"Means of musical expression as a reflection of the nature of a musical work"
Purpose of the lesson - development of an active, conscious perception of music on the basis of identifying musical images in it, determining their nature, content and construction, broadcasting through performance.
Lesson objectives:
To consolidate the concepts of expressive means and their influence on the emotional and figurative tone of the work;
To form a stable listener's attention, mental concentration as the origins of the ways of the formation of artistic taste;
To develop the ability to analyze the content and means of expressiveness of a musical work.
Formation of universal learning activities:
1. Personal UUD
Formation: motivation for learning and knowledge; adequate self-esteem; readiness to openly express their position in the classroom, an adequate understanding of the reasons for success (failure) in the educational process.
2. Regulatory UUD
Formation: the ability to keep the goal of the activity until its result is obtained; the ability to see the error; the ability to evaluate the result of one’s activity, to argue one’s opinion and position, self-control of the process and results of activity.
3. Cognitive UUD
Formation:the ability to emotionally perform musical works,speak about music
Listen to a piece of music.
4. Communicative UUD
Formation: the ability to listen and hear the teacher, members of the ensemble; the ability to cooperate in a group in solving educational problems.
Equipment:
Rebuses, musical staff, prepared notes;
Laptop;
felt-tip pens;
Musical recordings of works: E. Grieg "In the cave of the mountain king" from the suite "Peer Gynt", Y. Giraud "Under the sky of Paris", M. P. Mussorgsky "Gopak" from the opera "Sorochinsky Fair", N. Rimsky-Korsakov " Flight of the Bumblebee"
Lesson progress
Organizational moment (setting up tools, greeting, message about the topic of the lesson)
Talk about the expressive means of music:
- listening to musical examples;
- analysis of the work of K. Gardel " Por una caveza »
Control performance of the work by K. Gardel "Porunacaveza»
Reflection "Means of musical expression"
Teacher: Hello guys. The theme of the lesson is "Means of musical expression as a reflection of the nature of a musical work." Each art has its own special language, its own means of expression. In painting, for example, such means are drawing and paint. Skillfully using them, the artist creates a picture. The poet, writing poetry, speaks to us in the language of words, he uses poetic speech, rhymes. The basis of dance art is movement, dramatic art is the play of actors. Music has its own special language, the language of sounds. And she also has her own means of expression.
Before starting a conversation about the means of musical expression, let us recall the reference information with which we always begin the study of a new piece of music. This will help us in the analysis of musical material in order to reveal its artistic and figurative content, character.
Message "K. Jeer. Tango"
Teacher: So, what expressive means of music do you know?
Answer: Tempo, melody, dynamics, strokes, playing techniques, rhythm, etc.
Teacher: What is the main element of musical speech? Name the definition.
Answer: Melody (from Greek - “singing”, “singing”) - this is a developed and complete musical thought, expressed in one voice. It is the basis of any piece of music.
Teacher: Let's determine which instrument or instruments lead the melody to 2 digits?
( play up to 2 numbers)
Answer: Button accordions, metallophone, domras
Teacher: Can we say that the melody in the performed passage was unchanged? Does the theme of button accordions differ from the theme of domras? What changed?
Answer: Has changedfret , so the melodies differ: the first is rather joyful, enthusiastic, inspired; the second is tense, a little melancholic. The first is major, the second is minor.
Teacher: If you pay attention, the entire text of the work is represented by the alternation of two main melodic lines (beginning, 2nd digit - 1,3,4 digits). This deviation is calledmodulation - transition from one tone to another. This is the peculiarity of the work, its character. After all, tango is an emotional dance, a contrasting change of smooth, calm movements with impetuous, clear, sensual ones. Tell me, guys, what means of musical expression is noted when it comes to dance music? Give it a definition.
Answer: Thisrhythm . Translated from Greek, it means "dimension" - this is a uniform alternation, repetition of short and long sounds.
Teacher: Everyone understands what kind of rhythm they are talking about when they say: in the rhythm of a waltz, march, tango. Listen to musical excerpts, name the dance and the piece of music.
Listen to musical excerpts:
Waltz - Y. Giro "Under the sky of Paris"
UNT Hopak - M. Mussorgsky "Gopak" from the opera "Sorochinsky Fair"
Tango - E. Petersburgsky "Tired Sun"
Teacher: Music without rhythm is perceived as a set of sounds, not a melody. It affects the character of the music. But not only music has rhythm. Our heart has a rhythm - heart rate; there are brain rhythms, there is a daily rhythm - morning, afternoon, evening and night. The change of seasons is the rhythm of the planet. In an ensemble performance, the accompaniment plays a very important role, setting the rhythm of the dance. For example, the balalaika part is represented by a variety of rhythmic pattern of each part. I ask you to perform the 2nd figure from the beat.
( play number 2 )
Teacher: What is the difficulty of the rhythmic pattern of the balalaika part?
Answer: Short durations.
Teacher: Now, listen to the example and answer what means of musical expression creates the character of music.
An excerpt sounds: N. Rimsky - Korsakov "Flight of the Bumblebee"
Answer:
In this piece of music, the fast tempo plays an important role (allegro or presto
).
Teacher: What is called tempo?
Answer:
Pace
is the speed at which a piece of music is played. The pace is fast, slow and moderate. To indicate the tempo, Italian words are used that are understood by all musicians in the world. For example, fast pace - allegro, presto; moderate pace - andante; slow - adagio.
Teacher:
We are always guided by the composer's instructions on the meaning of tempo, in particular tango is performed at a moderate, restrained tempo Moderato.
Teacher: Timbre and register(puzzles)
Timbre is the color of sound. Each human voice has its own coloring, its own timbre; Every musical instrument has its own timbre. Our instrumental ensemble is a multi-colored palette of all kinds of timbres (soft). The various timbre changes of the tango melody are like the emotional collisions of a dance. We play number 3.
(play number 3)
Teacher: What does the alternation of timbres of instruments resemble?
Answer: The alternation of domra and button accordion timbres is presented in the form of a dialogue.
Teacher: Please note that the theme of the first domra in the second sentence of 3 digits sounds in an octave. What is changing? What do you know about this medium of expression?(rebus register)
Answer: Register is the location of sounds. The register is low, medium, high.
Teacher: Listen to a musical example, where the register is the most important element in creating an artistic and emotional image of a work. Describe your impressions, ideas about what you heard. Name the piece of music.
An excerpt from E. Grieg's suite "Peer Gynt" "In the cave of the mountain king" sounds
Teacher: Another expressive means is strokes. What do you know about them? What strokes are used to reflect the character of "Tango"? What can you compare them to in dance?
Answer: Stroke - (from German line, line) the quality of sound extraction on a musical instrument, which has an expressive meaning (legato, staccato, detail, marcato). In the work of K. Gardel "Tango" strokes of legato, marcato, detache are used.The variety of touches and techniques of the game is comparable to the change of dance movements - sometimes soft, smooth, sometimes unexpectedly sharp, short.
Teacher: Guys, let's digress for a moment and imagine that we are in the forest. How far have we come! Seem to be lost? What do we do?
Answer: Scream, call for help. Shout "Ay"
Teacher: And the “echo” will talk to you, because there is no one around. Let's play.
Echo game
I am reading a poem, and you listen carefully to the last words of each line and answer for the "echo".
I screamed loudly in the forest.
A hollow echo answered.
"Will it get cold soon?"
The echo answered: “Yes, yes, yes, yes!”
“How many Christmas trees, look!”
The echo answered... Three-three-three-three!
“The old oak is completely dry!”
Echo answered... Oh-oh-oh-oh!
"Well, goodbye, I'm going home!"
The echo was distressed... Oh-oh-oh-oh!
What is the means of musical expression? Give a definition.
Answer: Dynamics - the power of sound. There are two main dynamic shades: forte, which means loud, and piano, which means quiet. Sometimes these shades are enhanced. For example, very loudly (fortissimo) or very softly (pianissimo). The dynamics of the tango is distinguished by contrast: a calm theme sounds mezzo forte; the theme of unrest is forte.
Teacher: What is called a climax? Determine the climax in the performance.
Answer: The climax is the highest point of emotional, semantic tension, as a rule, is indicated dynamically as the loudest place in the work. The climax is number 3.
Play number 3
Teacher: Today we remembered what the means of musical expression are, named the main ones, using musical examples, we found out their significance in creating the image of a musical work. And all for what? All in order to learn to understand and compose a picture, an image of a musical work from these integral musical elements and embody it in your performance brightly, accurately, evoking sincere emotions in listeners.K. Gardel "Tango" is played in full
And now I propose once again to recall the means of musical expression, write down one by one on the notes and fill in the staff.
teacher : This lesson is over. I am very pleased with your active participation. Well done! Thanks to all!
Music, According to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, gives life and fun to everything that exists in the world, is the embodiment of that beautiful and sublime that is on earth.
Like any other art form, music has its specific features and expressive means. For example, music is not capable of depicting various phenomena, like painting, but it can very accurately and subtly convey the experiences of a person, his emotional state. Its content lies in the artistic and intonational images formed in the mind of a musician, whether he is a composer, performer or listener.
Each art form has its own language. In music, the language of sounds acts as such a language.
So, what are the main means of musical expression that reveal the secret of how music is born?
The basis of any piece of music, its leading beginning is melody. The melody is a developed and complete musical thought, expressed in one voice. It can be very different - both smooth and jerky, calm and cheerful, etc.
No less important fret as a means of expression. There are two types: major and minor. Their difference from each other is that major music evokes clear, joyful feelings in listeners, while minor music a little sad and dreamy.
Pace - expresses the speed with which a particular piece of music is performed. It can be fast (allegro), slow (adagio) or moderate (andante).
A special means of musical expression is timbre. It represents the coloring of the sound, characteristic of any voice and instruments. It is thanks to the timbre that one can distinguish the human voice or the “voice” of a musical instrument.
In music, the melody is always inseparable from another means of expression - rhythm, without which it cannot exist. Translated from Greek, rhythm is “dimensionality”, that is, a uniform, coordinated alternation of short and long sounds. It is the rhythm that has the ability to influence the character of the music. For example, lyricism is given to a piece of music using a smooth rhythm, some excitement - an intermittent rhythm.
Additional means of musical expression include invoice - how a certain material is processed, strokes or ways to extract sounds, dynamics - the power of sound.
Thanks to the harmonious combination of all the above expressive means or part of them, music appears that accompanies us in life almost everywhere.
Lesson topic: "Means of musical expression."
Purpose: to consolidate students' knowledge of the means of musical expression.
Tasks:
To teach students to identify the means of musical expression used to create a certain image in a work;
Develop a sense of rhythm, musical memory of students, vocal and choral skills;
To develop a listening culture of students;
Lesson type: knowledge generalization lesson.
Methods and techniques: verbal, visual, practical.
Musical material: Tchaikovsky "Children's Album" (fragments), Prokofiev "Peter and the Wolf" (fragments), "Snowstorm" A. Yermolov
During the classes:
- Musical greeting.
W: Hello guys! D: Hello!
- Conversation
U: - Today, in the middle of winter, an unusual flower has blossomed in our class! This magical flower will take us to the world of music, where everything is controlled by the means of musical expression. Today we will remember that each petal has not only its own color, but also a specific name.
Look again at the seven-flower flower. What is at its core?
D: Melody!
W: That's right! All the petals have grown from this main thing in music - melody (this is the main motive of the work). Melody is the “soul of music”, as P.I. Tchaikovsky said, it is the basis of any song, any piece of music, and it is also one of the most important means of musical expression. Melody never stands still! It can move smoothly up or down, it can spin on two or three sounds nearby, or develop in rapid leaps. Let's try to follow the melody with your hands - how the melody will move, you perform such movements with your hands.
Musical and plastic work as a physical. minutes - the "Lullaby of the Bear" sounds.
W: - How did the melody move in the song?
D: - Smoothly, without big jumps ...
W: That's right. Two more means of musical expression, without which there can be no music, are harmony and dynamics. We have already talked about harmony before. Tell me, what frets do you know?
D: - Major and minor!
W: - Good! Which of them gives the music a dark color, and which - light?
D: - Minor - dark, major - light.
W: That's right. On your table are squares with the image of the sun and clouds with rain. We will play with you now - when major music is played, you raise the sun, and when minor - a cloud.
Music from Tchaikovsky's "Children's Album" sounds. After the game, the guys call the composer and the names of the works performed.
W: Did you notice how different the pieces sounded? But they differ not only in harmony, but also in dynamics. Dynamics is the power of sound. And we already know how the dynamics is indicated in the notes.
And now let's listen to Tchaikovsky's play "The Neapolitan Song" and remember what is so unusual about this song?Tchaikovsky's Neapolitan song sounds.
D: - At first it sounds very calm, then it accelerates.
W: Absolutely! That is, the tempo changes in the work! This is another means of musical expression. The tempo determines the speed of the performance of a piece of music - fast, moderate, slow.
W: - Each work is performed at its own pace - at the one indicated by the composer. Sometimes, as we have already seen, the tempo changes in the piece.
Rhythm is also present in music. This is an alternation of long and short sounds. And today we will get acquainted with two varieties of rhythm - even and dotted.
The teacher gives examples of different rhythms. The class is divided into groups, repeats rhythmic examples after the teacher. Playing as a physical minutes.
W: - And now let's listen to how different rhythms are used in different works.
Pieces from Tchaikovsky's "Children's Album" are played. The guys determine which work has an even and which has a dotted rhythm.
Intonation is not only a musical concept. First of all, this is one of the properties of human speech. So, for example, even if we do not know the language a person speaks, we can almost always guess that a person is angry, happy, sad, or asks about something, etc. The melodic beginning is very closely connected with the sound of live human speech, and intonation is precisely the link between colloquial speech and musical speech.
Guys, please tell me, which musical genre is most associated with a person's speech?
D: - With a song.
W: - Of course with the song! Now we will perform the song "Metelitsa".
Listening, characterization and performance of the song.
We have 2 more petals left: timbre and register. What is a register? This is the pitch of a voice or instrument. Look: there is a high, low and medium register. Let's try to guess who these different registers correspond to in the picture?D: - High - for a bird, medium - for a person, low - for a bear.
W: Right! Also, each instrument has different capabilities, for example, the piano has all registers, and the violin has only high! And we will always be able to distinguish the sound of the violin from the piano. In this we are helped by the last means of musical expression - timbre. Timbre is the color of the sound. Each instrument has its own timbre. Just like every person has his own, unlike anyone else, voice. And it is thanks to the difference in timbres that we easily distinguish one instrument from another. Let's try!
Fragments of symphony sound. Prokofiev's fairy tales "Peter and the Wolf". The guys name the character, the instrument and what register is used to create this image.
W: Well done!!! We have examined all the petals of our magical semi-flower! Let's sing a song about the magic flower now.
- Chichkov's song "Magic Flower" is performed by students.
- Reflection.
U: - So, let's remember once again what means of musical expression we know?
D: all funds are transferred.
W: Well done! And now I ask you to show me with what mood you leave the music lesson today - major or minor!
The guys raise the pictures.
W: Great! You did a very good job today! Our lesson is over! Goodbye!
Music Reference
Types of music:
By way of execution
Vocal, choral
Instrumental music- music which, unlike song, is performed without words. There are solo, ensemble and orchestral instrumental music.
Chamber music- instrumental or vocal music for a small group of performers: solo compositions. Symphonic music.
Styles:
Antique
Medieval (polyphony appears from the 11th to the 18th century. Polyphony- a type of polyphony (fugue, canon - polyphonic genres)
Baroque, classical, romantic, impressionism, modern, contemporary
Means of musical expression
Lad- a sound-altitude system, where each stage is at its own level. The mode determines the color of the melody. The most famous modes are major and minor.
Rhythm the ratio of the durations of sounds in their sequence
Pace- the speed of the music:
slowly
calmly
lively
Timbre - coloration of the sound of instruments or voices
Register - height
Dynamics- volume (forte, piano)
Intonation- semantic expressiveness
Form- the plan of the piece of music.
Variations (A., A1, A2, A3 ...)
Rondo (AVACADA…)
sonata form.
Variations- (change) is a musical form based on a theme and its variations
Rondo- French dance song - dance. The refrain is one, the tunes change.
Sonata- a piece of music for one or two instruments. For example: sonata for violin and piano.
The structure of the I part of the sonata, symphony, overture, quartet.
Introduction. The first section of sonata form is the exposition.
Exposition is a display of topics. Typically, there are two main themes. Often they contrast with each other, which determines the further development of the work. The exposition consists of 4 themes: main, connecting, secondary and final. The semantic load falls precisely on the main and side parties.
Development (based on the motives of the exposition).
Reprise (repetition of the themes of the exposition with changes).
Coda (epilogue, afterword). Symphony- a piece of music for a symphony orchestra. Consists of four parts: Fast, Slow, Cheerful, Solemn.
Genres:(from French - view). Each genre has its own characteristic means of musical expression.
Dance - a kind of art in which an artistic image is created through rhythmic plastic movements and a change in the expressive positions of the human body.
March- - music the genre that has developed in instr. music in connection with the task of synchronizing the movement of a large number of people ...
Song is a form of vocal music. Words and melody are important in a song.
Vocalise- singing without words
Romance- genre of vocal music; Musical and poetic work for voice with guitar accompaniment.
Ballad- A song or play of a narrative nature with dramatic and lyrical content.
Play- small piece of music
musical moments and impromptu, nocturnes and ballads, piano transcriptions of orchestral works and songs without words, fantasies, rhapsodies, suites, concertinos.
A special genre of instrumental music - concert with orchestra where the virtuosic features of the piano or other instruments come out with particular brilliance.
Overture- an instrumental (usually orchestral) piece performed before the start of any performance - opera, ballet, film, etc., or a one-part orchestral piece, often belonging to program music.
Opera(from Italian letters - work, composition) - a genre of vocal musical and dramatic art based on the synthesis of words, stage action and music. Examples: M. Glinka "Ivan Susanin", J. Bizet "Carmen", M. Mussorgsky "Boris Godunov".
(Overture, aria, cavatina, recitative, libretto - a short text, leitmotif - a bright, figurative melodic theme. The leitmotif changes as the image develops)
Ballet- a type of synthetic musical and theatrical art that combines dramaturgy, music, choreography and fine arts, a type of stage art, the content of which is revealed in dance and musical images.
Oratorio(lat. oratorium, ital. oratorio) - a major piece of music for choir, soloists and orchestra. In the past, oratorios were written only on subjects from the Holy Scriptures. It differs from the opera by the absence of stage action, and from the cantata by the larger size and branching of the plot.
Cantata a multi-part vocal-symphonic work of a solemn or narrative-epic nature (the term “cantata” comes from the Italian cantare - to sing)
Quartet- ensemble of four
Quintet- ensemble of five people
musical image- these are the thoughts and feelings of the composer, expressed in sounds. They are lyrical, dramatic, epic, etc. Imaginary pictures of the surrounding and inner world of a person, created by means of musical expression. (“Morning”, “In the cave of the mountain king” by E. Grieg. “Sad waltz” by J. Sibelius.)
Musical dramaturgy is the process of developing a piece of music. Musical thought, developing by changing the means of musical expression, forms the dynamics of musical sound, called musical dramaturgy. Dramaturgy is the embodiment of the idea, the composer's intention in a musical work through the development of one or more musical images. There are two types of dramaturgy: conflict dramaturgy and dramaturgy of comparisons. (for example, Beethoven overture "Egmont" and Glinka's overture to the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila") One of the most common ways of developing music are: repetition, variation, sequence, imitation.
2. Musical scenario that determines the relationship of images in the work
Program music is music that has a specific content. Such works have a specific title or a literary preface (epigraph) created or chosen by the composer himself. Example: Beethoven Overture to Goethe's Egmont.
Introduction. Spaniards. People.
Exposure. Egmont. Clerchen.
Development. Spaniards. Clerchen.
Reprise. Clerchen. Death of Egmont.
Code. The victory of the insurgent people.
According to historians, something similar to music appeared more than 50,000 years ago. It was only oral and primitive. The very first people used very simple means of musical expression. Songs written in cuneiform characters were discovered by archaeologists excavating Nippur in Iraq. The estimated age of one of the very first melodies is about 4,000 years.
What is more important - sound or silence?
Music (from the ancient Greek "the art of the muses") is a rhythmic sequence of short or drawn out sounds and pauses, organized into a single system. The simultaneous extraction of several sounds is called a chord or consonance. The means of musical expressiveness, the laws of construction of melodies and sequences are studied by harmony.
In oral speech, words are made up of sounds, sentences are made up of words, and phrases are made up of sentences. A melody (voice reproduction of a song) is a complete musical thought, consisting of consonances, chords, motives.
A pause is a short silence in the general rhythm of the main tune, emphasizing the character of the entire song or orchestral work. It can be said that without silence there is no melody.
How are sounds, health and mood related?
When a person listens to a beautiful song, he does not think about what means of musical expression the composer used. Melodies act on each individually. Every culture, every generation has its own style:
- folk or classical;
- rap or folk;
- jazz or pop;
- rock or spiritual chants.
Harmonious sounds affect not only feelings and emotions, but also the human body and psyche. They affect the ability to contemplate and intuition, to fantasy, to the game. Japanese scientists have proven that listening to classical music significantly increases the amount of breast milk in nursing mothers, and rock and pop - reduce this figure. And Mozart's music can positively affect the intellect. Even chickens become happier and lay more eggs when soothing melodies are played.
Fret in rhythmic tempo and speed
Means of musical expressiveness in music enhance the emotionality and richness of the sound of the tune. Rhythm organizes sounds in time. Without its rhythmic constant formula, there can be no waltz, no march, no dance. Complex African and some Asian melodies can only be played on percussion instruments.
Tempo in music is the rate at which a song or orchestral piece develops in a minute or a second of time. In musical texts, you can read Italian words: allegro, presto, dolce and others. These are the means of musical expression for understanding the composer's intention, which set the pace for both the entire work and its individual parts. We list some of them:
- slowly - largo;
- resolutely - resolutely;
- passionately - expressively;
- solemnly - maestoso;
- and other common notations.
The musical mode not only combines various sounds around the main thing - the tonic. There are melodic coherence and consistency, attraction to each other, harmony of the work. The rules for the formation of major and minor modes make music emotional:
- major - these are peppy, bright, joyful and fun-sounding melodies;
- minor is sadness, lyrics and sadness.
The character, the emotional component of the whole work depends precisely on the mode.
Nuances and intonation as a means of musical expression
The table of sensual shades, despite its vastness, cannot convey the full variety of possibilities of the human voice and musical instruments. The strength or loudness of the sound, the rise or fall of the melody, the gentle splash of water and the deafening thunder people overheard from nature. In musical notation, all these nuances are indicated in Latin script, corresponding to the initial letters of the word - symbol. For example:
- with a sharp accent - sf (sforzando);
- very quiet - pp (pianissimo);
- loudly - f (forte);
- and other designations.
Registers and articulation
The musical size (meter) is the order in which strong beats are replaced by weak beats and vice versa. You can select a simple, complex and mixed metric size. A similar concept exists in poetry: iambic, anapest, dactyl, amphibrach, trochaic and hexameter. The most famous sizes in music include 3/4 in waltzes, 2/4 in military marches.
The register of the voice and any instrument is its range or the ability to produce sound. The distance between the lowest and highest sounds is divided into lower, upper and middle registers. The works performed exclusively in the low range have a gloomy color, the high register is ringing, clear and transparent melodies. Interestingly, while listening to music, the human vocal cords arbitrarily but silently repeat the melody.
Means of musical expressiveness involve different ways of sound extraction, breathing and different manner of performing melodies. Among them are strokes (extraction methods) and articulation (clear pronunciation):
- abruptly (staccato) and connected (legato);
- highlighting (marcato) and pizzicato (pulling the strings with a finger);
- glissando - to slide over keys, strings or notes.
Each musical instrument and human voice has its own sound palette, timbre, range and a certain combination of strokes.
