Systematics (taxonomy) is the science of the diversity and relationships between organisms. One of the tasks of taxonomy is the distribution (classification) of a variety of organisms into groups (taxa). But before such a distribution is carried out, it is necessary to characterize the objects quite fully and, on the basis of the selected information, identify them. The latter can lead to the identification of organisms with unknown or known characters and, accordingly, their placement in a new taxon at a certain level or assignment to known taxa.
To characterize organisms, a variety of features are used: morphological, cytological, cultural, physiological, biochemical, immunological, etc. If the amount of information to characterize objects is essentially unlimited, just as the process of understanding nature itself is endless, then a limited amount of information can be used for identification purposes, sufficient for the distribution of organisms into taxonomic groups.
A special branch of taxonomy - nomenclature - deals with the rules for naming described objects. In the taxonomy of bacteria, the binomial nomenclature of K. Linnaeus (K. Linne, 1707-1778) is used to name an object, according to which a biological species is assigned a name consisting of two words: the first determines the organism's belonging to a particular genus, the second determines the species. Bacteria are named according to the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for Bacteria.
The main taxonomic category is species. According to modern concepts, a species is a group of closely related organisms that have a common root of origin and at this stage of evolution are characterized by certain morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics, isolated by selection from other species and adapted to a specific habitat.
An important feature that determines the belonging of organisms to one species is their ability to interbreed and produce viable offspring. However, there is no sexual reproduction in prokaryotes, so this feature is not applicable to determine the species belonging to them. The assignment of prokaryotic organisms to one or different species is carried out largely empirically based on the analysis of many characters, while the genetic information contained in non-chromosomal genetic elements is not used to determine species.
Species are combined into taxa of a higher order - genera, genera - into families, followed by orders, classes, divisions, kingdoms. For the higher taxonomic categories, there is as yet no satisfactory definition.
In microbiology, terms such as "strain" and "clone" are used. Under the strain understand bacterial cultures of the same species, isolated, for example, from different habitats. Differences between strains do not go beyond the species. A clone is an even narrower concept; it is a culture isolated from a single cell.
There are 2 types of taxonomy of biological objects: phylogenetic, or natural, which is based on the establishment of related (genetic, evolutionary) relationships between organisms, and practical, or artificial, the purpose of which is to identify the degree of similarity between organisms for their quick identification and establishment of belonging to certain taxa. If the existing taxonomy of higher organisms reflects to a certain extent the evolutionary connections between them, i.e. the signs used to identify the degree of similarity also reflect the degree of relationship between these organisms, then an attempt to create a taxonomy of prokaryotes on the same basis was not successful.
As a result of the evolutionary process, the variety of life forms that is observed in the study of modern and fossil species of animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms arose. Their classification, i.e. grouping by similarity and kinship is the branch of biology called systematics.
The vast majority of living organisms are made up of cells. Only viruses and phages (viruses of bacteria) do not have a cellular structure. On this basis, all living things are divided into two empires - precellular (viruses) and cellular (this includes all other organisms).
The study of biological diversity, the description of new species not yet known to science are far from complete. Findings of new species are possible even among such large animals as mammals. For example, in the fauna of the former USSR every 3-4 years a new species of mammals unknown to science was described. In the mid 50s of the XX century. Leningrad zoologist A.V. Ivanov discovered a new type of animal - pogonophores (Fig. 35). In terms of scale, this discovery can be compared with the discovery of a new planet in the solar system.
It may seem surprising to an outside observer that biological systematics has not yet been completed and agreed upon. Even the number of the largest groups (types) into which the animal kingdom is subdivided remains a subject of controversy. In addition, with the introduction of the non-evolutionary cladistic classification scheme by Hennig in the 1950s, taxonomists were at the center of heated controversy.
In any science, the ability to systematize data opens up vast horizons. The fact is that with the exact construction of objects and studies into a single system, not only data analysis is possible, but also discoveries related to the system. So, for example, in biology, systematization makes it possible to track the lost species of living beings in a chain.
What is taxonomy: terms and scope
The term "systematization" in Greek means ordered, built into a system. Researchers have given this area their own definition: systematics is a science that leads to order and system all the objects under study.
Science is relevant for any field of activity and knowledge, but it has received the greatest distribution in biology. Due to the huge diversity of representatives of flora and fauna, the collection, processing and analysis of data on them has become of great importance for science. In biology, systematics is the study of the diversity of all living and extinct creatures, of the relationships and interaction of their groups: species, genera, families, and so on.
The main tasks of taxonomy
Since science received the greatest distribution in biology, its main tasks were:
- Comparison between each species and group and the determination among them of a higher stage of development
- Identification of common properties in representatives of certain groups and species
- Creation of a unified system based on the acquired knowledge
Systematizing the data, scientists primarily rely on the principle of evolution and the experience of biologist predecessors accumulated over the centuries. As a result, thanks to many years of work, we can navigate the incredible number of living organisms on our planet.
Principles of taxonomy
These statements are not subject to doubt in the world of scientists, which is why some call them the axioms of systematics:
- All organisms around us have their own internal structure.
- It is built according to a certain hierarchy, where some groups are subordinate to others.
- This structure has been fully studied, so it is possible to thoroughly build a system of the organic world
- The hierarchy involves seven different levels (ranks), which have their own name (from highest to lowest). First comes the kingdom, then the type (department), then the class, then the detachment (order), the family, followed by the genus and closes the chain with the species. In turn, species are composed of individual individuals.
The founder of taxonomy
The above hierarchy was formed only at the beginning of the 20th century. Nevertheless, attempts to sum up the scientific knowledge accumulated in various fields were made in ancient times.
So, for example, the cuneiform writers of Assyria, back in the 7th century BC, recorded animals and plants in the lists, depending on how significant they are for a person: what benefits they bring, whether they cause harm, and so on. The very first attempts to divide organisms into classes, from the point of view of their natural system, were undertaken by the ancient Greeks. For example, Aristotle in the 4th century BC tried to divide the known representatives of the fauna into two large groups, by analogy with vertebrates and invertebrates. Each of them, in turn, was divided into several parts.
SYSTEMATICS SYSTEMATICS
(from the Greek systematikos - ordered, related to the system), a section of biology, the task of which is to describe and designate all existing and extinct organisms, as well as their classification by taxa (groupings) decomp. rank. Based on data from all branches of biology, especially on evolutionary. doctrine, S. serves as the basis for many others. biol. Sciences. S.'s special value consists in creation of an opportunity of orientation in a set of existing types of organisms. C. osn. groups of organic world - prokaryotes and eukaryotes - have the same foundations and tasks and much in common in research methods. However, diff. S. sections are characterized by a number of features associated with the specifics of different groups of organisms. S. is often divided into taxonomy, understanding by it the theory of classification of organisms, and S. proper in the broad sense indicated above. Sometimes the term “taxonomy” is used as a synonym for S. S. uses for classification not only individual, private (morphological, physiol., biochemical, ecological, etc.) features characterizing organisms, but also their entirety. The more fully taken into account diff. features of organisms, the more the similarity revealed by S. reflects the relationship (common origin) of organisms that are combined into one or another taxon. For example, despite the superficial resemblance of a bat to a bird (as flying warm-blooded vertebrates), the bat is a mammal, that is, it belongs to another class. If, however, birds and mammals are compared with other, more distant organisms, for example, from other types, it is no longer the difference that is important, but the commonality of their structural plan as vertebrates. Cacti and spurges, for example, are similar, although they belong to different families; however, both of them are combined in the class of dicotyledonous plants. Attempts to classify organisms have been known since antiquity (Aristotle, Theophrastus, and others), but the foundations of S. as a science were laid in the works of J. Ray (1686–1704) and especially C. Linnaeus (1735 and later). The first scientific systems of plants and animals were artificial, that is, they combined organisms into groups according to similar external. signs and did not attach importance to their kinship. connections. The teachings of Ch. Darwin (1859 and later) gave the already established S. evolution. content. In the future, the main direction in its development was evolutionary, striving to most accurately and completely reflect in the natural (or phylogenetic) system the genealogical relationships that exist in nature. In addition to the evolutionary in modern. S. there are cladistic (phylogenetic) and numerical (phenetic) directions. Cladistic S. determines the rank of taxa depending on the sequence of isolation of the division. branches (cladons) on phylogenetic. tree, without attaching importance to the range of evolutions. changes in any group. So, mammals among cladists are not independent, a class, but a taxon subordinate to reptiles. Numerical, or numerical, S. resorts to mathematical. processing data on a set of arbitrarily selected features of organisms, giving each the same value. The classification is based on the degree of differences between the department. organisms determined by this method. Comparative morphological remains the main, most widely used, method of S.. At the same time, new methods are used in S., for example. electron microscopy; the study of the fine structure of chromosomes led to the development of karyosystematics. From Ser. 20th century in S. use biochemical. data (chemosystematics, or chemotaxonomy). Compare, the study of the amino acid sequence in the most important proteins in different groups of organisms, the nucleotide composition of DNA and RNA (genosystematics), etc. allow you to supplement the systematic. characterize and find out the relationship of groups. Important for S. animals are decomp. behavioral (ethological) features, to-rye sometimes characterize species characteristics much better than dep. building details. The use of modern methods, as well as a broad study of the population structure of the species, brought S. to a new stage in its development. A comprehensive study of any object requires, first of all, knowledge of the position of this object relative to others, as well as phylogenetic. relationship with them. The idea of a systematic relations of species necessarily also in the genetic. and biochemical. research. S. is important in ecology and biogeography, where many species are usually in the field of view of the researcher at once. Stratigraphy and geochronology are based primarily on the sequence of fossil animals and plants. S. is of great importance in organizing the protection of wildlife.
.(Source: "Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary." Chief editor M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial board: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected . - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)
taxonomyA branch of biology that designates and describes properly ordered (classified) biological objects. On this basis, systems of living organisms are built, reflecting the difference and similarity of the latter. Systems can be natural if they are based on signs that help to reveal the main directions of evolution in the animal and plant world. Artificial systems, on the other hand, unite living organisms only by external signs, without attaching importance to family (historical) ties.
.(Source: "Biology. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Editor-in-Chief A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen, 2006.)
Synonyms:
See what "SYSTEMATICS" is in other dictionaries:
- (from the Greek sistematikos - ordered) the science and art of systematization. Systematic - stated in the form of a certain system, forming a certain system. Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. 2010. SI ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
Scientific explanation of systems. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. SYSTEMATICS grouping of something according to similar characteristics, arrangement according to one specific plan, for example, in botany p. plants, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- (biological), the science of the diversity of all existing and extinct organisms, of the relationships and kinship between their various groups (taxa), populations, species, genera, families, etc. Striving for a complete system... ... Modern Encyclopedia
In biology, the science of the diversity of all existing and extinct organisms, of relationships and kinship between their various groups (taxa), populations, species, genera, families, etc. The main tasks of systematics are the definition ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
SYSTEMATICS, systematics, women. (scientific). 1. only units Bringing into the system, classification and grouping of objects and phenomena. Do systematic. 2. A department of botany or zoology devoted to such a classification. Systematics of plants. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Ex. classification classification systematization systematization grouping grouping Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Context 5.0 Informatics. 2012. taxonomy ... Synonym dictionary
Biological science of diversity, classification of organisms and related relationships between them. The first attempts to classify the organic world were made by Aristotle (384 322 BC) and Theophrastus (372 287 BC). Life forms of plants according to ... ... Ecological dictionary
taxonomy- and, well. systematique, German. Systematik gr. 1. A branch of botany or zoology concerned with the classification and description of extinct and existing plants or animals. BAS 1. 2. Grouping, classification of objects and phenomena. Systematics of isotopes. BASS… Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
SYSTEMATICS, and, for women. Bringing into the system (in 1 value) what n., as well as the system classification of someone what n. C. plants. C. animals. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Section of biol., whose task is to describe and designate all existing and extinct organisms, as well as their classification according to taxa (groups) of various ranks. The special significance of S. is to create the possibility of orientation in ... ... Dictionary of microbiology
Books
- Systematics of Mammals, V. E. Sokolov. The book represents the first attempt in Russian literature to give a taxonomic summary of modern mammals belonging to the orders of monotremes, marsupials, insectivores, woolly wings, ...
Scientific discoveries were made in different ways at all times: after millions of repetitions and experiments, or, conversely, by chance, not to mention insights and revelation dreams. But not a single science could pass such an important stage - the most difficult, urgently necessary for the formation and development, as the classification of accumulated knowledge, discoveries, experiences of eminent scientists and accidental discoverers. Systematics in biology puts forward and in practice tests the possible principles for combining all living organisms into a single hierarchical structure. It is also called taxonomy, but this is a more general name for any classification.
What does systematics study in biology
In 1735, the Swedish naturalist Carl von Linnaeus (physician, pathologist, botanist, zoologist) published a scientific work entitled "The System of Nature". He is considered the founder of taxonomy. At that time, biology stood still due to the great disparity of the accumulated scientific data, the animals and plants described at that time, and the lack of a common nomenclature for them. Thanks to Linnaeus, it received a new powerful impetus, which, a century and a half later, turned into the theory of evolution in Darwin's book On the Origin of Species.
What kind? Lowest rank, junior taxon in biological taxonomy. Together with the genus, it is a strict name, the exact address of each living organism in the hierarchical system of the entire known biomass of the Earth. Therefore, systematics studies biological diversity in order to create a scientifically based classification.
Natural and artificial systems
Linnaeus himself called the system he developed and proposed artificial. And he predicted that the followers - future naturalists - would be able to create a natural biological system. Systematics proposed by Linnaeus is a science that studies the external structure of organisms and classifies them on this basis. The scientist singled out similar signs of organisms and then ranked them as one group. But he did not disclose the reasons for the identity of species, genera, classes, orders according to the chosen trait, hoping that descendants would be able not only to improve his system, but also to explain the similarity of different taxa.
Charles Darwin was the first to propose a coherent theory. The genius of his predecessors, including Linnaeus, lies in the fact that they correctly placed many species in one taxon. Based on an external sign, scientists intuitively correctly determined that organisms are united by one common ancestor, from which his younger “relatives” in the tree of life inherited. In fairness, it must be said that there were many mistakenly combined into a family or genus of organisms.
The theory of evolution at the heart of taxonomy
Thanks to Darwin, the artificial system was replaced by a natural classification based on kinship. It retained the nomenclature of the Linnaean system and was not so much a complete replacement for the previous one, but its natural continuation and expansion. All this happened gradually, as scientific discoveries and the discovery of various fossils. The latter also found their address in the biological system. Extinct organisms at the moment are what taxonomists study and look for especially carefully. More and more characters are proposed to determine the common ancestors of the species, and hence the place next to it in the hierarchy.
Systematics of animals
In parallel with the distant ancestors of currently existing species, animal taxonomy studies what else can be accepted as a common feature for classification.
Allocate embryological signs, physiological similarity of organisms (nutrition, respiration, etc.), cellular structure, chromosome apparatus. After all, much of this has become possible to explore thanks to scientific and technological progress, which has continued to gain momentum around the world since the 18th century.
Despite the fact that systematics studies and improves many features of belonging to one taxon, it is difficult even at the level of a high rank of the animal kingdom to single out a number of unique features that are unique to animals. For example, these:
- The vast majority of animals need oxygen, but not all.
- Animals are heterotrophs, they consume ready-made nutrients, unlike plants - autotrophs. But there are unicellular animals with a mixed type of nutrition.
The simplest and first division of the animal kingdom begins according to the principle of structure. The main "brick" - the cell, is probably the most unique sign of belonging to the animal kingdom, which systematics studies. It is from him that the division of the entire kingdom into taxa begins. The first two sub-kingdoms come from above - multicellular and unicellular. The latter is also called the simplest.
Based on the fact that the cell structure of all animals is similar, it is believed that multicellular organisms developed from unicellular organisms. But on how this happened, who was the so-called missing link between them, there are only a number of theories.
Plant taxonomy
Primitive algae, according to the theory of the origin of species, became not only the ancestors of existing plants, but also a link in the food chain of animals.
What is plant taxonomy currently studying? Despite the fact that plants do not have a skeleton, so there are not as many fossilized remains of their ancestors as animals, scientists still talk about the evolution of plants. All departments in the plant kingdom can be divided into two conditional groups. The lower ones include several sections of algae, the higher ones are flowering (or angiosperms, divided into monocots and dicots), gymnosperms (the most famous of them are conifers) and spore sections - ferns, lichens, moss.
Species - a unit of taxonomy
There are two approaches to determining whether a species belongs to each of the older taxa, and they have developed historically. The first is according to external signs, the second is evolutionary, in accordance with the possible or known common ancestors of the organism under study and other members of the taxon.
A species is a basic rank, a taxonomic unit. This is what systematics studies in the first place, the ultimate goal of this field of biology. But all new species and features for their classification are offered by the modern world as many sciences develop, so the work of biologists in the field of taxonomy has not yet been completed.
Systematics (classification, taxonomy) is the science of the diversity of living organisms and their distribution into groups based on (evolutionary) relationship.
Systematic units (taxa) in decreasing order:
Types and orders are used in the classification of animals, while divisions and orders are used in the classification of plants and fungi.
The largest of the given systematic units is the super-kingdom. The smallest (initial, minimal, basic unit of taxonomy) is a species.
Types/divisions are divided into classes, classes into orders/orders, orders/orders into families, etc. And vice versa: genera are made up of species, families are made up of genera, orders/orders are made of families...
Taxonomists can distinguish many additional taxa - subtype, subclass, etc. For example, a person belongs to the subtype Vertebrates.
All species have a "double name": the first word is the name of the genus, the second is the name of the species.
Choose one, the most correct option. In the system of the organic world, vertebrates are
1) subtype
2) type
3) class
4) squad
Answer
1. Establish the sequence in which the systematic groups of plants are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) clover
2) legumes
3) red clover
4) angiosperms
5) dicot
Answer
2. Establish the sequence in which the systematic groups of plants are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) dandelion
2) Compositae
3) dandelion officinalis
4) dicot
5) angiosperms
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of arrangement of the systematic groups of the plant, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Wild radish
2) Radish
3) Angiosperms
4) Dicotyledons
5) Plants
6) Cruciferous
Answer
4. Arrange in the correct sequence the systematic categories of plants, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) ranunculus
2) angiosperms
3) buttercup caustic
4) dicot
5) buttercup
Answer
5. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic categories used in the classification of plants, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) violet
2) dicot
3) tricolor violet
4) angiosperms
5) violet
Answer
6. Set the correct order of systematic taxa of warty birch, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) warty birch
2) birch
3) angiosperms
4) plants
5) dicot
6) eukaryotes
Answer
7. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) plants
2) shrub cherry
3) rosaceous
4) dicot
5) angiosperms
6) cherry
Answer
8. Establish a sequence of systematic categories characteristic of the plant kingdom, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.
1) Angiosperms
2) Nightshade
3) Dicotyledons
4) Black nightshade
5) Nightshade
Answer
9. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic groups of plants, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) White lamb
2) Yasnotka
3) Angiosperms
4) Dicotyledons
5) Plants
6) Lamiaceae
Answer
10. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Angiosperms
2) Plants
3) Sosnovsky's hogweed
4) Umbrella
5) Dicotyledons
6) Hogweed
Answer
11. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Angiosperms
2) Plants
3) Mullein bear ear
4) Norichnikovye
5) Dicotyledons
6) Mullein
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. The basis of the natural classification system of the plant world is
1) kinship, common origin of groups
2) the similarity of the external structure of plant organisms
3) the similarity of life processes in a plant organism
4) adaptation of organisms to the environment
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What is the name of a group of plants that unites related species
1) family
2) gender
3) class
4) population
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Kind of chamomile pharmacy combines
1) a variety of flowering plants
2) a set of individuals based on their relationship
3) related genera of plants
4) plants of one natural community
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Systematists subdivide plant families into
1) orders
2) squads
3) childbirth
4) types
Answer
1) Chordates
2) Snakes
3) Reptiles, or Reptiles
4) Central Asian cobra
5) Scaly
6) Asp snakes
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. There is no department in plant taxonomy
1) mossy
2) dicot
3) flower
4) gymnosperms
Answer
1. Establish the order of the systematic categories used in the classification of animals, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) tiger
2) feline
3) predatory
4) mammals
5) Ussuri tiger
6) chordates
Answer
2. Establish a sequence that reflects the position of the species Homo sapiens in the system, starting with the smallest category. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) People
2) Mammals
3) Primates
4) Chordates
5 people
6) Homo sapiens
Answer
3. Establish the sequence in which the systematic groups of animals are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Rodents
2) Squirrel
3) Squirrels
4) Common squirrel
5) Chordates
6) Mammals
Answer
4. Set the correct order of the taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Hedgehog
2) Animals
3) Chordates
4) Insectivores
5) Mammals
6) Hedgehogs
Answer
5. Establish the sequence of the systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Hares
2) Mammals
3) White hare
4) Chordates
5) Lagomorphs
Answer
6. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Chordates
2) Animals
3) Mammals
4) Cetaceans
5) Whale
6) Whale blue
Answer
7. Set the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Artiodactyls
2) Animals
3) Mammals
4) Chordates
5) Spotted deer
6) Deer
Answer
1. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic taxa of the plant, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Meadowgrass
2) Bluegrass
3) Angiosperms
4) Monocots
5) Plants
6) Cereals
Answer
2. Set the correct sequence of the systematic taxa of the plant, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) Flowering
2) Plants
3) Cereals
4) Cereals
5) Monocots
6) Rye
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic taxa of the plant, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Onion
2) Monocots
3) Bow
4) Plants
5) Onion
6) Flower
Answer
Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic groups of animals, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Round heads
2) Lizards
3) Reptiles
4) Vertebrates
5) Round-eared
6) Chordates
Answer
1. Set the correct sequence of the systematic taxa of animals, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) passerines
2) thrush fieldfare
3) chordates
4) birds
5) thrush
6) thrush
Answer
2. Establish the order of the systematic taxa of the animal, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Chordates
2) Chicken
3) Animals
4) Guinea fowl
5) Birds
6) Turkey
7) African guinea fowl
Answer
3. Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Vertebrates
2) Animals
3) Birds
4) White partridge
5) Partridge
6) Chordates
Answer
4. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Birds
2) Animals
3) Chordates
4) Vertebrates
5) Village swallow
6) Swallow
Answer
5. Establish the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Passerines
2) Vertebrates
3) Common magpie
4) Birds
5) Magpies
6) Corvidae
Answer
Set the sequence reflecting the systematic position of the housefly species in the classification of animals, starting with the smallest group. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Diptera
2) Arthropods
3) Flies
4) Animals
5) Housefly
6) Insects
Answer
Set the sequence of systematic taxa, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) animals
2) mosquito
3) arthropods
4) insects
5) Diptera
6) malarial mosquito
Answer
Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) Coleoptera
2) insects
3) bronze
4) bronze green
5) animals
6) arthropods
Answer
Set the correct sequence in the classification of the pond frog, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Pond frog
2) Amphibians
3) Animals
4) Real frogs
5) Tailless
6) Chordates
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What sub-kingdoms unite animals
1) invertebrates and vertebrates
2) arthropods and chordates
3) unicellular and multicellular
4) birds and mammals
Answer
1. Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are located, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) South Russian tarantula
2) tarantula
3) arthropods
4) arachnids
5) spiders
6) wolf spiders
Answer
2. Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Scorpions
2) Animals
3) Imperial scorpion
4) Eukaryotes
5) Arachnids
6) Arthropods
Answer
Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Insects
2) Leaf beetles
3) Coleoptera, or Beetles
4) Colorado potato beetle
5) Arthropods
6) Animals
Answer
Establish the sequence of systematic taxa of the fungus, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Agaric order
2) Amanitaceae family
3) Agaricomycetes class
4) genus Amanita
5) Department of Basidiomycetes
6) view Amanita muscaria
7) Kingdom Mushrooms
Answer
Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Cartilaginous
2) Tiger shark
3) Cranial (Vertebrates)
4) Chordates
5) Sharks
6) Animals
Answer
Establish the order in which the systematic taxa of the animal are arranged, starting with the smallest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) Animals
2) Lepidoptera
3) Insects
4) Moths
5) Arthropods
6) Birch moth
Answer
Choose two correct answers from five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The terms of systematics of organisms include
1 class
1) fish
2) stingrays
3) chordates
4) cartilaginous fish
5) vertebrates
6) sea cat
Answer
Choose three options. What systematic taxa characterize mucor?
1) Prokaryotes
2) Eukaryotes
3) Cell Empire
4) kingdom Mushrooms
5) plant kingdom
6) animal kingdom
Answer
© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019
