or cradle for babies, shelves for dishes. Colored rugs or paths could lie on the floor. The table occupied a central place in the house, the corner where it stood was called "red", that is, the most important, honorable. It was covered with a tablecloth, and the whole family gathered behind it. Everyone at the table had his own place, the most convenient, the central one was occupied by the head of the family - the owner. There was space for icons.

Good speech, if there is a stove in the hut

Without this subject, it is impossible to imagine the life of our distant ancestors. The stove was both a nurse and a savior. In extreme cold, only thanks to her, many people managed to keep warm. The Russian stove was a place where food was cooked, and they also slept on it. Her warmth saved from many diseases. Due to the fact that there were various niches and shelves in it, various dishes were stored here.

Food cooked in a Russian oven is unusually tasty and fragrant. Here you can cook: delicious and rich soup, crumbly porridge, all kinds of pastries and much more.

But the most important thing is that the stove was the place in the house around which people were constantly. It is no coincidence that in Russian fairy tales, the main characters either ride it (Emelya), or sleep (Ilya Muromets).

Poker, grip, pomelo

These household items were directly related to Kocherga, who was the first assistant at work. When firewood burned out in the stove, the coals were shifted with this object and they looked so that there were no unburned logs. The Russian people have composed many proverbs and sayings about the poker, here are just a few of them:

• In the bath, a broom, gentleman, in the oven, a poker.
• No candle to God, no poker to hell.
• Black conscience and the poker seem like a gallows.

The grip is the second assistant when working with the stove. Usually there were several of them, of different sizes. With the help of this item, cast-iron pots or pans with food were put into and removed from the oven. The grips were taken care of and tried to handle them very carefully.

Pomelo is a special broom with which they swept excess garbage from the stove, and it was not used for other purposes. The Russian people came up with a characteristic riddle about this subject: “Under the floor, under the middle, it sits. Usually, the pomelo was used before they were going to bake pies.

A poker, a fork, a broom - they certainly had to be at hand when food was cooked in a Russian oven.

Chest - for storing the most valuable things

In every house there had to be a place where the dowry, clothes, towels, tablecloths were put. Chest - items of folk life They could be both large and small. Most importantly, they had to meet several requirements: spaciousness, strength, decoration. If a girl was born in the family, then the mother began to collect her dowry, which was put into a chest. A girl getting married would take him with her to her husband's house.

There were a large number of curious traditions associated with the chest. Here are some of them:

• The girls were not allowed to give their chest to someone, otherwise they could remain an old maid.
• During Maslenitsa, it was impossible to open the chest. It was believed that in this way one could unleash one's wealth and good luck.
• Before marriage, the bride's relatives sat on the chest and demanded a ransom for the dowry.

Interesting names of household items

Many of us do not even imagine that the usual things that surround us in everyday life were once called in a completely different way. If for a few minutes we imagine that we are in the distant past, then some items of folk life would remain unrecognized by us. We bring to your attention the names of some of the things familiar to us:

Broom - naked.

A closet or small closed room was called a cage.

The place where large domestic animals lived is a flock.

Towel - rukoternik or utirka.

The place where they washed their hands is a washstand.

The box where the clothes were stored is a chest.

Place to sleep - bed.

A wooden bar with a short handle, designed for ironing linen in the old days - a rubel.

A large cup for pouring drinks - valley.

Folk household items in Russia: interesting facts

• The city of Tula is considered the birthplace of the samovar. This item was one of the favorites among the Russians, it was difficult to find a hut in which it was not. The samovar was a source of pride, it was protected and passed on by inheritance.
• The first electric iron appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Until that time, there were cast-iron irons in which coals were put or heated for a long time over a furnace flame. It was very inconvenient to hold them, they could weigh more than ten kilograms.
• One of the most prestigious household items was the gramophone. In the villages, you could exchange a cow for him.
• A large number of folk traditions and rituals are associated with the table. Before the wedding, the bride and groom had to walk around the table, the newborn was carried around the table. These customs, according to popular beliefs, symbolized a long and happy life.
• Distaffs appeared in Ancient Rus'. They were made of wood: birch, linden, aspen. This item was given by the father to his daughter for the wedding. It was customary to decorate and paint spinning wheels, so none of them looked like another.
• Folk household items for children - home-made rag dolls, bast and wool balls, rattles, clay whistles.

home decoration

The decor of folk household items included woodcarving and artistic painting. Many things in the house were decorated with the hands of the owners: chests, spinning wheels, dishes and much more. The design and decoration of household items concerned, first of all, the hut itself. This was done not only for beauty, but also as a talisman against evil spirits and various troubles.

Handmade dolls were used to decorate the house. Each of them had its own purpose. One drove away evil spirits, the other brought peace and prosperity, the third did not allow squabbles and scandals in the house.

Items that have disappeared from everyday life

• Chest for storing clothes.
• Rubel for ironing linen.
• A bench is an object on which they sat.
• Samovar.
• Spinning wheel and spindle.
• Gramophone.
• Cast iron iron.

A few words in conclusion

Studying the objects of folk life, we get acquainted with the life and customs of our distant ancestors. Russian stove, spinning wheel, samovar - without these things it is impossible to imagine a Russian hut. They united families, next to them grief was easier to endure, and any work was argued. Nowadays, special attention is paid to household items. When buying a house or summer cottage, many owners tend to purchase them with a stove.

Russian household items are a special world. We all talk about the history of the country, about its greatness, about great achievements. And behind the pathos of words, we somehow forget that history begins at home with simple things, small objects that we do not notice. Meanwhile, just look around, look at the things that surround you in the apartment. If you have an old dacha, a house inherited from your grandmother, do not be too lazy to look into the attic or into the barn. You will discover an amazing world of things - the history of the family in detail. After all, it is interesting to trace how our way of life has changed over several generations. And this can be done using a simple example - well, the same irons, for example.

Russian household items are not something unique. In every country you can find something similar. But there are also differences. For example, samovars. This household item was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries. Now they are almost forgotten about, and if they are in the home, then only as an exotic. But how great it was to sit at the samovar, which melted, and was not just a large electric kettle.

Gramophones and gramophones. We have long forgotten what analog sound is. Electronics. Of course, there are also vinyl players, but this is for gourmets. A hundred years ago, a gramophone or gramophone was a prestigious subject of Russian life.

In the 50-70s, receivers with players were popular - rather bulky items, but if anyone remembers, how great it was at night to look for a wave with foreign pop tunes - nostalgia.

And such a trifle as a Turk. By the way, these household items have not changed for hundreds of years. As the Turk was in the 18th century, she remained so in the 21st. Coffee grinders have changed and manual ones have been replaced by electric ones, but how much more pleasant it is to grind coffee yourself. It's not about convenience, it's about the process.

Household items of the 19th century are little things that speak volumes. For example, a simple bag. Have you ever thought about the fact that the shape of the bag has not changed since those times. This is what distinguishes household items of the 19th or 18th century - the thoughtfulness and completeness of all forms.

This is what distinguishes household items of the past - thoughtfulness. After all, the shape of these objects has been worked out for centuries. Hence their universality and completeness - their authors were thousands of people over the generations. Now many things have one author or several, but it is not a fact that the shape of household items will attract everyone.

Items of Russian life 19-20 century photo from the exhibition

In the past, "hut" was always called a dwelling located in the countryside: a village, a village, a settlement, a farm. Huts in old Russia were usually built of wood. Building a house for a peasant was a significant event. The construction of the house was carried out on their own by the family, or an artel of carpenters was hired.

Kvashnya - a wooden tub for kneading dough. Due to its involvement in the creation of bread, it was recognized by our ancestors not just as an object, but as a living being. They kneaded or, as they used to say in the old days, kneaded the dough, and then fermented it in a dugout and cooperage tub. Experienced housewives knew that the dough, kneaded in an oak kneader, is more mobile, the lung rises almost before our eyes. It was obvious that oak wood contains some substances that speed up the fermentation process of the dough. The reputation of the oak sourdough was so great that every housewife tried to have it in her household. But even if it is not made of oak, a wooden sourdough still has many advantages, the main of which is the low thermal conductivity of the walls. Thanks to it, the dough in the kneader retains a constant temperature for a long time, which contributes to a faster and more uniform loosening of the dough. A wooden sourdough covered with a linen blanket was placed in a warm place, most often on a Russian stove. Kvashnya not only fed, but also healed. Folk healers have noticed since time immemorial that the remains of the dough in the kvass become covered with a white coating that has healing properties over time. On the walls and bottom of the sourdough, they began to deliberately leave a little dough, which was collected after mold fungi grew on it. A plaster of dough was applied to poorly healing wounds. When moving to a new house, the owners brought there a tub with dough mixed in the old hut

A trough is an open oblong container. It was originally made of wood: a half of a split log was trimmed and hollowed out from the flat side; troughs are: "wind", "linden", "aspen". In the 19th century, they began to make metal troughs, however, wooden ones continued to be used in peasant farms. In Rus', the trough has been known since the 10th century, this is evidenced by the archaeological finds of Veliky Novgorod, Staraya Ladoga and other places where the tree is well preserved in the ground. They were used in different ways, like any container: for harvesting apples, cabbage, etc., for harvesting pickles, for washing, bathing, for cooling beer, wort during brewing, kneading bread in them and feeding livestock and poultry from them. In an inverted form, they used it as a large lid, a trough in the household came in handy for everything and had the most diverse purpose, and in winter, peasant children rode in them from the hills, like in a sled. Their shape has not changed over the centuries, it has always been the same as it is now, elongated, unlike basins and bowls, the purpose of which is very similar, but the shape is round. And the sizes varied: from the largest, reaching 2 m in length with a width of about cm, to small ones, having a length of cm and a width of cm. Small troughs were used in the kitchen for cooking, cutting and chopping small amounts of food

A samovar is a device for preparing boiling water. "He cooks" - hence the word came from. The samovar owes its appearance to tea. Tea was brought to Russia in the 17th century from Asia, and was used at that time as a medicine among the nobility. Where and when did the first samovar appear? Who invented it? Unknown. It is only known that, going to the Urals in 1701, the Tula blacksmith-industrialist I. Demidov took with him skilled workers, copper craftsmen who made samovars.

In our museum there is a samovar made by Tula craftsmen - the Shemarin brothers (see Appendix 7). The factory of the Shemarin brothers was founded in 1887. In 1899, for the purpose of greater enrichment, the Shemarins brothers entered into an agreement among themselves on the establishment of a Trading House. They sold samovars to different cities of Russia and were suppliers to the court of His Majesty the Shah of Persia. Medals are engraved on the samovar: - Brand of the Supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty the Shah of Persia; - Nicholas II Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia; - All-Russian art exhibition; - "For Labor and Success" Br. Shemarin. 1902. Nzhinsky Agricultural Society; - For success in agriculture and industry. Romny Society of Rural Owners; - Franco - Russian exhibition of 1899. St. Petersburg; - Pskov Society of Agriculture; - Agricultural society of Borovicheskago district; - Paris Exhibition of 1904

Stupa - peasant utensils for making cereals and grinding flax and hemp seeds. The stupa was hollowed out from a thick trunk of birch, aspen, had a cylindrical or conical shape, and its inner space was rounded. A device for making cereals from unpeeled grains of wheat, barley, millet, buckwheat. Stupas intended for this purpose were hollowed out of wood. Their height reached 80 cm, depth 50 cm, diameter 40 cm. A wooden pestle was made up to 100 cm long with a diameter of about 7 cm. When crushed in a mortar, the grain is freed from the shell and partially crushed. Stupas were in every peasant house. They were used as needed, harvesting cereals for one or two weeks.

Krynka, jug - ceramic dishes: krynka - earthenware utensils for serving milk and dairy products on the table. Krinki were made from pottery clay, covered inside and out with glaze. Pitcher - ceramic, vessel, for serving drinks on the table. A vessel with a pear-shaped or rounded body, smoothly turning into a high neck, it had a small spout and a curved handle.

Cast iron is a large vessel, a pot made of cast iron, later also made of aluminum alloy, rounded, for stewing and cooking in a Russian stove. A feature of cast iron is its shape, which repeats the shape of a traditional clay oven pot: narrower towards the bottom, expanding towards the top and narrowing again towards the throat. This shape allows cast iron to be placed in the furnace and removed from the furnace using a special gripping tool. The volume is different from 1.5 to 9 liters. Cast iron of small capacity is called cast iron. Despite the seeming antiquity of this type of cookware, metal cast irons appeared and became widespread only at the very end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. At that time, industrial cast-iron stoves spread in Russia, in which, instead of a brick vault, above the furnace firebox there was a panel with removable burners, into the holes of which cast iron was also placed with a narrow bottom.

Butter churn - was widely known both in Russia and in Ukraine. This is usually a tall barrel narrowed at the top, in the lid there is a hole for a beater (beat), to the lower end of which (the shock part) a circle with holes or a cross was attached, designed for making butter, sour cream

Fork is a device that is a long wooden stick with a metal slingshot at the end. With a grip they seized and placed cast-iron pots in the Russian stove. For each size of the cast-iron there was a grip. Another name for the stag grip. The grip could also be used as a weapon

Millstone. The surface of the millstone is divided by deep grooves called furrows into separate flat areas called grinding surfaces. From the furrows, expanding, smaller grooves, called plumage, depart. Furrows and flat surfaces are distributed in a repeating pattern called an accordion. A typical millstone has six, eight or ten of these harmonicas. The system of grooves and grooves, firstly, forms a cutting edge, and secondly, provides a gradual pouring of the finished flour from under the millstones. With constant use, millstones require timely grinding, that is, trimming the edges of all grooves to maintain the sharpness of the cutting edge. The relief pattern is repeated on each of the two millstones, thus providing the effect of "scissors" when grinding the grains. Proper positioning of the stones is critical to ensure high quality flour grinding. Our museum has oak millstones

A basket is a folk product made of birch bark, reeds or willow vines. Basket laying of various types, woven from twigs, from stems, straw, bark, roots, shreds and other things. Solid baskets are sometimes made of paper, fabric, differ from boxes in a loose top, and come without lids or with flat lids.

A rubel is a household item that in the old days Russian women used to iron clothes after washing. The rubel was a plate of hardwood with a handle at one end. On one side of the plate, transverse rounded scars were cut, the second remained smooth, and sometimes was decorated with intricate carvings. In different regions of our country, rubles could differ either in shape features or in a peculiar decor.

Charcoal irons - they looked like small stoves: red-hot birch coals were laid inside the case. For better traction, holes were made on the sides, sometimes the iron was even supplied with a pipe. To rekindle the cooled coals, they blew into the holes, or waved the iron from side to side. Since charcoal irons were heavy, ironing turned into a real strength exercise. Later, instead of coals, they began to put a red-hot cast-iron blank into the iron. In Russia, such irons have been known since the 17th century.

A kerosene stove is a household heating device for cooking and heating food on an open fire, powered by kerosene, similar in principle to a kerosene lamp and consists of a tank, a wick mechanism (for adjusting the height of the flame), a flame tube with a viewing mica window and a burner for setting dishes. In terms of fuel consumption, it is more economical than primus and kerogas. In some models of kerosene stoves, the burners are made folding, which allows you to install two pans at the same time.

The torch light is a kind of stand, a metal rod with a split at the upper end, into which a long lit torch was inserted, illuminating the dwelling, the hut. Forgotten and unused now, once the secularists decorated peasant huts, standing in troughs with water or sand under a special archer cap that removed smoke. In the peasant environment, they existed until the beginning of the 20th century. Thin wood chips were inserted into the svetets with special holders, which were made of iron. Svetets was usually supplemented at the bottom with a riveted heavy hoop, which allowed him to stand upright, and was placed in a bucket of water to avoid a fire.

Wooden lanterns, unlike later kerosene lamps and metal lanterns, were more widely used in the villages of Russia. This was due to both low cost of manufacture and simplicity of design. Any peasant on free winter evenings could make two or three lanterns for the needs of his household. Purchased metal lanterns were more expensive.

The spindle is a device for hand spinning yarn, one of the oldest means of production. Turned wooden stick, drawn at the tip to the upper end and thickened to the lower third. The spindle, as well as the spinning wheel and all the activities associated with spinning and sewing, are symbols of life and the continuity of time, therefore, they correspond with the moon as a symbol expressing the transition of life.

Distaff. In ancient times, knitting yarn was not sold. It was made by needlewomen themselves from sheared sheep's wool. The earliest form of spinning was hand-twisting. Later they made a spindle, and then a spinning wheel. These inventions greatly accelerated the process of making yarn, making it uninterrupted. The spinning wheel consisted of a blade, to which a tow was tied, a thin leg and a bottom, which was placed on the bench. (A spinner sat on him) With his left hand, the spinner pulled out the strand, and with his right hand he rotated the spindle, on which the thread was wound. To facilitate the work of the spinner, they came up with a spinning wheel with a wheel. They moved the wheel with the foot pedal. The thread itself wound and twisted, and the spinner with both hands directed it from the tow to the view. So the work went faster, and the thread became thinner. The peasants firmly believed that all tools of labor must be protected from evil forces. That is why they made special ornaments on them.

The weaving shuttle is the working body of the loom, laying the weft (transverse) thread between the warp threads during fabric production. The shuttle is also called the working body of a sewing machine with a two-thread seam, which introduces the bottom thread into the seam. The simplest shuttle was made from a flat, narrow piece of wood with notches at the ends for attaching a weft of yarn. A more complex shuttle includes a coil (bobbin) inside. Weaving shuttles have been made for centuries from expensive beech, hornbeam, persimmon, palm wood. Often the shuttle is made from flowering dogwood because it must be strong, resist splitting, and must have a very smooth polished surface.

Navoi is a shaft. There are two, front and back. The rear shaft is called "Navoi"

A mirror is a smooth surface designed to reflect light (or other radiation). The most famous example is a plane mirror. Mirror reflection had a very strong effect on people who first encountered the possibility of the existence of a “second self”. They often believed that someone completely different was reflected in the mirror, then that the soul of a person was reflected in the mirror. A large number of fortune-telling, rituals and prejudices are associated with this (for example, a ban on looking into a broken mirror, or hanging mirrors in a house for 9 days after a person's death) A lock is a mechanical locking device. It is used for locking doors, lids, containers. Depending on the fastening, there are padlocks, overhead, mortise (built-in) locks. Lever locks are one of the most common types of locks; this type of lock is presented among the exhibits of the school museum of local lore. They got such a name from the fact that the main part of the code mechanism is the lever. The levers make up the code part of the lock and are flat plates of various configurations. Mainly made of steel and brass. The carrier of the code information of the lock is a key with a protruding beard (beards)

Grandfather Clock. For the first time such watches appeared in years. In the 19th century clock makers adopted or imitated old style elements of grandfather clocks from an earlier period. The watch itself is "hidden" in a cabinet, which houses the mechanism and the metal dial. The cabinet of floor clocks was in most cases the creation of an artist - a carpenter

Barn scales device or device for determining the mass of bodies (weighing) For weighing, devices called scales are used, the device and dimensions of which are very diverse, depending on the size of the weighed bodies and the required weighing accuracy

A cradle - a cradle - a crib for a baby (unsteady, rocking, cradle) is known to most peoples of the world. Cradles were made from a wide variety of materials: wood (hollowed out, plank cradles), willow twigs, rattan, leather, bark, ropes (hammock cradles). There are cradles on a rocking support and suspended