Characteristics of landowners from dead souls according to the plan. Description of landlords in dead souls

Pros: Different types of heroes

Disadvantages: Shows the negative features of the society of that time

N. V. Gogol's novel "Dead Souls".

From the program of Russian fiction for secondary school, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol's very interesting novel "Dead Souls" draws special attention, in which the writer depicted the society of Russian landowners of that time.

The work depicts images of many landowners who met on the path of the enterprising swindler Chichikov, who wanted to make a fictitious deal - to buy the souls of dead peasants, in order to later receive money from the state for their maintenance. This brilliant idea came to the head of the protagonist of the novel "Dead Souls" by chance, and he began to bring it to life with special zeal.

So, in the novel by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls" the images of several provincial landowners of average income from the Russian hinterland are derived and described in sufficient detail. Only five of them deserve special attention:

1) Manilov is a person who lives his dreams and is far from reality, very lazy, constantly immersed in the world of his dreams.

2) Korobochka is a kind woman, but stupid and fisted, active and practical.

3) Nozdryov is an unrestrained reveler and spendthrift, he likes to spend money thoughtlessly and go on a spree with friends, besides, he is not indifferent to playing cards.

4) Sobakevich is a strong, practical and tight-fisted owner, a solid and monumental figure.

5) Plyushkin is an elderly landowner who, after the death of his wife, abandoned housekeeping, and began to plunge into the abyss of stinginess and dementia.

Now let's take a closer look at the characteristic features of each of these images.

The characterization of one of the characters in the novel - the landowner Manilov - N.V. Gogol begins with a description of his appearance. Manilov's facial features are very regular, pleasant and harmonious, but at the same time, there is a somewhat sugary, even nasty sweetness in his whole appearance.

This is a completely weak-willed and lack of initiative person, lazy and dreamy, who spends all his time in sweet dreams about the possible reorganization of his economy. But only now his hands do not reach the adoption of specific decisions and their implementation.

To match Manilov and his wife - a woman pleasant in all respects, but completely lazy and boring. Their house is full of desolation and mismanagement, but at the same time decorated with a claim to rich decoration. There are luxurious pieces of furniture, in a peaceful neighborhood with which there are old shabby chairs - and this obvious discrepancy does not bother any member of the landowner's family at all. Rather, they simply do not notice.

Due to the constant daydreaming, isolation from real life and the complete stupidity of Manilov in business matters, his estate and economy are in complete decline. His servants get drunk and shamelessly steal without minding their own business.

But the owner of the estate is clearly not up to it - he is not interested in such trifles, because it is much more pleasant to make various cute surprises for his wife in the form of useless gifts and enjoy life in constant idleness.

Chichikov's request for the sale of the souls of dead serfs caused Manilov incredible surprise. But he agreed to help such a pleasant and courteous person, despite the obvious illegality of the actions taken. Moreover, Manilov gives away "dead souls" for free, philosophically arguing about the frailty of earthly existence.

The only female image of the landowner in the novel Dead Souls, depicted by the author with particular irony and sarcasm. Korobochka represents the elderly owner of a small landowner's estate, in which, in spite of everything, order reigns and vigorous economic activity is in full swing.

The box is a stupid and narrow-minded woman, but at the same time she is practical and stingy, she knows the value of every penny. Therefore, her estate flourishes, despite the seeming stupidity of the hostess. The serfs on the estate Korobochki work, their huts are strong and well-groomed.

Nothing goes to waste in the economy, because the landowner sees everything, notices and remembers, and she taught her serfs to order.

When Chichikov suggested that she sell the dead peasants, Korobochka was surprised at first, but then she suspected him of selfish intentions. At first, she does not agree to the deal, because she is afraid to sell too cheap. The doubts of the landowner Korobochka are expressed in one single phrase: "What if buyers come running?"

She cares little about moral and ethical issues, because for the landowner the dead peasants are the same commodity that is subject to sale but can also be useful in her own household. In the image of Korobochka, N.V. Gogol brought out the image of a Russian landowner, for whom the aimless accumulation of material values ​​became the meaning of her whole life.

This character deserves special attention, which is why he is described by the author in great detail and colorfully. Nozdryov is a cheerful, strong and fresh middle-aged man, cheerful and lively, who will always and in any place find friends for himself. At the same time, he was drinking, playing cards and completely recklessly spending money, taking away the last crumbs from the serfs.

The landowner Nozdryov does not manage his own household at all, and therefore his entire estate is in a deplorable state - with the exception of the kennel, where everything is well-groomed and arranged just perfectly. It is here that Nozdryov feels best - he comes and plays with small puppies, as with his own children.

To all the negative character traits of the landowner Nozdrev, one can add his immense love for booze and cheerful companies. Fairs and hunting trips with dogs - these are the elements of Nozdrev, in which he feels like a fish in water.

At the same time, the landowner often lies and is rude to everyone around him. His speech is incoherent and often devoid of meaning, he jumps from one topic of the narrative, not caring about the semantic load of phrases.

With regard to Chichikov, Nozdryov immediately behaved like an old friend, but at the same time, it was precisely his statements that became the reason that Chichikov's idea received wide publicity.

The houses of serfs in the estate of Sobakevich are new, strong and well-groomed. In everything you can feel the practicality and thoroughness of the owner.

Hearing Chichikov's proposal, Sobakevich was not at all surprised, but began to praise his "product", talking about the professional and personal qualities of each deceased peasant. Thus, he wanted to fill them with a price in order to sell at a higher price.

During the first meeting with the landowner Plyushkin, Chichikov initially found it difficult to determine who was standing in front of him - a woman or a man? The old man was dressed in some nondescript, tattered and greasy dressing gown.

In earlier years, Plyushkin was simply a thrifty and diligent owner, and order reigned on his estate. He lived with his wife and children. But after the death of his wife, the landowner fell into despondency and practically stopped monitoring the household.

The most negative qualities of his character came to the fore: stinginess and suspicion. He began to reproach the peasants for stealing and tried to drag everything into his house. As a result, it turned out that Plyushkin remembered where the smallest feather or piece of sealing wax was hidden in his house, but at the same time did not pay attention to the mass of perishable food in the storerooms and the general decline of the economy.

When Chichikov offered Plyushkin to sell the souls of the dead peasants, the landowner was very happy and even moved. He bargains a little with Chichikov, and asks to increase the price for each peasant. For Plyushkin, this deal is beneficial, if only because he received a small income.

In this article we will describe the image of landowners created by Gogol in the poem "Dead Souls". The table compiled by us will help you remember the information. We will sequentially talk about the five heroes presented by the author in this work.

The image of the landlords in the poem "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol is briefly described in the following table.

Depiction of landowners by Gogol

In the work of Nikolai Vasilyevich, one of the main topics is the theme of the landlord class in Russia, as well as the ruling class (nobility), its role in society and its fate.

The main method used by Gogol when depicting various characters is satire. The process of gradual degeneration of the landlord class was reflected in the heroes created by his pen. Nikolai Vasilyevich reveals shortcomings and vices. Gogol's satire is colored with irony, which helped this writer to speak directly about what was impossible to speak openly under censorship conditions. At the same time, the laughter of Nikolai Vasilyevich seems to us good-natured, but he does not spare anyone. Each phrase has a subtext, a hidden, deep meaning. Irony in general is a characteristic element of Gogol's satire. It is present not only in the speech of the author himself, but also in the speech of the characters.

Irony is one of the essential features of Gogol's poetics, it gives more realism to the narrative, it becomes a means of analyzing the surrounding reality.

Compositional construction of the poem

The images of the landowners in the poem, the largest work of this author, are given in the most multifaceted and complete way. It is built as the story of the adventures of the official Chichikov, who buys up "dead souls". The composition of the poem allowed the author to tell about different villages and the owners living in them. Almost half of the first volume (five of the eleven chapters) is devoted to characterizing different types of landowners in Russia. Nikolai Vasilievich created five portraits that are not similar to each other, but at the same time, each of them contains features that are typical of a Russian serf-owner. Acquaintance with them begins with Manilov and ends with Plyushkin. Such a construction is not accidental. There is a logic to this sequence: the process of impoverishment of a person's personality deepens from one image to another, it unfolds more and more like a terrible picture of the disintegration of a feudal society.

Acquaintance with Manilov

Manilov - representing the image of the landowners in the poem "Dead Souls". The table only briefly describes it. Let's get to know this character better. The character of Manilov, which is described in the first chapter, is already manifested in the surname itself. The story about this hero begins with the image of the village of Manilovka, a few able to "lure" with its location. The author describes with irony the manor's courtyard, created as an imitation with a pond, bushes and the inscription "Temple of solitary reflection". External details help the writer to create the image of the landlords in the poem "Dead Souls".

Manilov: the character of the hero

The author, speaking of Manilov, exclaims that only God knows what kind of character this man had. By nature, he is kind, courteous, polite, but all this takes ugly, exaggerated forms in his image. sentimental and splendid to the point of cloying. Festive and idyllic seem to him the relationship between people. Various relationships, in general, are one of the details that create the image of landlords in the poem "Dead Souls". Manilov did not know life at all, reality was replaced by an empty fantasy with him. This hero loved to dream and reflect, sometimes even about things useful for the peasants. However, his ideas were far from the needs of life. He did not know about the real needs of the serfs and never even thought about them. Manilov considers himself a bearer of culture. He was considered the most educated person in the army. Nikolai Vasilyevich speaks ironically about the house of this landowner, in which "something was always missing", as well as about his sugary relationship with his wife.

Chichikov's conversation with Manilov about buying dead souls

Manilov in the episode of the conversation about buying dead souls is compared with an overly smart minister. Gogol's irony here intrudes, as if by accident, into a forbidden area. Such a comparison means that the minister differs not so much from Manilov, and "Manilovism" is a typical phenomenon of the vulgar bureaucratic world.

box

Let's describe one more image of landowners in the poem "Dead Souls". The table has already briefly introduced you to the Box. We learn about it in the third chapter of the poem. Gogol refers this heroine to the number of small landowners who complain about losses and crop failures and always keep their heads somewhat to one side, while gaining money little by little in the bags placed in the chest of drawers. This money is obtained through the sale of a variety of subsistence products. Korobochka's interests and horizons are completely focused on her estate. Her entire life and economy are patriarchal in nature.

How did Korobochka react to Chichikov's proposal?

The landowner realized that the trade in dead souls was profitable, and after much persuasion agreed to sell them. The author, describing the image of the landlords in the poem "Dead Souls" (Korobochka and other heroes), is ironic. For a long time, the "clubhead" cannot figure out what exactly is required of her, which infuriates Chichikov. After that, she bargains with him for a long time, fearing to miscalculate.

Nozdrev

In the image of Nozdryov in the fifth chapter, Gogol draws a completely different form of decomposition of the nobility. This hero is a man, as they say, "of all trades." There was something remote, direct, open in his very face. Characteristic for him is also the "breadth of nature." According to the ironic remark of Nikolai Vasilyevich, Nozdrev is a "historical person", since not a single meeting that he managed to attend was ever complete without stories. He loses a lot of money at cards with a light heart, beats a simpleton at a fair and immediately "squanders" everything. This hero is an utter liar and a reckless braggart, a real master of "pouring bullets". He behaves defiantly everywhere, if not aggressively. The speech of this character is replete with swear words, and at the same time he has a passion to "shame on his neighbor." Gogol created in Russian literature a new socio-psychological type of the so-called Nozdrevshchina. In many ways, the image of the landlords in the poem "Dead Souls" is innovative. A brief image of the following heroes is described below.

Sobakevich

The satire of the author in the image of Sobakevich, with whom we get acquainted in the fifth chapter, acquires a more accusatory character. This character bears little resemblance to previous landowners. This is a fisted, cunning merchant, a "landowner-fist". He is alien to the violent extravagance of Nozdryov, the dreamy complacency of Manilov, and also the hoarding of Korobochka. Sobakevich has an iron grip, he is laconic, he is on his mind. There are few people who could deceive him. Everything about this landowner is strong and durable. In all household items surrounding him, Gogol reflects the features of the character of this person. Everything surprisingly resembles the hero himself in his house. Each thing, as the author notes, seemed to say that she was "also Sobakevich."

Nikolai Vasilyevich depicts a figure that strikes with rudeness. This man seemed to Chichikov like a bear. Sobakevich is a cynic who is not ashamed of moral ugliness either in others or in himself. He is far from enlightened. This is a stubborn feudal lord who only cares about his own peasants. It is interesting that, apart from this hero, no one understood the true essence of the "scoundrel" Chichikov, and Sobakevich perfectly understood the essence of the proposal, which reflects the spirit of the times: everything can be sold and bought, you should benefit as much as possible. Such is the generalized image of the landowners in the poem of the work, however, it is not limited to the image of only these characters. We present you the next landowner.

Plushkin

The sixth chapter is devoted to Plyushkin. On it, the characteristics of the landowners in the poem "Dead Souls" are completed. The name of this hero has become a household name, denoting moral degradation and stinginess. This image is the last degree of degeneration of the landlord class. Gogol begins his acquaintance with the character, as usual, with a description of the estate and village of the landowner. At the same time, "special dilapidation" was noticeable on all buildings. Nikolai Vasilievich describes a picture of the ruin of a once rich serf-owner. Its cause is not idleness and extravagance, but the painful stinginess of the owner. Gogol calls this landowner "a hole in humanity." Its appearance itself is characteristic - it is a sexless creature resembling a housekeeper. This character no longer causes laughter, only bitter disappointment.

Conclusion

The image of the landowners in the poem "Dead Souls" (the table is presented above) is revealed by the author in many ways. The five characters that Gogol created in the work depict the versatile state of this class. Plyushkin, Sobakevich, Nozdrev, Korobochka, Manilov - different forms of one phenomenon - spiritual, social and economic decline. The characteristics of the landlords in Gogol's Dead Souls prove this.

He described the most diverse types of landowners who lived in contemporary Russia. At the same time, he tried to clearly show their way of life, customs and vices. All landowners are depicted satirically, forming a kind of art gallery. Arriving in the city of NN, the main character met many new people. All of them, for the most part, were either prosperous landowners or influential officials, since Chichikov had a plan to make a big fortune. He described five families most colorfully, therefore, it is by their characteristics that we can judge the people with whom the hero dealt.

This is, first of all, the good-natured and "sweet as sugar" landowner Manilov. Everything about him seems perfect, from the way he carries himself to the sugary tone. In fact, behind this mask is a boring and lazy person who has little interest in his household. For two years he has been reading the same book, on the same page. The servants drink, the housekeeper steals, the kitchen cooks carelessly. He himself does not know who works for him and for how long. Against the background of this decline, the gazebo called: "The Temple of Solitary Reflection" looks rather strange. Chichikov's request to sell "dead souls" seems to him illegal, but he is not able to refuse such a "nice" person, so he easily gives him a list of peasants for free.

Having been in Manilovka, the main character goes to Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka. This is an elderly widow living in a small village and regularly running her household. The box has many advantages. She was skillful and organized, her economy, although not rich, is prospering, the peasants are educated and focused on results. By nature, the hostess is thrifty and thrifty, but at the same time stingy, stupid and stupid. Selling "dead souls" to Chichikov, she worries all the time so as not to sell too cheap. Nastasya Petrovna knows all her peasants by name, which is why she does not keep a list. In total, eighteen peasants died with her. She sold them to the guest like bacon, honey or cereal.

Immediately after Korobochka, the hero visited the reckless Nozdryov. This is a young widower of about thirty or five who loved cheerful and noisy companies. Outwardly, he is well built, full of health and looks younger than his age. The economy is badly managed, since there is not a day at home, he has little interest in children, and even less in peasants. The only thing he always has in excellent condition is the kennel, as he is an avid hunter. In fact, he was a "historical" person, since not a single meeting could do without his intervention. He liked to lie, use swear words and spoke abruptly, not bringing a single topic to the end. At first, Chichikov thought that it would be easy to bargain for the "souls" of the peasants from him, but then he was mistaken. Nozdryov is the only landowner who left him with nothing and, in addition, nearly beat him.

From Nozdryov, the Gogol businessman went to Sobakevich - a man resembling a bear with his clumsiness and massiveness. The village in which he lived was huge and the house awkward. But at the same time, Sobakevich is a good business executive. All his houses and huts are built of solid wood. Knowing his peasants well and being a quick-witted merchant, he immediately guesses why Chichikov came and makes a deal for his own benefit. Sobakevich also had a downside. As a serf-owner, he was rather rude, uncouth and cruel. This character is incapable of expressing emotional experiences and will never miss his benefits.

The landowner Plyushkin seemed the strangest to Chichikov, by whose appearance it was difficult to determine which class he belongs to. He looked like an old, grouchy housekeeper with shifty eyes and a cap on his head. The men among themselves called the owner "Patched". In fact, Plyushkin was very rich. Thousands of peasants worked for him, his house once prospered, and after the death of his wife fell into disrepair. He was always a thrifty landowner, but over time he turned into a real miser who saved up all unnecessary rubbish, walked in rags and ate only breadcrumbs. He sincerely rejoiced at Chichikov's offer as an opportunity to earn an extra penny.

So colorfully the writer described five images of landowners, exposing five stages of human degradation and hardening of the soul. From Manilov to Plyushkin, we observe a picture of the gradual extinction of the human in man. Both in the image of Chichikov buying up "dead souls" and in the description of the landlords, the author most likely expressed anxiety and worries about the future of the country and humanity as a whole.

The compositional basis of Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" is Chichikov's journey through the cities and provinces of Russia. According to the author's intention, the reader is invited to "travel the whole of Rus' with the hero and bring out a wide variety of characters." In the first volume of "Dead Souls" Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol introduces the reader to a number of characters who represent the "dark kingdom", familiar from the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky. The types created by the writer are relevant to this day, and many proper names eventually became common nouns, although recently they are used less and less in colloquial speech. Below is a description of the heroes of the poem. In "Dead Souls" the main characters are the landlords and the main adventurer, whose adventures are the basis of the plot.

Chichikov, the protagonist of Dead Souls, travels around Russia, buying documents for dead peasants who, according to the audit book, are still considered alive. In the first chapters of the work, the author tries in every possible way to emphasize that Chichikov was a completely ordinary, unremarkable person. Knowing how to find an approach to every person, Chichikov, without any problems, was able to achieve location, respect and recognition in any society that he had to face. Pavel Ivanovich is ready for anything to achieve his goal: he lies, impersonates another person, flatters, uses other people. But at the same time, he seems to readers to be a completely charming person! Gogol masterfully showed a multifaceted human personality, which combines depravity and the desire for virtue.

Another hero of the work "Dead Souls" by Gogol is Manilov. Chichikov comes to him first. Manilov gives the impression of a carefree person who does not care about worldly problems. Manilov found his wife to match - the same dreamy young lady. Servants took care of the house, and teachers came to their two children, Themistoclus and Alkid. It was difficult to determine the character of Manilov: Gogol himself says that in the first minute you might think “what an amazing person!”, A little later - become disillusioned with the hero, and after another minute make sure that nothing can be said about Manilov at all. It has no desires, no life itself. The landowner spends his time in abstract thoughts, completely ignoring everyday problems. Manilov easily gave the dead souls to Chichikov without asking about the legal details.

If we continue the list of heroes of the story, then the next will be Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna, an old lonely widow who lives in a small village. Chichikov came to her by chance: the coachman Selifan lost his way and turned onto the wrong road. The hero was forced to stop for the night. External attributes were an indicator of the internal state of the landowner: everything in her house was done sensibly, firmly, but nevertheless there were a lot of flies everywhere. Korobochka was a real entrepreneur, because in every person she was used to seeing only a potential buyer. Nastasya Petrovna was remembered by the reader for the fact that she did not agree to the deal in any way. Chichikov persuaded the landowner and promised to give her several blue papers for petitions, but until he agreed to order flour, honey and lard from Korobochka next time, Pavel Ivanovich did not receive several dozen dead souls.

Next on the list was Nozdryov- a reveler, a liar and a merry fellow, a playboy. The meaning of his life was entertainment, even two children could not keep the landowner at home for more than a few days. Nozdryov often got into various stories, but thanks to his innate talent to find a way out of any situation, he always got out of the water dry. Nozdryov communicated easily with people, even with those with whom he managed to quarrel, after a while he talked like with old friends. However, many tried not to have anything in common with Nozdryov: the landowner invented various fables about others hundreds of times, telling them at balls and dinner parties. It seemed that Nozdryov was not at all worried about the fact that he often lost his property in cards - he certainly wanted to win back. The image of Nozdryov is very important for the characterization of other heroes of the poem, in particular Chichikov. After all, Nozdryov was the only person with whom Chichikov did not make a deal and, in general, did not want to meet with him anymore. Pavel Ivanovich barely managed to escape from Nozdryov, but Chichikov could not even imagine under what circumstances he would see this man again.

Sobakevich was the fourth seller of dead souls. In his appearance and behavior, he resembled a bear, even the interior of his house and household utensils were huge, out of place and cumbersome. From the very beginning, the author focuses on Sobakevich's thriftiness and prudence. It was he who first offered Chichikov to buy documents for the peasants. Chichikov was surprised by this course of events, but did not argue. The landowner was also remembered for the fact that he filled the price of the peasants, despite the fact that the latter were long dead. He talked about their professional skills or personal qualities, trying to sell documents at a higher price than Chichikov offered.

Surprisingly, it is this hero who has much more chances for a spiritual rebirth, because Sobakevich sees how small people have become, how insignificant they are in their aspirations.

This list of characteristics of the heroes of "Dead Souls" contains the most important characters for understanding the plot, but do not forget about coachman Selifane, and about Pavel Ivanovich's servant, and about good-natured landowner Plyushkin. Being a master of words, Gogol created very vivid portraits of heroes and their types, which is why all descriptions of the heroes of Dead Souls are so easy to remember and immediately recognizable.

Artwork test

Images of landowners and their comparison with Chichikov ("Based on the poem "Dead Souls")

"Dead Souls" is one of the brightest projects in Russian and world literature, the pinnacle of thin. Gogol's skill. One of the main themes in Gogol's TV yavl. the theme is about the Russian landlord class, about the Russian nobility as the ruling class, about its fate and role in public life. It is characteristic that Ggol's main way of depicting landowners is yavl. satire. The images of the landowners reflect the process of gradual dugradation of the landowner class, revealing all its faults and shortcomings. Gogol's satire is colored with irony and "He hits right on the forehead." Gogol's laughter seems good-natured, but he spares no one, each phrase has a deep, hidden meaning, subtext. The poem is built as the story of the adventures of Chichikov, an official who buys up "dead souls". The composition of the poem allowed the author to tell about different landowners and their villages. Gogol creates five characters, five portraits that are so different from each other, and at the same time, typical features of a Russian landowner appear in each of them. Our acquaintance begins with Manilov and ends with Plyushkin. This sequence has its own logic: from one landowner to another, the process of impoverishment of the human personality deepens, an increasingly terrible picture of the decomposition of serf society unfolds.

Opens the portrait gallery of the landowners Manilov (I chapter). Already in the surname itself, his character is manifested. The description begins with a picture of the village of Manilovka, which "could lure few with its location." With irony, the author describes the master's courtyard, with a claim to "an English garden with an overgrown pond", sparse bushes and with a pale inscription "Temple of solitary reflection." Speaking of Manilov, the author exclaims: "God alone could tell what Manilov's character was." He is kind by nature, polite, courteous, but all this has taken ugly forms with him. Manilov is beautiful-hearted and sentimental to the point of cloying. Relations between people seem to him idyllic and festive. Manilov did not know life at all, reality was replaced by his empty fantasy. He loved to think and dream, sometimes even about things useful to the peasants. But his searchlight was far from the demands of life. He did not know and never thought about the real needs of the peasants.
Manilov fancies himself a bearer of spiritual culture. Once in the army, he was considered the most educated person. Ironically, the author speaks about the atmosphere of Manilov's house, in which "something was always missing", about his sugary relationship with his wife. At the moment of talking about dead souls, Manilov was compared with a too smart minister. In comparison with other landowners, Manilov really seems to be an enlightened person, but this is only one appearance.

The third chapter of the poem is devoted to the image of the Box, which Gogol refers to the number of those "small landowners who complain about crop failures, losses and hold their heads somewhat to one side, and meanwhile they are gaining a little money in motley bags placed in chests of drawers!" (or M. and Korobochka are in some way antipodes: Manilov’s vulgarity is hidden behind high phases, behind arguments about the good of the Motherland, while Korobochka’s spiritual scarcity appears in its natural form. The box does not pretend to be a high culture: in all its appearance, a very unpretentious simplicity. This is emphasized by Gogol in the appearance of the heroine: he points to her shabby and unattractive appearance. This simplicity reveals itself in relations with people. The main goal of her life is to consolidate her wealth, incessant accumulation. It is no coincidence that Chichikov sees traces of skillful management in her estate. "This household reveals her inner insignificance. She, apart from the desire to acquire and benefit, has no feelings. Confirmation is the situation with "dead souls." Korobochka trades in peasants with the same efficiency with which she sells other items of her household. For her, there is no There is only one thing that scares her about Chichikov's proposal: the prospect of missing something, not taking what can be obtained for "dead souls". The box is not going to give them to Chichikov on the cheap. Gogol awarded her with the epithet "cudgelhead".) These money are obtained from the sale of a wide variety of nat products. household The box understood the benefits of trading and after much persuasion agrees to sell such an unusual product as dead souls.

In the transition to the image of Nozdryov, Gogol emphasizes the contrast between him and the box. In contrast to the motionless landowner, Nozdrev is distinguished by his daring and "broad scope of nature." He is mobile, ready to do anything, without thinking about what, but all his activity is devoid of ideas and goals. Therefore, all his impulses end as easily as they begin, without any positive results: "Everything ends either with trifles, or with all kinds of stories" . His activity is aimed at burning life. He was a drunkard and a scorcher. Nozdryov finds himself wherever the pleasures of life can be expected. Unlike Korobochka, Nozdryov is not prone to petty hoarding. His ideal is people who always know how to have fun living life, not burdened with any worries. There are few details in the chapter about Nozdryov that reflect the life of his serfs, but the description of the landowner itself provides comprehensive information about this, since for Nozdryov serfs and property are equivalent concepts. Both are a life-burning source. Wherever Nozdryov appears, there is confusion, scandal. In Nozdryov's understanding, his life is filled with meaning. In this respect, he resembles Manilov, but differs in that he likes to invent, embellish. In a conversation with Chichikov, he boasts of absolutely everything: a stallion, a pond, a dog, and in his lies we simply will not exhaust him. Lies for lies. In relation to people, Nozdrev is free from any norms and principles. He easily converges with people, but does not remain true to his word, not to anyone else. In Nozdryov's desire to bring discord into someone else's life, one feels a desire to harm everyone. As a result, all the versatility of the hero is devoid of any positive beginning. Gogol called Nozdryov "a historical man."

Unlike Nozdryov, Sobakevich cannot be counted as people hovering in the clouds. This hero stands firmly on the ground, does not entertain illusions, soberly evaluates people and life, knows how to act and achieve what he wants. With the character of his life, Gogol notes solidity and fundamentality in everything. These are natural features of Sobakevich's life. On him and on the furnishings of his house lies the stamp of clumsiness, ugliness. Physical strength and clumsiness appears in the guise of the hero himself. "He looked like a medium-sized bear," Gogol writes about him. In Sobakevich, the animal principle prevails. He is devoid of any spiritual inquiries, far from daydreaming, philosophizing and noble impulses of the soul. The meaning of his life is to saturate the stomach. He himself has a negative attitude towards everything connected with culture and education: "Enlightenment is a harmful invention." The local being and the hoarder coexist in it. Unlike Korobochka, he understands the environment well and understands the time in which he lives, knows people. Unlike other landowners, he immediately understood the essence of Chichikov. Sobakevich is a cunning rogue, an impudent businessman who is difficult to deceive. He evaluates everything around him only from the point of view of his own benefit. In his conversation with Chichikov, the psychology of a kulak is revealed, who knows how to make the peasants work for themselves and extract the maximum benefit from it. He is straightforward, quite rude and does not believe in anyone. Unlike Manilov, in his perception, all people are robbers, scoundrels, fools. (Everything in Sobakevich's house surprisingly resembled himself. Every thing seemed to say: "And I, too, Sobakevich"
The last landowner visited by Chichikov, Plyushkin, is similar in aspirations to K. and S., but the desire for hoarding takes on the character of an all-embracing passion in him. The only purpose of his life is the accumulation of things. As a result, he does not distinguish the important, the necessary from the little things, the useful from the unimportant. Everything that comes to his hand is of interest. Plyushkin becomes a slave to things. The thirst for hoarding pushes him onto the path of all sorts of restrictions. But he himself does not experience any discomfort from this. Unlike other landowners, the story of his life is given in full. She reveals the origins of his passion. The more the thirst for hoarding becomes, the more insignificant his life becomes. At a certain stage of degradation, Plyushkin ceases to feel the need to communicate with people. He began to perceive his children as plunderers of his property, not experiencing any joy when meeting with them. In the end, he ended up all alone. Gogol dwells in detail on the description of the situation of the peasants of this richest landowner. ***************************************** ************************************ Chichikov

In "M.d." Gogol typifies the images of Russian landowners, officials and peasants. The only person who stands out from the general picture of Russian life is Chichikov. Revealing his image, the author tells about his origin and the formation of his character. Chichikov is a character whose life story is given in all details. From the eleventh chapter we learn that Pavlusha belonged to a poor noble family. His father left him a legacy of half a copper and a covenant to study diligently, to please teachers and bosses, and, most importantly, to save and save a penny. Chichikov quickly realized that all high concepts only hinder the achievement of his cherished goal. He makes his way in life by his own efforts, without relying on anyone's patronage. He builds his well-being at the expense of other people: deceit, bribery, embezzlement, fraud at customs - the tools of the protagonist. No setbacks can break his greed. And every time, committing unseemly acts, he easily finds excuses for himself.
With each chapter, we see more and more new opportunities for Chichikov: with Manilov he is sugary-gracious, with Korobochka he is petty-persistent and rude, with Nozdrev he is assertive and cowardly, with Sobakevich he bargains cunningly and relentlessly, Plyushkin conquers with his "generosity".
But let us pay special attention to those moments of the poem where Chichikov does not need to disguise himself and change himself for the sake of adaptation, where he remains alone with himself. When inspecting the city of N, our hero "teared off the poster nailed to the post, so that when he came home he could read it well," and after reading it, "teared it neatly and put it in his chest, where he used to put everything that came across." This collection of unnecessary things, the careful storage of rubbish vividly resembles Plushkin's habits. What brings Chichikov closer to Manilov is uncertainty, which makes all assumptions about him equally possible. Nozdryov notices that Chichikov looks like Sobakevich: "No straightforwardness, no sincerity! Perfect Sobakevich." In Chichikov's character there is Manilov's love for the phrase, Korobochka's pettiness, Nozdryov's narcissism, Sobakevich's rude stinginess, Sobakevich's cold cynicism, and Plyushkin's greed. It is easy for Chichikov to be a mirror of any of these interlocutors, because he has all the qualities that form the basis of their characters. Nevertheless, Chichikov is different from his counterparts on the estates, he is a man of the new time, a businessman and an acquirer, and has all the necessary qualities: "Her pleasantness in turns and actions, and glibness in business games," but he is also a "dead soul", because he the joy of life is unavailable.
Chichikov knows how to adapt to any world, even his appearance is such that he will suit any situation: "not handsome, but not bad-looking", "not too fat, not too thin", "middle-aged man" - everything in him is indefinite , nothing stands out.
The idea of ​​success, enterprise, practicality obscure all human impulses in him. "Self-denial", patience and strength of character of the protagonist allow him to constantly be reborn and show tremendous energy to achieve his goal.
Chichikov is forced to flee the city, but this time he achieved his goal, approached one more step towards his faceless "happiness", and everything else is no longer important for him now.