Volostny Court, Mikhail Zoshchenko, 1888
HISTORY OF ORIGIN
Russian surnames are mainly formed as patronymics from church or non-church personal names or nicknames, for example, Ivan > Ivanov son > Ivanov. This also includes surnames formed from nicknames associated with the profession: Goncharov, Melnikov, Krasilnikov.
Much less often - from the names of the area, for example, Belozersky from Beloozero. This method of education is especially characteristic of princely families, however (unlike Western Europe) it is not typical of noble families.
The surnames of the clergy are formed from the names of parishes (for example, Kosmodemyansky, Rozhdestvensky) or artificially created in the seminary (Athensky, Dobrovolsky), and sometimes Greek or Latin tracing paper with a literally translated surname or nickname was used as surnames, for example Solovyov - Aedonitsky.
In different social strata, surnames appeared at different times. The first in the Russian lands to acquire surnames were citizens of Veliky Novgorod and its vast possessions in the north, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains. Novgorod chroniclers mention many surnames-nicknames already in the 13th century.
"Novgorod bargaining" - painting by Apollinary Vasnetsov So in 1240. among the Novgorodians who fell in the Battle of the Neva, the chronicler mentions the names: "Kostyantin Lugotinits, Gyuryata Pineshchinich, Namest, Drochilo Nezdylov, the son of a tanner."
In 1268“Killed the posadnik Mikhail, and Tverdislav Chermny, Nikifor Radiatinich, Tverdislav Moisievich, Mikhail Krivtsevich, Ivach, Boris Ildyatinich, his brother Lazor, Ratsha, Vasil Voiborzovich, Osip, Zhiroslav Dorogomilovich, Poroman Podvoisky, Polyud, and many good boyars.”
In 1270"I ran to the prince on the Settlement, the thousand Ratibor, Gavrilo Kyyaninov and his other friends." In the same year, Prince Vasily Yaroslavich "went to the Tatars, taking Petril Rychag and Mikhail Pineschinich with him."
In 1311"Kostyantin was killed, Ilyin son of Stanimirovich." In 1315, Prince Mikhail of Tverskoy demanded from the Novgorodians: “give me Fyodor Zhrevsky” ...
And there are many such examples...
Somewhat later, in the XIV-XV centuries, family names appeared among princes and boyars.
The princes were called by the name of their inheritance, and the moment when the surname appeared was the moment when the prince, having lost his inheritance, nevertheless retained his name as a nickname for himself and his descendants: Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Obolensky, Vyazemsky, etc.
A smaller part of the princely surnames comes from nicknames: Gagarins, Humpbacked, Eyed, Lykovs, Scriabins (boyar Skryaba Travin, Timofei Grigorievich), etc.
Surnames like Lobanov-Rostovsky combine the name of the reign with the nickname.
Boyar and noble families were also formed from nicknames or from the names of the ancestors.
The process of the formation of boyar surnames from hereditary nicknames is well illustrated by the history of the boyar (later royal) family of the Romanovs. Its ancestors were those who lived in the XIV century. Andrey Ivanovich Kobyla (his brother Fyodor Ivanovich Shevlyaga - the founder of the ancient boyar family Trusovikh (from Matvey Trus, XV century), etc.) and Fedor Andreevich Koshka Kobylin.
The descendants of Fyodor Koshka for several generations bore the nickname-surname Koshkins (however, not all of them: his son Alexander Bezzubets became the ancestor of the Bezzubtsevs, and another son Fyodor Goltai became the ancestor of the Goltyaevs). His son Ivan and grandson Zakhary Ivanovich were called Koshkins. Among the children of the latter, Yakov Zakharovich Koshkin became the founder of the noble family of the Yakovlevs, and Yuri Zakharovich began to be called Zakharyin-Koshkin, while the son of the latter was already called Roman Zakharyin-Yuryev. The surname Zakharyin-Yuriev, or simply Zakharyin, was also worn by Roman's son, Nikita Romanovich (as well as his sister Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan the Terrible); however, the children and grandchildren of Nikita Romanovich were already called Romanovs, including Fyodor Nikitich (Patriarch Filaret) and Mikhail Fedorovich (Tsar).
At the end of the XV century. among the Russian nobles, the first surnames of foreign origin appear, primarily the surnames of Polish-Lithuanian and Greek (for example, Philosophers) immigrants.
In the 17th century such surnames of Western origin as the Fonvizins and Lermontovs are added to them.
The surnames of the descendants of Tatar immigrants reminded of the names of these immigrants: Yusupov, Akhmatov, Kara-Murza, Karamzin (also from Kara-Murza). However, it should be noted that the eastern origin of the surname does not always indicate the eastern origin of its bearers: in some cases, they come from Tatar nicknames that were in vogue in Muscovite Rus'. Such is the surname of the Bakhteyarovs, which was worn by the branch of the Rostov princes-Rurikovich (from Fedor Priimkov-Bakhteyar), or the surname of the Beklemishevs, derived from the nickname Beklemish (Turkic - guarding, guarding), which was worn by Fedor Elizarovich, the boyar of Vasily I.
The peasants in this period usually did not have surnames, the function of such was performed by nicknames and patronymics, as well as the mention of their owner, since in the 16th century. the peasantry of central Russia was subjected to mass enslavement.
For example, in archival documents of that time one can find the following entries: “Ivan Mikitin is the son, and the nickname is Menshik”, an entry of 1568; "Onton Mikiforov's son, and the nickname is Zhdan", a document of 1590; “Luba Mikiforov, son of Crooked cheeks, landowner”, entry of 1495; "Danilo Snot, peasant", 1495; "Efimko Sparrow, peasant", 1495.
In these records, one can see indications of the status of still free peasants (landowner), as well as the difference between patronymic and surname (son of such and such).
The peasants of northern Russia, the former Novgorod possessions, could have real surnames even in this era, since serfdom did not apply to these areas.
Probably the most famous example of this kind is Mikhailo Lomonosov. You can also recall Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva - a Novgorod peasant woman, Pushkin's nanny.
Pushkin in the village of Mikhailovsky. N.N. Ge. 1874 Had surnames and Cossacks. Surnames were also given to a significant part of the population of the lands that were previously part of the Commonwealth - Belarusian lands to Smolensk and Vyazma, Little Russia. Surnames were also found among the majority of the indigenous population of the black earth provinces, the descendants of service people: single-dvortsy, state peasants.
Under Peter the Great, by the Senate Decree of June 18, 1719, in connection with the introduction of the poll tax and recruitment duty, the earliest police records were officially introduced - travel letters (passports). The passport contained information: name, surname (or nickname), where he left, where he is going, place of residence, characteristics of his type of activity, information about family members who traveled with him, sometimes information about his father and parents.
By decree of January 20, 1797, Emperor Paul I ordered the compilation of a General Armorial of Noble Families, where more than 3,000 noble family names and coats of arms were collected.
DISTRIBUTION OF SURNAMES OF MERCHANTS AND SERVANTS
In the XVIII-XIX centuries. surnames began to spread among employees and merchants. At first, only the richest - "eminent merchants" - were honored to receive a surname.
In the 15th-16th centuries there were few of these and, mainly, of northern Russian origin. For example, the merchants Kalinnikovs, who founded the city of Sol Kamskaya in 1430, or the famous Stroganovs. Among the surnames of the merchants, there were many that reflected the "professional specialization" of their bearers. For example, the surname Rybnikov, formed from the word rybnik, that is, "fishmonger".
One can also recall the citizen Kuzma Minin, who, as you know, did not belong to the nobility, but had his own surname already at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries.
Minin's appeal to the people of Nizhny Novgorod in 1611 DISTRIBUTION OF SURNAMES WITH THE CLERGY
Surnames began to appear among the clergy only from the middle of the 18th century. Usually they were formed from the names of parishes and churches (Preobrazhensky, Nikolsky, Pokrovsky, Annunciation, Rozhdestvensky, Assumption, Kosmodemyansky, etc.). Prior to this, the priests were usually called Father Alexander, Father Vasily, Father or Pop Ivan, while no surname was implied. Their children, if necessary, often received the name Popov.
Some clergymen acquired surnames upon graduation from the seminary: Athensky, Dukhososhestvensky, Palmin, Kiparisov, Reformatsky, Pavsky, Golubinsky, Klyuchevsky, Tikhomirov, Myagkov, Liperovsky (from the Greek root meaning "sad"), Gilyarovsky (from the Latin root meaning "cheerful ").
At the same time, the best students were given the most harmonious surnames and carrying a purely positive meaning, in Russian or Latin: Brilliantov, Dobromyslov, Benemansky, Speransky (Russian analogue: Nadezhdin), Benevolensky (Russian analogue: Dobrovolsky), Dobrolyubov, etc .; on the contrary, bad students came up with dissonant surnames, for example, Gibraltar, or formed from the names of negative biblical characters (Sauls, Pharaohs).
DISTRIBUTION OF SURNAMES AMONG THE PEASANTS
“... As practice reveals, and among persons born in a legal marriage, there are many persons who do not have surnames, that is, who bear the so-called surnames by patronymic, which causes significant misunderstandings, and even sometimes abuses ... To be called by a certain surname is not only a right, but the obligation of any full-fledged person, and the designation of the surname on some documents is required by the law itself.
In central Russia, among the peasantry, surnames until the 19th century. were relatively rare. Nevertheless, one can recall individual examples - the famous Ivan Susanin, who lived in the 16th-17th centuries.
Ivan Susanin at the Millennium of Russia Monument in Veliky Novgorod In addition, the names of some peasants are known - participants in various wars, campaigns, defenses of cities or monasteries and other historical cataclysms.
However, in fact, until the XIX century. Surnames did not have a mass distribution among the peasants of Central Russia. But this is rather due to the fact that in those days there was no need to mention all the peasants without exception, and there are no documents in which the peasants were mentioned without exception or in the majority. And for the official document flow of those years, if a peasant was mentioned in it, it was usually quite enough to mention the village in which he lived, the landowner to whom he belonged, and his personal name, sometimes along with the profession.
Most of the peasants in the center of Russia were officially endowed with surnames recorded in documents only after the abolition of serfdom in 1861.
At the root of the surnames of some lay the names of settlements (villages, villages), where these peasants came from. Mostly these are surnames ending in -skih. Brynsky, Lebedevsky, Uspensky
However, most of the surnames, by origin, are family nicknames. Which, in turn, came from the "street" nickname of a family member. For the bulk of the peasants, it was precisely this “street” nickname that was recorded in the document, which a different family could have more than one.
Nicknamed surnames appeared much earlier than universal surnames. These same family nicknames, sometimes rooted deep into many generations, actually served as surnames for the peasants of Central Russia - in everyday life, even before they were universally consolidated. It was they who first of all fell into the census lists, and in fact, surnames were simply writing down these nicknames in documents.
Thus, endowing a peasant with a surname often came down simply to official recognition, legitimization, and fixing family or personal nicknames for their bearers. This explains the fact that in the era before the mass giving of surnames to the peasants of Central Russia, we still know the individual names and surnames of the peasants who took part in certain important events.
When it became necessary to mention the peasant in the annals or in the narrative of some event in which he was a participant - as his surname, the corresponding nickname was simply indicated - his own, or his family. And then, in the course of the universal assignment of surnames to the peasants of Central Russia, which occurred after the abolition of serfdom, these same nicknames were for the most part officially recognized and fixed.
Worldly surnames were formed on the basis of the worldly name. Worldly names came from pagan times, when church names did not yet exist or they were not accepted by the common people.
After all, Christianity did not immediately captivate the minds, and even more so the souls of the Slavs. Old traditions were kept for a long time, the covenants of ancestors were revered sacredly. In each family, they remembered the names of their ancestors up to the 7th generation and even deeper. Traditions from the history of the family were passed down from generation to generation. Instructive stories about the past deeds of the ancestors were told at night to the young successors of the family.
Many of the worldly ones were proper names (Gorazd, Zhdan, Lyubim), others arose as nicknames, but then became names (Nekras, Dur, Chertan, Malice, Neustroy). It should be noted here that in the old Russian naming system it was also customary to call babies protective names, amulets - names with a negative content - for protection, scaring away evil forces or for the reverse action of the name. This is how it is still customary to scold those who pass the exam, or wish the hunter "no fluff, no feather."
It was believed that Dur would grow up smart, Nekras handsome, and Hunger would always be full. Security names then became accustomed nicknames, and then a surname.
For some, a patronymic was recorded as a surname. In the royal decrees on the conduct of the census, it was usually stated that everyone should be recorded "by name from the father and from the nickname", that is, by name, patronymic and surname. But in the XVII - the first half of the XVIII centuries, the peasants did not have hereditary surnames at all. The peasant surname lived only in the course of one life. For example, he was born in the family of Ivan Procopius, and in all metric records he is called Procopius Ivanov. When Vasily was born to Procopius, the newborn Vasily Prokopiev became, and not Ivanov at all
The first census of 1897 showed that up to 75% of the population did not have a surname (however, this applied more to residents of the national outskirts than native Russia). Finally, the surnames of the entire population of the USSR appeared only in the 30s of the 20th century, in the era of universal passportization.
Initially, in Rus', as in other European countries, the inhabitants did not have surnames. In the annals, when a Rusich is mentioned, one can only find his name and an indication of whose son he is or from which land he comes from. However, the population grew and the situation changed. By the end of the 14th century, Russians themselves began to endow their families with surnames.
Why are surnames needed?
The nicknames that were given to soldiers and used along with their name are found in the ancient Novgorod chronicles of the 13th century. But they were not yet surnames, because they did not pass from father to son. For a long time, peasants in all the expanses of Rus' did not need surnames with which they could somehow identify and distinguish their family. After all, no one was interested in the origin of people from the lower class, besides, they could not pass on any benefits by inheritance. But for the princes and boyars, documentary confirmation of their generosity very soon became necessary. Only in this way it was possible to secure for themselves and their heirs an ancient and noble origin, kinship with high-ranking officials, and also claim lands that, due to constant military conflicts, were either lost or returned to the country's borders.
With the development of statehood, more and more new “positions” began to appear at the court of the Grand Duke, and often they served until his death, while trying to transfer the advantageous place to his offspring. Then state chronicles came into use - lists containing information about which prince or boyar, where he served and what he did, and one name was clearly not enough here. It was necessary to urgently somehow name your family, so that in the future even a relative unknown at court could apply for a similar court position. Therefore, Moscow nobles, princes and boyars, acquired the first surnames in Rus'.
noble dynasties
The Russian principality, as an estate originally military, basically assigned to its family ancestral lands, once conquered by their ancestors. So the Shuiskys, Tverskys, Vorotynskys, Vyazemskys appeared. The boyars who were in the public service often had nicknames that were well known at court, which is why they were remade into surnames. Lyka, Scriaba, Mare, Gagara became well-born boyars Lykovs, Scriabins, Kobylins, Gagarins. And if a representative of one surname, formed from a nickname, married and became related to another dynasty that had a surname containing information about the land ownership of the clan, then the heir kept both surnames, for example, Lobanov-Rostovsky or Strigin-Obolensky. The nobles also took a double surname, created on the basis of nicknames, if it was related to well-known dynasties, for example, Koshka-Kobylin.
And when a certain representative stood out from a very famous family, he often renamed the dynasty after his own name. So, for example, the Romanovs arose, whose ancestors previously bore the boyar surnames Koshkins, Kobylins, Yurievs. By their own name in Rus', noble Tatar warriors also received surnames - Yusup, Akhmat or Kara-Murza. They became the princes Yusupov, Akhmatov, Karamzin. Later, according to the same principle, they were transformed into Russian foreign surnames. For example, the Fonvizins descended from the German nobleman von Wiesen, and the Lermontovs descended from the English aristocrat Learmonth, who served at the Russian court.
The euphony of the clergy
The names of the Russian clergy were compiled in an interesting way in the middle of the 18th century. Initially, parish priests also had only names, for example, Father Vladimir or Father Andrei. Their children in the village were often called priests, and if the son of a priest did not receive a spiritual order, then in the future he and his children remained Popovs. But when the priests began to take surnames for various, primarily church documents, they formed them from the names of their parishes - Preobrazhensky, Pokrovsky, Troitsky, Blagoveshchensky, Kosmodemyansky.
When the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was established in 1687, its graduates also needed surnames - for the register of the educational institution. And often students themselves chose harmonious surnames for themselves (for example, Tikhomirov) or invented them - using Greek or Latin, they encrypted their personal qualities in them: Liperovsky (from the Greek word “sad”), Gilyarovsky (from the Latin root meaning “cheerful” ).
Peasant surnames
Before the abolition of serfdom, peasants did not need surnames, the only exception was free people. Often, the surname of a person of the lower class was formed on behalf of the father - Alekseev, Timokhin, Vanin. The basis for the surnames was also the characteristic features of a person (Smirnov, Ozornov, Razzevaev), occupation (Kuznetsov, Rybakov, Konyukhov), again nicknames (Bulls, Sokolov, Samoyeds). Sometimes the nickname hinted at the criminal activities of its owner - Kozyrev, Korolev or, for example, Razuvaev.
Often in remote Russian villages, in addition to the baptismal name, boys received a name-amulet from the local witch. For example, in order for a foolish child to grow up smart, they called him Dur, a terrible baby, to become handsome, they called Nekras, and the son of the last beggar, so that he was always full, - Hunger. Subsequently, surnames were created from these security names - Nekrasov, Durov, Golodov.
New citizens
In Soviet times, due to the First World War, and then the Civil War, there were a lot of orphans who ended up in orphanages and received new names and surnames there, sometimes unusual ones. In the 1920s-1930s, citizens with the "ideological" surnames of Tractors, Republican, Oktyabrsky, Pyatiletkin, Krasnoflotsky, Pervomaisky appeared in the USSR.
In the modern world, new surnames also take place, but so far these are only pseudonyms of artists, which have become a kind of speaking surnames that have migrated to the passport. For example, the playwright Grigory Gorin was born Offshtein, the satirist writer Arkady Arkanov was Steinbuk before starting his stage career, and the actor Semyon Farada, before he got into the cinema, had the surname Ferdman.
Perhaps in the future we will hear such talking names as Spamin or Viruses, Hackers or Kryshuev, and this will be in the order of things.
History of Russian surnames
The first surnames among Russians appeared in the 13th century, but most remained “nicknameless” for another 600 years. Enough name, patronymic and profession.
When did surnames appear in Rus'?
The fashion for surnames came to Rus' from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. As early as the 12th century, Veliky Novgorod established close contacts with this state. Noble Novgorodians can be considered the first official owners of surnames in Rus'.
The earliest known list of the dead with surnames: “Novgorodets is the same pade: Kostyantin Lugotinits, Gyuryata Pineshchinich, Namst, Drochilo Nezdylov son of a tanner ...” (The first Novgorod chronicle of the senior version, 1240). Surnames helped in diplomacy and in accounting for the troops. So it was easier to distinguish one Ivan from another.
Boyar and princely families
In the XIV-XV centuries, Russian princes and boyars began to take surnames. Surnames were often formed from the names of lands. Thus, the owners of the estate on the Shuya River became Shuisky, on Vyazma - Vyazemsky, on Meshchera - Meshchersky, the same story with Tversky, Obolensky, Vorotynsky and other -skys.
It must be said that -sk- is a common Slavic suffix, it can be found in Czech surnames (Komensky), Polish (Zapototsky), and Ukrainian (Artemovsky).
The boyars also often received their surnames from the baptismal name of the ancestor or his nickname: such surnames literally answered the question “whose?” (meaning “whose son?”, “what kind?”) and had possessive suffixes in their composition.
The suffix -ov- joined worldly names ending in hard consonants: Smirnoy - Smirnov, Ignat - Ignatov, Petr - Petrov.
The suffix -Ev- joined names and nicknames that had a soft sign at the end, -y, -ey or h: Medved - Medvedev, Yuri - Yuryev, Begich - Begichev.
The suffix -in- received surnames formed from names with vowels "a" and "ya": Apukhta -Apukhtin, Gavrila - Gavrilin, Ilya -Ilyin.
Why Romanovs - Romanovs?
The most famous surname in Russian history is the Romanovs. Their ancestor Andrei Kobyly (a boyar from the time of Ivan Kalita) had three sons: Semyon Zherebets, Alexander Elka Kobylin and Fedor Koshka. The Zherebtsovs, Kobylins and Koshkins, respectively, descended from them.
After several generations, the descendants decided that the surname from the nickname is not noble. Then they first became the Yakovlevs (after the great-grandson of Fyodor Koshka) and the Zakharyins-Yuryevs (after the names of his grandson and another great-grandson), and remained in history as the Romanovs (after the great-great-grandson of Fyodor Koshka).
Aristocratic surnames
The Russian aristocracy originally had noble roots, and among the nobles there were many people who came to the Russian service from abroad. It all started with surnames of Greek and Polish-Lithuanian origin at the end of the 15th century, and in the 17th century they were joined by the Fonvizins (German von Wiesen), Lermontovs (Scottish Lermont) and other surnames with Western roots.
Also, foreign stems for surnames that were given to illegitimate children of noble people: Sherov (French cher “dear”), Amantov (French amant “beloved”), Oksov (German Ochs “bull”), Herzen (German Herz “heart ").
Born children generally "suffered" a lot from the imagination of their parents. Some of them did not bother inventing a new surname, but simply abbreviated the old one: this is how Pnin was born from Repnin, Betskoy from Trubetskoy, Agin from Elagin, and the “Koreans” Go and Te came from Golitsyn and Tenishev. The Tatars also left a significant mark on Russian surnames. That is how the Yusupovs (descendants of Murza Yusup), Akhmatovs (Khan Akhmat), Karamzins (Tatar. Kara "black", Murza "lord, prince"), Kudinovs (distorted Kazakh-Tatars. Kudai "God, Allah") and other.
Surnames of servicemen
Following the nobility, simple service people began to receive surnames. They, like the princes, were also often called according to their place of residence, only with the suffixes “simpler”: families living in Tambov became Tambovtsevs, in Vologda - Vologzhaninovs, in Moscow - Moskvichevs and Moskvitinovs. Some were satisfied with a “non-family” suffix denoting an inhabitant of this territory in general: Belomorets, Kostromich, Chernomorets, and someone received the nickname without any changes - hence Tatyana Dunay, Alexander Galich, Olga Poltava and others.
Surnames of the clergy
The surnames of priests were formed from the names of churches and Christian holidays (Christmas, Assumption), and were also artificially formed from Church Slavonic, Latin and Greek words. The most amusing of them were those that were translated from Russian into Latin and received the "princely" suffix -sk-. So, Bobrov became Kastorsky (lat. castor "beaver"), Skvortsov - Sturnitsky (lat. sturnus "starling"), and Orlov - Aquilev (lat. aquila "eagle").
Peasant surnames
Surnames among peasants until the end of the 19th century were rare. The exceptions were non-serf peasants in the north of Russia and in the Novgorod province - hence Mikhailo Lomonosov and Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva.
UDC 929.5
Zabuga Sofia Sergiivna
10-B class student
Kochekyan Vira Vartanovna
Teacher of Russian Movies and Literature
KZNZ "Gymnasium No. 15",
m. Nikopol
WHAT'S IN A NAME?
I set myself the goal of researching the origin and formation of some surnames and nicknames, because the school curriculum does without a detailed study of proper names. Although, I think, neither a timid first grader, nor a strict director, nor the compiler of our program himself imagines his life as nameless. Therefore, I read with great interest publications that give examples of the meaning of nicknames.
We are accustomed in our practice to either bypass nicknames in silence, or completely deny them. But here's an attempt - to explore! Only with a direct connection to such work can we talk about the formation of the skills of linguistic analysis of the facts of the language. And here it is important to deal not with abstract linguistic problems, but with concrete facts from everyday life (after all, they themselves are carriers of nicknames, surnames).
An attempt to classify the material obtained proves that the essence of the work is not limited to the quantitative collection of nicknames, surnames, but gives the skills of derivational, etymological analysis, provides an opportunity for broad generalizations.
And the science that is called onomastics (like any other section of linguistics) does not exist in its pure form, since its facts lie in the field of psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, ethnography, and the history of language. Thus, work on a specific problem expands our horizons, convinces us of the insufficiency of knowledge limited by a textbook.
The study of nicknames and surnames allows you to directly solve the important problem of forming good, correct speech, increases interest in learning the language, presenting it in a developing variety, and not in a set of spellings, punctograms, rules.
Onomastics - the science of proper names. This term is associated with the Greek word onoma - name. The branches of onomastics devoted to the study of individual categories of names also have their own special names. The names of people are part of the history of peoples. They reflect the life, beliefs, aspirations, fantasies and creativity of peoples, their historical contacts. Science pays great attention to their study.
Old Russian names-nicknames. All people at all times and in all civilizations had personal names.
The first period: before the introduction of Christianity in Rus', personal names were nothing more than nicknames given for one reason or another. In ancient times, people perceived names materially, as an integral part of a person. Names are of great interest. They reveal the richness of the folk language 4, 7]. Old Russian nicknames were varied:
- surnames - nicknames of numerical series: Pervak, Second, Tretyak, Shestak, etc.
- popular names given by hair and skin color: Chernysh, Belyak, Belukha.
- according to other external signs - height, body features: Dry, Tolstoy, Malyuta, Hare, etc.
- by the time of the birth of the child: Veshnyak, Winter, Frost.
- "bad" names that were supposedly able to ward off evil spirits, illness, death: Nemil, Malice, Tugarin (tuga - sadness).
- by the names you can find out about the neighbors: Kozarin (Khazarin), Chudin (Finns of the Ugric tribe), Ontoman (obviously, Turks), Karel, Tatar, etc.
- Of great interest are the names associated with the animal and plant world: Wolf, Horse, Wheatgrass, Vetka, etc.
A careful study of them will allow you to read another page from the life of the ancient Slavs, the belief in the divinity of individual plants and animals that played a special role in the life of our ancestors.
Surnames were formed from the listed nicknames with all their additional forms at a certain stage of development.
Surname analysis is a linguistic study of the origin of the word "surname". This science is called anthroponymy(from the Greek - "anthropos" - a person, "onoma" - a name). The purpose of these studies is to identify the information that the surname carries. Linguistic scientists, anthroponymists help to explore the philological, historical and national roots of surnames.
The word surname itself entered the Russian language relatively late. It comes from the Latin word surname - family. The main purpose of the word is to designate a special family name, which is called the whole family. The word "surname" was introduced into everyday life in Russia after the decrees of Peter 1. However, as an element of naming people, it existed before, but was called a nickname, nickname. Different social groups have surnames at different times.
The formation of Russian surnames.
1. Representatives of the nobility, princes, boyars (14-15 centuries) were the first to receive surnames. Their surnames often reflected the names of their patrimonial estates: Tver, Meshchersky, Kolomensky, etc. These surnames are formed according to the common Slavic model with suf. –sk (Czech, Polish, Ukrainian).
2. Somewhat later, the names of the nobles are formed (16-18 centuries). Among them, a considerable proportion are names of eastern origin, since many nobles arrived at the service of the Moscow sovereign from foreign lands: Kantemir (from Turkic), Khanykov (from Adyghe), etc.
3. Chronologically, the following category of surnames belonged to merchants and service people (17–19 centuries): Tambovtsev, Rostovtsev, Astrakhantsev, and others (according to the place of their possession; residence). The suffixes of this category of surnames are different than in the surnames of princes -ets, in, ich.
4. In the 19th century, the names of the Russian clergy were formed. Among them are many artificially formed from various words not only in Russian, but also in Church Slavonic, Latin, Greek and other languages; from the names of churches, church holidays: Assumption, Christmas, etc.
5. The largest part of the Russian population - the peasantry - did not have legally fixed surnames until the 19th century, and some peasants received surnames only after the 1917 revolution. In 1930, the Soviet government carried out passportization. But nevertheless, the so-called street, or village, surnames in the Russian village existed for a very long time. For example, Gavrilova - in honor of the head of the family named Gavrila. The same Gavrila could enter the service of the colonel, and then the whole family began to be called the Polkovnikovs. If Gavrila mastered some specialty necessary for the village, for example, a saddler or a blacksmith, the whole family began to call the Shornikovs or Kuznetsovs. They were street names.
6. Many nobles in Russia were non-Russian in origin. Coming from other countries, they served in the Russian army, were baptized, married Russians, and after several generations they completely “Russified”, retaining only the foreign-language basis of their surname. For example, Kiryanova (Tatar), Turaeva (Udmurt), Boldin (Kalmyk), Grechaninov (Greek), Turchanikov (Turkish), etc.
Many Russians have surnames of German origin: Bruder, Wagner, Winter, Sonne, etc.
The most numerous group is made up of surnames with suf. -ov, -ev, -in, -yn, sky, tsky, sky, tsnoy. These surnames can be called standard: Ivanov, Vanin, Pshenitsyn, Pokrovsky, Tverskoy, Trubetskoy.
Standard, but rare, having territorial or social restrictions, should include surnames with suf. - -ovo, -ago, -ih, -ykh, -ich, -ovich, -evich. Durnovo, Lung, Sedykh, Stisevich and others.
Among non-standard surnames, there are the shortest ones: Ge, De, Yuk, Lee, etc. (the basis may be common nouns, calendar names, and possibly a foreign language origin).
Russian surnames is an encyclopedia of Russian life, ethnography. They store and will always store in their foundations the memory of events, objects, phenomena characteristic of those eras when they were created. Surnames bring to us a lot of forgotten, unrecorded words and many forms lost by living speech.
Origin and formation of Ukrainian surnames. It is the Ukrainian surnames that are unique in this respect, the origin of which is rooted deep in the history of the Slavic peoples. According to the studies of historians and philologists, they are among the oldest in Europe. So, in the 16th century, almost all Ukrainians had surnames, while in Russia, for example, mass "surnames" began only after the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Ukrainian surnames are often consonant with Russian ones. Despite this, their education has a number of distinctive features. The role of suffixes in word formation is great, thanks to which Ukrainian surnames cannot be confused. Characteristic endings distinguish them from Russian and many other Slavic "hereditary names". The most common suffix in Ukrainian surnames was -enko (since the 16th century) in Podolia, occasionally in the Kiev region, Zhytomyr region. This suffix is fixed in the vocative case. Typical for the Cossacks, townspeople and peasants of the Dnieper Ukraine (someone's son). For example, Bondarenko, Timoshenko, Petrenko, Karpenko (the son of a cooper, Timokha, Peter, Karp).
The suffixes -eyko, -point, -ko won no less popularity: Andreiko, Klitschko, Golovko.
You can rarely meet such melodious surnames as Ovsievskaya, Petrovsky, Mogilevsky. They clearly illustrate the "work" of the suffixes -svsk, -ovsk.
Ukrainian surnames with the use of Old Slavonic suffixes -ich are even less common: Usich, Germanovich.
Quite often there are suffixes -ik, -nick: Petrik, Pasechnik, Berdnik.
You should also mention such "star" suffixes -uk, -yuk, -chuk: Bondarchuk, Polishchuk, Tarasyuk, Viktyuk.
Like most European surnames, a significant part of Ukrainian surnames comes from the name or nickname of one of the parents, mainly, of course, the father, less often the mother.
For example, Zakharchenko (on behalf of Zakhar), Ulyanenko (from Ulyan), Nikolchuk or Mikolaichuk (from Mykol).
A separate group was Ukrainian surnames that arose from princely times, for example: Malkovich, Zinkevich.
As in every other nation, professions played an important role in the formation of surnames in Ukraine.
For example, the surnames Bondar, Bondarenko, Bondarchuk originated from the profession "bochar", that is, the manufacture of barrels.
In general, the set of Ukrainian surnames in Europe is the most diverse:
- from nouns: Share - fate, Frost, Sereda;
- on behalf of: Sergienko, Mikhailenko, Romanenko, Gerasimenko;
- from animals and birds: Gogol, Gorobets, Zozulya, Vovk, Elk, Medvid, Nightingale;
- surnames with suffixes -vich, -ich, -ych, -ovich, -evich, -evich are associated with princely times: Zinkevich, Malkovich;
- government, bureaucratic names: Wiit, Voit, Pysarenko, Pysarchuk, Starostyuk;
- from toponymic names, from settlements: Pototsky, Vyshnevetsky, Savitsky, Umanets;
- from the names of the area: Polovy, Lanovy, Sadovy, Zagrebelny;
- from household items, food names: Frying pan, Macagon, Borsch, Bulba, Salo.
- from the names of regions and countries: Turchenok, Turchaninov (Turk), Voloshin (Romanian), Lyakh (Pole), Litvin (Belarusian), Moskal (Russian). Derivatives: Litvinenko, Lyashko, Lyashenko;
- from military ranks: Centurion, Soldatenko;
- from church officials - Dyak, Dyachenko, Spivak, Ponomar, Ponomarenko, Palamarchuk;
- from persons of the clergy (provided to bursaks and seminarians after graduating from the seminary and the Kiev-Mohyla Academy in the 18-19 centuries: Voznesensky, Nikolsky, Rozhdestvensky, Spassky;
- surnames in -sky, -ich - had gentry as their ancestors. Cossack foremen wore surnames with the suffix -y: Osadchy, Lanovoy;
- Surnames of Turkic origin: Kochubey, Kolchay, Gurunchak.
Interested in their education Cossack surnames. Their authorship belonged to the Cossacks. According to the rules of the Sich, the newly arrived Cossacks had to leave their names outside the walls of the Sich and enter the Cossacks with the name that most successfully characterized them. For example: Zhurybida, Kostogryz, Ryaboshapka, Krivonos, Netudykhatka, Pidiprygora, Tyagnibok, Zatuliveter and others.
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Statistics show that Ukrainian surnames:
10% are of noble origin;
14% - from great historical figures;
9% - from cultural figures;
5% - same origin with celebrities;
72% - from Ukrainian landowners or peasants.
In the second part of my work, I would like to talk about the origin of the names of our teachers. There are different versions - take whichever you want.
Suzanskaya Irina Vladimirovna- the first Polish surnames began to take shape in the 15th century. among the gentry of the Polish nobility, the noble military class of landowners. In most cases, gentry surnames come from the name of the area that belonged to a particular nobleman.
1. Version - on behalf of Susan (folk form of the Hebrew female name) Susana (Suzana), which is translated from other Heb. means: Lily of the valleys of Soron.
2. Version - from the nickname Susan, which originates from the Polish word. Sus- "jump" "jump". So Susan is a frisky, agile person.
Fedorova Natalia Nikolaevna- the basis was the church name Fedor, from ancient. Greek "gift of the gods" In the 16th–17th century one of the most common names among Russians, inferior to Ivan, Vasily. The surname was more common in the Novgorod and Pskov regions, where it occupied the 4th place. They had their family emblems.
Sagun Olga Petrovna- the surname is formed from a similar nickname.
1. From the common noun "saga", the meaning of which Vladimir Dal gave in the "explanatory dictionary of the Great Russian language" as follows: the name of scandalous poetic legends, stories; thought, legend, epic. Probably, the surname indicated the type of activity of the founder of the surname: he could be a poet, a writer. It is possible that the one who told fairy tales beautifully and interestingly was called Sagun.
2. In Ukrainian, the word "saga" means "riverbed". This means that the surname reflected the peculiarities of the place of residence before on the river bank.
3. Another hypothesis, the nickname has a similar etymology with the popular one in these dialects, there is “sagan” - a bowl. According to this, it can be assumed that the masters in the manufacture of dishes were dubbed the sagun.
4. However, it is possible that simply at the place of residence (next to the forest).
Bolyak Elena Valerievna- goes back to the verb "sick".
1. Most likely, this was the name of a person with poor health.
2. It is possible that this nickname could indicate such character traits as responsiveness, willingness to help.
3. Perhaps this surname is of Romanian origin - sick.
Chernetsky Mikhail Ivanovich- the beginning of the nickname Chernets. So in the old days they called the monk. Therefore, the founder of the family was probably a monk. Lived with him or was his employee. It is possible that he received the nickname Chernets for some external features, for example, swarthy skin or dark hair. In addition, the nickname could mean - the name of the settlement Chernetsy. In this case, the surname indicates the place of birth of the ancestor. Later, the nickname Chernets gave the surname Chernetsky.
Khristolubova Anna Grigorievna- the Slavs from ancient times had a tradition of giving a person nicknames in addition to the name he received at baptism. This was due to the fact that there were few church names and they were often repeated. The nickname easily made it possible to distinguish a person in society. This was very convenient, since the supply of nicknames was truly inexhaustible. Sometimes nicknames were attached to prestigious names, completely replacing names not only in everyday life, but also in official documents.
The surname Khristolyubov is one of the seminary surnames that were given to seminarians, future priests. Thus, it can be assumed that the ancestor who received this surname had a spiritual dignity and bore the nickname Christolyubov - one who loves Christ believes in him.
Timoshenko Olga Vasilievna - a common type of Ukrainian surname, formed from the peasant name Timothy. From the ancient Greek "worshiping God." The basis is an easily diminutive form - Timosha.
Most likely, the founder of the Timoshenko family came from a working or peasant environment. This is due to the fact that the surnames are formed from the full form, it was mainly the social elite, to know. Most likely, the formation of the Timoshenko surname began around the 14th century. Surnames are formed with the suffix -enko. The original had the following meaning “small; young man, son. Therefore, it was literally understood as "the son of Timosha." Later, the ancient suffix -enko lost its direct meaning.
Petrenko Irina Nikolaevna - on behalf of one's own and refers to a common type of Ukrainian surnames. The basis was the church name Peter from the ancient Greek "rock", "stone".
The patron Saint Peter was one of the disciples of Jesus Christ. The suffix -enko indicates the name of the head of the family.
Chernysh Maya Leonidovna - from a similar name.
1. It goes back to the adjective "black". Most likely, the ancestor of the owner of this surname bore a nickname that indicated the features of appearance (black hair, dark skin).
Skoda Lyubov Petrovna - goes back to the nickname, which is based on the common noun "Skoda": in the old days in the southern and western dialects they called any harm, loss, damage. Noun and verb "naughty - harm, spoil, fool, play pranks"
Zhdanova Natalya Ivanovna - the basis of the surname was the worldly name Zhdan.
1. The surname is formed from the popular Russian non-church name Zhdan, which parents gave to the long-awaited desired son.
2. A less likely version is a nickname that a hospitable host could get, or an easy-to-communicate person, the “soul of the company”, who was welcome everywhere. The people said about such people: "The welcome guest does not wait for the call."
Over time, the surname Zhdanov appeared.
Vasilenko Yury Borisovich - on behalf of one's own and refers to a common type of Ukrainian surnames.
The basis is the church name - Vasily. From a canonical male personal name. Basil from the Greek "ruler, king." From the 15th to the 19th century, the most common name among Russians. The surname is formed with the suffixes -ov, -ev, -in, -enko. The possessive adjective indicates the name of the head of the family.
Kovalenko Sergey Leonidovich - from the nickname Koval from the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian dialect word "koval" - a blacksmith - the most necessary and well-known person in the village. One of the most common surnames in Ukraine, Belarus, Russia.
Golovina Natalya Vladimirovna - from the nickname Head.
1. Most likely, which was received by a smart, quick-witted person.
2. The source of the nickname - the head - the elected position of the head played an important role in the founding of the eastern regions of Russia in the 16-17th century. In the large garrisons of Siberia, the head of the Cossacks was the second after the voivode people who carried out military fortifications.
3. Historical documents contain information about two families of Golovin - noble (from Prince Stepan Vasilyev, Khovra), the owner of Sudak, Balaklava, who entered Moscow from the Crimea at the end of the 14th century. His great-grandson Ivan Vladum. The head is Khovrin and was the direct ancestor of the Golovins. They have their own coat of arms.
Maliy Svetlana Yaroslavna - from the affectionate nickname Small.
1. Which parents gave to newborns, and also often named the youngest child. The surname was used rather as an intra-family pet.
2. Small in Rus' called the guy Well done, servant, servant. This meaning could form the basis of the surname.
Working on this topic, I came to the conclusion that sooner or later any person will want to know the origin of his surname and its history. This helps to feel pride in their family and teach their descendants to be proud of their surname. No wonder Homer wrote in his Odyssey:
Between living people, no one is nameless At all; at the moment of birth, everyone, both low and noble, receives his name from his parents as a sweet gift ...
Bibliography:
1. Superanskaya A.V. Modern Russian surnames / A.V. Superanskaya, A.V. Suslova. – M.: Nauka, 1984. – 176 p.
2. Uspensky A.V. You and your name A word about words // A.V. Uspensky. - L.: Lenizdat, 1962. - 636 p.
3. Explanatory dictionary of Ukrainian surnames.
4. Plotnikov S.A. Secrets of names and nicknames // S.A. Plotnikov. - K .: Radyanskaya Rech, 1990.
5. Brief explanatory dictionary of Russian names and surnames.
6. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.
7. Petrovsky N.A. Dictionary of Russian personal names // N.A. Petrovsky. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1966. - 366 p.
8. Sorokopud V. There are such surnames in Rus' // V. Sorokopud
Similar information.
Today it is impossible to imagine the life of a modern person without a surname. It connects people with family members and the whole family. This is how the ancestors who lived hundreds of years ago designated themselves. There are many surnames in Russia that came from the distant past, but there are also more common ones.
Origin of Russian surnames
In Rus', initially there were no surnames. What in the annals looked like a generic name had a completely different meaning. For example, Ivan Petrov meant Ivan the son of Peter. The most common forms that were encountered (Chobot, Shemyaka, Ghoul) were nicknames that were given for some personal qualities to a person or for his profession. They were individual and did not pass by inheritance to descendants.
The history of the origin of surnames among the upper class referred to places of residence or to belonging and princely (royal) family. So, the princes Vyazemsky were called because of the possessions that were in the city of Vyazma, Rzhevsky - because of the city of Rzhev and so on. The formation of nominal families in Russia began with a change in endings, prefixes, suffixes, or due to the connection of the root system with the name or nickname of the founder of the genus.
The process of formation of the boyar dynasties is perfectly illustrated by the history of the royal family of the Romanovs, whose ancestors lived in the XIV century. The founder was Andrey Koshka Kobylin, and his descendants were called Koshkins. One of the children of Kobylin's grandson began to be called Zakharyin-Koshkin, and the latter's son was named Roman. Then Nikita Romanovich was born, whose children and grandchildren were already called Romanovs. Until now, this is a common Russian surname.
When did they appear
The first naming of an entire family in Rus' took place in the 15th century. The sources, as already mentioned, were the profession of the ancestor, the name of the craft or the geographical name. First, the upper classes received generic names, and the poor and peasants acquired them last, since they were serfs. The emergence of surnames in Russia of foreign origin for the first time fell on nobles who came from Greek, Polish or Lithuanian families.
In the 17th century, Western genealogies were added to them, such as the Lermontovs, Fonvizins. Generic names from Tatar immigrants are Karamzins, Akhmatovs, Yusupovs and many others. The most common dynasty in Russia at that time was the Bakhteyarovs, which were worn by the Rurik princes from the Rostov branch. Also in fashion were the Beklemishevs, whose name was the boyar of Vasily I Fedor Elizarovich.
During this period, the peasants had only patronymics or nicknames. Documents of that time had such entries: "Danilo Soplya, peasant" or "Efimko son Crooked cheeks, landowner." Only in the north of the country did peasant peasants bear real family tree names, since serfdom did not apply to Novgorod lands.
The most common families of free peasants are Lomonosov, Yakovlev. Peter the Great by his decree in 1719 officially introduced documents - travel letters, which contained the name, nickname, place of residence and other information. From this year, the dynasties of merchants, employees, clergy, and subsequently, from 1888, among the peasants, began to be fixed.
What is the most common Russian surname
Beautiful, and therefore popular even now, surnames were given to representatives of the clergy. The basis was the name of the church or parish. Prior to this, priests were called simply: Father Alexander or Father Fedor. After that, they were given generic names such as Uspensky, Blagoveshchensky, Pokrovsky, Rozhdestvensky. Non-church common dynasties in Russia are associated with the names of cities - Bryantsev, Moskvichev, Tambovtsev, Smolyaninov. Successful graduates of the seminary were given the beautiful names of Diamonds, Dobrolyubov, Pharaohs, which are still popular today.
For men
A worthy surname is of great importance for modern people. Popular among men are the names of the genus, which have a semantic load. For example, the names of descendants recognized by all, derived from the professional nickname Bondarchuk (cooper), Kuznetsov (blacksmith), Bogomazov (icon painter), Vinokur (manufacturer of alcoholic beverages).
Interesting Russian male surnames have a loud and sonorous pronunciation - Pobedonostsev, Dobrovolsky, Tsezarev. Beautiful and now popular Russian generic names come from nominal origin - Mikhailov, Vasiliev, Sergeev, Ivanov. No less successful, which are based on the names of birds and animals, Lebedev, Volkov, Kotov, Belkin, Orlov, Sokolov. Trees and shrubs also left their mark. Popular families are formed from the names of plants - Kornev, Berezkin, Malinin, Oaks.
Women's
As history tells, female generic names were formed in the same way as male ones - through prefixes and suffixes. The most famous Russian surnames for girls come from proper names, the names of animals, birds. They sound great - Morozova, Vorontsova, Arakcheeva, Muravyov-Apostol and others. The list of pedigrees for girls descended from representatives of flora and fauna sounds no less beautiful - Strizhenov, Medvedev, Vorontsov, Vorobyov.
No less popular, formed from a deep semantic meaning with an emphasis on the first syllable: Slavic, Wise, Generous, Motherland. Perfectly heard and pronounced - Popova, Novikova, Svetlova, Lavrova, Teplova. Among foreign generic names, there are also a large number of beautiful ones:
- German: Lehmann, Werner, Braun, Weber;
- English: Mills, Ray, Taylor, Stone, Grant;
- Polish: Yaguzhinskaya, Koval, Vitkovskaya, Troyanovskaya;
- Belarusian: Larchenko, Polyanskaya, Ostrovskaya, Belskaya;
- Bulgarian: Toneva, Blagoeva, Angelova, Dimitrova.
The most famous Russian surnames
Researchers of the statistics of Russian hereditary names argue that they more often originate from populated regions, sacred holidays or the names of parents. Sometimes surnames were given in a noble-landlord environment by truncating full family names, and assigned them, as a rule, to an illegitimate child. Among them: Temkin (Potemkin), Betskoy (Trubetskoy), Pnin (Repnin). In modern Russia, the families of hereditary artists are most famous: Bondarchuk, Tabakov, Mashkov, Mikhalkov.
List of the most common surnames in Russia
Based on the results of many years of research, scientists compiled a list of 500 generic names common in Russia. The ten most popular included:
- Smirnov. There is no unequivocal opinion about the origin. Various versions are offered from the acquaintance of backward peasants with the “new world”, to being tied to the name Smirna, which in Rus' characterized a complaisant and peaceful person. More likely is the version based on naming people who are humble before God by this name.
- Ivanov. It is not difficult to guess that the origin is associated with the Russian name Ivan, popular at all times.
- Kuznetsov. He is the most respected among the village men. In every village, the blacksmith was respected and had a large family, the male part of which was provided with work until the end of his days. In the dialects of the western and southern regions of Russia, the word koval is present instead of a blacksmith, therefore one of the transformations of Kuznetsov is Kovalev.
- Vasiliev. Although children are not often called Vasily in the modern world, the surname is firmly entrenched in the top ten most common.
- Novikov. Popularity is due to the fact that every newcomer or newcomer was previously called Novik. This nickname passed to his descendants.
- Yakovlev. Derived from a popular male name. Jacob is the secular counterpart of the church name Jacob.
- Popov. Initially, this nickname was given to the son of a priest or worker (farm laborer) of a clergyman.
- Fedorov. The basis was a male name, very common in Rus'. The same roots have the surname Khodorov on behalf of Hodor.
- Kozlov. Before the introduction of Christianity, the Slavs were pagans, so naming a person by the name of a plant or animal was a tradition. The goat has always been considered a symbol of fertility and vitality, so among the Slavs it is a favorite fairy tale character. The animal became a symbol of the devil after the advent of Christianity.
- Morozov. Also a non-church common name in Rus'. Previously, the name Frost was given to a baby born in winter. This is the image of a hero who has unlimited power in the cold season.
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