Parfenova Anna

The material is based on the literary works of the subject "Literature" in the 8th grade.

Objective of the project:

The study of the role of illustrations in understanding a literary work,

Study and analysis of works of fiction,

Making illustrations for works of fiction,

Development of skills in collecting, filtering and systematizing material from sources of fiction.

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"Illustration in the perception of works of fiction" Project work performer: Anna Parfenova, 8th grade leaders: Suglobova L. G., Yusupova M. N. Chekhov, 2015

The purpose of the project: -studying the role of illustrations in understanding a literary work, -studying and analyzing works of fiction, -performing illustrations for works of fiction, -development of skills in collecting, filtering and systematizing material from sources of fiction.

Planned result: - to convey through the illustration the inner meaning of the work and the nature of the writers' creativity, - the creative mastery of knowledge of artistic literary works, - the ability to use visual images in the understanding of artistic literary works.

The role of illustration in understanding a literary work: An illustration is a drawing related to a certain part of the text, explaining some point and at the same time decorating the book. Illustrations bring joy to the reader, activate his feelings, thoughts, broaden his horizons, contribute to the assimilation of the native language, help to deepen the perception and understanding of works of art. Illustrations that more accurately and consistently convey the main points of the content of the text allow you to follow the events that are being told step by step, which increases the efficiency of reproducing the content. The perception of a literary work is impossible without the active work of the imagination. Illustration as a kind of art is closely related to the book. The ability to perceive it in unity with the text is one of the indicators of aesthetic perception, since a graphic image makes it possible to see and understand the content of a poem, story or fairy tale. It is no coincidence that readers choose books with illustrations and themselves try to “read” with their help. The aesthetic perception of illustration is manifested in the ability to describe the depicted action, to understand the relationship between the characters, the heroes of the work. The significance of the illustration should be highly appreciated, since another stage in the knowledge of the environment begins with its examination, readers willingly follow the artist into a new world of living images, fiction, a combination of the real and the fabulous. They join this process with interest, this game of fantasy and imagination. An illustrator must be able to speak to the reader in a simple, clear, and extremely sincere “language”. Understanding more complex content - the inner meaning of the work, the social significance of the characters' actions, the moral meaning of their behavior - presents great difficulties for the reader. In overcoming these difficulties, illustration again begins to play a significant role: in order to understand the most difficult moments of the text, the reader should be able to turn to a visual image and trace on it those actions, relationships of characters in which their inner meaning is more clearly revealed.

M. Yu. Lermontov “Mtsyri” “Down deep below me, A stream amplified by a thunderstorm Noisy, and the noise of its deaf Angry hundred voices succumbed. Although without words I was intelligible to that conversation, Silent murmuring, eternal dispute With a stubborn pile of stones. Now it suddenly subsided, then it resounded more strongly in the silence; And so, in the misty heights, the birds sang, and the east became rich; a damp breeze stirred the sheets; Sleepy flowers died, And, like them, towards the day I raised my head... I looked around; I don’t melt: I was scared; on the edge of the threatening abyss I lay, Where howled, spinning, an angry shaft; There were steps of rocks; But only an evil spirit walked on them, When, cast down from heaven, In the underground abyss disappeared.

M. Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri" ESSAY. This episode is the most beautiful in the work. The reader understands that the hero does not have a chance to find his homeland among the great, endless expanses of the Caucasus. This illustration reads hopelessness, but not quite fatal. The reflection of dawn over the mountains is like a symbol of hope in the soul of a boy who is determined to find his homeland. It can be seen how the hero would like to soar with the eagles and fly away to his homeland.

A. S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky". Marya Kirilovna greedily availed herself of the permission to leave. She ran to her room, shut herself up, and gave vent to her tears, imagining herself to be the wife of the old prince; he suddenly seemed disgusting and hateful to her... marriage frightened her like a chopping block, like a grave... "No, no," she repeated in despair, "it's better to die, better to go to a monastery, I'd better marry Dubrovsky." Then she remembered the letter and greedily rushed to read it, foreseeing that it was from him. In fact, it was written by him and contained only the following words: “In the evening at 10 o’clock. in the same place."

A. S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky". ESSAY. The main character Masha Troekurova reads a letter from Dubrovsky. In this illustration, I conveyed the condition of the girl. She was seized with sadness and sadness due to the fact that she would have to marry an unloved person. The letter in her hands perhaps gives her hope that there is still a way out of a seemingly hopeless situation. The letter relieves stress and a state of hopelessness, acts as the only chance for salvation from an unequal marriage.

V. A. Zhukovsky "Svetlana". “Here is one beauty; He sits down by the mirror; With secret timidity she looks into the mirror; Dark in the mirror; around Dead silence; A candle with a quivering fire A little radiance shines... Timidity in her agitates her chest, It's scary to look back, Fear clouds her eyes... The light puffed with a crash, The cricket called plaintively, Herald of midnight.

V. A. Zhukovsky " Svetlana". ESSAY. In this illustration, I depicted a moment of divination in front of a mirror. In my opinion, this is precisely the meaning of the ballad and the mood of the heroine Svetlana is visible. She, of course, is scared, but the desire to see her fiancé is stronger than fear.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". “When Taras Bulba woke up from the blow and looked at the Dniester, the Cossacks were already on the canoes and rowing with oars; bullets rained down on them from above, but did not reach them. And the joyful eyes of the old ataman flashed. - Farewell, comrades! he shouted at them from above. -Remember me and come here again next spring and have a good walk! What did you get, damn Poles? Do you think there is anything in the world that a Cossack would be afraid of? Wait, the time will come, the time will come, you will know what the Orthodox Russian faith is! Even now peoples far and near are sensing that their tsar is rising from the Russian land, and there will be no power in the world that would not submit to him! Is there such fires, torments and such a force in the world that would overpower the Russian force! When Taras Bulba woke up from the blow and looked at the Dniester, the Cossacks were already in the canoes and rowing with oars; bullets rained down on them from above, but did not reach them. And the joyful eyes of the old ataman flashed. - Farewell, comrades! he shouted at them from above. -Remember me and come here again next spring and have a good walk! What did you get, damn Poles? Do you think there is anything in the world that a Cossack would be afraid of? Wait, the time will come, the time will come, you will know what the Orthodox Russian faith is! Even now peoples far and near are sensing that their tsar is rising from the Russian land, and there will be no power in the world that would not submit to him! Is there such fires, torments and such a force in the world that would overpower the Russian force!

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". I depicted the moment in which the greatest qualities of the hero are revealed - his loyalty and love for his comrades, readiness for self-sacrifice for the sake of others. Old Taras Bulba is mentally glad that his comrades escaped from enemies, despite the fact that his death is already inevitable.

V. G. Korolenko "In a bad society." “I involuntarily remembered the words of Valek about the “gray stone” that sucked her fun out of Marusya, and a feeling of superstitious fear crept into my heart; it seemed to me that I felt on her and on myself an invisible stony gaze, fixed and greedy. It seemed to me that this dungeon was sensitively guarding its victim.

V. G. Korolenko "In a bad society." Essay. I decided to dedicate this illustration to Marusya, because her image evokes the strongest feeling of pity. Marusya sits near her favorite place - near the gray stone. The illustration is made in graphics, which allows you to show the tragedy of the story. Marusya is motionless, almost lifeless and looks like a statue. The empty space in front of her is a sign that death is approaching Marusa.

A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon". Ochumelov makes a half turn to the left and strides towards the crowd. Near the very gates of the warehouse, he sees, the above-mentioned man in an unbuttoned waistcoat is standing and, raising his right hand, shows a bloodied finger to the crowd. On his half-drunk face it seems to be written: “I’ll rip you off, rogue!” and the very finger looks like a sign of victory. In this man, Ochumelov recognizes the goldsmith Khryukin. In the center of the crowd, spreading his front legs and trembling all over, sits on the ground the culprit of the scandal himself - a white greyhound puppy with a sharp muzzle and a yellow spot on his back. In his watery eyes, an expression of longing and horror. - On what occasion is this here? - asks Ochumelov, crashing into the crowd. - Why is it here? Why are you fingering?.. Who was screaming? “I’m on my way, your honor, I’m not bothering anyone ...” Khryukin begins, coughing into his fist. a person who works ... My work is small. Let them pay me, because - I may not move this finger for a week ... This, your honor, is not in the law, to endure from the creature ... If everyone bites, then it’s better not to live in the world ... - Hm! .. Good ... - says Ochumelov sternly, coughing and moving his eyebrows. - Well... Whose dog? I won't leave it like this. I'll show you how to let the dogs loose! It's time to pay attention to such gentlemen who do not want to obey the regulations! How they fine him, the bastard, so he will learn from me what a dog and other stray cattle mean! I'll show him Kuz'kin's mother!.. Eldyrin, - the warder addresses the policeman, - find out whose dog it is, and draw up a protocol! And the dog must be killed. Immediately! She must be mad... Whose dog is this, I ask? - This, it seems, is General Zhigalov! shouts someone from the crowd. - General Zhigalov? Hm!.. Take off, Eldyrin, take off my coat... Horror, how hot it is! It must be before the rain... There's only one thing I don't understand: how could she bite you? - Ochumelov turns to Khryukin. - Will she reach her finger? She is small, and you are so healthy! You must have cracked your finger with a nail, and then the idea came to your head to rip it off. You're... well-known people! I know you, damn!

A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon". ESSAY. This episode is the main one in the work, so I chose it. The illustration captures the moment when ... shows his bloodied finger to the general, in the hope that the culprit, the dog, will be punished. A crowd gathered to “stare” how it would all end. The spirit of hypocrisy permeates the entire conversation around this situation.

A. A. Blok “Verbochki” “Boys and girls Candles and willows Carried home Lights are glowing, Passers-by are baptized, And it smells of spring. A distant breeze, Rain, little rain, Don't blow out the fire! On Palm Sunday Tomorrow I will rise first For the holy day.

A. A. Blok "Verbochki" ESSAY. In this illustration, I wanted to convey a good spring mood, a feeling of light that permeates the entire poem. I used these images to make the picture radiate goodness and the approach of the holy holiday of Easter.

A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” “Here is the north, catching up the clouds, He breathed, howled - and now the sorceress-winter herself Comes, she crumbled; Hung in tufts on the boughs of oaks, Lay down like wavy carpets Among the fields around the hills. Brega with a motionless river Leveled with a plump shroud; Frost has flashed, and we are glad of the leprosy of mother winter.

A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". I was impressed by A. S. Pushkin's vivid poetic description of the Russian winter. Winter is especially good in the countryside: a plump, snowy shroud covered the rivers, fields and houses. The sparkle of frost is reflected in many shades of blue. I came to the conclusion, reading this passage, that true beauty lies in simplicity.

Conclusion: -Artistically executed illustration affects, first of all, aesthetically, gives knowledge of life and knowledge of art, -Artistic illustration is the most important element of the book, which largely determines its artistic value, the nature of emotional impact, the possibility of using it in the process of aesthetic education of readers.

Source of information: 1.A. A. Blok "Verbochki". 2.A. P. Chekhov "Chameleon". 3.A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". 4.A. S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky". 5.B. A. Zhukovsky "Svetlana". 6.B. G. Korolenko "In a bad society". 7.M. Y. Lermontov "Mtsyri". 8.N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". 9. http:// answer . mail. ru / question /34536311 10. http:// www.bestreferat.ru/referat- 380962.html

Wonderland we will open And we will meet with the heroes. In the lines on the leaflets, Where are the stations on the dots.

What do you think illustration is?

Illustration- this is a type of book graphics, its basis.

What is the name of the artist who illustrates a work of literature?

Illustrator- an artist who designs a book, revealing the content of a literary work by means of artistic graphics.

REPORT

Notable illustrators

Famous Russian illustrator

Evgeny Ivanovich Charushin was a writer and artist. He illustrated his books and the works of other writers (Marshak S. "Children in a Cage, "Teremok").

Wonderful artist – Evgeny Mikhailovich Rachev. The leading theme of E. Rachev's work is illustrations Russian, Ukrainian, Bashkir, Belarusian, Bulgarian, northern folk tales, fables, fairy tales of the classics of Russian and world literature. In addition, the author of illustrations for many collections of stories and fairy tales about nature and animals, the authors of which were V. V. Bianchi, M. M. Prishvin, P. N. Barto, D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak, V. M. Garshin, O. D. Ivanenko and others.

REPORT

Children's writer, illustrator and cartoonist Vladimir Grigorievich Suteev. His kind, funny pictures look like frames from a cartoon. Suteev's drawings have turned many fairy tales into masterpieces.

REPORT

F. Iskander"The thirteenth labor of Hercules".

V. P. Astafiev"Horse with a pink mane"

A. Platonov"Unknown Flower"

A.S. Green"Scarlet Sails"

M.M. Prishvin « Pantry of the sun»

EXERCISE

Carefully reread your favorite book and think over the composition of the illustration.

The book itself is entertaining and interesting. However, in order to make it easier for the reader to endure three hundred pages of solid text, great people invented such a thing as illustrations for them. Agree, the moral load on the brain is wonderful. But in order not to fall into boring monotony, sometimes a drop of visual pleasure on the pages of our favorite book will not hurt us.

Colorful pictures from children's books immediately come to mind, but the more significant the book in world culture, the more serious and deeper the artists approach the matter of creating the image. And here already no drawings of “Aibolit” will be next to what people create under the impression of cult books. Today I want to show you 7 different views of illustrators on books created in different eras, but equally leaving a mark on world literature. They are arranged in chronological order. Enjoy!

"Romeo and Juliet" - Savva Brodsky

And since I decided to follow the chronological sequence, the first on the list will be illustrations for Shakespeare's famous tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Sava Brodsky is a Soviet artist and book illustrator, whose work for the tragedy could not fail to attract attention. Each of them is literally permeated with the spirit of sad events: dark colors, pale faces and a hint of gothic style - all this gives the images a touch of bitterness, and the paintings - the atmosphere of a truly “sadest story in the world”.

Don Quixote - Salvador Dali

Salvador Dali is a restless genius who created as many as four diverse cycles of illustrations for the most famous book after the Bible - Don Quixote. But, perhaps, I will show you fragments to the very first cycle of Cervantes' novel, since it was Dali who loved him the most and admired him alone. These illustrations, unfortunately, are little known in the world, but they deliver aesthetic pleasure no worse than other famous works of the great artist.

The ABCs of Edgar Allan Poe - Ero Nel

Poe's works themselves were clearly not famous for their positivity and iridescence. And if you remember his "Black Cat" and "Raven", then in general, a cat's tail will remain from a good mood, and the body will be covered with trembling from the tickling of the nerves with the black feather of "Nevermore". It was this atmosphere that the young artist Anastasia Chernaya (Ero Nel) managed to convey in the so-called “ABC Po”. Each picture is a separate story of the writer. Each capital letter is part of Allan Poe's alphabet.

B - "Berenice"

U - "Murder on the Rue Morgue"

Ch - "Black Cat"

"Jen Eyre" - Elena and Anna Balbusso

In order to create a contrast, after the gloomy and frightening Po, I will introduce you to the “warm” Balbusso sisters. The very work of Charlotte Bronte, although it contains frightening events in places, is nevertheless a touching and sincere novel, where bright colors of love prevail against a dark background. In the illustrations of the artists, warm shades play an important role, which pierce with sincerity even the most frightening moments of the book.

"Transformation" - Eda Akaltun

Eda Akaltun is a contemporary illustrator who created a series of images for Franz Kafka's notorious novel The Metamorphosis. The drawings, filled with just three colors, were supposed to capture and denounce the dark humor and atmosphere of the claustrophobia of the story itself rather than its narrative.

"1984" - Andrey Zamura

Mint a step. Walk in formation. No, this is not the army, this is Orwell. It is not enough to say that the famous dystopia “1984” influenced art alone. No, she influenced the vision of the whole world. And how to depict it more clearly and “safer”, except in the image? This is exactly what the modern Russian illustrator Andrey Zamura tried to do. Rigid lines, abstract figures and a maximalist vision are the perfect recipe for an image inspired by George Orwell's 1984.

"The Old Man and the Sea" - Slava Schultz

Slava Schultz, a student of the Kharkov Academy of Design and Arts, created an impressive series of illustrations for E. Hemingway's novel "The Old Man and the Sea", which was difficult to pass by without admiring. The technique of oil painting on photographic paper, adding to this book graphics and, of course, cold colors that make the blood run cold - this is a near-ideal recipe for brilliant work, warmly received by the public.

The Lord of the Rings - Greg and Tim Hildebrandt

And finally, I will still dilute the already created gloomy atmosphere with fabulous illustrations by the Hildebrant brothers based on Tolkien's novel “The Lord of the Rings”. More vivid and impressive illustrations are hard to find. They are full of colors, life and emotions. And it seems that, looking at them, any adult person plunges into a fairy tale for a moment and feels this wild desire, taking a book and a flashlight, climb under the covers and drown in the vast world created by the brilliant writer John Tolkien.

Leviza Nikulin

Open art lesson in6 classroom

On this topic "Illustration for a literary work"

(V. Kataev "Flag")

Fine art teacher:Merkulova E.N.

Bogorodsk 2015

Lesson topic: Illustration for a literary work

Lesson Objectives: introduce students to book graphics

Lesson objectives:

Didactic:

• to teach children to speak out about the content of the listened and considered works of literature and illustrations;

  to consolidate the skills and abilities acquired earlier in thematic drawing lessons.

Correction-developing:

• correction and development of students' emotional and purposeful perception of works of fine art and literature.

Educational:

• develop the ability to listen to another student and answer the question;

  to cultivate a sense of pride for the people who defended their homeland during the Great Patriotic War.

Equipment: computer; multimedia projector, presentation "Artists about the Second World War"

students : a blank landscape sheet, a simple pencil, an eraser, watercolors, brushes, jars of water.
Part of the blackboard is decorated with illustrations about the Great Patriotic War.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

– Is everyone ready? Well done! They smiled at each other. Sit down.

II. Motivation. Statement of the learning task

– Today we have an unusual lesson: it is dedicated to a big, joyful holiday that the whole country will celebrate in early May. What holiday is this?(Victory Day, May 9) 70 years of Victory!

– On June 22, 1941, the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people against the Nazi invaders began. Today, in the lesson, works of fine art and literature created during the war years will tell about these pages in the history of our country. You need to watch the presentation as closely as possible; listen, and try to understand the content of the story in order to complete the task:

illustrate an excerpt from the work of Valentin Kataev "Flag".

III. Listening to excerpts from V. Kataev's story "Flag"

It just dawned. It was a dark windy dawn in late autumn. Through binoculars, the German Rear Admiral saw a small granite island on the horizon. He lay among the gray, ugly sea. Angular waves with wild monotony repeated the shape of coastal cliffs. The sea seemed to be carved from granite.

A flotilla of German landing boats and torpedo boats headed towards the island. The island grew, approached. Now, with a simple eye, one could see a bunch of sailors standing on the square near the church.
At that moment, the crimson sun appeared. It hung between the sky and the water, its upper edge going into a long smoky cloud, and its lower edge touching the jagged sea. A gloomy light illuminated the island. The flag on the church turned red, like red-hot iron.
"Damn it, it's beautiful," he said. von Eversharp - the sun played a good joke on the Bolsheviks. It painted the white flag red. But now we will make him turn pale again.
ABOUT showered with fragments of brick and plaster, knocked out by explosive bullets from the walls of the church, with faces black with soot, covered in sweat and blood, plugging wounds with cotton wool torn from the lining of pea jackets, thirty Soviet sailors fell one after another, continuing to shoot until their last breath.
Above them fluttered a huge red flag, sewn with large sailor's needles and severe sailor's thread from pieces of the most diverse red matter, from everything that was found suitable in sailor's chests. It was sewn from cherished silk handkerchiefs, from red scarves, crimson woolen scarves, pink pouches, from crimson blankets, T-shirts, even underpants. The scarlet calico binding of the first volume of the "History of the Civil War" was also sewn into this fiery mosaic.
At a dizzying height, among the moving clouds, it fluttered, flowed, burned, as if an invisible giant banner-bearer was swiftly carrying it through the smoke of battle forward to victory.
Teacher. Why did I choose this piece? V. Kataev wrote many wonderful novels and stories about the war, at that time he worked as a war correspondent and saw with his own eyes how bravely our soldiers fought. But the flag is the symbol of the state.Flag always symbolized national honor. When the war began, the men stood "under the banner" and took an oath of allegiance to their country. To be a standard-bearer in battle was considered very honorable, and to capture an enemy banner meant to accomplish a real feat. If the banner was in the hands of the enemy, shame fell on the whole army. The highest state honors are given to the national flag. Its dignity is protected within the country and abroad. Insulting the flag is considered as an insult to the honor of the state and nation. In those years, the color of the USSR flag was red. The red flag symbolizes law, strength, courage, love, bravery, war.

IV. Conversation on paintings about the Second World War (show presentation)

- You have seen many films about military events, how can we characterize them? What did the artists reflect on their canvases? The teacher puts up key words(courage, courage, heroism, tragedy)

v. Fizminutka

VI. Completing a task

Everything on your tables is prepared for work with paints, but you can do this work with colored pencils, and with one simple pencil, i.e. in the chart. Or you can mix techniques.

As a reminder, the progress of the work:

simple pencil sketch

fill the background with a wide brush

after the background has dried, drawing details with a thin brush or color. pencils, you can also use a felt-tip pen (black and red)

The teacher can suggest drawing according to the model, showing the stage-by-stage execution of the illustration on a piece of paper attached to the easel.

VIII. Summing up the lesson

– What works of art did we get acquainted with in the lesson?
What practical task did you do?

The teacher gives grades to those students who actively worked in the lesson, finished drawing the illustration, and comments on the grades.

courage

courage,

heroism,

tragedy

Vasily Ivanovich Shukhaev(1887-1973), portrait painter, theater artist, teacher, illustrator of works of Russian classics, well known to the general public, first of all, as one of the best domestic illustrators of A.S. Pushkin

In 1906, Vasily Ivanovich Shukhaev entered the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.

For six years (1906-1912) he comprehended the complex skill of the painter, of which four years in the studio of Professor D.N. Kardovsky.

Huge importance in Kardovsky's workshop was given to work on nature and with nature, high drawing technique, and the improvement of technological methods.

These principles Shukhaev carried through all his work - artistic and pedagogical.

Vasily Shukhaev (1921-1935) spent a significant part of his life in France.

During these years, he illustrated books by Russian writers for the Pleiada publishing house:

"The Queen of Spades" And "Boris Godunov" Pushkin,

"First love" Turgenev,

"Petersburg stories" Gogol,

"The Enchanted Wanderer" Leskov,

"Hero of our time" Lermontov,

"Boring Story" Chekhov.

In 1922, V.I. Shukhaev created illustrations for the Paris edition of Pushkin's "Queen of Spades", which was published in French with a circulation of only 340 copies (Paris publishing house "Pleyada"; translated by Shifrin, Schletser and Andre Gide, 1923).

The illustrations for The Queen of Spades are regarded as "one of the highest achievements of Shukhaev in the field of book art."

These illustrations are made in the technique of pen drawing with watercolor highlights.

The researcher of his work, I. Myamlin, notes in the illustrations for The Queen of Spades "the artist's truly jewelry skill in conveying portrait characteristics, sometimes ironic and satirical."

In Shukhaev's hand-painted drawings in the style of the artists of the World of Art, costumes and everyday details of the era are made with special care, although there is a closeness to French engravings of the 18th century.

The absence of detailed "ready-made" characterizations of the characters, laconism, simplicity, "unadorned" Pushkin's prose require the reader to be attentive to the word and active in the recreative and creative imagination.

The tragedy of Pushkin's hero is given in an ironic vein, although initially it seems to the reader that it affects all the characters except the main character: none of Hermann's friends allowed themselves to play a trick on him, throughout the story a smile never appeared on his face.

"Gambling House". In 1925, in Paris, V. Shukhaev created scenery for The Queen of Spades.

The drawings for the tragedy "Boris Godunov" are among the undoubted achievements of the artist.

IN AND. Shukhaev illustrated Pushkin's tragedy in an icon-painting manner, i.e. in the stylistic key that is closest to the era of Boris Godunov.

"Pochoir"(French pochoir - "stencil") - a method of manual stencil tinting of an engraving or drawing through "windows" cut in paper or other material.

If the stencil was made from a thin copper plate by etching it with acid, like an etching, then it became possible to obtain as a result not only local colored spots, but also rather thin lines.

At the beginning of the 20th century, this method often began to be used when creating albums of author's and reproduction prints.

The same technique was also used to create watercolor illustrations for bibliophile small-circulation books.

False Dmitry and boyar . Illustration for the tragedy by A. S. Pushkin "Boris Godunov"

Two years after Pushkin's The Queen of Spades, the Parisian publishing house Pleiada published a bibliophilic edition of Boris Godunov translated by J. Shifrin with illustrations by V.I. Shukhaev. In these illustrations, solemn and "laconic", the artist started from the icon-painting tradition of the 16th-17th centuries.

At the time of his apprenticeship, Shukhaev copied the frescoes of Dionysius in the Ferapontov monastery. In 1925, while living in Paris, he, together with his friend A.E. Yakovlev received an order to paint a concert hall in a private house on Pergolez Street.

Painting on the theme “Tales of A.S. Pushkin in Music" was performed in the stylistic manner of frescoes and icons. The artist's appeal to ancient Russian painting in "Boris Godunov" is natural for illustrating a work whose action takes place at the beginning of the 17th century.

Archbishop Anastassy (A.A. Gribanovsky) in the article “Pushkin’s spiritual insights in the drama “Boris Godunov””, published in the “Bulletin of the Russian Student Movement in Western Europe” (Paris, 1926), emphasized the correspondence of Pushkin’s tragedy to the spirit of the time described: “ The Orthodox spiritual element, which permeated the entire structure of Russian life in the era of Godunov, organically enters into all moments of Pushkin's drama, and wherever the author comes into contact with it, he describes it with bright and truthful colors, without allowing a single false note in the very tone. stories about this side of Russian life and not a single technically incorrect detail in its depiction.

"Boris Godunov" was published by "Pleiades" in the amount of 445 copies. Of these, 18 copies were printed on Japanese paper, 22 on Dutch paper, 390 on laid paper. 15 copies (5 on Japanese paper and 10 on laid paper) were not intended for sale. In France, as well as abroad in general, they learned about Pushkin's "Boris Godunov" mainly thanks to the opera of the same name by M.P. Mussorgsky. Shukhaev's illustrations and Zh. Shifrin's translation of the text into French became another remarkable interpretation of the tragedy, bringing it closer to a foreign reader.

The release of the book coincided with a significant event: it was from 1925 that Foreign Russia began to celebrate the Day of Russian Culture, a holiday dedicated to Pushkin's birthday.

Fate wanted V.I. Shukhaev fully had a chance to find out what the “time of troubles” was, into which he plunged, illustrating the Pushkin tragedy. In 1937, two years after returning from exile, the Artist and his wife were arrested and spent 10 years in exile in Magadan.

After their release, they settled in Tbilisi, but the torment did not end there: they were arrested and expelled more than once.