Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born into a noble family on October 28, 1818. The writer's father served in the cavalry guard regiment and led a rather wild life. Because of his carelessness, and in order to improve his financial situation, he took Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova as his wife. She was very wealthy and came from the nobility.
Childhood
The future writer had two brothers. he himself was average, but for the mother became the most beloved.
The father died early and the mother was engaged in the upbringing of the sons. Her character was domineering and despotic. In her childhood, she suffered from the beatings of her stepfather and went to live with her uncle, who, after his death, left her a decent dowry. Despite the difficult nature, Varvara Petrovna constantly took care of her children. To give them a good education, she moved from the Oryol province to Moscow. It was she who taught her sons to art, read the works of contemporaries, and thanks to good teachers gave children an education which would be useful to them in the future.
Creativity of the writer
At the university, the writer studied literature from the age of 15, but due to the relocation of relatives from Moscow, he transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University.
Ivan already saw himself as a writer from a young age and planned to connect his life with literature. In his student years, he communicated with T.N. Granovsky, a well-known historian. He wrote his first poems while studying in his third year, and four years later he was already published in the Sovremennik magazine.
In 1938 Turgenev moves to Germany where he studies the work of Roman and then Greek philosophers. It was there that he met the Russian literary genius N.V. Stankevich, whose work had a great influence on Turgenev.
In 1841, Ivan Sergeevich returned to his homeland. At this time, the desire to engage in science cooled down, and creativity began to take all the time. Two years later, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the poem "Parasha", a positive review of which Belinsky left in "Notes of the Fatherland". From that moment on, a strong friendship began between Turgenev and Belinsky, which lasted for a long time.
Artworks
The French Revolution made a strong impression on the writer, changing his worldview. Attacks and murders of people prompted the writer to write dramatic works. Turgenev spent a lot of time away from his homeland, but love for Russia always remained in the soul of Ivan Sergeevich and his creations.
- Bezhin meadow;
- Noble Nest;
- Fathers and Sons;
- Mu Mu.
Personal life
Personal life is replete with novels, but officially Turgenev never married.
The biography of the writer has a huge number of hobbies, but the most serious was romance with Pauline Viardot. She was a famous singer and the wife of a theater director in Paris. After meeting the Viardot couple, Turgenev lived for a long time in their villa and even settled his illegitimate daughter there. The complex relationship between Ivan and Polina is still not marked in any way.
The love of the last days of the writer was actress Maria Savina, who very brightly played Verochka in the production of "A Month in the Village". But on the part of the actress there was sincere friendship, but not love feelings.
last years of life
Turgenev gained particular popularity in the last years of his life. He was a favorite both at home and in Europe. The developing gout disease prevented the writer from working at full strength. In recent years, he lived in Paris in the winter, and in the summer at the Viardot estate in Bougival.
The writer foresaw his imminent death and tried with all his might to fight the disease. But on August 22, 1883, the life of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was cut short. The cause was a malignant tumor of the spine. Despite the fact that the writer died in Bougival, buried him in Petersburg at the Volkovsky cemetery, according to the last will. There were about four hundred people at the farewell memorial service in France alone. In Russia, there was also a farewell ceremony for Turgenev, which was also attended by a lot of people.
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Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich, a famous writer, was born on December 28, 1818 in Orel, into a wealthy landowner family that belonged to an ancient noble family. [Cm. See also the article Turgenev, life and work.] Turgenev's father, Sergei Nikolaevich, married Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, who had neither youth nor beauty, but inherited huge property - solely by calculation. Soon after the birth of his second son, the future novelist, S. N. Turgenev, with the rank of colonel, left the military service, in which he had until then been, and moved with his family to his wife's estate, Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, near the city of Mtsensk, Oryol province . Here, the new landowner quickly unfolded the violent nature of an unbridled and depraved tyrant, who was a thunderstorm not only for the serfs, but also for members of his own family. Turgenev's mother, even before her marriage, experienced a lot of grief in the house of her stepfather, who pursued her with vile offers, and then in the house of her uncle, to whom she fled, was forced to silently endure the wild antics of her despot husband and, tormented by the pangs of jealousy, did not dare to reproach loudly him in unworthy behavior that offended in her the feelings of a woman and wife. Hidden resentment and irritation accumulated over the years embittered and hardened her; this was fully revealed when, after the death of her husband (1834), having become a sovereign mistress in her possessions, she gave vent to her evil instincts of unrestrained landlord tyranny.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Portrait by Repin
In this suffocating atmosphere, saturated with all the miasma of serfdom, the first years of Turgenev's childhood passed. According to the custom prevailing in the life of the landowners of that time, the future famous novelist was brought up under the guidance of tutors and teachers - Swiss, Germans and serf uncles and nannies. The main attention was paid to the French and German languages, learned by Turgenev in childhood; the native language was in the pen. According to the testimony of the author of The Hunter's Notes, the first person who interested him in Russian literature was his mother's serf valet, secretly, but with extraordinary solemnity, reading to him somewhere in the garden or in a remote room Kheraskov's Rossiada.
In early 1827, the Turgenevs moved to Moscow to raise their children. Turgenev was placed in the private pension of Weidenhammer, then was soon transferred from there to the director of the Lazarev Institute, with whom he lived as a boarder. In 1833, having only 15 years of age, Turgenev entered the Moscow University in the verbal department, but a year later, with the family moving to St. Petersburg, he moved to St. Petersburg University. Having completed the course in 1836 with the title of a full student and having passed the exam for the degree of a candidate the following year, Turgenev, with the low level of Russian university science at that time, could not but be aware of the complete insufficiency of the university education he had received and therefore went to complete his studies abroad. To this end, in 1838 he went to Berlin, where for two years he studied ancient languages, history and philosophy, mainly the Hegelian system under the guidance of Professor Werder. In Berlin, Turgenev became close friends with Stankevich, Granovsky, Frolov, Bakunin, who together with him listened to the lectures of Berlin professors.
However, not only scientific interests prompted him to go abroad. Possessing by nature a sensitive and receptive soul, which he saved among the groans of the unanswered "subjects" of the landowners-masters, among the "beatings and tortures" of the serf situation, which inspired him from the very first days of his conscious life with invincible horror and deep disgust, Turgenev felt a strong need for at least temporarily flee from their native Palestine. As he himself wrote later in his memoirs, he had to “either submit and humbly wander along the common rut, along the beaten path, or turn away at once, recoil from himself“ everyone and everything ”, even risking losing much that was dear and close to my heart. I did just that ... I threw myself headlong into the "German sea", which was supposed to cleanse and revive me, and when I finally emerged from its waves, I nevertheless found myself a "Westerner" and remained so forever.
The beginning of Turgenev's literary activity dates back to the time preceding his first trip abroad. While still a 3rd year student, he gave Pletnev one of the first fruits of his inexperienced muse for consideration, a fantastic drama in verse, Stenio, - this is completely ridiculous, according to the author himself, a work in which, with childish ineptitude, a slavish imitation of Byron's was expressed " Manfred." Although Pletnev scolded the young author, he nevertheless noticed that there was “something” in him. These words prompted Turgenev to take him a few more poems, of which two were published a year later in " Contemporary". Upon returning in 1841 from abroad, Turgenev went to Moscow with the intention of taking the exam for a master of philosophy; this turned out to be impossible, however, due to the abolition of the department of philosophy at Moscow University. In Moscow, he met the luminaries of the emerging Slavophilism at that time - Aksakov, Kireevsky, Khomyakov; but the convinced "Westernizer" Turgenev reacted negatively to the new current of Russian social thought. On the contrary, with Belinsky, Herzen, Granovsky, and others hostile to the Slavophiles, he became very close.
In 1842, Turgenev left for St. Petersburg, where, as a result of a quarrel with his mother, who severely limited his means, he was forced to follow the “common track” and enter the office of the Minister of Internal Affairs Perovsky. "Listed" in this service for a little over two years, Turgenev was not so much engaged in official affairs as reading French novels and writing poetry. Around the same time, starting from 1841, in " Domestic Notes" His small poems began to appear, and in 1843 the poem "Parasha" signed by T. L. was published, very sympathetically received by Belinsky, with whom he soon met after that and remained in close friendly relations until the end of his days. The young writer made a very strong impression on Belinsky. “This is a man,” he wrote to his friends, “unusually intelligent; conversations and disputes with him took away my soul. Turgenev later recalled these disputes with love. Belinsky had a considerable influence on the further direction of his literary activity. (See Turgenev's early work.)
Soon Turgenev became close to a circle of writers who were grouped around Otechestvennye Zapiski and attracted him to participate in this journal, and took an outstanding place among them as a person with a broad philosophical education, familiar with Western European science and literature from primary sources. After Parasha, Turgenev wrote two more poems in verse: Conversation (1845) and Andrei (1845). His first prose work was the one-act dramatic essay "Carelessness" ("Notes of the Fatherland", 1843), followed by the story "Andrei Kolosov" (1844), the humorous poem "The Landowner" and the stories "Three Portraits" and "Breter" (1846) . These first literary experiences did not satisfy Turgenev, and he was already ready to quit his literary career, when Panaev, embarking on the publication of Sovremennik together with Nekrasov, asked him to send something for the first book of the updated magazine. Turgenev sent a short story "Khor and Kalinich", which was placed by Panaev in the modest department of "mixture" under the heading "From the notes of a hunter" invented by him, which created unfading glory for our famous writer.
This story, which immediately aroused everyone's attention, begins a new period of Turgenev's literary activity. He completely abandons the writing of poetry and turns exclusively to the story and the story, primarily from the life of the serf peasantry, imbued with a humane feeling and compassion for the enslaved masses of the people. The Hunter's Notes soon became a big name; their rapid success forced the author to abandon his previous decision to part with literature, but could not reconcile him with the difficult conditions of Russian life. An increasingly aggravated sense of dissatisfaction with them finally led him to the decision to finally settle abroad (1847). “I saw no other way before me,” he later wrote, recalling the internal crisis that he was going through at that time. “I could not breathe the same air, stay close to what I hated; for this, I probably lacked reliable endurance, firmness of character. I needed to move away from my enemy in order to attack him more strongly from my distance. In my eyes, this enemy had a certain image, bore a well-known name: this enemy was serfdom. Under this name, I collected and concentrated everything against which I decided to fight to the end - with which I swore never to reconcile ... This was my Annibal oath ... I went to the West in order to better fulfill it. Personal motives joined this main motive - hostile relations with his mother, who was dissatisfied with the fact that her son chose a literary career, and Ivan Sergeevich's attachment to the famous singer Viardo-Garcia and her family, with whom he lived almost inseparably for 38 years, a bachelor all his life.
Ivan Turgenev and Pauline Viardot. More than love
In 1850, in the year of his mother's death, Turgenev returned to Russia to arrange his affairs. All the yard peasants of the family estate, which he inherited with his brother, he set free; he transferred those who wished to quitrent and in every possible way contributed to the success of the general liberation. In 1861, at the time of redemption, he conceded a fifth part everywhere, and in the main estate he did not take anything for the estate land, which was a rather large amount. In 1852, Turgenev issued a separate edition of the Hunter's Notes, which finally strengthened his fame. But in official spheres, where serfdom was considered an inviolable foundation of social order, the author of the Hunter's Notes, who, moreover, had lived abroad for a long time, was in very bad shape. An insignificant occasion was enough for the official disgrace against the author to take concrete form. This occasion was Turgenev's letter, caused by Gogol's death in 1852 and placed in Moskovskie Vedomosti. For this letter, the author was imprisoned for a month on the "moving out", where, among other things, he wrote the story "Mumu", and then, by administrative procedure, was sent to live in his village of Spasskoye, "without the right to leave." Turgenev was released from this exile only in 1854 through the efforts of the poet Count A. K. Tolstoy, who interceded for him before the heir to the throne. The forced stay in the village, according to Turgenev himself, gave him the opportunity to get acquainted with those aspects of peasant life that had previously eluded his attention. There he wrote the novels "Two Friends", "Calm", the beginning of the comedy "A Month in the Country" and two critical articles. Since 1855, he again connected with his foreign friends, with whom he was separated by exile. From that time on, the most famous fruits of his artistic creativity began to appear - Rudin (1856), Asya (1858), Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve and First Love (1860). [Cm. Turgenev's novels and heroes, Turgenev - lyrics in prose.]
Retiring again abroad, Turgenev listened attentively to everything that was happening in his homeland. At the first rays of the dawn of the renaissance that was taking over Russia, Turgenev felt in himself a new surge of energy, which he wanted to give a new application. He wanted to add to his mission as a sensitive contemporary artist the role of a publicist-citizen, at one of the most important moments in the socio-political development of his homeland. During this period of preparing reforms (1857 - 1858), Turgenev was in Rome, where many Russians then lived, including Prince. V. A. Cherkassky, V. N. Botkin, gr. Ya. I. Rostovtsev. These persons arranged meetings among themselves, at which the question of the emancipation of the peasants was discussed, and the result of these meetings was a project for the founding of a journal, the program of which was entrusted to develop Turgenev. In his explanatory note to the program, Turgenev proposed calling on all the living forces of society to assist the government in the ongoing liberation reform. The author of the note recognized Russian science and literature as such forces. The projected magazine was supposed to devote "exclusively and specifically to the development of all issues related to the actual organization of peasant life and the consequences arising from them." This attempt, however, was recognized as "premature" and did not receive practical implementation.
In 1862, the novel Fathers and Sons appeared (see its full text, summary and analysis), which had an unprecedented success in the literary world, but also brought the author many difficult minutes. A whole hail of sharp reproaches rained down on him both from the conservatives, who accused him (pointing to the image of Bazarov) of sympathy for the "nihilists", in "somersaulting in front of the youth", and from the latter, who accused Turgenev of slandering the younger generation and treason " the cause of freedom." By the way, "Fathers and Sons" led Turgenev to break with Herzen, who offended him with a sharp review of this novel. All these troubles had such a hard effect on Turgenev that he seriously considered abandoning further literary activity. The lyrical story "Enough", written by him shortly after the troubles experienced, serves as a literary monument of the gloomy mood in which the author was seized at that time.
Fathers and Sons. Feature film based on the novel by I. S. Turgenev. 1958
But the artist's need for creativity was too great for him to dwell on his decision for a long time. In 1867, the novel Smoke appeared, which also brought accusations against the author of backwardness and misunderstanding of Russian life. Turgenev reacted much more calmly to the new attacks. "Smoke" was his last work, which appeared on the pages of "Russian Messenger". Since 1868, it has been published exclusively in the journal Vestnik Evropy, which was then born. At the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war, Turgenev moved from Baden-Baden to Paris with Viardot and lived in the house of his friends in the winter, and moved to his dacha in Bougival (near Paris) in the summer. In Paris, he became close friends with the most prominent representatives of French literature, was on friendly terms with Flaubert, Daudet, Ogier, Goncourt, patronized Zola and Maupassant. As before, he continued to write a story or story every year, and in 1877 Turgenev's largest novel, Nov, appeared. Like almost everything that came out of the novelist's pen, his new work - and this time, perhaps with more reason than ever - aroused a lot of the most diverse interpretations. The attacks resumed with such ferocity that Turgenev returned to his old idea of ending his literary activity. And, indeed, for 3 years he did not write anything. But during this time, events occurred that completely reconciled the writer with the public.
In 1879 Turgenev came to Russia. His arrival gave rise to a whole series of warm applause addressed to him, in which the youth took a particularly active part. They testified to how strong the sympathies of the Russian intelligentsia society were for the novelist. On his next visit in 1880, these ovations, but on an even grander scale, were repeated in Moscow during the "Pushkin days". Since 1881, alarming news about Turgenev's illness began to appear in the newspapers. The gout, from which he had long suffered, grew worse and at times caused him severe suffering; for almost two years, at short intervals, she kept the writer chained to a bed or an armchair, and on August 22, 1883, she put an end to his life. Two days after his death, Turgenev's body was transported from Bougival to Paris, and on September 19 it was sent to St. Petersburg. The transfer of the ashes of the famous novelist to the Volkovo cemetery was accompanied by a grandiose procession, unprecedented in the annals of Russian literature.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on October 28, 1818 in the Oryol province. His father, Sergei Nikolaevich, was a retired hussar officer, a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812. Mother - Varvara Petrovna (nee Lutovinskaya) - came from a wealthy landowner's family, so many said that Sergei Nikolaevich married her solely because of the money.
Until the age of 9, Turgenev lived in the family estate of his mother, Spasskoe-Lutavinovo, Oryol province. Varvara Petrovna had a tough (sometimes cruel) character, she disdained everything Russian, so little Vanya was taught three languages from childhood - French, German and English. The boy received his primary education from tutors and home teachers.
Turgenev's education
In 1827, Turgenev's parents, wanting to give their children a decent education, moved to Moscow, where they sent Ivan Sergeevich to study at the Weidenhammer boarding school, and then under the guidance of private teachers.
At the age of fifteen, in 1833, Turgenev entered the verbal department of Moscow University. A year later, the Turgenevs moved to St. Petersburg, and Ivan Sergeevich transferred to St. Petersburg University. He graduated from this educational institution in 1836 with the degree of a valid student.
Turgenev was passionately passionate about science and dreamed of devoting his life to it, so in 1837 he passed the exam for the degree of candidate of science.
He received further education abroad. In 1838 Turgenev left for Germany. Having settled in Berlin, he attended lectures on classical philology and philosophy, studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. In addition to his studies, Ivan Sergeevich traveled a lot in Europe: he traveled almost all of Germany, visited Holland, France, and Italy. In addition, during this period he met and became friends with T.N. Granovsky, N.V. Stankevich and M.A. Bakunin, who had a significant impact on Turgenev's worldview.
A year after returning to Russia, in 1842, Ivan Sergeevich applied for an exam at Moscow University for a master's degree in philosophy. He successfully passed the exam and hoped to get a professorship at Moscow University, but soon philosophy, as a science, fell out of favor with the emperor and the department of philosophy was closed - Turgenev failed to become a professor.
Literary activity of Turgenev
After returning from abroad, Turgenev settled in Moscow and, at the insistence of his mother, entered the official service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. But the service did not bring him satisfaction, much more he was passionate about literature.
Turgenev began to try himself as a writer back in the mid-1830s, and his first publication took place in Sovremennik in 1838 (these were the poems “Evening” and “To Venus Mediceus”). Turgenev continued to collaborate with this publication as an author and critic for a long time.
During this period, he actively began to visit various literary salons and circles, communicated with many writers - V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Nekrasov, N.V. Gogol and others. By the way, communication with V.G. Belinsky significantly influenced Turgenev's literary views: from romanticism and poetry, he moved on to descriptive and morally oriented prose.
In the 1840s, Turgenev's stories such as Breter, The Three Little Pigs, The Freeloader and others were published. And in 1852 the first book of the writer was published - "Notes of a Hunter".
In the same year, he wrote an obituary for N.V. Gogol, which was the reason for the arrest of Turgenev and his exile to the family estate of Spassko-Lutavinovo.
The rise of the social movement that took place in Russia before the abolition of serfdom, Turgenev took it with enthusiasm. He took part in the development of plans for the upcoming reorganization of peasant life. He even became an unspoken employee of Kolokol. However, while the need for social and political reforms was obvious to everyone, the intelligentsia's opinions differed on the details of the reform process. So, Turgenev had disagreements with Dobrolyubov, who wrote a critical article on the novel "On the Eve", and Nekrasov, who published this article. Also, the writer did not support Herzen that the peasantry was capable of making a revolution.
Later, already living in Baden-Baden, Turgenev collaborated with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik-Europe. In the last years of his life, he acted as an "intermediary" between Western and Russian writers.
Turgenev's personal life
In 1843 (according to some sources, in 1845), I.S. Turgenev met the French singer Pauline Viardot-Garcia, who was touring in Russia. The writer fell passionately in love, but he understood that it was hardly possible to build a relationship with this woman: firstly, she was married, and secondly, she was a foreigner.
Nevertheless, in 1847, Turgenev, together with Viardot and her husband, went abroad (first to Germany, then to France). Ivan Sergeevich's mother was categorically against the "damned gypsy" and deprived him of material support for her son's connection with Polina Viardot.
After returning to their homeland in 1850, relations between Turgenev and Viardot cooled. Ivan Sergeevich even started a new romance with a distant relative O.A. Turgeneva.
In 1863, Turgenev again became close to Pauline Viardot and finally moved to Europe. With Viardot, he lived first in Baden-Baden, and from 1871 in Paris.
Turgenev's popularity at that time, both in Russia and in the West, was truly colossal. Each of his visits to his homeland was accompanied by a triumph. However, the trips were becoming more and more difficult for the writer himself - in 1882 a serious illness began to appear - cancer of the spine.
I.S. Turgenev felt and realized the approaching death, but endured it, as befits a master of philosophy, without fear and panic. The writer died in Bougival (near Paris) on September 3, 1883. According to his will, Turgenev's body was brought to Russia and buried at the Volkovsky cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Years of life: from 10/28/1818 to 08/22/1883
Russian prose writer, poet, playwright, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences. A master of language and psychological analysis, Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.
Ivan Sergeevich was born in the city of Orel. His father came from an old noble family, was superbly handsome, had the rank of retired colonel. The writer's mother was the opposite - not very attractive, far from young, but very rich. On the father's side, it was a typical marriage of convenience, and the family life of Turgenev's parents can hardly be called happy. Turgenev spent the first 9 years of his life in the Spasskoye-Lutovinovo family estate. In 1827 the Turgenevs settled in Moscow to educate their children; they bought a house on Samotek. Turgenev first studied at the boarding house of Weidenhammer; then he was given as a boarder to the director of the Lazarevsky Institute, Krause. In 1833, 15-year-old Turgenev entered the verbal department of Moscow University. A year later, because of the older brother who entered the guards artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, and Turgenev then moved to St. Petersburg University. At St. Petersburg University, Turgenev met P. A. Pletnev, to whom he showed some of his poetic experiments, which by that time had already accumulated a lot. Pletnev, not without criticism, but approved of Turgenev's work, and two poems were even published in Sovremennik.
In 1836, Turgenev graduated from the course with the degree of a real student. Dreaming of scientific activity, he again took the final exam the next year, received a candidate's degree, and in 1838 went to Germany. Having settled in Berlin, Ivan took up his studies. Listening to lectures at the university on the history of Roman and Greek literature, he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin at home. The writer returned to Russia only in 1841, and in 1842 he passed the exam for a master's degree in philosophy at St. Petersburg University. To obtain a degree, Ivan Sergeevich had only to write a dissertation, but by that time he had already lost interest in scientific activity, devoting more and more time to literature. In 1843, at the insistence of his mother, Turgenev entered the civil service in the Ministry of the Interior, however, after serving for two years, he resigned. In the same year, the first major work of Turgenev, the poem Parasha, appeared in print, which was highly appreciated by Belinsky (with whom Turgenev later became very friendly). Significant events take place in the personal life of the writer. After a series of youthful loves, he became seriously interested in the seamstress Dunyasha, who in 1842 gave birth to a daughter from him. And by 1843, Turgenev met the singer Pauline Viardot, whose love the writer carried through his whole life. Viardot was married by that time, and her relationship with Turgenev was rather strange.
By this time, the writer's mother, irritated by his inability to serve and incomprehensible personal life, finally deprives Turgenev of material support, the writer lives in debt and starving, while maintaining the appearance of well-being. At the same time, starting from 1845, Turgenev wandered all over Europe, either after Viardot, or with her and her husband. In 1848, the writer becomes a witness of the French Revolution, during his travels he gets to know Herzen, George Sand, P. Merimee, in Russia he maintains relations with Nekrasov, Fet, Gogol. Meanwhile, there is a significant turning point in Turgenev's work: since 1846 he has turned to prose, and since 1847 he has not written almost a single poem. Moreover, later, when compiling his collected works, the writer completely excluded poetic works from it. The main work of the writer during this period is the stories and novels that made up the "Notes of a Hunter". Published as a separate book in 1852, The Hunter's Notes attracted the attention of both readers and critics. In the same 1852, Turgenev wrote an obituary for Gogol's death. Petersburg censorship banned the obituary, so Turgenev sent it to Moscow, where the obituary was published in Moskovskie Vedomosti. For this, Turgenev was sent to the village, where he lived for two years, until (mainly through the efforts of Count Alexei Tolstoy) he received permission to return to the capital.
In 1856, Turgenev's first novel, Rudin, was published, and from that year the writer again began to live in Europe for a long time, returning to Russia only occasionally (fortunately, by this time Turgenev had received a significant inheritance after the death of his mother). After the publication of the novel "On the Eve" (1860) and the article dedicated to the novel by N. A. Dobrolyubov "When will the real day come?" there is a break between Turgenev and Sovremennik (in particular, with N. A. Nekrasov; their mutual hostility was maintained to the end). The conflict with the "young generation" was aggravated by the novel "Fathers and Sons". In the summer of 1861 there was a quarrel with Leo Tolstoy, which almost turned into a duel (reconciliation in 1878). In the early 1860s, relations between Turgenev and Viardot improved again, until 1871 they lived in Baden, then (at the end of the Franco-Prussian war) in Paris. Turgenev closely converges with G. Flaubert and through him with E. and J. Goncourt, A. Daudet, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant. His all-European fame is growing: in 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice president; in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. On the slope of his life, Turgenev wrote his famous "poems in prose", in which almost all the motives of his work are presented. In the early 80s, the writer was diagnosed with cancer of the spinal cord (sarcoma) and in 1883, after a long and painful illness, Turgenev died.
Information about the works:
Regarding the obituary on Gogol's death, Musin-Pushkin, chairman of the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee, spoke as follows: "It is criminal to speak so enthusiastically about such a writer."
Peru Ivan Turgenev owns the shortest work in the history of Russian literature. His prose poem "Russian language" consists of only three sentences.
The brain of Ivan Turgenev, as physiologically the largest measured in the world (2012 grams), is included in the Guinness Book of Records.
The body of the writer was, according to his desire, brought to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery. The funeral took place with a huge gathering of people and resulted in a mass procession.
Bibliography
Novels and stories
Andrei Kolosov (1844)
Three portraits (1845)
Gide (1846)
Breter (1847)
Petushkov (1848)
Diary of a Superfluous Man (1849)
Perhaps every educated person knows who Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is.
His biography proves that a person, despite a difficult life path, can create truly brilliant creations.
His works have become a real gem of world classical literature.
I.S. Turgenev - Russian writer, poet and publicist
According to some critics, the artistic system created by Turgenev changed the formation of Romanism in the second half of the 19th century. The writer was the first to predict the appearance of the sixties, whom he called nihilists, and ridiculed them in the novel Fathers and Sons.
Also, thanks to Turgenev, the term "Turgenev's girl" was also born.
Biography of Ivan Turgenev
Ivan Turgenev is a descendant of the old noble family of the Turgenevs.
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (1818-1883)
The origin of the surname is connected with the nickname Turgen (Turgen) and has Tatar roots.
Father and mother
His father served in the cavalry, liked to drink, walk and spend money. Ivan's mother, Varvara, he married by calculation, so their marriage could hardly be called strong and happy.
Vanya was born just two years after his marriage, and there were three children in the Turgenev family.
Childhood
Little Vanya spent his childhood in the family estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, where the family moved after the birth of their second son. A rich, luxurious estate included a huge house, a garden and even a small pond, in which there were many different fish.
Turgenev's house in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo
The future writer from childhood had the opportunity to observe nature, perhaps this is what formed his reverent, careful attitude to all living things.
The mother recalled that Vanya grew up as an active, inquisitive child, she was really proud of him, but she did not show it in any way. Varvara was a quiet and silent woman, so much so that none of the sons could even briefly recall any bright moments associated with their mother. Now a museum has been opened on the site of the Turgenev family estate.
Education and upbringing
Turgenev's parents were very educated people, so the children were introduced to science from an early age. Vanya early learned to read books and speak several languages. Foreigners were invited to the family, who were supposed to teach children their native languages.
As in all intelligent families, great emphasis was placed on French, in which family members spoke freely among themselves. For disobedience and lack of diligence, the kids were severely punished, the mother was subject to frequent mood swings, so sometimes she could be whipped for nothing.
Even as an adult, Ivan Sergeevich admitted how much he was afraid of his mother. His father, on the contrary, had minimal influence on him, and soon left the family altogether.
Youth years
As soon as Ivan turned nine, the family moved to the capital, where the boy was immediately assigned to a private boarding school. At fifteen, Turgenev already became a university student, but did not study for long, moved to St. Petersburg and graduated from the philosophical and historical department.
Even as a student, the future writer was engaged in translations of foreign poems and dreamed of someday becoming a poet himself.
The beginning of the creative path
In 1836, Turgenev's creative career began, his name began to appear in print for the first time, he wrote reviews of the works of his contemporaries.
But Turgenev became a real celebrity only seven years later, when he published the work Parasha, approved by the critic Belinsky.
They became so close that soon Turgenev began to consider Belinsky a godfather.
In a few years, a recent graduate has become one of the most famous writers of his time. Soon Ivan Sergeevich began to write not only for adults, but also for children.
Turgenev devoted a whole list of fairy tales to kids: “Sparrow”, “Doves”, “Dog”, written in a simple, understandable language for young readers.
Writer's personal life
Turgenev loved only once, the singer Pauline Viardot, known in narrow circles, became his chosen one.
Far from being a beauty, she was able to charm the writer so that he could not forget her all his life until his death.
It is known that in his youth, the writer broke out in a relationship with a seamstress named Avdotya. The romance did not last long, but as a result, the couple had a child, recognized by Turgenev only fifteen years later.
After breaking up with Polina, Turgenev tried to fall in love again, but each time he realized that he was still in love only with Viardot and told this to his young chosen ones. On the wall he always hung her portrait, and in the house there were a lot of personal things.
Descendants of Turgenev
The only daughter of Ivan Sergeevich was Pelageya, who was born as a result of a fleeting connection between Turgenev and the peasant woman Avdotya.
The writer's lover, Pauline Viardot, expressed a desire to take the girl and make a French lady out of her, a simple peasant woman, to which the writer quickly agreed.
Pelageya was renamed Polinet and moved to live in France. She had two children: Georges and Jeanne, who died without leaving heirs, and this branch of the Turgenev family finally broke off.
Last years of life and death
In 1882, after breaking up another relationship, the writer fell ill, the diagnosis sounded terrible: cancer of the bones of the spine. Thus, one can answer the question of why Turgenev died - he was killed by the disease.
He was dying in France, far from his homeland and Russian friends. But the main thing is that his beloved woman, Pauline Viardot, remained nearby until the last days.
The classic died on August 22, 1883; on September 27, his body was delivered to St. Petersburg. Turgenev was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery, his grave has been preserved to this day.
The most famous works of Ivan Turgenev
Of course, the most famous work of Turgenev is considered to be the novel "Fathers and Sons", which is included in the school curriculum.
The nihilist Bazarov and his difficult relationship with the Kirsanovs are known to everyone. This novel is truly eternal, as is the problem of fathers and children that rises in the work.
Slightly less famous are the story "Asya", which, according to some sources, Turgenev wrote about the life of his illegitimate daughter; novel "The Nest of Nobles" and others.
In his youth, Vanya fell in love with his friend Ekaterina Shakhovskaya, who conquered the boy with her tenderness and purity. Turgenev's heart was broken when he learned that Katya had many lovers, including Sergei Turgenev, the father of the classic. Later, the features of Katerina appeared in the main character of the novel "First Love".
Once a friend of Turgenev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, reproached the writer for the fact that his daughter was forced to earn money by tailoring due to lack of money. Ivan Sergeevich took this to heart, and the men had a big fight. A duel was to take place, which, fortunately, was not, otherwise the world might not see the new work of one of the writers. Friends quickly reconciled and soon forgot about the unpleasant incident.
Turgenev's characterization consisted of continuous contradictions. For example, with his great height and strong physique, the writer had a fairly high voice and could even sing at some feasts.
When he lost inspiration, he stood in a corner and stood there until some important thought came to his head. He laughed, according to contemporaries, with a most infectious laugh, fell to the floor and stood on all fours, sharply twitching and writhing.
The writer had other oddities at different stages of his life, like many creative talented people. The main thing for us is to get acquainted with the work of Turgenev and experience all the depth that the author put into his works.
