In this material, we will briefly consider the biography of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin: only the most important thing from the life of the famous Russian writer and poet.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin(1870-1953) - famous Russian writer and poet, one of the main writers of the Russian diaspora, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.
On October 10 (22), 1870, a boy was born in the noble, but at the same time poor Bunin family, who was named Ivan. Almost immediately after birth, the family moved to an estate in the Oryol province, where Ivan spent his childhood.
The basics of education were obtained by Ivan at home. In 1881, young Bunin entered the nearest gymnasium, Yelets, but could not finish it and in 1886 returned to the estate. Ivan was helped with his education by his brother Julius, who studied excellently and graduated from the university as one of the best in his class.
After returning from the gymnasium, Ivan Bunin became intensely interested in literature, and his first poems were published already in 1888. A year later, Ivan moved to Oryol and got a job as a proofreader in a newspaper. Soon the first book with the simple title "Poems" was published, in which, in fact, the poems of Ivan Bunin were collected. Thanks to this collection, Ivan gained fame, and his works were published in the collections Under the Open Sky and Falling Leaves.
Ivan Bunin was fond of not only poems - he also composed prose. For example, the stories "Antonov apples", "Pines". And this is all for a reason, because Ivan was personally acquainted with Gorky (Peshkov), Chekhov, Tolstoy and other famous writers of that time. Ivan Bunin's prose was published in the collections "Complete Works" in 1915.
In 1909, Bunin became an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
Ivan was quite critical of the idea of revolution and left Russia. All his later life consisted of traveling - not only to different countries, but also to continents. However, this did not stop Bunin from doing what he loved. On the contrary, he wrote his best works: "Mitina Love", "Sunstroke", as well as the best novel "The Life of Arseniev", for which in 1933 he received the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Before his death, Bunin worked on a literary portrait of Chekhov, but was often ill and could not finish it. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin died on November 8, 1953 and was buried in Paris.
Ivan Bunin was born in 1870 in the family of a nobleman, a former officer Alexei Bunin, who had gone bankrupt by that time. From their estate, the family was forced to move to the Oryol region, where the writer spent his childhood. In 1881 he entered the Yelets gymnasium. But he fails to get an education, after 4 classes Ivan returns home, because his ruined parents simply do not have enough money for his education. Elder brother Julius, who managed to graduate from the university, helped to complete the entire course of the gymnasium at home. The biography of Bunin - a man, creator and creator - is full of unexpected events and facts. At the age of 17, Ivan published his first poems. Soon Bunin moved to Kharkov to his older brother, went to work as a proofreader in the newspaper Orlovsky Vestnik. In it he publishes his stories, articles and poems.
In 1891, the first poetry collection was published. Here, the young writer meets Varvara - her parents did not want their marriage, so the young couple secretly leaves for Poltava. Their relationship lasted until 1894 and began to write the novel "The Life of Arseniev."
Bunin's biography is amazing, full of meetings and interesting acquaintances. 1895 becomes a turning point in the life of Ivan Alekseevich. A trip to Moscow and St. Petersburg, acquaintance with Chekhov, Bryusov, Kuprin, Korolenko, the first success in the literary society of the capital. In 1899, Bunin marries Anna Tsakni, but this marriage is short-lived. 1900 - the story "Antonov apples", 1901 - a collection of poems "Leaf Fall", 1902 - a collection of works published by the publishing house "Knowledge". Author - Ivan Bunin. The biography is unique. 1903 - Pushkin Prize awarded! The writer travels a lot: Italy, France, Constantinople, the Caucasus. His best works are love stories. About love unusual, special, without a happy ending. As a rule, this is a fleeting random feeling, but of such depth and strength that it breaks the lives and destinies of the heroes. And here the difficult biography of Bunin affects. But his works are not tragic, they are filled with love, happiness from the fact that this great feeling happened in life.
In 1906, at a literary evening, Ivan Alekseevich met Vera Muromtseva,
quiet young lady with huge eyes. Again, the girl's parents were against their relationship. Vera was in her last year, writing a diploma. But she chose love. In April 1907, Vera and Ivan went on a journey together, this time to the east. They all became husband and wife. But they got married only in 1922, in France.
For translations of Byron, Tennyson, Musset in 1909, Bunin again receives the Pushkin Prize, becomes an honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1910, the story "The Village" appeared, which caused a lot of controversy and made the author popular. Having visited with Gorky in 1912-1914. while in Italy, Bunin wrote his famous short story "The Gentleman from San Francisco".
But Ivan Alekseevich Bunin did not welcome the year. The biography of the writer is not easy. In 1920, his family He was accepted in the West as a major Russian writer, became the head of the Union of Russian writers and journalists. New works are published: "Mitina's Love", "The Case of Cornet Elagin", "Sunstroke", "God's Tree".
1933 - Bunin's biography surprises again. He becomes the first Russian By that time the writer was very popular in Europe. Bunin was an opponent of the Nazi regime. During the war years, despite losses and hardships, he did not publish a single work. During the occupation of France, he wrote a cycle of nostalgic stories, but published them only in 1946. In the last years of his life, Ivan Alekseevich did not write poetry. But he begins to treat the Soviet Union with warmth, dreams of returning. But his plans were interrupted by death. Bunin died in 1953, like Stalin. And only a year later his works began to be published in the Union.
Bunin Ivan Alekseevich (1870-1953) - Russian writer, honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1909).
Born in 1870 in a poor noble family. He spent his childhood and youth in the countryside. He received his primary education at home. In 1881-86. studied at the gymnasium in Yelets. Then he began to write poetry. Since 1888, Bunin's name began to appear in the books of the Week, where the works of Leo Tolstoy and Shchedrin were often published. In 1891 published in Orel the first book of poems. Since 1895 publishes prose. Bunin followed the general tradition of Russian classics. He did not participate in public and political life. Received recognition for the translation of "The Song of Hiawatha" (1896) and the poetry collection "Falling Leaves" (1901). The story "The Village" (1910) brought wide popularity. At the beginning of 1905, Bunin settled in Moscow, became close to A.M. Gorky, A.P. Chekhov and other prominent writers. He travels extensively in Europe and Asia. Bunin did not accept the revolution of 1917, and in 1920 he emigrated to France. In Paris, he heads the Union of Russian Writers and Journalists, engages in political propaganda in the periodical press directed against the Soviet regime. The most important literary work in 1920-30 was the novel "The Life of Arseniev" (1930). In emigration, Bunin's artistic talent was greatly developed. The European community recognized him as the best Russian contemporary writer. At the beginning of World War II, Bunin softened his attitude towards the Soviet Union, and even intended to return to his homeland, but the political atmosphere in the USSR after the war prevented this.
During his long creative life, Bunin created many masterpieces. Life on the farm, communication with peasants, with the people were reflected in the best works of Bunin. In his stories about the village, the accuracy and authenticity of peasant speech are striking. The development of his literary gift was influenced not only by the nature surrounding him, but also by the environment and close people. Bunin remarkably revealed the "eternal themes": love, death, nature. Bunin's literary fate developed happily. Criticism in general praised his works, he was called "the singer of autumn, sadness and noble nests", they paid tribute to his beautiful language. In 1903, Bunin was awarded the Pushkin Prize for poetry by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1933 he received the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin Russian writer, poet, honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1909), the first Russian Nobel Prize winner in literature (1933), was born on October 22 (according to the old style - October 10), 1870 in Voronezh, in the family of an impoverished nobleman who belonged to an old noble family kind. Bunin's father is a petty official, his mother is Lyudmila Alexandrovna, nee Chubarova. Of their nine children, five died at an early age. Ivan's childhood passed on the Butyrka farm in the Oryol province in communication with peasant peers.
In 1881, Ivan went to the first grade of the gymnasium. In Yelets, the boy studied for about four and a half years - until the middle of the winter of 1886, when he was expelled from the gymnasium for non-payment of tuition. Having moved to Ozerki, under the guidance of his brother Julius, a candidate of the university, Ivan successfully prepared for the matriculation exams.
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In the autumn of 1886, the young man began to write the novel Passion, which he finished on March 26, 1887. The novel was not published.
Since the autumn of 1889, Bunin worked in the Orlovsky Vestnik, where his stories, poems and literary criticism were published. The young writer met the newspaper's proofreader Varvara Pashchenko, who married him in 1891. True, due to the fact that Pashchenko's parents were against marriage, the couple did not get married.
At the end of August 1892, the newlyweds moved to Poltava. Here the elder brother Julius took Ivan to his office. He even came up with a position for him as a librarian, which left enough time for reading and traveling around the province.
After the wife got along with Bunin's friend A.I. Bibikov, the writer left Poltava. For several years he led a hectic life, never staying anywhere for long. In January 1894, Bunin visited Leo Tolstoy in Moscow. Echoes of Tolstoy's ethics and his criticisms of urban civilization are heard in Bunin's stories. The post-reform impoverishment of the nobility evoked nostalgic notes in his soul (“Antonov apples”, “Epitaph”, “New road”). Bunin was proud of his origin, but was indifferent to the “blue blood”, and the feeling of social restlessness grew into a desire to “serve the people of the earth and the God of the universe, the God whom I call Beauty, Reason, Love, Life and who pervades all things.”
In 1896, G. Longfellow's poem "The Song of Hiawatha" was published in Bunin's translation. He also translated Alcaeus, Saadi, Petrarch, Byron, Mickiewicz, Shevchenko, Bialik and other poets. In 1897, Bunin's book "To the End of the World" and other stories were published in St. Petersburg.
Having moved to the Black Sea, Bunin began to collaborate in the Odessa newspaper "Southern Review", published his poems, stories, literary criticism. Newspaper publisher N.P. Tsakni invited Bunin to take part in the publication of the newspaper. Meanwhile, Ivan Alekseevich liked the daughter of Tsakni Anna Nikolaevna. On September 23, 1898, their wedding took place. But the life of the young did not work out. In 1900 they divorced, and in 1905 their son Kolya died.
In 1898, a collection of Bunin's poems Under the Open Sky was published in Moscow, which strengthened his fame. The collection Falling Leaves (1901) was greeted with enthusiastic reviews, which, together with the translation of the Song of Hiawatha, was awarded the Pushkin Prize of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1903 and earned Bunin the fame of "the poet of the Russian landscape." The continuation of poetry was the lyrical prose of the beginning of the century and travel essays (“Shadow of a Bird”, 1908).
“Even then, Bunin’s poetry was distinguished by devotion to the classical tradition, this feature will continue to permeate all of his work,” writes E.V. Stepanyan. - The poetry that brought him fame was formed under the influence of Pushkin, Fet, Tyutchev. But she possessed only her inherent qualities. So, Bunin gravitates towards a sensually concrete image; the picture of nature in Bunin's poetry is made up of smells, sharply perceived colors, and sounds. A special role is played in Bunin's poetry and prose by the epithet used by the writer, as it were, emphatically subjectively, arbitrarily, but at the same time endowed with the persuasiveness of sensory experience.
Not accepting symbolism, Bunin joined the neorealist associations - the Knowledge Association and the Moscow literary circle Sreda, where he read almost all of his works written before 1917. At that time, Gorky considered Bunin "the first writer in Rus'."
Bunin responded to the revolution of 1905–1907 with several declarative poems. He wrote about himself as "a witness to the great and mean, a powerless witness to atrocities, executions, torture, executions."
Then Bunin met his true love - Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva, daughter of Nikolai Andreevich Muromtsev, a member of the Moscow City Council, and niece of Sergei Andreevich Muromtsev, chairman of the State Duma. G.V. Adamovich, who knew the Bunins well in France for many years, wrote that Ivan Alekseevich found in Vera Nikolaevna “a friend not only loving, but also devoted with his whole being, ready to sacrifice himself, to yield in everything, while remaining a living person, without turning into a voiceless shadow".
From the end of 1906, Bunin and Vera Nikolaevna met almost daily. Since the marriage with his first wife was not dissolved, they could only get married in 1922 in Paris.
Together with Vera Nikolaevna, Bunin traveled in 1907 to Egypt, Syria and Palestine, in 1909 and 1911 he was with Gorky in Capri. In 1910-1911 he visited Egypt and Ceylon. In 1909, Bunin was awarded the Pushkin Prize for the second time and he was elected an honorary academician, and in 1912 an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (until 1920 he was a deputy chairman).
In 1910, the writer wrote the story "The Village". According to Bunin himself, this was the beginning of "a whole series of works that sharply depict the Russian soul, its peculiar interweaving, its light and dark, but almost always tragic foundations." The story "Dry Valley" (1911) is a confession of a peasant woman, convinced that "the masters had the same character as the serfs: either rule or be afraid." The heroes of the stories "Strength", "Good Life" (1911), "The Prince of Princes" (1912) are yesterday's serfs, losing their human image in money-grubbing; the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" (1915) is about the miserable death of a millionaire. At the same time, Bunin painted people who had nowhere to apply their natural talent and strength (“Cricket”, “Zakhar Vorobyov”, “John Rydalets”, etc.). Declaring that he was “most of all occupied with the soul of a Russian person in a deep sense, the image of the mental traits of a Slav”, the writer was looking for the core of the nation in the folklore element, in excursions into history (“Six-winged”, “Saint Procopius”, “The Dream of Bishop Ignatius of Rostov”, "Prince Vseslav"). This search was intensified by the First World War, to which Bunin's attitude was sharply negative.
The October Revolution and the Civil War summed up this socio-artistic research. “There are two types among the people,” wrote Bunin. - In one, Rus' prevails, in the other - Chud, Merya. But in both there is a terrible changeability of moods, appearances, "shakyness", as they used to say in the old days. The people themselves said to themselves: "From us, as from a tree - both a club and an icon," depending on the circumstances, on who will process the tree.
From revolutionary Petrograd, avoiding the "terrible proximity of the enemy", Bunin left for Moscow, and from there on May 21, 1918 to Odessa, where the diary "Cursed Days" was written - one of the most violent denunciations of the revolution and the power of the Bolsheviks. In poems, Bunin called Russia a "harlot", he wrote, referring to the people: "My people! Your guides led you to death." “Having drunk the cup of unspeakable mental suffering,” on January 26, 1920, the Bunins left for Constantinople, from there to Bulgaria and Serbia, and at the end of March they arrived in Paris.
In 1921, Bunin's collection of short stories "The Gentleman from San Francisco" was published in Paris. This publication caused numerous responses in the French press. Here is just one of them: “Bunin ... a real Russian talent, bleeding, uneven, and at the same time courageous and big. His book contains several stories worthy of Dostoevsky's strength" (Nervie, December 1921).
“In France,” Bunin wrote, “I lived for the first time in Paris, from the summer of 1923 I moved to the Alpes-Maritimes, returning to Paris only for some winter months.”
Bunin settled in the Villa Belvedere, and below the amphitheater is the old Provencal town of Grasse. The nature of Provence reminded Bunin of the Crimea, which he loved very much. Rachmaninoff visited him in Grasse. Novice writers lived under Bunin's roof - he taught them literary skills, criticized what they wrote, expounded his views on literature, history and philosophy. He talked about meetings with Tolstoy, Chekhov, Gorky. Bunin's closest literary circle included N. Teffi, B. Zaitsev, M. Aldanov, F. Stepun, L. Shestov, as well as his "studios" G. Kuznetsova (Bunin's last love) and L. Zurov.
All these years, Bunin wrote a lot, almost every year his new books appeared. Following "The Gentleman from San Francisco" in 1921, the collection "Initial Love" was released in Prague, in 1924 in Berlin - "The Rose of Jericho", in 1925 in Paris - "Mitina's Love", in the same place in 1929 - " Selected Poems ”- the only poetic collection of Bunin in exile evoked positive responses from V. Khodasevich, N. Teffi, V. Nabokov. In "blissful dreams of the past" Bunin returned to his homeland, recalled his childhood, adolescence, youth, "unsatisfied love."
As E.V. Stepanyan: “The binarity of Bunin's thinking - the idea of the drama of life, associated with the idea of the beauty of the world - gives Bunin's plots the intensity of development and tension. The same intensity of being is palpable in Bunin's artistic detail, which has acquired even greater sensual authenticity in comparison with the works of early creativity.
Until 1927, Bunin spoke in the Vozrozhdenie newspaper, then (for financial reasons) in Latest News, without joining any of the emigrant political groups.
In 1930, Ivan Alekseevich wrote "The Shadow of a Bird" and completed, perhaps, the most significant work of the period of emigration - the novel "Arseniev's Life".
Vera Nikolaevna wrote in the late twenties to the wife of the writer B.K. Zaitsev about Bunin's work on this book:
“Yan is in a period (do not jinx it) of drunken work: he sees nothing, hears nothing, writes all day without stopping ... As always in these periods, he is very meek, gentle with me in particular, sometimes he reads what he wrote to me alone - this is with him "a huge honor". And very often he repeats that he never in his life could equate me with anyone, that I am the only one, etc. ”
The description of Aleksey Arseniev's experiences is covered with sadness about the past, about Russia, "which perished before our eyes in such a magically short time." Bunin was able to translate even purely prosaic material into poetic sound (a series of short stories from 1927-1930: "The Calf's Head", "The Hunchback's Romance", "The Rafters", "The Killer", etc.).
In 1922, Bunin was first nominated for the Nobel Prize. R. Rolland put forward his candidacy, which was reported to Bunin by M.A. Aldanov: "...Your candidacy has been declared and declared by a person who is extremely respected throughout the world."
However, the Nobel Prize in 1923 went to the Irish poet W.B. Yeats. In 1926, negotiations were underway again to nominate Bunin for the Nobel Prize. Since 1930, Russian émigré writers have resumed their efforts to nominate Bunin for the prize.
The Nobel Prize was awarded to Bunin in 1933. The official decision to award Bunin the prize states:
"By the decision of the Swedish Academy of November 9, 1933, the Nobel Prize in Literature for this year was awarded to Ivan Bunin for the rigorous artistic talent with which he recreated the typical Russian character in literary prose."
Bunin distributed a significant amount of the prize received to those in need. A committee was set up to allocate funds. Bunin told Segodnya correspondent P. Nilsky: “... As soon as I received the prize, I had to distribute about 120,000 francs. Yes, I don't know how to handle money. Now this is especially difficult. Do you know how many letters I received asking for help? In the shortest possible time, up to 2,000 such letters came.
In 1937, the writer completed the philosophical and literary treatise "The Liberation of Tolstoy" - the result of lengthy reflections based on his own impressions and testimonies of people who knew Tolstoy closely.
In 1938 Bunin visited the Baltic states. After this trip, he moved to another villa - Jeannette, where he spent the entire Second World War in difficult conditions. Ivan Alekseevich was very worried about the fate of the Motherland and enthusiastically received all reports of the victories of the Red Army. Bunin dreamed of returning to Russia until the last minute, but this dream was not destined to come true.
The book "On Chekhov" (published in New York in 1955) Bunin failed to complete. His last masterpiece - the poem "Night" - is dated 1952.
On November 8, 1953, Bunin died and was buried in the Russian cemetery of Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois near Paris.
Based on the materials of "100 great Nobel laureates" Mussky S.
- Biography
1870 , October 10 (22) - was born in Voronezh in the old impoverished noble family of the Bunins. He spent his childhood on the Butyrka farm in the Oryol province.
1881 - enters the Yelets gymnasium, but, without completing four classes, continues his education under the guidance of his older brother Julius, an exiled Narodnaya Volya.
1887 - the first poems "The Village Beggar" and "Over the Grave of Nadson" are published in the patriotic newspaper "Motherland".
1889 - moves to Oryol, starts working as a proofreader, statistician, librarian, newspaper reporter.
1890 - Bunin, having studied English on his own, translates G. Longfellow's poem "The Song of Hiawatha".
1891 - in Orel, the collection "Poems of 1887-1891" is published.
1892
- Bunin, together with his common-law wife V.V. Pashchenko, moved to Poltava, where he served in the land municipal government. Bunin's articles, essays, stories appear in the local newspaper.
In 1892–94 Bunin's poems and stories begin to be published in the capital's magazines.
1893–1894 - Bunin is greatly influenced by Leo Tolstoy, who is perceived by him as a "demigod", the highest embodiment of artistic power and moral dignity; Bunin's religious-philosophical treatise "The Liberation of Tolstoy" (Paris, 1937) would later become the apotheosis of such an attitude.
1895 - Bunin leaves the service and leaves for St. Petersburg, then to Moscow, gets acquainted with N.K. Mikhailovsky, A.P. Chekhov, K.D. Balmont, V.Ya. Bryusov, V.G. Korolenko, A.I. Kuprin and others. Initially friendly relations with Balmont and Bryusov in the early 1900s. acquired a hostile character, and until the last years of his life, Bunin extremely sharply assessed the work and personality of these poets.
1897 - the release of Bunin's book "To the End of the World" and other stories.
1898 - poetry collection "Under the open sky".
1906 - Acquaintance with V.N. Muromtseva (1881–1961), future wife and author of the book "The Life of Bunin".
1907 travel to Egypt, Syria, Palestine. The result of trips to the East is a cycle of essays "Temple of the Sun" (1907-1911)
1909 - The Academy of Sciences elects Bunin an honorary academician. During a trip to Italy, Bunin visits Gorky, who then lived on about. Capri.
1910 - Bunin's first big thing comes out, which has become an event in literary and social life - the story "The Village".
1912
- the collection "Dry Valley. Novels and Stories" is published.
In the future, other collections were published ("John Rydalets. Stories and Poems 1912-1913", 1913; "The Cup of Life. Stories 1913-1914", 1915; "The Gentleman from San Francisco. Works 1915-1916." , 1916).
1917 - Bunin takes the October Revolution with hostility. Writes a pamphlet diary "Cursed Days".
1920 - Bunin emigrates to France. Here he is in 1927-33. working on the novel "The Life of Arseniev".
1925–1927
- Bunin maintains a regular political and literary column in the Vozrozhdenie newspaper.
In the second half of the 1920s, Bunin experienced his "last love". She became the poetess Galina Nikolaevna Kuznetsova.
1933
, November 9 - Bunin was awarded the Nobel Prize "for the truthful artistic talent with which he recreated a typical Russian character in fiction."
By the end of the 30s. Bunin increasingly feels the dramatic nature of the break with the Motherland, avoids direct political statements about the USSR. Fascism in Germany and Italy is sharply condemned by him.
Period of the 2nd World War- Bunin in Grasse, in the south of France. Victory meets with great joy.
post-war period Bunin is returning to Paris. He is no longer a staunch opponent of the Soviet regime, but he does not recognize the changes that have taken place in Russia either. In Paris, Ivan Alekseevich visits the Soviet ambassador and gives an interview to the Soviet Patriot newspaper.
In recent years, he has been living in great lack of money, starving. During these years, Bunin created a cycle of short stories "Dark Alleys" (New York, 1943, in full - Paris, 1946), published a book about Leo Tolstoy ("Liberation of Tolstoy", Paris, 1937), "Memoirs" (Paris, 1950), etc.
1953 November 8 - Ivan Alekseevich Bunin dies in Paris, becomes the first emigration writer, who in 1954 begins to be published again in his homeland.
