The problem of life values
arguments for writing
What is the meaning of life? Why is a person born, lives and dies? Is it just to eat, sleep, just go to work, have children. Almost all world literature seeks to answer two interrelated philosophical questions "What is the meaning of life?" and “What values should a person be guided by in order to live a worthy life?”
Life values are those ideas and ideas that become the main, determining ones in the life of a person. It is customary to single out material and spiritual values. Based on them, a person builds his life, his relationships with people.
So,
money, connections with superiors, power and everything connected with these concepts became the life values of the representatives of the “famus society”. In pursuit of them, these people stop at nothing: meanness, hypocrisy, deceit, subservience to the authorities - all these are the favorite tricks of Famusov and others like him to achieve their goal. Therefore, they hate the freedom-loving and independent ideals of Chatsky so much. His desire to be useful to society, his desire to bring enlightenment to the masses, his desire to achieve success in life only thanks to his knowledge and skills cause them misunderstanding and irritation. Misunderstanding to such an extent that it is easier for them to declare him crazy than to even try to delve into his thoughts.
Natasha Rostova
the meaning of life is seen in the family, love for relatives and friends. After the wedding with Pierre, she almost never happens in the world, giving herself all to her husband and children. But Natasha's love and mercy extend not only to her family. Yes, she definitely chooses. helping wounded soldiers temporarily in Moscow after the Battle of Borodino. She understands that they do not have enough strength to get out of the city, where the Napoleonic troops are about to enter. Therefore, the girl, without regret, makes her parents give the wagons designed to transport numerous things from their home to the wounded. The son-in-law of the Rostov family, Berg, makes a completely different choice. For him, the main thing now is to cash in, to profitably buy things that the owners are happy to sell for next to nothing. He comes to the Rostovs with a single request - to give him men and a cart to load the locker and chiffonier that he liked.
before us is a certain rich man, whose purpose of life is similar to the purposes of a great many people: to earn capital, marry, have children and die at a respectable age. His existence is monotonous, without emotional outbursts, without doubts and mental anguish. Death overtakes him unexpectedly, but it, like a litmus test, shows the whole value of the Lord's life. It is symbolic that if at the beginning of his sea voyage the hero travels first class in luxurious cabins, then back, forgotten by everyone, he floats in a dirty hold, next to shellfish and shrimps. Bunin thus, as it were, equates the value of this person with creatures who have been only engaged in eating plankton all their lives. Thus, according to Bunin, the fate of the Lord from San Francisco and others like him symbolizes the meaninglessness of human life, its emptiness. A life lived without spiritual upheavals, doubts, ups and downs, lived with the sole purpose of satisfying personal interests and material needs, is insignificant. Quick oblivion is the logical conclusion of such a life.
What is the problem of finding the meaning of life and I will consider the arguments especially for the readers of “Popular about Health”. Many people wonder why a person is born, lives his life, and then dies. Usually such a question is visited even in childhood, but over time, it gradually subsides, as a person plunges into life's problems and he is no longer up to philosophizing.
However, even in adulthood, many people still have this question. But someone is not looking for an answer to the question, but someone is vice versa. If a person spends all the time in search of the meaning of life, then, probably, he will not live fully all this time either. Nevertheless, many are interested in whether life on Earth is really given only in order to give birth to their offspring in order to sleep, eat, go to work, solve endless life problems and only sometimes relax? The life of many people proceeds in this way, when there are more problems than joyful moments. If a person were shown his future life from the very beginning, then many people would not have a desire to be born, for the sake of a meager amount of happiness.
But life is arranged differently and we are not allowed to see what fate awaits a person. Almost all the literature of the world strives to give a person an answer to the philosophical question "What is the meaning of life"? The life values of each person can be called those ideas and ideas that become the main ones for him in life, the determining ones that he wants to achieve at all costs. Usually in society it is customary to single out the values of the spiritual plane and the material. Based on them, a person begins to build his life, his relationships with colleagues at work, with his family and just with people in society.
So the life values of some representatives of the “Famusian society” were big money, connections with persons higher in rank, as well as power and everything that is specifically connected with these concepts. At the same time, in order to achieve them, people stop at nothing; in pursuit of them, a person can show all his lowest and most disgusting character traits: meanness, hypocrisy, he boldly deceives, can curry favor with his superiors for the sake of his own achievements.
All these are the tricks of Famusov and his ilk to achieve their goal by any means. Therefore, they hate the freedom-loving ideals of Chatsky to the maximum extent. His increased desire to become useful to society, his great desire to bring educational ideas to the masses, his desire to achieve great success in life only thanks to knowledge cause them genuine irritation and misunderstanding to such an extent that it is better for them to declare him crazy than to try to somehow penetrate in his mind.
The meaning of life for Natasha Rostova is seen in the family, in love for loved ones. She practically never happens in the world, after her wedding with Pierre, she gives herself only to her beloved husband and children. But Natasha's mercy easily extends not only to the family. She actively chooses to help wounded soldiers who are temporarily in Moscow after the Battle of Borodino.
She is well aware that they do not have the strength to get out of the city, which will include Napoleon's troops, in this regard, she asks her parents without regret to give the wagons to these wounded, which are designed to transport many things from their home. But a completely different choice is made by Berg, who is the son-in-law of the Rostov family. For him, the main moment is now coming - to cash in, to buy things at a bargain price, which the owners sell for almost nothing. He visits the Rostovs with only a single request that they give him a cart and men who will load the chiffonier and cabinets he likes.
The gentleman from San Francisco, from Bunin's story, is a kind of rich man whose goal is identical to the goals of many people: to earn huge capital, successfully marry a beautiful lady, have many children and go to another world at a respectable age. The existence of such a person is monotonous, without any emotional outbursts, he has no doubts, no mental anguish.
Death overtakes this gentleman unexpectedly, but it is like a litmus test that reveals the full value of his life. It is symbolic that at the beginning of a sea voyage he travels in a luxurious first-class cabin, then he returns forgotten by everyone, he swims in a polluted hold, where clams and shrimps settled next to him as neighbors.
Thus, the writer Bunin equates the value of a person with creatures that have been eating plankton all their lives. Thus, the fate of this gentleman from the city of San Francisco and those like him vividly reflects the whole meaninglessness of human existence, the emptiness of life. When life is lived without spiritual upheavals, without any doubts, moreover, without ups and downs, lived for the sole purpose of satisfying one's personal interests and the needs of the material plane, it becomes insignificant. And the logical conclusion of such a life is a quick oblivion.
Ilya Oblomov is a good and kind person, but he was never able to overcome himself, he failed to reveal his best features. When a person does not have a lofty goal in life, this leads him to moral death. Therefore, even love could not save him. In Gorky's well-known play "At the Bottom", the writer shows the drama of "former people" who, due to the life situation, have lost their strength to fight. They hope for good changes, they understand that they need to live better, but, in fact, they do nothing to change their fate in any way. It is no coincidence that the beginning of the action of the play takes place in a rooming house and ends there.
How great and noble in its meaning is the concept of "purposefulness". Life is multifaceted. A philosophical orientation allows you to determine the life position of a person, his goal and worldly purpose.
How often society hangs on people the usual labels like "this one will certainly achieve his goal, despite all the hardships of fate." The other "seems to be a clear loser, leading a meaningless existence." But why is it important to have a goal in life, what are the arguments?
The goal is important
Each one is unique and distinctive in its own way. And not only external characteristics, but also internal concepts: morality and worldview. The worldview of any person, from young to old, includes a path illuminated by the sun's rays and aimed at achieving the primary goal.
What seems to one to be an unattainable dream, for the sake of which one will have to go on the warpath and climb a ladder that lasts for years, for another it is a phenomenon of no paramount importance, ordinary and unremarkable.
It often happens that, without fully setting life priorities, a person is at a crossroads: rushing from one goal to another. Thus, he absolutely stands still, not one iota approaching his dream.
Arguments from the biography of Jack London
Why is it important to have a purpose in life? Arguments from the biographies of great people are excellent at sorting out internal contradictions. Everyone knows the world-class American writer Jack London - the author of adventure stories and magnificent works about friendship, love, gold rush and dedication.
But few people know that the genius of the great style had to fight hard for success and recognition with stubborn publishers who did not want to have anything to do with the unremarkable young man.
Martin Eden, Jack London's most popular novel today, is an autobiography of an acclaimed writer. The book serves as an excellent impetus for a reader who knows how to properly filter information and draw conclusions based on other people's mistakes.
A person who does not have a goal in life is not able to achieve unprecedented heights. Everyone is capable of giving up and giving up, but to act against the will of fate, stepping towards obstacles, is already a manifestation of fortitude and inner core.
Arguments from The Wolf of Wall Street
In literature, in many works, one can easily find the answer to the question: why is it important to have a goal in life? The arguments given by the authors of business literature are easy to digest and motivate readers to their own accomplishments.
Take, for example, a vivid character revealed in his own book of memoirs, The Wolf of Wall Street. Jordan is taking a decisive step towards dramatic change. He sets a goal - to reach heights at any cost and enjoy the delights of life to the maximum. And how great and successful he follows the dream, step by step embodying and developing more and more new ideas.
Such cases seem unnatural and out of reach. But it is these people who teach an important lesson and give an incentive to believe in the limitlessness of their own possibilities.
"War and Peace". Arguments from the book
As another no less expressive example, we can cite the epic novel of the world classic of Russian literature by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace".
The protagonist Peter Bezukhov has an extraordinary imagination, which leads him to achieve his goal. In his reality, love and understanding of the world are easily embodied from hope and faith. A man whose goal was the supposed meaning of life haunted him for many years. He overcame many hardships and vicissitudes of fate and came to the conclusion that it is necessary to live morally and improve the world.
The character of Lev Nikolayevich is another excellent proof of why it is important to have a goal in life. The arguments are undeniable.
Quiet Don
When discussing overcoming obstacles, it is impossible to bypass the example in Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov's book Quiet Flows the Don.
The revolutionary element sweeps away the fate of people. One of the main characters, perfectly complements the relevance of the topic. He is at a crossroads, but the inner nobility prevails over the baseness of what is happening, and he opposes the evil and injustice of the world around him.
Quite versatile, but such beloved characters of the works not only brighten up our loneliness, but also answer the question: why is it important to have a goal in life. The direction indicated by them is a good incentive to reach their own heights. The process itself is an excellent realization on the way to satisfaction and upholding one's positions.
Final arguments
It is often very difficult to single out one main goal in a person’s life. Reasons and doubts are varied. There are many examples in life when difficulties break the desire for personal growth and development. Having lost a job, many perceive it as the onset of a black streak in life.
In fact, it all depends on perception. Perhaps this is a new chance and a quick jump to the long-awaited changes that you were not previously set up for. It's best to keep everything under control. Life is a game, and the strongest make the rules.
Problem How to determine the goal and the position itself? Choice is an aspect that is significant in the life of every person. Quite often, aspirations are confused with desires that have a form: playing sports, traveling and other things that satisfy needs, but do not have restrictive deadlines.
Aspiration can be conscious or vice versa. First of all, the achievement of the goal should be the basis of achievement. Each person necessarily highlights something of his own, and by looking more closely at people who are close, you can determine what is paramount for them.
The list of goals is multifaceted. And in the reserve there will always be their own goals that cause misunderstanding among others. Exactly the same and vice versa.
Basic goals
The main goals that can be met in life, based on psychological surveys:
- Paramount for many is the creation of a family nest. This is perhaps the most basic human need, no matter what anyone says. But the thirst for family warmth is inherent in everyone at the level of instincts. Over time, these instincts have acquired a more perfect form. In a civilized society, instead of promiscuity, there is a monogamous system, which has demonstrated its relevance at the present time.
- There is also a comic saying, which is not without meaning - "Give birth to a son, build a house, plant a tree." Having acquired all three points, you realize why it is important to have a goal in life. The arguments and reasons speak for themselves. After all, only by creating and building, you get a sense of your significance in this world. A sign that everyone leaves, having gone their own way.
- When it comes to work, you need to love what you do and do what you love. Only using such a formula, when choosing an activity, one can feel inner harmony. A person spends almost half of his adult conscious life at work. Therefore, it is important not to make a mistake in choosing the path.
- Successful people tend to have a sense of expansion. They want everything new: more and always. The constant search for opportunities, friends, new skills and abilities will give life a bright contrast, make it interesting and rich.
Conclusion
Everyone can continue the list himself, based on their preferences and goals, the main thing is to remember that only perseverance and unfading optimism can conquer all the peaks.
There is no doubt that the life of any person is valuable. But not everyone can understand even the value of their life, not to mention others. And, it seems to me, only by finding our meaning of life, we will be able to understand its value.
Like the road to God, the road to the meaning of life is different for everyone. Someone already in adolescence clearly knows what he wants to achieve and what he lives for. And someone just “goes with the flow” and looks for himself. I just recently managed to get on the path leading to the meaning of life and discover its components.
It seems to me that many are simply trying to live in a big way, brightly and loudly. And the most important thing for them is to leave behind a good, albeit not too long, memory.
Most see their part in their children and grandchildren, believing that this is the brightest memory of them on earth. Representatives of creative professions believe that the best memory lies in the creation of their hands: paintings, sculptures, poems, stories. Artists want to be remembered for their roles or songs. The results of practical activity are the memory of doctors, scientists, inventors.
I can say with confidence that absolutely every life is very large, so its destruction in any way is the destruction of everything connected with it. First of all, a person could not leave behind a memory - not to give birth to children, not to create immortal creations, not to build buildings, not to write his best piece of music.
Young life is the greatest value. After all, there are still so many discoveries ahead, and in the soul the most daring plans and dreams. Although the realization of what lies ahead and what remains to be done does not come immediately. The life of an adult and an elderly person is, first of all, a huge experience and accumulated knowledge. Even if these people have already left a memory behind them, the destruction of such a life, first of all, leads to the grief of those around them, especially relatives and friends, for whom this person lived.
And that is why I chose pacifism for myself. I respect someone else's life and believe that no one has the right to encroach on it.
Moreover, such a crime in relation to others is committed by those who part with their lives by suicide. It is no secret that in absolutely all religious teachings this is considered a sin. Again, a person takes life not only from himself, but also from his born descendants. Deprives himself of the chance to create something beautiful or make a discovery that makes life easier for humanity.
Arguments from literature
The problem of understanding the value of life.
M.A. Sholokhov in the story "Alien Blood". Recall the episode when Gavrila approached the wounded blond guy. He looked at this very young boy, who recently seemed so strong and courageous. All the boiling anger somewhere evaporated from the soul of Gavrila. Together with the old woman, they put the guy on his feet and began to love him like a son. Gavrila acted humanely. He realized that the war kills hundreds of people, so every life is valuable in this difficult time.
M. Sholokhov in the story "The Foal". When, during a shootout, Trofim saw that his foal was drowning, he immediately rushed to save him, risking his own life. Not a single shot was fired from the side of the enemy! For a short time, the foal, fighting for life, awakened the human in people. They were amazed at the heroism of Trofim, who, in order to save the life of the animal, overcame the fear of death.
The problem of understanding life values.
V.G. Rasputin in the story "Farewell to Matera". Let us recall the episode of Daria's conversation with her grandson. Daria reminds Andrei that he should not forget about his roots, about his homeland. She explains to him that man began to feel like the king of nature, and this is wrong. The power plant is important to people, Daria believes, but it is impossible to destroy native places for the sake of civilization.
A. Platonov in the story "Nikita". Let us recall the episode when, while straightening the carnations, Nikita saw a kind man in one of them. The father explained to his son that he worked the nail-man with his own labor, so he is kind. Thus, from childhood, the father tried to accustom his son to work. He believed that Nikita would remain a kind and hardworking and spiritually rich person throughout his long life.
Effective preparation for the exam (all subjects) -
Two years ago, my students and I compiled these arguments for Option C.
1) What is the meaning of life?
1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin comes to mind in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin. Bitter is the fate of the one who has not found his place in life! Onegin - a gifted man, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:
Having lived without a goal, without labor
Until the age of twenty-six
Languishing in the idleness of leisure,
No service, no wife, no business
Couldn't do anything.
2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in "A Hero of Our Time" by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?
3. Throughout his life, Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to reflect on the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of Leo Tolstoy's novel, we meet Pierre, who is carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protests against the existing social system and fights for the just life of the very people, of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, in this organic combination of the personal and the national, there is both the meaning of life and happiness.
2) Fathers and children. Upbringing.
1. It seems that Bazarov is a positive character in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”. Clever, bold, independent in judgment, an advanced person of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Eugene practically does not communicate with the elderly. How sad they are! And only to Odintsova did he say beautiful words about his parents, but the old people did not hear them themselves.
2. In general, the problem of "fathers" and "children" is typical for Russian literature. In the drama of A.N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”, it acquires a tragic sound, as young people who want to live with their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the house-building.
And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children in the person of Yevgeny Bazarov is already resolutely going his own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between the two generations are often painful.
3) Insolence. Rudeness. behavior in society.
1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “Undergrowth” speaks unforgivable, rude words. In the house of Mrs. Prostakova, rude abuse, beatings are a common occurrence. Here mother says to Pravdin: “... now I scold, now I fight; That's how the house holds up."
2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit". He is rude to dependent people, speaks grouchily, rudely, calls servants in every possible way, regardless of their age.
3. You can bring the image of the mayor from the comedy "The Government Inspector". A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.
4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.
1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel "Crime and Punishment". It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, spiritual impasse that gave rise to the absurd theory of Raskolnikov. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, the poor are everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of children. To stand up for the disadvantaged - that's what ripens in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.
5) The problem of mercy.
1. It seems that from all the pages of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" destitute people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonya ... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person appeals to our mercy and compassion: "Love your neighbor …” The author believes that a person must find his way “to the realm of light and thought”. He believes that the time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.
2. In the preservation of compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin Dvor". In all degrading ordeals, Matryona remains sincere, sympathetic, ready to help, able to rejoice in someone else's happiness. This is the image of the righteous, the keeper of spiritual values. This is without it, according to the proverb, "there is no village, city, all our land"
6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.
1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you experience horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the core would explode. Bolkonsky could not help it. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, be silent, hide from dangers. They die before others, because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.
7) The problem of happiness.
1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" brings us, readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in glory, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Prince Andrei before his death defines his state as “happiness”, which is in the intangible and external influences of the soul, - “the happiness of love” ... The hero seems to return to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural being.
2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Lead a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4. Give back more. 5. Expect less.
8) My favorite work.
They say that every person in his life should raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in the spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the soul of a person that necessary moral foundation on which one can already build a temple of spirituality. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; the fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life”.
9) The theme of friendship.
Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are people of "crystal honest, crystal soul." They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the "marrow of the bones" of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the "carnival masks" of high society, complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. Heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their lives and friendship.
10) Faith in God. Christian motives.
1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “Man of God”, who in the cruel world has not lost his connection with God, the passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. In the terrifying world of Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral light beam that warms the criminal's heart. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So thought Dostoevsky, so Gumilyov later wrote:
2. The heroes of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son - Rodion returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see "morning", and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Biblical stories became the basis of the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:
There is God, there is the world, they live forever;
And the life of people is instantaneous and miserable,
But everything is contained by a person,
Who loves the world and believes in God.
11) Patriotism.
1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect a reward for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.
Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells the estate in order to equip the regiment. True patriots were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov rushes to the front, because "the Fatherland is in danger." Russian peasants, dressed in soldier's overcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.
2. In Pushkin's poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His "Poltava", "Boris Godunov", all appeals to Peter the Great, "slanderers of Russia", his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the strength of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.
12) Family.
We, readers, are especially sympathetic to the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", whose behavior shows high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The feeling of the family, which the Rostovs sacredly take in peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant during the Patriotic War of 1812.
13) Conscience.
1. Probably, we, readers, least of all expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough person. This surprised Bezukhov. We, as it were, see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, releases a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he will hardly speak when he sees Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.
2. Conscientious means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. Unenviable is the fate of the one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism.
3. It seems to me that the issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And once Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all the debts of his father. This is usually done by people of honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.
4. The best features of Grinev from A.S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", due to upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In the conditions of rebellion, the hero retains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself, he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.
14) Education. Its role in human life.
1. A.S. Griboyedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were struck by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the philosophical faculty, natural-mathematical and law faculties) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German, and was fluent in Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of the theater. He was one of the finest writers and diplomats.
2.M.Yu. Lermontov, we refer to the number of great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership found his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left a rich creative heritage to his descendants.
15) Officials. Power.
1.I.Krylov, N.V.Gogol, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and please their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. No wonder Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.
2. In the comedy The Inspector General, Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, depicted a vulgar society plunged into general deception. Officials are far from the people, they are busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a "disease". Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Strawberry and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves in front of the authorities, but they do not consider ordinary petitioners to be people.
3.Our society has switched to a new round of management, so the order has changed in the country, the fight against corruption, checks are being carried out. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians an emptiness covered with indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.
16) Intelligence. Spirituality.
1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is my favorite character who can be imitated by young men of our generation. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He has such character traits that make up spirituality, such as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the feat of the prince is not only that he rushed with a banner to the enemy, but also that he deliberately abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.
2. In the comedy "The Cherry Orchard" A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are not capable of work, do not read anything serious, they only talk about the sciences, but understand little in art. He believes that humanity should improve its strength, work hard, help the suffering, strive for moral purity.
3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? Eat!"
17) Mother. Motherhood.
1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn recalled his mother, who sacrificed a lot for the sake of her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband's "White Guard", her father's "former wealth", she could not work in an institution where they paid well, although she knew foreign languages very well, studied shorthand and typewriting. The great writer is grateful to his mother for the fact that she did everything to instill in him versatile interests, to give him a higher education. In his memory, his mother remained a model of universal moral values.
2. V.Ya. Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic glorification of a woman-mother. Such is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, of humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.
18) Labor is laziness.
Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains such passionate lines:
And the right place in life
Only to those whose days are in labor:
Only to the workers - glory,
Only to them - a wreath for centuries!
19) The theme of love.
Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul was enlightened. In the poem: "I loved you ..." the poet's feeling is disturbing, love has not cooled down yet, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:
I loved you silently, hopelessly,
Either shyness or jealousy torment ...
The nobility of the poet's feelings, colored with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, charmingly musically. This is the true power of love, which opposes vanity, indifference, dullness!
20) Purity of language.
1. Over its history, Russia has experienced three eras of clogging the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were more than three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st centuries, when we witnessed the degradation of the language. What is worth only one phrase that sounds on television: “Do not slow down - snickers!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, an abundance of foreign words that crowd out beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.
2. Pushkin did not have a chance to save the Fatherland from enemies, but it was given to decorate, elevate and glorify his language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and "hit the hearts" of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:
I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,
How God forbid you be loved to be different!
21) Nature. Ecology.
1. For the poetry of I. Bunin, a careful attitude to nature is characteristic, he worries about its preservation, for purity, therefore there are many bright, juicy colors of love and hope in his lyrics. Nature feeds the poet with optimism, through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:
My spring will pass, and this day will pass,
But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes
Meanwhile, as the happiness of living forever will not die ...
In the poem "Forest Road" nature is a source of happiness and beauty for a person.
2. The book by V. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters "Dream of the White Mountains" and "King-Fish" describe the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His combat with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his reasoning about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is a part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.
3. Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in the history of mankind, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died a painful death. Chernobyl pollution continues to cause an increase in mortality among the population of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the consequences of radiation exposure. The accident at the nuclear power plant led to a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders ... People should remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, be aware of the danger of radiation and do everything so that such disasters never happen again.
22) The role of art.
My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Takho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on a person:
And you can live without Pushkin
And without the music of Mozart too -
Without everything that is spiritually dearer,
No doubt you can live.
Even better, calmer, easier
Without absurd passions and anxieties
And safer, of course,
But how to make this deadline? ..
23) About our smaller brothers.
1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me”, where Yulia Drunina talks about the unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unneeded animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a domestic idol. He was joyfully worshiped by the whole family of the poetess. In another story, the title of which is symbolic - "In response to all whom she has tamed", she will say that the attitude towards "our smaller brothers", towards creatures that are completely dependent on us, is a "touchstone" for each of us .
2. In many works of Jack London, man and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When you are the only representative of the human race for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and besides, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.
24) Motherland. Small Motherland.
Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin has the most precious memories associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, the raspberry field, the birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of the oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet met in childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of the homeland”:
Weaved over the lake
Scarlet light of dawn...
25) Historical memory.
1.A. Tvardovsky wrote:
The war has passed, the suffering has passed,
But pain calls out to people.
Come on people never
Let's not forget about this.
2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of the experience does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must keep the peace so that the descendants live happily on earth:
I bequeath in that life
you happy to be
Thanks to them, the heroes of the war, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for the motherland.
26) The theme of beauty.
Sergei Yesenin in his lyrics sings of everything beautiful. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the motherland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth and the man on it!”
People will never be able to overcome the sense of beauty in themselves, because the world will not change endlessly, but there will always be something that pleases the eye and excites the soul. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, worship, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.
27) Philistinism.
1. In the satirical comedies "Klop" and "Bath" V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. In the future, there is no place for the protagonist of the play "The Bedbug". Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus, reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.
2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of a passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, his physical and spiritual "detachment". The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of credit papers he with such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, extinguishing in him feelings of love and kindness.
28) Great people. Talent.
1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated person who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubaiyat is the story of the ascent of the poet's soul to the high truth of being. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, a truly great person. He died, and his star has been shining in the “firmament” of the human spirit for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not grow dim, but, on the contrary, becomes brighter:
Be I the Creator, the Ruler of heights,
Would incinerate the old firmament.
And I would pull on a new one, under which
Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry.
2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War, was awarded for the heroism shown in battles. For disapproving remarks about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in labor camps. In 1967, he sent an open letter to the Congress of Writers of the USSR calling for an end to censorship. He, a famous writer, was persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be a moral sermon. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, an ideologist, a public figure who served the country honestly, selflessly. His best works are The Gulag Archipelago, Matryonin Dvor, The Cancer Ward...
29) The problem of material support. Wealth.
The universal measure of all the values of many people, unfortunately, has recently become money, a passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it sounds.
For such as Chichikov in N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult at first to "curry favor", flatter, give bribes, be "pushed around", then to "push around" themselves and take bribes, live luxuriously .
30) Freedom-Unfreedom.
I read E. Zamyatin's novel "We" in one breath. Here one can trace the idea of what can happen to a person, society, when they, obeying an abstract idea, voluntarily renounce freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one's own "I".
31) The problem of time.
During the long creative life of L.N. Tolstoy was constantly running out of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and .... created. He tried to be ahead of time, warning mankind against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy's work is still in demand all over the world: Anna Karenina, War and Peace, Kreutzer Sonata...
32) The theme of morality.
It seems to me that my soul is a flower that leads me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of a person is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:
And God is silent
For a grave sin
Because they doubted God
He punished everyone with love,
What would have learned to believe in agony.
33) Space theme.
Hypostasis of T.I. Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality, going to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the age of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of the cosmos. He instills in us a sense of the infinity of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this "cosmic feeling" like no other.
34) The theme of the capital is Moscow.
In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem "Over the blue of the groves near Moscow ....." the ringing of Moscow bells pours like a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother's milk, and passed it on to her own children:
And you do not know that the dawn in the Kremlin
Breathe easier than anywhere else on earth!
35) Love for the Motherland.
In the poems of S. Yesenin, we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin does not doubt the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will wake dormant Rus'. Therefore, he created such works as "Transfiguration", "O Rus', flap your wings":
Oh Rus', flap your wings,
Put another support!
With other names
Another steppe rises.
36) The theme of the memory of the war.
1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into the bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror and senselessness, bitterness was clearly shown by Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace". The writer's favorite heroes are aware of the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast, he is shown the image of Kutuzov, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.
2. 68 years of the Great Victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic, draws the attention of my generation to the distant front-line years, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - a hero, a liberator, a humanist. When the cannons thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the motherland, literature also instilled hatred for the enemy. And this contrast carried the highest justice, humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature included such works created during the war years as “The Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hatred” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unsubdued” by B. Gorbaty ...
