In the simplest sense, art is the ability of a person to translate something beautiful into reality and receive aesthetic pleasure from such objects. It can also be one of the ways of knowing, called mastery, but one thing is certain: without art, our world would be insipid, boring and not at all exciting.

terminological stop

In the broadest sense, art is a kind of skill, the products of which bring aesthetic pleasure. According to entries in the Encyclopædia Britannica, the main criterion for art is the ability to evoke a response from other people. In turn, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia says that art is one of the forms of social consciousness, which is the main component of human culture.

No matter what anyone says, but the debate around the term "art" has been going on for a very long time. For example, in the era of romanticism, art was considered a feature of the human mind. That is, they understood this term in the same way as religion and science.

Special craft

In the very first and most common sense, the concept of art was deciphered as “craft” or “composition” (it is also creation). Simply put, art could be called everything that was created by a person in the process of inventing and comprehending a certain composition.

Until the 19th century, art was the name given to the ability of an artist or singer to express their talent, captivate the audience and make them feel.

The concept of "art" can be used in a variety of areas of human activity:

• the process of expressing vocal, choreographic or acting talent;
• works, physical objects created by masters of their craft;
• the process of consumption of works of art by the audience.

Summing up, we can say the following: art is a kind of subsystem of the spiritual sphere of life, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images. This is a unique skill that can cause admiration from the public.

A bit of history

Art has been talked about in world culture since ancient times. Primitive art (namely fine art, it is also a rock drawing) appeared together with man in the era of the Middle Paleolithic. The first objects that can be identified with art as such appeared in the Upper Paleolithic. The oldest works of art, such as shell necklaces, date back to 75,000 BC.

In the Stone Age, primitive rituals, music, dances, and decorations were called art. In general, modern art originates from ancient rituals, traditions, games, which were conditioned by mythological and magical ideas and beliefs.

From primitive man

In world art, it is customary to single out several eras of its development. Each of them adopted something from their ancestors, added something of their own and left it to their descendants. From century to century, art acquired an increasingly complex form.

The art of primitive society consisted of music, songs, rituals, dances and images that were applied to animal skins, earth and other natural objects. In the world of antiquity, art took on a more complex form. It developed in Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Persian, Indian, Chinese and other civilizations. Each of these centers arose its own unique style of art, which has endured more than one millennium and even today has an impact on culture. By the way, ancient Greek artists were considered the best (even better than modern masters) in depicting the human body. Only they managed in some incredible way to thoroughly depict the muscles, posture, choose the right proportions and convey the natural beauty of nature.

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, religions had a significant influence on the development of art. This is especially true for Europe. Gothic and Byzantine art were based on spiritual truths and biblical stories. At that time, in the East and in the countries of Islam, it was believed that the drawing of a person was nothing more than the creation of an idol, which was banned. Therefore, architecture, ornaments were present in the visual arts, but there was no person. Calligraphy and jewelry developed. In India and Tibet, religious dance was the main art, followed by sculpture.

A wide variety of arts flourished in China, they were not influenced and pressured by any religion. Each era had its own masters, each of them had their own style, which they perfected. Therefore, each work of art bears the name of the era in which it was created. For example, a Ming era vase or a Tang era painting. In Japan, the situation is the same as in China. The development of culture and art in these countries was quite original.

Renaissance

During the Renaissance, art again returns to material values ​​and humanism. Human figures acquire their lost physicality, perspective appears in space, and artists strive to reflect physical and rational certainty.

In the era of Romanticism, emotions appear in art. The masters try to show the human individuality and the depth of experiences. Multiple artistic styles begin to appear, such as academicism, symbolism, fauvism, etc. True, their century was short, and the former directions, spurred on by the horror of the wars experienced, can be said to have been reborn from the ashes.

On the way to modernity

In the 20th century, masters were looking for new visual possibilities and standards of beauty. Due to the ever-increasing globalization, cultures began to interpenetrate and influence each other. For example, the Impressionists were inspired by Japanese engravings, Picasso's work was significantly influenced by the fine arts of India. In the second half of the 20th century, the development of various areas of art was influenced by modernism, with its inexorable idealistic search for truth and rigid norms. The period of modern art came when it was decided that values ​​are relative.

Functions and Properties

At all times, theorists of art history and cultural studies have said that art, like any other social phenomenon, is characterized by different functions and properties. All functions of art are conditionally divided into motivated and unmotivated.

Unmotivated functions are properties that are an integral part of human nature. Simply put, art is something that instincts push a person to and that goes beyond the practical and useful. These functions include:

• Basic instinct for harmony, rhythm and balance. Here art is manifested not in a material form, but in a sensual, inner desire for harmony and beauty.
• Feeling of mystery. It is believed that art is one of the ways to feel the connection with the Universe. This feeling arises unexpectedly when contemplating pictures, listening to music, etc.
• Imagination. Thanks to art, a person has the opportunity to use imagination without restrictions.
• Addressing many. Art allows the creator to address the whole world.
• rituals and symbols. Some modern cultures have colorful rituals, dances and performances. They are a kind of symbols, and sometimes just ways to diversify the event. By themselves, they do not pursue any goal, but anthropologists see in each movement the meaning laid down in the process of development of national culture.

Motivated Functions

The motivated functions of art are the goals that the creator consciously sets for himself when starting to create a work of art.

In this case, art can be:

• A means of communication. In its simplest form, art is a way of communication between people, through which information can be conveyed.
• Entertainment. Art can create an appropriate mood, helps to relax and distract from problems.
• For change. At the beginning of the twentieth century, many works were created that provoked political changes.
• For psychotherapy. Psychologists often use art for medicinal purposes. The technique based on the analysis of the pattern makes it possible to conduct a more accurate diagnosis.
• For the sake of protest. Art was often used to protest against something or someone.
• Propaganda. Art can also be a means of disseminating propaganda, through which you can quietly influence the formation of new tastes and moods among the public.

As can be seen from the functions, art plays an important role in the life of society, influencing all spheres of human life.

Types and forms

Initially, art was considered undivided, that is, the general complex of creative activity. For primitive man, there were no separate examples of art such as theater, music or literature. Everything was merged into one. Only after a while did different types of art begin to appear. This is the name of the historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, which are used to create different means.

Depending on the means used, the following forms of art are distinguished:

• Literature. Uses verbal and written means to create art samples. Three main genres are distinguished here - drama, epic and lyrics.
• Music. It is divided into vocal and instrumental, in order to create samples of art, sound means are used.
• Dance. To create new patterns, plastic movements are used. Allocate ballet, ritual, ballroom, modern and folk art of dance.
• Painting. With the help of color, reality is displayed on a plane.
• Architecture. Art is manifested in the transformation of the spatial environment with structures and buildings.
• Sculpture. It is a work of art that has volume and three-dimensional shape.
• Decorative and applied art. This form is directly related to applied needs, these are artistic objects that can be used in everyday life. For example, painted dishes, furniture, etc.
• Theater. With the help of acting, a stage action of a specific theme and character is played out on the stage.
• Circus. A kind of spectacular and entertaining action with funny, unusual and risky numbers.
• Movie. We can say that this is the evolution of theatrical action, when modern, audiovisual means are still used.
• Photo. It consists in fixing visual images by technical means.

To the listed forms, one can also add such genres of art as variety art, graphics, radio, etc.

The role of art in human life

It is strange, but for some reason it is believed that art is intended only for the upper strata of the population, the so-called elite. For other people, this concept is allegedly alien.

Art is usually identified with wealth, influence and power. After all, it is these people who can afford to buy beautiful, indecently expensive and absurdly useless things. Take, for example, the Hermitage or the Palace of Versailles, which preserved rich collections of the monarchs of the past. Today, governments, some private organizations and the very wealthy can afford such collections.

Sometimes one gets the impression that the main role of art in a person's life is to show others the social status. In many cultures, expensive and elegant things show a person's position in society. On the other hand, two centuries ago there were attempts to make high art more accessible to the general public. For example, in 1793 the Louvre was opened for everyone (until then it was the property of the French kings). Over time, this idea was picked up in Russia (Tretyakov Gallery), the United States (Metropolitan Museum) and other European countries. Still, people who have their own art collection will always be considered more influential.

synthetic or real

In today's world there is a wide variety of works of art. They acquire various types, forms, means of creation. The only thing that has remained unchanged is folk art, in its primitive form.

Today, even a simple idea is considered art. It is thanks to ideas, public opinion and critical feedback that works such as the Black Square, the natural fur-covered tea set, or the photograph of the Rhine River that sold for $4 million enjoy enduring success. It is difficult to call these and similar objects real art.

So what is true art? By and large, these are works that make you think, ask questions, look for answers. Real art attracts, I want to get this item at any cost. Even in literature, Russian classics wrote about this attractive force. So, in Gogol's story "Portrait", the protagonist spends his last savings on acquiring a portrait.

Real art always makes a person kinder, stronger and wiser. Possessing invaluable knowledge and experience that have been collected over many generations and are now available in an acceptable form, a person has the opportunity to develop and improve.

Real art is always done from the heart. It does not matter what it will be - a book, a picture, music, a play. The viewer will feel. Be sure to feel what the creator wanted to convey. Feel his emotions, understand his thoughts, go with him in search of answers. Real art is an inaudible conversation between an author and a person, after which the listener/reader/viewer will never be the same again. That's what real art is. A real concentrated bunch of feelings. As Pushkin wrote, it should burn the hearts of people, and no matter what - with a verb, a brush or a musical instrument. Such art should serve people and inspire them to change, entertain when they are sad, and inspire hope, especially when it seems that there is no way out. It's the only way, it can't be any other way.

Today there are many strange, sometimes even ridiculous objects that are called works of art. But if they are not able to "hook to the quick", then they cannot relate to art a priori.

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The concept of "art"

What is "art"? This term does not have a simple and intuitive meaning. Most people understand this word completely different, contradictory meanings. And at the same time, it is a very important entity that surrounds us from all sides.

Let's try to figure it out. To begin with, let's look at the meaning of this word in the most popular source of information - in the Wikipedia computer encyclopedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art

Art(from "the art of creating") - the process or result of expressing the inner world in an (artistic) image, a creative combination of elements in a way that reflects feelings or emotions.

For a long time, the view was considered art. cultural activity that satisfies a person's love for beauty. Along with the evolution of social aesthetic norms and assessments, any activity aimed at creating expressive forms in accordance with aesthetic ideals has gained the right to be called art.

On the scale of the whole society, art is a special way of knowing and reflecting reality, one of the forms of social consciousness and part of the spiritual culture both a person and all mankind, a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations.

The concept of art is extremely broad - it can manifest itself as an extremely developed skill in a particular area.

Agree, it is quite difficult to understand. As if they had specially encrypted and hidden the meaning from all the uninitiated. Now let's try to interpret this term in a human way: simpler and more concise.

Art is an instrument of culture

The description slips a keyword, but it is buried in a mass of nonsense. That important word is culture. Art is the main instrument of culture. It is through culture that the term "art" is most easily understood.

Culture is what distinguishes a person from an animal, it is all the accumulated information of mankind, passed down from generation to generation. Animals are in constant development, passing changes to their descendants through genes. Mankind, in addition to genetic development, uses information development. People are born and die, but the information recorded by them remains forever in culture, and is constantly available to new generations. Art is concrete intellectual or physical objects through which culture is transmitted.

It is not necessary to understand culture only as something lyrical, opposed to scientific and technical. Official science is only one of the sections of culture. In science, information about the outside world is carefully dismantled, sorted, sorted into shelves, and turned into formulas. Culture contains not only formulas, but also poorly structured information that has not yet succumbed to scientific analysis. People have already seized on this information, but have not yet fully realized it, therefore they use not exact words to describe it, but numerous examples, situations, actions, similar images.

Doesn't it remind you of anything? This poorly structured information is what art is based on.

Art is the transmission of unstructured information.

Art filtering

Do you not like the stingy scientific formulation? Not surprising. For most people, the word "art" is clearly associated with such words as "beautiful", "creativity", "skill", "skill", "masterpiece", but not with the term "unstructured information". All this can be explained, a little more, by understanding the process of creating works of art.

Modern authors sometimes create things that are terrible in quality and content, but nevertheless they are considered part of the art. For real connoisseurs, these facts do not fit in the head. Art historians have even come up with special categories of "contemporary art" and "high art" to separate one from the other. Good, kind, eternal should not be on a par with bad, evil and momentary.

But both are art. And there is no need to think that “modern” is a designation only for what has appeared in our 21st century. Obscene paintings, books, statues have been sold in the markets since time immemorial. Perhaps even in the Stone Age there were rock paintings of this kind. Only all these creations, aimed at meeting current needs, have not survived to this day. When the foam of modernity settles, everything temporary evaporates, leaving only the dry residue of the best masterpieces.

This is how art works: creators create works of various styles, directions, qualities, but only the best specimens, masterpieces, end up in the treasury of culture. Masters of their craft initially aimed at such a result - to leave a mark on culture, therefore they consider in their works eternal themes that will be relevant to both contemporaries and descendants. In the memory of people, unpleasant and insignificant events are quickly forgotten, for purely psycho-physiological reasons, only pleasant or vivid memories are remembered for a long time, giving emotional strength with every memory. That is why all classical works seem so wonderful to us, and for the same reason we associate the words "art" and "beautiful" together. The input filters of culture are arranged in such a way that only that which corresponds to universal human values ​​gets into it and contributes to the further development of mankind.

From this point of view, the entire dispute among art historians boils down to what part of art is considered art: the whole variety of unstructured information, or only that which has already passed through the filters of universal human values.

The pace of our lives is accelerating every year. The period by which it is possible to determine whether a work has become a classic has been reduced to literally 10-20 years. It is definitely necessary to separate the eternal from the momentary, but for this it is necessary to study both sides of art, and not fence off from modern trends. After all, it is we, the entire human community, who decide what descendants will watch, and what will be dissolved in the abyss of time. Every year more and more information appears, and less and less time is given to sort it. Because of this, strange and absurd works suddenly receive the high title of classics. The structure and appreciation of the arts needs to be sorted out so that more people can participate in this process, and so that the cultural filters do their job as well as they did before the advent of the digital age.

Art is the ability to create beauty

Let's consider that same "filtered art" that will ultimately remain in the memory of mankind. To designate it, you can come up with a more elegant and concise formulation:

Art is the ability to create beauty Source of art - Creation(creation).
Art medium - skill(craft).
The purpose of art is beautiful(spiritual pleasure).

Only three words were needed for the definition, but at the same time, the whole meaning fits in them: both the source, and the means, and the goal.

There are also three actions that are important for art: comprehension new (to motivate creativity), expression thoughts and feelings (to use skill, skill), belief(to achieve the consciousness of connoisseurs). The first three components - the very essence of art, these other three components - do not belong to art, but are necessary for it. In pure, disinterested art, no special attention is ever paid to these actions. If, on the other hand, some element (comprehension, expression, conviction) is emphasized, then art becomes a tool for some other action, and ceases to be itself.

Emphasis on comprehension. The goal is the fame of the author, or the notification of the event described, the delivery of information (science, news, PR campaigns, advertising).
Emphasis on expression. The goal is the trust required to beliefs(deception, exploitation of human weaknesses).
Emphasis on persuasion. The goal is to impose one's values, one's point of view, change one's worldview (power, religion).

The figure shows a diagram of art in the form of a regular hexagon. In this diagram, one can notice one similarity, if we move counterclockwise: comprehension, creativity, expression, craft, persuasion, enjoyment. It resembles the cycle of any product: study, modeling, design, production, distribution, consumption. It turns out:

Art is the production cycle of goods for the soul

The hexagon is a closed figure, there is tension inside it. Each facet opposes its opposite facet.

Expression is opposed to pleasure.

Pleasure is a need, a craving for the beautiful and spiritual. An expression is a possibility, something that a person can do. Often there are not enough opportunities to meet the needs. To get new needs, you need to change the possibilities.

Craft is opposed to comprehension.

Production is focused on creating ready-made ideas, they are honed to the ideal, a lot of effort is invested in the finished production. Therefore, the emergence of new knowledge is not beneficial to production: everything will have to be rebuilt to fit new ideas, spending resources on it, and re-achieving the ideal. Changes in production never happen voluntarily, only under the pressure of external circumstances (example: the successful role of an actor closes all other roles for him, he is forced to play what he does best). To comprehend the new, you need to escape from the old.

Persuasion is opposed to creativity.

With the help of persuasion, the products of production are spread and fixed. "Persuasion" is as rigid a structure as "craft." It counteracts new creations, does not allow them to break through to the consumer. (example: real fans of the series of computer games always meet with hostility the new game of the series, no matter how good it is). To create something new, you have to give up on the old.

This internal tension causes the entire system to almost always stand still. Only when one of the three elements of movement (enjoyment, comprehension, creativity) becomes stronger than its opposite (the elements of inertia: conviction, craft, expression), only then do changes occur in the entire cycle. Changes occur, and immediately the elements of inertia begin to stiffen again, until the next change.

Art goods

Now let's analyze what kind of "goods for the soul" art produces.

All goods of art are sensations with which a person perceives the world around him, namely: smells, tastes, touches, colors, movements, sounds, thoughts. In general, all our sensations about the world can be divided into two groups: sensations of form and sensations of movement. The sensation of color, which is located at the junction of these two groups, gives us the most complete information about the world.

As can be seen from the diagram, movement and form are two opposites of which the whole world consists. Perhaps consciousness is the third full-fledged component of the world, then again the scheme can be represented as a regular hexagon, but so far this does not work out, there are not enough facts. Try it, maybe you will be able to prove this theory.

Let's consider each sensation separately.

Smell - analysis of the chemical composition of the form at a distance (using gas analysis (individual atoms detached from the analyzed object)).

Taste is a direct analysis of the chemical composition of the form.

Touch is the sensation of encountering form. But the form itself cannot be directly felt.

Acceleration - sensations when changing speed. If we are moving at a uniform constant speed, then there is simply nothing to feel it with. The sensation of the movement itself is inaccessible to consciousness.

Sound is the sensation of air density waves emitted as the form moves. In this case, the sound itself is a movement (wave). Hearing, which perceives sounds, as if analyzes the movements that have occurred around.

Thought - long-term analysis of movements. Represents assumptions about what movements can occur after a while. Assumptions are built on the basis of already happened movements (experience). The more experience, the more difficult and closer to the truth of thought. It's like a scent, but not for objects and their atoms, but for events and their consequences.

The movement of form is light. As mentioned above, we cannot directly feel the form and movement. Also, we cannot fully feel their merging - light. Only a small part of it (called color) is available for perception.

All motion sensations and color sensations are simulated by a human using a computer. In practice, a new virtual world is being created, for the completeness of which only the sensations of taste, smell, and touch are lacking. And people are constantly trying to make the virtual more and more like the real world.

God, who created the world, created man in his own image and likeness. The desire of a person to create and create is that part of God that he endowed us with, having which we become like gods. Art is a manifestation of the desire to create and create your own world like God. Previously, creators created only separate parts of the world they conceived, now well-coordinated teams of creators create entire invented worlds.

There is a general rule: “90% of everything that is created in the world is utter nonsense and not worth your attention”, this rule applies to art, and to all its types separately. In every form: in music, and in films, and in computer games - only about 10% of the works of all created are real masterpieces, everything else is 90% slag. There is nothing good in it, but it is necessary, slag is a dark background against which the remaining 10% of works shine with a bright light.

Classification, types and forms of arts

Let us analyze all the types of art created by mankind according to their composition of sensations.

We start viewing the scheme from the bottom up. We examine a person and highlight all his senses: nose (smell), tongue (taste), skin (touch), eyes (sight), ears (hearing). There is also something with which he evokes feelings: the whole body and mouth (vocal cords). Well, what eventually processes all the received feelings is the brain.

Encoding. All feelings can be encoded: a thought can be encoded into text, sound, movement, color and form; sound can be encoded into text or image; the shape is coded as a color; and in general, everything that has no form, everything that consists only of waves - color (as well as a form encoded in color), movement, sound, thought - everything can be encoded as a sequence of "0" and "1".

The nose perceives odors, and the only form of human activity that works on these senses is perfumery. It is very controversial to call perfumery an art, but it is quite possible to call it a lower art (as opposed to the expression "high art"). Odors in the physical sense are the recognition of chemical elements that are in a gaseous state.

The tongue perceives tastes, and again there is only one form of human activity that works on these feelings - cooking. But cooking is more complex, it involves the creation of smells, tastes, and shapes. The same applies to lower art. Taste in the physical sense is the recognition of chemical elements that are in any state, unlike smells, but only in close proximity.

The skin perceives the touch of other physical objects. The sense of form is used in design all varieties in fine arts, V sports(the art of sports can be attributed cybersport , military art). The form is directly felt only in close proximity, so most often its sensations are perceived at a distance using color coding.

The eyes perceive color, which carries most of the information about the world around us. As already mentioned, form and movement are encoded in it, and all kinds of arts related to them also apply to color. But the main thing for the eyes is fine art, which, with the advent of special devices, was continued in the form photography art And animations.

At the junction of movements and sounds is theater. Sounds themselves are used in more complex arts, and are further subdivided according to their form into music , singing, speech. Speech - sounds that carry thought, includes calligraphy. But the main thing is what thoughts are embedded in this text. A special kind of thought is humor. The controversial moment, is it art at all? But in our country it is definitely a special kind of art. Includes such forms as jokes, parodies, jokes. The text is used in more complex forms: in literature(books) and press(newspapers, magazines), while images are additionally used in the form of photographs.

The higher in the diagram, the newer the media that store the works of art.

With the advent of videotape, the old art forms have been transformed. The theater has been transformed into movie. Musical compositions in video clips. The rest of the arts of movement and sound: animation, sports, dance, concerts - have not changed, but have become available in the form of recordings.

With the advent of computers and the binary storage system, most of the previous media (such as images, video, audio, text) can be encoded and stored in this binary system without modification. Some old art forms have been transformed into new ones on the computer: design + animation in modeling, text + move in programming. And already on the basis of these new arts, even more complex ones appeared - computer and video games(modeling (design, image, animation), theater (movement, sound, music, speech), programming (movement, text)) and sites(programming (movement, text), press, animation).

At the very top of the diagram are the mediators of information.

Designs, images and photographs can be found in the exhibitions.

Animations and films are created and replicated in film studios.

Musical compositions are replicated in music studios.

Literature and the press are replicated in book publishing houses.

Computer games are created and replicated in computer studios and publishing houses.

Television distributes everything that can be encoded in video.

Radio distributes everything that can be encoded in audio.

The Internet distributes everything that can be encoded into a binary system.

A more correct, but also more difficult to perceive scheme for the arts

Click on image to enlarge

Conclusion

Thus, computer games are a composite art form, consisting of many previous art forms. And the Internet is a huge public museum of almost all known types of creativity.

The only difference from classical art is that this is new and not yet filtered information. Masterpieces on the Internet are placed on the same shelves next to low-grade works that will be forgotten in a week. So far, only a few specialists can understand the information diversity of the oversaturated market. We, on this site, will help you navigate the turbulent flow of the most modern art form.

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1. Professional activity aimed at building figurative forms presented in the form of special artifacts - works of I. The anthropological prerequisites for such activity are certain human properties that manifest themselves in relations with the environment: an ordering reaction to the uncertainty of the situation; representation of an uncertain situation in a figurative form; external representation of images in the form of symbols, to-rye can become objects of communication in the processes of social. interactions. These properties correspond to the specific abilities of people, which, with special severity and special development, allow them to become artists in the broad sense of the word: the ability to build compositions from elements of an uncertain situation; the ability to build a holistic image; the ability to express this image in a culturally acceptable form. 2. Specialized area of ​​culture, social. the significance of a swarm is determined by the need for people to define their relationship with the environment in systems of shared ideas and the ability to give them an external figurative form. Since the relevant information has social. significance, it turns out to be specially ordered in society and culture, and the corresponding types of activity and the public representation of their results are institutionalized in a special way. The functional foundations and symbolic ways of expressing this order constitute a specific cultural code of I. For the purposes of research in the field of social. sciences, the key characteristics of I. are of particular importance, giving it a self-identity that is stable over time and socially acceptable communicative features. Types of I.I. are usually divided into types. The basis for such a division is the "material", which is formed through a figurative aesthetic organization. Fiction - verbal representation of images of people's relationships with the environment; fine arts (painting, graphics) - symbolization of visual images; music is the organization of sound symbolic systems; architecture - the symbolic organization of living spaces; sculpture - the aesthetic representation of the body in space; dance - the aesthetic organization of movement in space; design - giving an aesthetic form to the mass media (advertising, poster), interiors of residential, industrial and societies. premises, tools, household items. It is also possible to single out mixed types of art that combine elements of several "pure" types, for example: theater, artistic film production, photography, organization of mass actions, etc. The division of I. into types contributes to the removal, i.e., the presentation in an unusual form of differentiated types of human connections with the environment, connections that in everyday life act in a syncretic integrity. Genres I. In I. it is customary to distinguish genres in relation to each of its types. The selection of genres is carried out in accordance with the type of aesthetic attitude to the environment: tragic, comic, dramatic, lyrical, satirical, farcical, etc. The selection of genres in each of the types of I. fixes the types of socially significant mental states and experiences that color the corresponding works of I. Art form. In art, it is customary to single out certain forms of works of art that characterize the internal organization and external representation. So, in fiction, one can single out such forms as a novel, a story, a short story, a short story, etc. - in prose; poem, sonnet, ode, ballad, etc. - in poetry; symphony, sonata, oratorio, romance, suite, etc. - in music; painting, portrait, landscape, still life, etc. - in painting. Forms of I.'s works are also usually divided into large ones, for example: the novel - in literature, the symphony - in music, monumental painting, etc.; and small ones: a story - in literature, a prelude, a musical moment, an etude, etc. - in music; chamber painting and miniature - in painting. Isolation of the forms of works of art captures the cultural "space" offered by the author for detailed consideration. To distinguish the principles of constructing an artistic image and artistic form in the field of art, it is customary to single out special categories, such as style, artistic direction, and creative manner. Style in art is commonly understood as a set of principles for organizing aesthetic information that is characteristic of a certain era and a certain cultural region and is of a normative, i.e., generally accepted, character for professional artists. Style determines the sets of expressive means, techniques and technologies that are most common in a given era and in a given cultural region. Trends in art can be defined as sets of aesthetic principles characteristic of various groups of artists, including elements of style, certain variations of stylistic forms, and certain innovative elements. Depending on the combinations of these components, artistic trends (schools) can be components of style, artistic tendencies that gravitate towards it or deviate from it, innovative principles of aesthetic formation that are opposed to style. The creative style of the author is a stable set of individual artistic techniques that characterize his identity in I. As in the case of artistic movements, the creative manner can be fully consistent with the style, or be a variation of stylistic norms, or be an innovative search for aesthetic principles, expressive means, artistic techniques . The identification of categories that characterize the principles of constructing an art form fixes the grounds for structuring the relations of the bearers of a certain culture with the natural and artificial environment. It is expedient to represent visualization as a certain cultural code based on aesthetic, figurative principles of building connections between a person and the environment, on the basis of which professional artists solve the problems that arise in the field of these connections in a symbolic form. It is also a specific cultural order, the structure of which characterizes people's primary interest in certain elements of the environment and building certain connections with them. An analysis of I.'s works makes it possible to reveal in what forms of aesthetic detachment people present their connections with the environment, and to construct hypotheses about what causes such forms of detachment at a given time and in a particular culture. Lit.: Bart R. Selected Works. M., 1973; Vans-lov V.V. Aesthetics. Art. Art history. M., 1983; Art in the system of culture. L., 1987; Kagan M.S. Morphology of Art: A Historical and Theoretical Study of the Internal Structure of the Art World. L., 1972; Kiyashchenko N.I., Leizerov N.L. The theory of reflection and problems of aesthetics. M., 1983; Morphology of culture. Structure and dynamics. M., 1994; Markov M. Art as a process: fundamentals of the functional theory of art. M., 1970. E.A. Orlova

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

ART

a term used in two meanings: 1) skill, ability, dexterity, dexterity, developed by knowledge of the matter; 2) creative activity aimed at creating works of art, more broadly - aesthetically expressive forms. The conceptual status of I. is directly connected with the second meaning of the term, keeping the first as a technical condition for any creativity.

The concept of "I." is connoted by historical changes (transformations) of forms and types of culture, their interactions, and, accordingly, by the nature of philosophical, art criticism, artistic and poetic reflections and by now is a multidimensional semantic formation, fundamentally open to the inclusion of new semantic elements generated by the incessantly lasting and transforming artistic - the aesthetic experience of mankind, including the development of intercultural ties, communications, exchanges, technologies that provide and support creativity and the transmission of its products in society. This kind of continuous change in the nature and volume of I., its "proteism", makes impossible the classical, positive definition of I. It is fundamentally apophatic both in relation to its substantial character and in relation to specific, socio-historical goal-setting. Due to its empirically factual indeterminacy, I. can be specified only on a phenomenological plane, as an event (realization) of an always new, unknown meaning and those existential circumstances in which this meaning becomes possible.

The tradition of such a phenomenological understanding of I. was already established in the ancient world, when three fundamental concepts were explicated, revealing I. in the form of a trinity: "POIESIS - MIMESIS - TECHNE". POIESIS - expresses an act of creative action based on creative inspiration that reveals and creates the most artistic object (artistic and aesthetic objectivity), and not its likeness; in fact, here begins the formation of meaning, turned to the truth. MIMESIS - imitation-reproduction (as a representation of a thing), the authenticity of a work, its lawfulness. TECHNE - craft, science, cunning, dexterity - doneness, completeness of a work, its expressiveness. I. as a creative and artistic phenomenon embraces all three of these modes in their inseparability and complementarity. Ancient poetics (Aristotle, Horace), separating free (lyrical) I. from craft, emphasized both the difference between artistic fiction and external (formal-empirical) imitation, and the difference between formal-technical craft and smart (based on smart vision) creation. The poietic mode, which is decisive in the formation of the artistic status of a work, at the same time sets the essential nature of its appearance and presence. This essential character of I. in the act of its direct representation (presence) for understanding perception (feeling) is AISTHETIKOS (lit. - sensory knowledge, perception, however, taken in the totality of feelings, sensations and their awareness). Thus, I., giving rise to the complex of works of art that manifests it, at the same time constitutes its own world - artistic culture - a world that is irrelevant in relation to empirical reality, has its own (immanent) conformity to law, is oriented towards the beautiful, in the direction of which I. is only phenomenally realized. . This way of realizing I. as a phenomenal act establishes its two complementary coordinates, one of which is necessarily connected with the question of the existential presence of man in I. (through artistic culture). An anthropological socio-cultural complex is formed here, where the works set a situation that explicates and thematizes the teleological task of cultural self-determination of historically emerging human communities. The existential presence in artistic culture is thematically defined by the complex of I.'s works as an artistic ideal present and defining it. I. in this case directly appeals to the supreme values ​​of the social order and equally becomes the subject of social criticism. The second coordinate determines the direction of I. as an artistic and creative process towards truth, the possibility of its manifestation for aesthetic consciousness. This problem is presented as an epistemological component of the knowledge of I., his philosophical understanding. Here the truth is considered in its manifestation not in the noetic-logical system, but in its eidological form ("form" in the literal sense of the word). The most adequate form of such disclosure of truth through its constitutive and positing eidos can be considered a myth (mythologeme) - a semantic figurative formation in which "hierophany" is carried out (a phenomenon of the sacred, and, therefore, law-like and necessary existence). This tradition is characteristic of the comprehension of the epistemological essence of I. from the 3rd century. up to modern and modern times. In any case, epistemologically, I. establishes the phenomenal presence of a thing and is directed to the transcendent grounds of any presence. The mythologeme can be considered the most fundamental form of the I. phenomenon, in which the essential phenomenal aspects of the creative act are presented in unity: extra-linguistic (non-sign) reality; personality-defined, in terms of presence, subject (artist, poet); a sign reality that represents and indicates facticity in I. In the mythologem, I. reveals itself in the fullness of its being, but by the same token it is not an independent type of purely artistic activity, grasping almost the entire totality of being as a unity of creativity and creation. Christianity, assuming the transcendence of the absolute subject (personal God), offers a symbolic form of realization of I. in the form of a symbol-revelation (covenant), constantly maintaining the connection (dialogue) between the Creator and the Creature. Such I. has a God-given character (plots and revelations of Holy Scripture, theophanic canons of sacred images, visions, etc.). However, in this comprehension of the transcendent through the symbol, the creative willfulness of the "creature", the artist, already makes itself felt. During this period, the concept of "I." connotated by the semantic accent "skill", "temptation". A symbol in Christian culture is not yet a work of art; it remains within the boundaries of the phenomenon of the I. phenomenon itself, a phenomenon directly related to the transcendental foundations of creativity. In this regard, there is no clear boundary, for example, between an icon created by a master and a purely natural sign of theophany (the footprint of the Mother of God, imperishable relics, material symbols of Sacred History). An event that radically transformed the situation of I. can be considered the adoption by Western Christianity of the principle of "filioque", from which followed the doctrine of "two truths" postulated by Thomas Aquinas, which led to a certain emancipation of both human (creature) knowledge of the truth, and, in fact, human creativity . The created reality (emancipated nature) is itself a relatively self-sufficient source of being, and man is assumed here as an epistemological and creative subject. Subjectively, the creator (artist) is already separated from the world, which is now opposed to him in the form of an object and subject of empirically set goals. In such a situation, I. is only able to describe, display the world in works of art, which, according to Feuerbach's exact remark, "do not pretend to be reality." In artistic creation, aspects of "techne" - skill, skill, and "mimesis" begin to dominate, in terms of formal imitation of nature, taken in its "natural regularity". This is how the "classical" model of art is formed as a world of artistic works, formed on aesthetic principles and addressed to an educated aesthetic sense (perception) and judgment (taste). Since in the same period the most relevant component of human culture becomes historicism in the form of a total world history, which assumes the solution of the teleological problem of mankind (Hegel, Marx), along with this, classical art history (Winckelmann), focused on the comprehension (reproduction) of beauty in its ideal aesthetic form. The classical model of the world of I. becomes the determining and foundation for the construction of the entire "European project", which implies its correlation with all aspects of the Eurocentric world order.

The classical world of I. assumes exemplary (normative) both in terms of orientation towards a beautiful ideal, literally refined from the so-called classical historical eras (cf. "classical antiquity", "classical (high) Renaissance"), and in terms of the transformation of life, expressed in the sociologized thematization of the relationship between "beautiful" and "life". Formation of the objectified "classical world of I." Together with the installation on the artistic (aesthetic) subject, it leads to the emergence of a quasi-scientific paradigm of studying I. with a system of procedures that allow us to study, evaluate, and establish patterns of development of I. on the basis of subjective criteria. Art history, the theory of I. (Velfflin), and art criticism accompany the development of I. of the New Age. I. itself (the world of classical I.) is considered as a specific system of adequate description (display) of non-artistic reality, the main significant element of which is the artistic image. The problematic of the artistic image, most fully represented in Hegel's "Aesthetics", was an attempt to resolve the contradiction between the actual objectivity of the work of art (what and how is presented) and its meaning (in terms of classical aesthetic theory - the contradiction between content and form). The artistic image was interpreted mainly as a product of creative imagination, arising in the process of creation and perception of the work. However, the rigid binding of the artistic image to the procedure for reflecting reality - reliable and formalized - has led to a whole range of paradoxes associated with the fundamental inadequacy of the "artistic" and "real" worlds. This situation was fixed by Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, fixed in the form of heightened attention to the theme of POIESIS as a necessary means of forming the most artistic objectivity, which remains relevant to this day. It was POIESIS, as a fundamental moment of artistic creativity, that became the basis on which various innovative trends arose, usually defined by the term "modern art", which significantly transformed the entire concept, and together, the practice of I. of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

At the turn of the century, a lasting throughout the 20th century was designated. the conflict between the classical and innovative traditions, in the depths of which the deep transformation of art and its emergence into a completely new dimension of human existence, quite accurately expressed by M. Heidegger, are clearly indicated: "Art moves into the horizon of aesthetics. This means: a work of art becomes an object of experience and, accordingly, art is considered the expression of a person's life." This status of I. implies a non-classical structure of the artistic world and equal coexistence and communication of various cultural worlds associated with the life of equally diverse, often dynamically changing human beings, self-organizing according to political, economic, ethnic, religious, ethical and value principles. . The communicative principle of structuring the artistic (cultural) world, which by the end of the century had taken on a total character, modifies the mode and form of being of the I., which becomes predominantly a symbolic formation (discourse) that carries (transmits, communicates) value meanings.

Modern I. is a complex system of communicating forms and directions, often united by the so-called "postmodernist project." A feature of various "modernist" artifacts was the direct presence of the author-performer in the implementation of an artistic act, which is aimed at a public provocation, which ends with the performance. As for the artistic (aesthetic) concept, it is realized in modernism in the form of a program, manifesto and anthropological reflections. In general, it can be stated that the phenomenon of "modern I." - rather a humanitarian-anthropological project, sharply, sometimes aggressively directed against the totally dominant systems of social self-references - political and economic. Because of this, the communities that arise in the process of an artistic act are marginal and temporary. However, "modern I." in its avant-garde forms, far from exhausting modern artistic culture, which is held by the classical paradigm, designed in the form of classical art education, a museum, academic institutions that are included in the system of mass communication and in relation to which modern forms of artistic activity identify themselves in aesthetic and artistic terms. . Finally, the picture of modern art and modern artistic culture would be incomplete without the phenomenon of mass culture, which is fundamentally oriented towards the mass art market and the production of ideologemes of mass consciousness (the cult of stars, consumption, mass phobias, and success in life). Mass culture develops predominantly in the means of communication that directly represent the dominant political, economic and ideological references of society and directly include the socialization of individuals in total power systems.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

If we consider the concept of art in a broad sense, then it means one of the forms of knowledge of reality by mankind, which is reflected in works of art, paintings, musical works and theatrical productions in engravings and sculptures. Art is a part of the spiritual life of both a person and society and is generally considered a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations.

What is art in a narrower sense

Art means the comprehension of reality by the master, the reflection of his external and internal world, which ultimately gives a product that brings aesthetic satisfaction, not only to the creator himself, but also to society.

Aims of Art

Like any kind of human activity, art has its own goals. If we consider what fine art is and its main functions, then this type of art has both unmotivated and motivated functions. For example, avant-garde artists, through their paintings, expressed indignation at the existing political system (a motivated, revolutionary function). Each painting is a message to the whole world, as the artist creates it to show mankind how beautiful the landscape of a certain area is or to show the beauty of a person, leaving his portrait for future generations. Appeal to an unlimited circle of people is an unmotivated function of fine art, and not only.

Art carries entertainment and ritual purposes and serves as an excellent way to treat psychotherapeutic diseases (motivated goal). In principle, each type of art has both general and purely specific functions. For example, graffiti, being a kind of fine art, has such motivated goals as commercialization and propaganda, but at the same time, it performs unmotivated functions - only a creative person at his subconscious level can perform graffiti with the help of imagination.

Kinds of art

There are a lot of types of art, but considering what a type of art is, it should be noted that there are two large groups - fine and non-fine art. The first type expresses external reality, and the second type expresses internal. In turn, the visual arts are divided into such types as painting and painting, graphics, sculpture and photography, graffiti and comics. This group also includes arts and crafts, which involves the creation of artistic products that have a utilitarian and non-utilitarian purpose. If we dwell in more detail on the question of what arts and crafts is, then we will understand that it has its own special features. Thus, objects created within the framework of this type of art are used for interior and household decoration. But at the same time, these objects are aesthetically pleasing to the eye and have an artistic effect.

Non-visual arts include literature and architecture, which, according to a different principle of division of art, are classified as static. Music and choreography, ballet and radio art are non-pictorial dynamic art forms. All types of art are also subdivided according to the types of materials used. For example, to create a painting, modern and traditional materials are needed - paints and canvas, a brush, and so on. Art is divided into styles and genres, such as drama and tragedy, farce and comedy, and others. In principle, if we consider superficially what art is, the definition of this sphere of human activity is very spatial. Since art can be called everything that a person created with the help of his hands and brains.

Art - the sphere of human activity, covering creative work on the creation of aesthetically significant objects - works of art, ways of storing them and bringing them to the public through inclusion in the process of public communication.

Currently, there are many definitions of the concept of "art". Here are some of them:

"Art- a special form of social consciousness, which is an artistic (figurative) reflection of life. Displaying the world, the artist embodies his thoughts, feelings, aspirations, ideals in a work of art. He reproduces the phenomena of life and at the same time gives them his assessment, explains their essence and meaning, expresses his understanding of the world. "/Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary/

"Art(lat. ars) any ability to produce skillful work requiring talent, knowledge and experience was called.

"Art- the totality of all possible types of artistic creativity, including literature"

Art is understood and defined as a set of art forms, attempts to classify which can only be considered relatively successful.

From the point of view of the material conditions used, it is customary to divide art into three groups:

1) spatial (plastic)

Sculpture, painting, graphics and art photography constitute a special group of visual arts.

2) temporary

music (composing art)

literature

3) spatio-temporal

acting art (as well as the so-called synthetic art based on it: choreography, theater, cinema, television and video art, variety art, circus)

computer art

In each of these three groups of art, artistic and creative activity can enjoy

figurative signs, i.e. suggesting the similarity of images with sensually perceived reality (painting, sculpture, graphics - the so-called fine arts; literature; acting art)

signs of a non-figurative type, i.e. not allowing recognition in images of any real objects, phenomena, actions (architecture, music, dance)

signs of a mixed pictorial and non-pictorial nature, characteristic of synthetic forms of creativity (synthesis of architecture or decorative and applied art with fine art, etc.)

At the same time, it should be taken into account that the list of types of art is not unchanged in time and space - in different cultures and societies we are dealing with different configurations, moreover, in some cases it is difficult to draw a hard line separating artistic activity from non-artistic (different types of applied art, as well as design).

Art reflects the world holistically. The main subject of art is man, social life. The circle of phenomena of reality depicted by the artist is usually called the theme of the work

the inner world of the depicted is called idea emotionally expressed attitude of the artist to the depicted - evaluation . The theme, idea and evaluation, being inseparable, constitute the content of a work of art.

We call modern works of art those where complete unity of content and form, design and implementation, and mastery has been achieved. This unity is the basis of the beauty of art. Embodying the ideal of the artist, works of art are created according to the laws of beauty, become the embodiment and personification of beauty.