The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is constantly affected by a variety of irritants - chemical, mechanical, thermal, numerous microbial agents and toxins. In addition, the oral cavity is a sensitive indicator that shows the state of the internal organs and promptly signals the presence of problems in a particular body system. If at least one protective factor is weakened, there is a risk of developing inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa. The most common of them are.
The cause of diseases of the oral mucosa can be: traumatic damage to the tissues of the oral cavity and other traumatic effects (chemical, thermal, etc.) with the development of traumatic erosion, ulcers, leukoplakia or leukokeratosis (keratinization of the mucosal area, capable of malignant degeneration).
Infectious diseases affecting the oral mucosa with the penetration of viruses, bacteria, fungi.
Quite often, the occurrence of pathological changes in the oral mucosa is associated with disruption of the functioning of various organs and systems of the body: allergies, dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine disorders, systemic connective tissue diseases, blood diseases, dermatoses, tuberculosis, AIDS and some other conditions.
Often identify true reason pathology of the oral mucosa is quite difficult - you need a lot of experience, high professionalism, the ability not only to carefully collect information, but also to interpret it correctly and draw appropriate conclusions.
Experienced dentists of the Aregak Medical Center will quickly understand the manifestations of the disease in relation to a particular patient, determine the cause of the disorder and prescribe a highly effective treatment.
MAIN CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Exist common name for inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa - stomatitis.
When the pathological process is localized on the tongue, they speak of glossitis, on the gums - about gingivitis, on the lips - about cheilitis. When the mucous membrane of the mouth thickens, becomes horny and peels off, they speak of special form diseases - leukoplakia.
A characteristic manifestation of stomatitis is the appearance on the oral mucosa of foci of redness, vesicles, erosions (aft) or sores covered with plaque. These foci are detected more often on the buccal mucosa, the bottom of the mouth, the hard palate, and the tip of the tongue. Often there is pain at the location of erosions and ulcers, an increase in nearby lymph nodes, and sometimes an increase in body temperature. Average duration diseases - 7-14 days. Stomatitis can recur with a decrease in immunity, a violation of the diet, hypovitaminosis, infectious diseases, and exacerbations are more common in spring and autumn.
DIAGNOSTICS OF DISEASES OF THE MOUTH CAVITY
Diagnosis of stomatitis and other diseases of the oral cavity is based on a thorough clinical examination of the patient by a dentist, which allows you to determine the stage of the pathological process and its prevalence, the presence of a general reaction of the body to inflammation. It is very important to establish the true cause of the disease (trauma, infection, allergy, pathology of internal organs, hypovitaminosis, etc.), because the effectiveness of treatment and the absence of exacerbations in the future will depend on this.
PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF DISEASES OF THE MUCOSA OF THE MOUTH
Etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease (antiviral, antibacterial therapy for the infectious nature of stomatitis, glossitis, cheilitis, vitamin therapy for hypovitaminosis, treatment of the underlying disease that caused the appearance of the pathological process on the oral mucosa);
Local treatment aimed at eliminating local traumatic factors, the main symptoms of the disease and the fastest healing of existing erosions and ulcers;
General strengthening treatment that stimulates the body's defenses.
An early visit to a dentist when the first signs of pathology from the oral mucosa are detected is the key to a speedy recovery!
STOMATITIS
- it general concept inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa. This pathology occurs, as a rule, against the background of a general and local decrease in immunity. Depending on the cause, there are the following types stomatitis:
Chronic recurrent aphthous
herpetic
Ulcerative necrotic
candida
Chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis - manifests itself in the form of characteristic painful aphthae on the mucous membrane of the lips, cheeks, palate or tongue. The main causative agents of this disease are viruses and bacteria. The disease manifests itself against the background of an imbalance in the body of such vitamins as B1 and B12. Most often this can be observed in chronic diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract).
Herpetic stomatitis
The causative agent of herpetic stomatitis is herpes simplex virus. Most often, herpetic stomatitis occurs in children aged 1 to 3 years. At the same time, in babies, at the very beginning of the disease, general symptoms of intoxication begin to appear:
There is a general malaise
Body temperature rises
Enlarged lymph nodes
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Then, on the oral mucosa, as well as on the red border of the lips, peculiar bubbles begin to form, which quickly open up and form erosions with characteristic, so-called scalloped (uneven) edges. After about 8-10 it heals.
Ulcerative necrotic stomatitis is characterized by necrosis of the gingival margin
. More often, inflammation begins with the interdental papillae and the adjacent mucous membrane, namely the cheeks. Then painful, easily bleeding ulcers form, which merge very quickly and form rather large mucosal defects. As a result of the active process of necrosis, a characteristic putrid odor from the mouth occurs. Such a picture can be observed with unsatisfactory oral hygiene. This type of stomatitis is most common in adults aged 17 to 30 years. Ulcerative necrotic stomatitis can join such diseases as influenza, tonsillitis, acute respiratory infections, various blood diseases, AIDS, tuberculosis and give rather unpleasant and severe complications.
In addition to rashes, with this mucosal pathology, general symptoms of intoxication are also noted - fever, general malaise, as well as an increase and soreness of the lymph nodes. 
Candidiasis stomatitis is a fairly common disease of the oral mucosa, the causative agent, which are mushrooms of the genus Candida.
In the oral cavity, the following manifestations are noted:
Dryness
Burning
The formation of a white curdled plaque (when this plaque is removed, the mucosa bleeds profusely)
Treatment of stomatitis
First of all, at the first symptoms of a particular type of stomatitis, you need to contact a dental clinic. Self-medication in this case is not worth doing! After all, depending on the type of disease, the doctor prescribes specific treatment for stomatitis. Therefore, the main task of the dentist, firstly, is a competent diagnosis, secondly, the elimination of the cause of the disease, and only, thirdly, symptomatic therapy for the complete and final treatment of stomatitis. The main prevention is, of course, high-quality and regular individual oral hygiene and taking care of your health.
Clinical manifestations of stomatitis
According to clinical features, the following types of stomatitis are distinguished: catarrhal, ulcerative, aphthous.
Catarrhal stomatitis
–
the most common lesion of the oral mucosa. The cause of its occurrence is considered to be local factors: non-observance of oral hygiene, dental diseases, dental deposits, oral dysbacteriosis. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastritis, duodenitis, colitis, can also be the cause of catarrhal stomatitis. The cause of catarrhal stomatitis may be helminthic invasion. With this disease, the mucous membrane of the mouth becomes edematous, painful, hyperemic, it can be covered with a white or yellow coating. Hypersalivation (increased secretion of saliva) is noted. Bleeding gums may occur, bad breath may appear.
How is catarrhal stomatitis treated?
Treatment is reduced to the elimination of local causes - removal of tartar, treatment of dental diseases. The mucous membrane is treated with antiseptic rinses - 0.05% and 0.1% chlorhexidine solution. During the day, the oral cavity can be rinsed with a warm solution of a decoction of chamomile, calendula. A bland diet is required. With this treatment, the phenomena of stomatitis disappear in 5-10 days. If the phenomena of stomatitis do not disappear, then it is necessary to establish a common cause - as a rule, these are diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or helminthic invasion. In this case, local treatment should be combined with the general one.
Ulcerative stomatitis
– more serious disease than catarrhal, it can develop both independently and be a neglected form of catarrhal. Most often, this disease develops in patients suffering from gastric ulcer or chronic enteritis. It also often occurs in patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system and blood, with infectious diseases and poisoning. Unlike catarrhal stomatitis, which affects only the surface layer of the mucous membrane, with ulcerative stomatitis, the entire thickness of the mucous membrane is affected.
The initial signs of catarrhal and ulcerative stomatitis are similar, but subsequently, with ulcerative stomatitis, there is an increase in temperature, weakness, headache, enlargement and soreness of the lymph nodes. Eating is accompanied by severe pain. If these symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor.
Aphthous stomatitis
- characterized by the appearance of single or multiple aphthae (ulcers) on the oral mucosa. Aphthae are oval or round in shape, no larger than a lentil grain, with clear boundaries in the form of a narrow red border and a grayish-yellow coating in the center.
The causes of this variant of stomatitis are diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, allergic reactions, viral infections, rheumatism.
The disease begins with a general malaise, an increase in body temperature, the appearance of pain in the mouth at the site of the formation of aphthae. This disease must be treated by a doctor.
Leukoplakia called a chronic lesion of the oral mucosa, which is based on increased keratinization of the epithelium (hyperkeratosis). It affects mainly men after 40 years of age and is localized on the mucous membrane of the cheek, in the corners of the mouth and the lateral surfaces of the tongue. The causes of leukoplakia can be mechanical injuries of the mucous membrane: cuts with hooks from a denture, burns from hot or spicy food, and so on. This disease most often does not have pronounced symptoms, only sometimes the patient may feel slight itching and burning. But the danger of the disease is that it can turn into malignant forms, so the patient needs to consult an oncologist.
GLLOSIT
is an inflammation of the tissues of the tongue. It can be superficial or deep. Most often, glossitis is a symptom of a general disease of the body, but it can also occur on its own.
The main causes of glossitis are:
carious teeth, difficult teething, tartar, injuries of the mucous membrane of the tongue and oral cavity, smoking, alcohol abuse, poor oral hygiene, heavy metal salt poisoning, burns, too hot food, spicy spices, allergic reactions, etc.
Superficial glossitis is often a sign of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, infectious diseases. It is characterized by the presence of plaque on the tongue, its edema, compaction, and limited mobility. The tongue acquires a bright red color, there is a burning sensation in the tongue, soreness, loss of taste, profuse salivation.
Treatment of superficial glossitis based on the use of local anesthetics and anti-inflammatory drugs. For oral administration, multivitamins, desensitizing agents (antihistamines), immunostimulants are prescribed. Great importance has debridement (the process of cleaning an open wound by removing foreign material and dead tissue from it so that nothing prevents it from healing).
With deep glossitis everything is much more complicated. The inflammatory process in this form of the disease is localized in the thickness of the tongue and manifests itself in the form of an abscess (a limited accumulation of pus that occurs during acute or chronic focal infection). Deep glossitis can spread to the floor of the mouth and cause inflammation in the chin and neck. With this form of glossitis, it is shown surgery.
In addition to the above, there are also non-inflammatory forms of glossitis, namely:
- desquamative glossitis (geographic language)
This form of the disease occurs during pregnancy, lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, blood diseases, metabolic disorders, some infectious diseases, helminthic invasions, rheumatism.
Desquamative glossitis is characterized by focal destruction of the red epithelium on the back and sides of the tongue. The alternation of foci with restored and destroyed epithelium makes the surface of the tongue look like geographical map.
In addition to external changes, burning and pain in the tongue may occur. Therapy of desquamative glossitis is based on the treatment of the underlying disease that provoked the development of glossitis.
- rhomboid (median) glossitis
Rhomboid glossitis is a congenital anomaly of the tongue as a result of a violation of the developmental processes of the fetus.
- villous glossitis: this form of glossitis
characterized by growth and keratinization of filiform papillae.
- folded glossitis: glossitis of this shape
is a congenital anomaly and is characterized by the formation of folds on the back of the tongue, the deepest of which runs longitudinally along the midline. Folded glossitis usually does not cause complaints and does not require treatment.
- hunter's glossitis: this form of glossitis
is one of the signs of anemia caused by a lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid. It is characterized by the absence of papillae and a smooth (lacquered) surface of the tongue.
- interstitial glossitis:
a similar form of glossitis develops with syphilis in the tertiary period. The tongue thickens, its mobility is limited.
Prevention of glossitis includes:
oral and dental hygiene, regular visits to the dentist, reducing the consumption of aggressive and spicy foods, smoking and alcohol.
Treatment of diseases of the oral mucosa
The basis for the treatment of diseases of the oral mucosa is the elimination of the causes that provoked them. The oral cavity is subject to sanitation, the sharp edges of the teeth are treated, and the denture is properly adjusted. The patient is advised to stop smoking and eating spicy and hot foods.
Tartar with stomatitis is removed, and the teeth are to be treated. It is necessary to rinse the mucous membrane of the mouth with antiseptic agents. Also apply folk remedies: infusions and decoctions of chamomile and calendula. If signs of stomatitis persist after 5-10 days, most likely they were caused by a disease of the gastrointestinal tract or helminthic invasion. Then local treatment is combined with the general one.
The dental clinic provides diagnostics and treatment of a wide range of diseases of the oral mucosa. These diseases are diverse, variable and often cause a lot of suffering to patients, despite the fact that they can not be correctly diagnosed and treated everywhere. In addition, diagnostics on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and tongue helps to clarify the state of internal organs and systems, which is important because it does not require additional complex laboratory methods.
Diseases of the oral mucosa can be of the most diverse nature. Problems with the mucous membrane can even be provoked by pathologies in other human organs. Let's see why there are various diseases inside the mouth and how to treat them.
It is the mucous membrane that reflects the presence of many possible problems in the human body. All pathological processes occurring inside and caused by a weakness of the immune system or various diseases, affect the condition of the tissues inside the mouth.
If the oral cavity is completely healthy, then bacteria or microorganisms are still present in it. In the absence of a provoking factor, they do not have a pronounced activity. However, if conditions are created that will allow to provoke diseases of the mucosa, then the bacteria become activated and become the cause of the disease.
There are many factors that affect the condition of the oral cavity:
- inflammatory processes on the teeth or gums can be chronic and often recur;
- temperature difference, both in the form of hot and cold food intake, and in general after frostbite or overheating of the body;
- problems with the functioning of internal organs, partial damage to body systems;
- frequent use of serious medications, self-administration of antibiotics or strong drugs;
- lack of body defenses, the presence of HIV infection or AIDS;
- addictions, addiction to tobacco and alcohol;
- inflammatory processes and various infections;
- beriberi, dehydration;
- food problems - excess fatty foods, passion for spicy dishes and sour foods;
- problems at the hormonal level;
- hereditary factor.
Avitaminosis - common cause diseases in the oral cavity
Oral diseases can be infectious, inflammatory, viral or fungal. Sometimes patients have processes of a lichen type or dysbacteriosis.
The classification of diseases of the oral mucosa is very extensive. This is another reason why you should never self-medicate. It is much wiser to consult a doctor for professional diagnosis and therapy.
In the video, a dentist talks about the main diseases of the oral cavity in adults:
The most common diseases of the oral cavity
Oral hygiene should be carried out regularly and efficiently, because not only the condition of the teeth depends on it. If the patient refuses to follow the standard rules, you can earn a sore throat, problems with the gastrointestinal tract and a number of many other pathologies.
Stomatitis
The manifestation of an infectious disease of the mouth or tongue is classified as a subgroup of stomatitis. There is a division of this disease into types:
- Catarrhal stomatitis. With this disease, the patient feels a strong edema, which is accompanied by soreness. The raid may be white color or have a yellowish tint.
- Ulcerative stomatitis. The defeat of the mouth occurs over the entire area and depth. Swelling of the lymph nodes is possible, the patient complains of severe pain and constant dizziness, may mark weakness. As a rule, diseases of the oral mucosa are characterized by painful symptoms and discomfort. If the patient was previously diagnosed with enteritis or gastric ulcer, then the pathology occurs more often.
- . The disease is characterized by the formation of aphthae, erosive lesions are noticeable. It occurs after infection of the oral cavity, problems with the gastrointestinal tract or rheumatism. The patient feels lethargy and decreased performance, there is hyperthermia.
Oksana Shiyka
Dentist-therapist
Diseases of the oral mucosa are very painful, with self-medication or untimely assistance, they can become chronic. Specialists focus on pathological processes in the mouth. Classification by types of diseases allows with most likely find more effective therapy.
Fungal diseases
Diseases of this group are associated with excessive activity of fungi of the Candida species. Yeast-like microorganisms are present in most of the population, but most often are in an inactive state. Activation is promoted by:
- weakening of the immune system;
- pathological processes;
- hypothermia;
- inflammatory events.
The fungus begins its activity in the mouth and damages the mucous membrane, which indicates the presence of candidomycosis. This microorganism is the cause of many diseases:
- atrophic candidiasis. Usually, the pathology is acute, the mucous membrane is very dry, it is distinguished by impressive redness. White plaque and scaly epithelium settle in the folds of the mouth. The disease is always hard to bear.
- Atrophic candidiasis of a chronic course. Most often occurs in patients who long time Removable laminar dentures were used. In the oral cavity there is a strong drying, all the mucous membranes are inflamed.
- pseudomembranous candidiasis. This is the most common pathology that occurs in an acute form. The mucous membranes are covered with curdled white discharge. Salivation is poor, causing the mouth to dry out. When chewing food, discomfort, a burning sensation, and sometimes severe itching occur.
- Hyperplastic candidiasis. Very quickly passes into the chronic stage. The inflamed surface is characterized by the accumulation of various plaques and small nodes, there is a dense plaque in the mouth. If you try to deal with the problem on your own, then cleaning from plaque leads to severe inflammation, followed by the release of blood from the wounds.
Candidiasis
In the video, Elena Malysheva talks about candidiasis:
Lichen
Some patients are surprised when they find out that the doctor diagnosed them with lichen in the oral cavity, as they believe that the disease affects only the skin. Despite this stereotype, this disease is a very common phenomenon for the oral mucosa.
Lichen in the mouth
Oksana Shiyka
Dentist-therapist
Lichen planus can spread on the body and in the mouth. Usually, people who have a history of diabetes mellitus, weakened immunity, various diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract suffer from pathology. In some cases, there is a hereditary predisposition to this disease.
In acute form, lichen lasts about a month, moderately acute - implies a course of no more than six months. If lichen planus accompanies the patient much more time, then we are talking about the chronic form of the disease. In the oral cavity in adults with this problem, erosions, plaques and multiple ulcers are noted. In addition, blister-type rashes can be noted on the reddened mucosa.
Dysbacteriosis
Oksana Shiyka
Dentist-therapist
Some patients, self-medicating, do not understand that serious complications can occur if antibiotics are taken uncontrollably. It is because of the lack of the correct treatment regimen and illiterate medication that dysbacteriosis in the mouth can occur.
Passion for antiseptic drugs for viral diseases of the cold type, brings a person to the formation of this pathology. Oral disease is different bad smell. At an early stage, cracks appear in the corners of the lips, which, without treatment, will become inflamed and bleed.
If you do not visit a doctor in time, you can lose your teeth, as they will loosen. Some of the patients on the background of the disease begin to suffer from periodontal disease. When examining the teeth, it is noted that there is a strong plaque on them. This substance adversely affects the condition of the incisors, it can corrode the enamel.
Strong plaque on the teeth can signal dysbacteriosis
If there is no timely restoration of the microflora of the mucous membranes, then the dysbacteriosis will spread further. Pathology completely affects the receptors of the tongue, adversely affects the functioning of the tonsils and can harm the vocal cords.
Common diseases of teeth and gums
The list of diseases of the oral cavity includes not only mucosal lesions. As practice shows, pathological processes often extend to other areas, primarily affecting the gums and teeth.
Because of this, the following diseases can develop:
- Periodontitis. The disease leads to severe depletion and destruction of periodontal tissues. It is manifested by the exposure of the neck or roots of the teeth due to changes in the shape of the gums. The papillae located between the teeth atrophy, which leads to a change in their position. Symptoms can be detected during an examination of the oral cavity.
- Periodontitis. Often formed after the patient has been diagnosed with periodontal disease. In addition, it may manifest itself due to additional factors: problems with metabolism, due to a lack of protein and vitamins, poor quality, constant consumption of rough food. With this pathology, the patient complains of bleeding gums, the rapid formation of plaque, pain and the precarious position of the teeth.
- Gingivitis. It is closely related to the problems of the gastrointestinal tract, the endocrine system, blood vessels and the heart. This disease of the oral cavity affects people who do not eat right, live in an unfavorable climate, and have hormonal imbalances. From the mouth can constantly come bad smell ulcers and necrotic lesions are formed.
- Xerostomia. The pathological process often manifests itself in patients diabetes, also the disease may manifest itself due to severe allergies or other specific factors. Usually the symptoms are pronounced and it is difficult not to notice them. The mucous membrane will be very dry, itching and burning are felt, saliva is almost not secreted, the inflammatory process in the mouth is extensive.
- Cheilite. Visually, the disease can be seen even from the outside, since the area of \u200b\u200bthe lips is very inflamed, ulcers are located under them on the inside. Most often, the pathological process occurs due to a malfunction in the hormonal background of the body, excessive sun exposure, allergies, lack of vitamins, and exposure to fungal flora. Lip tissues may have swelling that does not go away for a long time.
Periodontitis Periodontitis Gingivitis Xerostomia Cheilitis
In the video, the dentist tells what cheilitis is:
Oral diseases should be treated by dentists or doctors of narrow specialties. Self-medicate or seek help traditional medicine forbidden. In most cases, with a similar approach to oral disease, there was a deterioration general condition, the transition of diseases to the chronic stage and the formation of complications.
