Agogo is a Brazilian folk percussion instrument, which consists of two sheep bells of different colors without tongues, connected by a metal curved handle. There are various variations of agogo. For example, with three bells; or agogo, made entirely of wood (also with two or three bells). The rhythmic pattern performed by agogo players is the basis of the polyrhythmic structure of the Brazilian carnival samba.

Basic information Asatayak is an ancient Kazakh and ancient Turkic percussion musical instrument. The shape resembles a wand or cane with a flat head, decorated with ornaments and metal rings, pendants. Asatayak had an open and sharp sound. To enhance the sound of the instrument, the bucks used konyrau - bells that were attached to the head of the asatayak. When shaking the instrument, konyrau complemented the sound with a metallic ringing. And asatayak,

Basic information Ashiko is a West African percussion instrument, a truncated cone drum. Ashiko is played with the hands. Origin Ashiko is considered to be the homeland of West Africa, presumably Nigeria, the Yoruba people. The name is most often translated as "freedom". Ashiko was used for healing, in initiation rituals, military rituals, communication with ancestors, for transmitting signals over distances, etc. Drums

Bania (Bahia) is a Bengali percussion instrument, distributed in Northern India. It is a single-sided small-sized drum with a leather membrane and a bowl-shaped ceramic body. The sound is produced by the blows of the fingers and the hand. Used with tabla. Video: Bania on video + sound Video with this instrument will appear in the encyclopedia very soon! Sale: where to buy/order?

Basic information Banggu (danpigu) is a Chinese percussion musical instrument, a small one-sided drum. From the Chinese baths - a wooden plank, gu - a drum. There is a female bangu and a masculine bangu. It has a wooden case in the form of a bowl with massive walls, facing the convex side up. There is a small hole in the middle of the case. The leather membrane is stretched over the convex part of the case

Basic Information The bar chimes are a self-sounding percussion musical instrument related to traditional Asian wind chimes. The instrument was introduced into the everyday life of percussionists by the American percussionist Mark Stevens, after whom he received the original name Mark Tree, widely used in the West. In Russia, the name Bar Chimes is more common. The metal tubes of different lengths that make up the instrument sound when they touch each other.

Basic information, device Drum - percussion musical instrument, membranophone. Common in most peoples. It consists of a hollow cylindrical wooden (or metal) resonator body or frame, on which leather membranes are stretched on one or both sides (plastic membranes are now used). The relative pitch can be adjusted by tensioning the membranes. The sound is produced by striking the membrane with a wooden mallet with a soft tip, a stick,

The Boyran is an Irish percussion instrument resembling a tambourine about half a meter (usually 18 inches) in diameter. The Irish word bodhran (in Irish it is pronounced boron or boirOn, in English - bouran, in Russian it is customary to pronounce boiran or boran) is translated as “thundering”, “stunning” (and also “annoying”, but this is only in some cases ). They hold the boyran vertically, playing it in a specific way with a wooden

Basic information The big drum (bass drum), also sometimes called the Turkish drum or "bass barrel" is a percussion musical instrument with an indefinite pitch, low register. It is a drum - a wide metal or wooden cylinder, covered with skins on both sides (sometimes only on one side). The sound is extracted by hitting a mallet with a massive head wrapped in dense material. If it is necessary to perform complex

Basic information Bonang is an Indonesian percussion instrument. It is a set of bronze gongs, with the help of cords, fixed in a horizontal position on a wooden stand. Each gong has a bulge (pencha) in the center. The sound is produced by hitting this bulge with a wooden stick wrapped at the end with cotton cloth or rope. Sometimes spherical resonators made of burnt clay are suspended under the gongs. Sound

Bongo (Spanish: bongo) is a Cuban percussion instrument. It is a small doubled drum of African origin, usually played while sitting, holding the bongo between the calves of the legs. In Cuba, the bongo first appeared in the province of Oriente around 1900. The drums that make up the bongos vary in size; the smaller of them is considered "male" (macho - Spanish macho, literally

Basic information A tambourine is a percussion musical instrument consisting of a leather membrane stretched over a wooden rim. Some varieties of tambourines have metal bells suspended from them, which begin to ring when the performer strikes the membrane of the tambourine, rubs it, or shakes the entire instrument. A tambourine is widespread among many peoples: Uzbek doira; Armenian, Azerbaijani, Tajik def; shaman tambourines with a long handle among the peoples

Basic information Bell (bell) - a percussion musical instrument, a small metal rattle (bell); is a hollow ball with a small solid ball (several balls) inside. It can be attached to a horse harness (“Three with bells”), clothes, shoes, headgear (jester's cap), a tambourine. Video: Bell on video + sound Video with this instrument will appear in the encyclopedia very soon! Sale: where

Bugai (berbenitsa) is an accompanying frictional percussion musical instrument that sounds like the roar of a bull. The bull is a wooden cylinder, the upper opening of which is covered with skin. A tuft of horse hair is attached to the skin in the center. Used as a bass instrument. The musician, with his hands moistened in kvass, pulls his hair. The pitch of the sound changes depending on the place of contact. Bugai is widespread

Basic information Vibraphone (English and French vibraphone, Italian vibrafono, German vibraphon) is a percussion musical instrument related to metal idiophones with a certain pitch. Invented in the USA in the late 1910s. The instrument has wide virtuoso capabilities and is used in jazz, on the stage and in percussion ensembles, less often in a symphony orchestra and as a solo instrument.

Basic information Gaval (daf) is an Azerbaijani folk percussion musical instrument. Very similar to tambourine and tambourine. One of those rare musical instruments that has retained its original form to this day. The Gaval device is a wooden rim with sturgeon skin stretched over it. In modern conditions, the gaval membrane is also made of plastic to prevent moisture. TO

Basic information, device, system Gambang is an Indonesian percussion musical instrument. It consists of wooden (gambang kayu) or metal (gambang gangza) plates, fixed in a horizontal position on a wooden stand, often richly decorated with paintings and carvings. The sound is extracted by blows of two wooden sticks with a flat puck-shaped winding at the ends. They are held loosely between the thumb and forefinger, the other fingers

Basic information Gender (gender) is an Indonesian percussion musical instrument. In gamelan, gender carries out a variational development of the main theme given by the gambang. The Gender device consists of 10-12 slightly convex metal plates, fixed in a horizontal position on a wooden stand with cords. Bamboo resonator tubes are suspended from the plates. Gender plates are selected in accordance with the 5-step slendro scale

Basic information Gong is an ancient percussion musical instrument of a symphony orchestra, which is a relatively large concave metal disk freely suspended on a support. Sometimes gong is mistakenly confused with tam-tam. Varieties of gongs There are a huge number of varieties of gongs. They differ in size, shape, character of sound and origin. The most famous in modern orchestral music are the Chinese and Javanese gongs. Chinese

Guiro is a Latin American percussion instrument, originally made from the fruit of the gourd tree, known in Cuba and Puerto Rico under the name "iguero", with serifs applied to the surface. The word "guiro" comes from the language of the Taino Indians who inhabited the Antilles before the Spanish invasion. Traditionally, merengue often uses metallic guiro, which has a sharper sound, and in salsa

Basic information Gusachok (goose) is an unusual old Russian folk noise percussion musical instrument. The origin of the gander is vague and ambiguous. It is possible that buffoons also played on it, however, in modern specimens, the clay jar (or “glechik”) is replaced by a papier-mâché model of the same shape. The gander has close relatives in different countries of the world. Let's face it, all relatives are very

Basic information Dangyr is an ancient Kazakh and ancient Turkic percussion musical instrument. It was a tambourine: a rim covered with leather on one side, inside of which metal chains, rings and plates were hung. Both dangyra and asatayak were attributes of shamanic rituals, which is why they were not widely used in the musical life of the people. Since the beginning of the 19th century, both

Basic information Darbuka (tarbuka, darabuka, dumbek) is an ancient percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch, a small drum, widespread in the Middle East, Egypt, the Maghreb countries, the Transcaucasus and the Balkans. Traditionally made of clay and goatskin, metal darbuks are also common now. It has two holes, one of which (wide) is covered with a membrane. According to the type of sound production refers to

Basic information A wooden box or wood block is a percussion musical instrument. One of the most common percussion musical instruments with an indefinite pitch. The sound of the instrument is a characteristic clattering sound. It is a rectangular bar of sonorous, well-dried wood. On one side, closer to the top of the bar, a deep slit about 1 cm wide is hollowed out. The instrument is played with wooden or

Djembe is a West African percussion musical instrument in the form of a goblet with an open narrow bottom and a wide top, on which a skin membrane is stretched - most often goat. Previously unknown to the West, since its "discovery" it has gained immense popularity. In terms of shape, the djembe belongs to the so-called goblet drums, in terms of sound production - to membranophones. Origin, history of Djembe

Basic information Dholak is a percussion musical instrument, a barrel-shaped wooden drum with two membranes of different diameters. They play the dholak with their hands or with a special stick; you can play sitting Turkish, putting it on your knees, or standing, using a belt. The tension force of the membranes is regulated by a system of rings and rope constrictions. Dholak is common in North India, Pakistan and Nepal; very popular

Basic information Carillon is a percussion musical instrument that, by means of a clockwork, makes a series of bells play a melody, just as a rotating shaft sets an organ in motion. Often used in churches, especially in the Netherlands, in China it was already known in ancient times. The carillon is played "manually" using a special keyboard. In total, there are 600-700 carillons in the world. Notable musicians

Basic information Castanets are a percussion musical instrument, which consists of two concave shell plates, connected by a cord in the upper parts. Plates have traditionally been made from hardwood, although more recently fiberglass has been used for this. Castanets are most widely used in Spain, southern Italy and Latin America. Similar simple musical instruments suitable for the rhythmic accompaniment of dance

Basic information Kimval is an ancient oriental percussion musical instrument, consisting of a metal plate (bowl), in the middle of which a belt or rope was attached, to be worn on the right hand. The cymbal was struck against another cymbal worn on the left hand, which is why the name of this instrument is used in the plural: cymbals. When they hit each other, the cymbals make a sharp ringing sound. Jews

Basic information Clave (Spanish clave, literally - “key”) is the simplest Cuban folk percussion musical instrument. Idiophone of African origin. It consists of two sticks made of hard wood, with the help of which the main rhythm of the ensemble is set. The musician playing the clave (usually a singer) holds one of the sticks in his hand in such a way that the palm forms a kind of resonator, and the other

Basic information A bell is a metal percussion musical instrument (usually cast from the so-called bell bronze), a dome-shaped sound source and, usually, a tongue striking the walls from the inside. There are also known bells without a tongue, which are beaten with a hammer or a log from the outside. The bells are used for religious purposes (calling the faithful to prayer, expressing the solemn moments of Divine service) and in

Basic information Orchestral bells are a percussion musical instrument of a symphony orchestra (idiophone). It is a set of 12-18 cylindrical metal tubes with a diameter of 25-38 mm, suspended in a rack frame (about 2 m high). They are struck with a mallet, the head of which is covered with leather. The sound range is chromatic. Range 1-1.5 octaves (usually from F; notated an octave higher than it sounds). Modern bells are equipped with a damper. in the orchestra

Basic information Bells (Italian campanelli, French jeu de timbres, German Glockenspiel) are a percussion musical instrument with a certain pitch. The instrument has a light-ringing timbre in the piano, brilliant and bright - in the forte. Bells exist in two varieties: simple and keyboard. Simple bells are a set of metal plates tuned to chromatism, placed in two rows on a wooden

Basic information Congo is a Latin American percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch from the genus of membranophones. It is a barrel elongated in height, with a leather membrane stretched from one end. It is used in pairs - two drums of different diameters (one is tuned lower, the other is higher), often the congo is played simultaneously with the bongo (collected on the same percussion set). Congo height 70-80

Basic information Xylophone (from the Greek xylo - tree + background - sound) is a percussion musical instrument with a certain pitch. It is a series of wooden blocks of different sizes, tuned to certain notes. The bars are struck with sticks with spherical tips or special hammers that look like small spoons (in the jargon of musicians, these hammers are called "goat legs"). Xylophone tone

Basic information Kuika is a Brazilian percussion instrument from the group of friction drums, most commonly used in samba. It has a creaky, sharp timbre of a high register. Kuika is a cylindrical metal (originally wooden) body, with a diameter of 6-10 centimeters. The skin is stretched on one side of the case, the other side remains open. From the inside, to the center and perpendicular to the leather membrane is attached

Timpani (Italian timpani, French timbales, German Pauken, English kettle drums) is a percussion musical instrument with a certain pitch. They are a system of two or more (up to five) metal boilers, the open side of which is covered with leather or plastic. At the bottom of each boiler is a resonator hole. Origin The timpani is an instrument of very ancient origin. In Europe, timpani, close

Basic information Spoons are the oldest Slavic percussion musical instrument. Musical spoons in appearance are not much different from ordinary table wooden spoons, only they are made from harder woods. In addition, musical spoons have elongated handles and a polished impact surface. Sometimes bells are hung along the handle. The game set of spoons can include 2, 3 or

Basic information, device The snare drum (also sometimes called a military drum or “working drum”) is a percussion musical instrument belonging to membranophones with an indefinite pitch. One of the main percussion instruments of a symphony orchestra, as well as jazz and other genres, where it is part of a drum kit (often in several copies of different sizes). The snare drum is metal, plastic or

Basic information Maraca (maracas) is the oldest shock-noise musical instrument of the native inhabitants of the Antilles - the Taino Indians, a kind of rattle that makes a characteristic rustling sound when shaken. Currently, maracas are popular throughout Latin America and are one of the symbols of Latin American music. As a rule, a maraca player uses a pair of rattles - one in each

Basic information Marimba is a keyboard percussion musical instrument, consisting of wooden bars mounted on a frame, which are struck with beaters, a relative of the xylophone. The marimba differs from the xylophone in that the sound produced by each bar is amplified by a wooden or metal resonator, or a gourd suspended underneath. Marimba has a rich, soft and deep timbre that allows you to achieve expressive sound. The marimba originated in

Basic information Musical pendant (breeze) is a percussion musical instrument. It is a bunch of small objects that emit a pleasant chime when the wind blows, widely used in landscape design, especially when decorating porches, verandas, terraces, awnings, etc., adjacent to the house. It is also used as a musical instrument. Musical pendants are most widely used in the southern regions as an anti-stress agent and

Basic information Pkhachich is an Adyghe and Kabardian folk percussion instrument, a relative of the rattle. Represents 3, 5 or 7 plates of dried hardwood (boxwood, ash, chestnut, hornbeam, plane trees), loosely tied at one end to the same plate with a handle. The usual dimensions of the tool: length 150-165 mm, width 45-50 mm. Phachich is held by the handle, pulling the noose,

Basic information Sencerro (Campana) is a Latin American percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch from the ideophone family: a metal bell without a tongue, which is played with a wooden stick. Its other name is Campana. Modern senserro have the form of a bell, somewhat flattened on both sides. The appearance of the senserro in Latin American music is associated with the ritual bells of the econ of the Congolese religious cults. It is believed that in

Basic Information Tabla is an Indian percussion instrument. The big drum is called bayna, the small one is called daina. One of the most famous musicians who glorified this instrument all over the world was the legendary tablist - Ravi Shankar. Origin The exact origin of tabla is unclear. But according to the existing tradition, the creation of this instrument (as well as many others whose origin is unknown) is attributed to Amir

Basic information Tala (or talan; Skt. Tala - clapping, rhythm, beat, dance) is a South Indian paired percussion musical instrument from the percussion category, a kind of metal cymbals or cymbal. Behind each of them there is a silk or wooden handle. The sound of the tala is quite soft and pleasant. Video: Tala on video + sounding Video with this instrument very soon

We break stereotypes. Percussion instruments, according to many amateurs, are extremely easy to learn and do not abound in musical richness. Let's just say that this point of view is fundamentally wrong. Percussion musical instruments are able not only to set the rhythm, but, as their very name implies, to directly create music. More on stereotypes. When we hear the words "percussion instruments", drums are the first thing that comes to our mind. And again by. Percussion instruments are a huge number of variations of devices for extracting sounds through blows, both with hands and with all kinds. Such are all folk percussion instruments or the same metallophone.

Percussion instruments as they are

Percussion instruments, drums, percussion and other percussion tricks make up, probably, the richest arsenal of instruments, sound extraction on which occurs according to the same principle. However, before you buy percussion instruments, try to figure out exactly what you need. The main parameter in this situation is the music you are going to play. Since folk percussion instruments are very dubiously suitable for jazz or the notorious heavy metal, you will have to carefully choose every detail of yours.

Types of percussion musical instruments

The most important before you buy percussion instruments, try to learn how to play them as best as possible, since the drummer is the mind, honor, conscience, and also of each group.

Their manners

Each country has its own national musical traditions. They are best manifested in percussion instruments, as one of the most ancient, and, consequently, the most natural.

Africa is interesting. It is quite logical to assume that music appeared there for the first time, therefore, the African percussion musical instrument is considered the most ancient on earth.

At its core, the African percussion instrument is the simplest design that sounds great and requires minimal effort to manufacture. Much more admirable is the ability to use a simple African percussion instrument to convey all possible musical shades.

Oriental percussion instruments

In the East, even the drum is a delicate matter. Within the framework of one article, it is rather difficult to cover all the diversity offered by oriental percussion instruments.

Here are just the main and most interesting points that I would like to point out.

Indian percussion instrument

India is a beautiful country, where even in music it is not the seven usual notes that stand out, but the masculine and feminine principles beloved by Hindus.

Even the Indian percussion instrument in most cases implies two components, which are personified with the two principles of human nature. In turn, this allows you to convey in the game all possible shades of feelings and emotions.

Arabic percussion instrument

Few people know as many ways of having a good time that would not contradict the Koran as the Arabs themselves.

Arabic music is known all over the world today. Oddly enough, but its main component is an Arabic percussion instrument, which not only sets the rhythm, but also creates an indescribable atmosphere of 1001 nights.

Percussion instruments are percussion work, but the main thing is the joy in percussion.

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Classification of musical instruments.

Due to the fact that musical instruments have very different origins and nature, they are classified according to the principles of sound formation according to the classification adopted in 1914 by Kurt Sachs and Erich Moritz von Horibostel (Systematik der Musikinstrumente: ein Versuch Zeitschrift f űr Ethnologie) which has become a classic.

Percussion instruments.

Following the system proposed by the named musicologists, the so-called idiophones and membranophones stand out among the percussion instruments. Idiophones (from the Greek Idios - one's own, and "background" - sound) - a family of instruments that reproduce sound due to vibration and radiation after impact, as in the case of bells, cymbals or cymbals, bells, castanets, rattles or the like.This is muses. instruments whose source of sound is a material that can sound without additional tension (as required by the strings of a violin, guitar or piano, the membrane of a tambourine, drum or timpani). Idiophones usually consist entirely of sounding material - metal, wood, glass, stone; sometimes only a game detail is made from it. According to the method of extracting sound, idiophones are divided into plucked - jew's harps, sans; frictional - nail harmonica and glass harmonica; percussion - xylophone, metallophone, gong, cymbals, bells, triangle, castanets, rattles, etc.

Castanets

bells

Ratchets

Xylophone

Triangle

Percussion instruments also include membranophones, which require a membrane stretched over a reservoir to produce sound, acting like a resonant box. The membrane is struck with hammers or wooden sticks, as in the case of a drum or timpani, or rubbed with a stick across the drum skin. This is what happens with the sambomba (a kind of drum), which is the "descendant" of the Flanders rommelpot, used there during carnival festivities already in the XIV V. Rommelpot is a musical instrument, something like a primitive bagpipe: a pot covered with a bull bladder with a reed stuck in it. Rommelpot is a simple friction drum, formerly popular in many European countries. It was usually made by tying an animal's bladder to a household pot; on it, piercing the bubble with a stick, children most often played on Martin's Day and at Christmas.

European friction drums. Drums made from clay pots from Bohemia (1) and Naples (2). From the Russian friction drum (3) the sound is extracted with the help of horsehair. A Norwegian thimble drum (4), an English mustard can drum (5), and a French cockerel drum (6) were made as toys.

There are two ways to produce sound on friction drums: pulling the stick up and down (a) or rotating it between the palms (b).

Percussion instruments, especially idiophones, are the most ancient and constitute the heritage of all cultures. Due to the simplicity of the principle of sound production, they were the very first musical instruments: blows with sticks, bone scrapers, stones, etc., always associated with certain rhythmic alternations, formed the first instrumental composition. So, in Egypt they used a kind of boards, which were played with one hand during the worship of the ancient Egyptian goddess of music Hathor. In Greece, the crotalon, or rattle, was familiar, the predecessor of the castanets, which spread throughout the Mediterranean and in the Latin world, calledcrotalum or crusmaassociated with dances and Bacchic festivities. But the Egyptian sistrum, which is a metal frame in the shape of a horseshoe, partitioned off by a row of slippery knitting needles with bends along the edges, was intended for funeral rites and accompanying prayers against disasters and the scourge of locusts that ruined the crop.

Various kinds of rattles were also widely used. They are now very common, especially in Africa and Latin America, to accompany various folk dances. Many idiophones, primarily metallic ones, such as bells, cymbals, cymbals, and small bells, have found their way sinceXVII century thanks to the fashion for music "a la Turk". They were introduced to the orchestra by French maestros, among them Jean Baptiste Lully (1632 - 1687) and Jean Feri Rebel (1666 - 1747). Some ideophones, of relatively recent invention, such as trumpet bells, have been introduced into modern orchestras.

Membrane drums spread from the ancient Mesopotamian civilization to the West and East five thousand years ago. Since ancient times, they have been used in military music and for signaling.

The Greeks used a drum like a tambourine called a tympanum.

A tympanum is a percussion musical instrument resembling a small flat drum with a wide rim. The skin on the tympanum, as well as on the drum, was stretched from two sides (for the tambourine, which was common at that time, the skin was stretched from one side). The tympanum was usually played by women during bacchanalia, striking it with their right hand.

While in Rome the most popular was a membranophone, similar to modern timpani, called a symphony. Especially magnificent were the festivities in honor of the goddess Cybele - the mistress of mountains, forests and animals, regulating inexhaustible fertility. The cult of Cybele in Rome was introduced in 204 BC. e.

The festivities were accompanied by music, in which the drums played the main role. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, percussion (especially the drum) was used to accompany knightly tournaments and dances.

The importance of drums in folk music is also great.

Gradually, drums began to be part of professional orchestras starting in the 17th century. One of the first composers to include drums in his Berenice vendicativa (1680) was Giovanni Domenico Freschi (c. 1630 - 1710). Later composers such as Christoph Willibald Gluck (in Le cadidupl, 1761) and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (in The Abduction from the Seraglio, 1782) played an important role in the drums. This tradition was continued by composers of the 19th and 20th centuries, such as Gustav Mahler and Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky. John Cage (1912-1992) and Morton Feldman (1926-1987) even wrote entire scores exclusively for drums.

M. Ravel - M. Bejart.1977 Bolshoi Theatre. Maya Plisetskaya.

In Ravel's Bolero, the solo snare drum sounds incessantly, clearly beating the rhythm. There is also something militant about it. Drums are always anxiety, it's a kind of threat. Drums are the heralds of war. Our outstanding poet Nikolai Zabolotsky in 1957, almost thirty years after the creation of Bolero, wrote in a poem dedicated to the Ravel masterpiece: “Turn, History, cast millstones, be a miller in the terrible hour of the surf! Oh, "Bolero", the sacred dance of battle!"The menacing tone of Ravel's "Bolero" makes an incredibly strong impression - disturbing and uplifting. I believe that the episode "Invasion" in the first part of Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony was its echo not only in some formal sense - this "sacred battle dance" in Shostakovich's symphony is fascinating. And it will also remain forever a sign of the spiritual tension of the human creator.The gigantic energy of Ravel's work, this growing tension, this unthinkable crescendo - raises, purifies, sheds light around itself, which is never allowed to fade.

Unlike the drum, timpani have a hemispherical body and are able to produce sounds of various pitches due to the fact that their membrane was stretched with the help of several knobs, which are currently driven by a pedal. This essential quality contributed to the rapid growth of the use of timpani in instrumental ensembles. The timpani is currently the most important percussion instrument in the orchestra. Modern timpani outwardly resemble large copper cauldrons on a stand, covered with leather. The skin is pulled tight over the cauldron with several screws. They hit the skin with two sticks with soft round tips made of felt.

Unlike other percussion instruments with leather, timpani produce a sound of a certain pitch. Each timpani is tuned to a certain tone, therefore, in order to get two sounds, a pair of timpani began to be used in the orchestra from the 17th century. Timpani can be rebuilt: for this, the performer must tighten or loosen the skin with screws: the greater the tension, the higher the tone. However, this operation is time consuming and risky during execution. Therefore, in the 19th century, craftsmen invented mechanical timpani, quickly tuned using levers or pedals.

March of 8 pieces for timpani. (Spanish: Elliot Carter)

The role of the timpani in the orchestra is quite diverse. Their beats emphasize the rhythm of other instruments, forming either simple or intricate rhythmic figures. Rapidly alternating strikes of both sticks (tremolo) produce an effective build-up or thunder reproduction. Haydn also depicted thunderous peals with the help of timpani in The Four Seasons.

Beginning of the Piano Concerto by E. Grieg. D conductor - Yuri Temirkanov. WITHOlist - Nikolai Lugansky.Great Hall of the St. Petersburg Philharmonic, November 10, 2010

Haydn also depicted with the help of timpani thunder peals in the oratorio "The Four Seasons".

Shostakovich in the Ninth Symphony makes the timpani imitate the cannonade. Sometimes timpani are assigned small melodic solos, as, for example, in the first movement of Shostakovich's Eleventh Symphony.

Conducted by Gergiev,
Performed by PMF Orchestra 2004.

Already in 1650, Nikolaus Hasse (c. 1617 - 1672) used timpani in Aufzuge f ür 2 Clarinde und Heerpauken, and Lully in Theseus (1675). Timpani were used by Henry Purcell in The Faerie Queene (1692), Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Handel, and Francesco Barzanti (1690-1772) introduced timpani in Cocerto Grosso (1743). Fixed in the classical orchestra by F.J. Haydn, W.A. Mozart, L. van Beethoven, the timpani acquired a decisive role in the group of percussion instruments during the era of romanticism (Hector Berlioz included eight pairs of timpani in his monumental Requiem, 1837). To this day, timpani are a fundamental part of this group in the orchestra and even take the lead role in some musical fragments, such as glissandi in the Adagio from Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta (1936) by the Hungarian composer Bé ly Bartok.

Audio recordings

Oboe: wooden musical instruments / performer. G. Schmalfrus, T. Varga [and others]. - M. : Tweak-Lirik, 1998. - 1 star. cassette. - (Instruments of classical music).

Clarinet: woodwinds / performer J. Lancelot, I. Kita [and others]. - M. : Tweak-Lirik, 1998. - 1 star. cassette. - (Instruments of classical music).

Saxophone: wind musical instruments / performer. B. Marsalis, J. Harle [et al.]. - M. : Tweak-Lirik, 1998. - 1 star. cassette. - (Instruments of classical music).

Flute: woodwinds / performer P. Meissen, H. Rucker, [and others]. - M. : Tweak-Lirik, 1998. - 1 star. cassette. - (Instruments of classical music).

Percussion musical instruments

Percussion musical instruments - a group of musical instruments, the sound of which is extracted by hitting or shaking (swinging) hammers, sticks, beaters, etc. over the sounding body (membrane, metal, wood, etc.). The largest family of all musical instruments. Due to the simplicity of the sound extraction principle, they were the first musical instruments (beats with sticks, bone scrapers, stones). Always associated with certain rhythmic alternations, they formed the first musical instrumental composition. Percussion instruments are used in modern orchestras, ensembles for metro-rhythmic, dynamic and timbre-colorful music design.

From the point of view of acoustics, percussion instruments are characterized by the presence in their spectra of a wide range of overtones, in which there is noise. The inharmony of the sounds of percussion instruments is slightly greater than the inharmony of the instruments of the wind group. The spectrum (timbre) of the sounds of percussion instruments depends largely on the place and strength of their excitation; the degree of hardness or softness of the material from which sounding bodies are made; their sizes. The sound of percussion instruments is fading, with a different duration of sound.

The variety of varieties and forms of percussion musical instruments has formed several options for their classification. The same tool can belong to several groups.

According to the pitch, percussion musical instruments are divided into:

percussion musical instruments with a certain pitch , which can be tuned to specific notes of the scale (timpani, xylophone, vibraphone, bells and etc. ) ;

percussion musical instruments with indefinite pitch , which do not have a setting for certain sounds (big And snare drums, triangle, cymbals, tambourine, castanets, tam-tam and etc. ).

B araban - a percussion musical instrument with an indefinite pitch, which is a hollow body (or frame) that serves as a resonator, on which a membrane is stretched on one or both sides. The membranes at the drums are fixed with two rims and tension screws located around the circumference of the tool body. The body of the drum is made of sheet steel or plywood, lined with artistic celluloid. To give the drum a specific sound, special strings or spirals (stringer) are pulled over the lower membrane, which are driven by a reset mechanism. Sound is produced by striking the membrane (the most common method) or by rubbing. The use of synthetic membranes in drums has made it possible to significantly improve their musical and acoustic capabilities, operational reliability, and service life. Distinguish drums small And large orchestral, small And big variety, tom-tenor, tom-bass, bongos.

B
big drum sounds powerful. His voice is reminiscent of thunder or cannon shots. Therefore, it is often used for pictorial purposes. They play the bass drum with wooden sticks with soft mallets at the end, they are made of cork or felt.

snare drum has a dry and distinct sound, its fraction emphasizes the rhythm well, sometimes enlivens the music, sometimes brings anxiety. It is played with two sticks.

The composition of a symphony or brass band usually includes two drums - big And small, but in a jazz orchestra or pop ensemble, the drum set, in addition to these two, includes up to seven more tomtamov, the body of which is similar to an elongated cylinder. They have a different sound quality. The drum kit also includes bongs- two small drums, one slightly larger than the other, they are combined into a single pair and played on them most often with the hands. The installation can include congas- their body tapers downwards, and the skin is stretched on only one side.

B
uben - Percussion instrument. One of the oldest, it appeared in a symphony orchestra in the 19th century. The device of this instrument is very simple: as a rule, it is a narrow wooden or (more rarely) metal hoop (shell) on one side covered with a membrane of leather or bubble, the other side is open. Diameter - 400–500 mm. The membrane is either glued to the shell, or stretched with the help of "wings" and screws. On the inside of the shell, rattling rings and plates are suspended; in some species, small metal "plates" are inserted into the slots on the pins. Sometimes, even inside the hoop, small bells and rings are strung on stretched strings or spirals. All this from the slightest touch to the instrument tinkles, creating a peculiar sound. Impacts on the membrane are made with the ends of the fingers or the base of the palm of the right hand. Tambourines are used for rhythmic accompaniment of dances and songs. In the East, where the art of playing the tambourine has reached virtuosity, solo playing on this instrument is common. Azerbaijani tambourine is called def, daf or gaval, Armenian - daf or hawal, Georgian - daira, Uzbek and Tajik - doira.

During the game, the performer freely holds the instrument in his hand with his fingers, palm, fist of the other hand, hits the membrane in the center and closer to the shell, extracting sounds of different pitch and timbre, runs the moistened finger of his right hand over the skin, causing a characteristic vibrato, shakes, producing ringing . Sometimes they hit the instrument on the knee, elbow, head, etc. They use the tambourine as a rhythmic instrument to accompany dances, solo and choral singing. He is a member of folk and professional ensembles, orchestras.

TO
astanets - (Spanish) castanetas, the name "castanets" in Spanish means "little chestnuts"- a percussion musical instrument with an indefinite pitch, belonging to the family idiophones Mauro-Andalusian (Spanish) origin. Castanets are most common in Spain and Latin America. Interestingly, despite the widespread belief that castanets are a purely Spanish invention, similar musical instruments are also found in many other cultures. The prototypes of modern castanets existed in ancient Egypt about 3 thousand years BC. e. In those days they were used during religious ceremonies. Later, this instrument fell in love with the ancient Greeks and Romans. Today castanets (or similar instruments) are found in India, Switzerland, Turkey and Japan, as well as in several other countries. However, despite such wide popularity, most of us still associate castanets with the image of Spanish music, especially with the music of Spanish gypsies, flamenco style, etc. Therefore, this instrument is often used in classical music to create a “Spanish flavor”.

Castanets also consist of two or three shell-shaped plates made of hard wood, which are loosely connected to each other at one end by a cord. When playing, the performer taps one of the records in the required rhythm, thus creating a specific bright clicking sound.

TO
laves - (Spanish) clave, literally - “key”) - a Cuban folk percussion musical instrument of African origin: two round sticks 15–25 cm long each, carved from very hard wood, with which the main rhythm of the ensemble is set. The performer holds one of them in a special way (so that the clenched palm is a resonator) in his left hand, hitting it with another stick.

The sound is sharp, high, loudly clicking like a xylophone, but without a certain height.

If necessary, two or even three pairs of such sticks can be selected, differing in size and, accordingly, the height of their sound relative to each other (higher or lower).

Individual strokes are possible in any rhythmic sequence, as well as tremolo. To do this, the performer holds both sticks side by side, pushing them alternately with their upper and lower ends.

It is widely used in Cuban music, as well as in such styles of Latin American music as mambo, salsa and etc.

TO
silophone - (ital. Xylofono, fr. Xylophone) is a percussion self-sounding musical instrument, which is a set of wooden blocks of different sizes, corresponding to sounds of different heights. Bars are made of rosewood, maple, walnut, spruce. They are arranged in parallel in four rows in the order of the chromatic scale. The bars are fastened on strong laces and separated by springs. The cord passes through the holes in the bars. During the game, it is placed on a special table, which is equipped with resonators - copper sleeves of various sizes, brought under the bars, while the sound becomes more melodious.

To play, the xylophone is laid out on a small table on the share rubber pads located along the cords of the instrument. The xylophone is played with two wooden sticks with a thickened end. The xylophone is used both for solo playing and in the orchestra. Xylophone range - from si small octave to before fourth octave.

Currently, keyboard-like instruments with bars arranged in two rows like a key are more often used. The sound is extracted by two sticks carved from wood with thickenings at the ends - the so-called. goat legs. The timbre is sonorous and piercing, clicking, in the upper register - dryish. Xylophones come in a variety of sizes, with a range of 1.5–3.5 octaves. Xylophone - very virtuoso instrument. Great fluency in fast movements is possible on it. passages tremolo and special effect glissando(rapid movement of the stick along the bars).

L itaurians is a very ancient musical instrument. Many peoples have long had tools consisting of a hollow vessel, the opening of which is covered with leather. It is from them that modern timpani originated. The timpani has a huge range of sound strength - from imitation of thunder to a quiet, barely perceptible rustle or hum. Structure: metal case in the form of a boiler. The body has certain, strictly calculated dimensions, which allows you to achieve a strict pitch. In order not to interfere with the free vibration of the membrane in the center of the boiler, there is a hole at the bottom for air movement. Timpani are a set of two, three or more copper cauldrons with leather or plastic stretched over them, which are installed on a special stand. The case of the timpani is made of copper, brass or aluminum, they are mounted on a stand - a tripod. There are screw, mechanical and pedal timpani. Pedal ones are the most common, since with one click on the pedal, you can rebuild the instrument to the desired key without interrupting the game.

They play standing or sitting with sticks with spherical or disc-shaped heads made of felt (felt, or felt).

At the direction of the composer, sticks with heads made of rubber, sponge, wood, and other materials may also be used in sheet music. The timbre of the sound largely depends on the size of the head and the degree of their elasticity (hardness or softness). The sticks are held in both hands equally, they are struck by an energetic downward movement of the hand.

maracas - a percussion paired musical instrument with an indefinite pitch from idiophone families of Hispanic origin. Maracas came to European music from Cuban dance orchestras, where they used d quite often as an instrument emphasizing sharp syncopated rhythm. Now maracas are an integral part of Latin American dances, such as salsa, cha-cha-cha, rumba, meringue And samba. They balance the passionate movements and burning music of these works.

Original Cuban maracas are made from a dried hollow coconut, inside of which small pebbles and olive grains are poured. A handle is attached to the bottom. When moving in a circular motion, the maracas makes a muffled hissing sound, when shaken, it makes a characteristic noise. Modern maracas are handled balls made of thin-walled wood, plastic or metal material filled with pebbles, shot, peas or sand. Maracas are held by the handle and shaken while playing, thus creating a ringing and rustling sound, reproducing various rhythmic patterns.

Varieties: Abves, Atchere, Ericundi- in Cuba, kashishi, adja, ague, shere, ganza- in Brazil wada- in Chile.

M
arimba - a percussion musical instrument (of African origin), the sounding elements of which are wooden plates (from 4 to 20), reinforced horizontally (with leather or fiber cords) on two metal or bamboo slats, parallel or at an angle to each other. Playing plates are made of rosewood wood, which provides high musical and acoustic properties of the instrument. The plates are arranged on the frame in two rows. The first row contains the fundamental tones, the second row contains the midtones. Mounted on a frame in two rows resonators(metal tubes with plugs) are tuned to the sound frequency of the respective plates. The main components of the marimba are fixed on a support trolley with wheels, the frame of which is made of aluminum, which ensures minimum weight and sufficient strength.

The sound is extracted by blows of two wooden straight or curved sticks with rubber tips. In musical usage, the marimba is also called marimbafon.

Marimba has a soft, juicy timbre, has a sound range of four octaves: from note before small octave to note before fourth octave.

Marimba can be used both by professional musicians and for educational purposes.

T
cymbals – ( ital. piatti, fr. cymbals, German Becken, English cymbals)- a percussion musical instrument with an indefinite pitch, which consists of two slightly concave metal disks with flat edges (made of brass or nickel silver). From the outside, the plates have bulges called cups, in the center of which holes are drilled for attaching the straps needed to be held in the hands.

Plates were already known to the ancient world and the Ancient East, but the Turks were famous for their special love and exceptional art of making them. In Europe, plates became popular in the 18th century, after the war with the Ottomans.

The sound height of the cymbals depends on the size, brand of the metal alloy and the method of their manufacture (forging, casting). Plates come in various diameters. In a brass band, cymbals with an average diameter of 37–45 cm are usually used. The sound quality is affected by the methods of their excitation, dimensions, and the material from which they are made.

Cymbals are usually played standing up so that nothing interferes with their vibration, and so that the sound is freely distributed in the air. The usual method of playing this instrument is an oblique, sliding strike of one cymbal against another, after which a sonorous metallic splash is heard, which hangs in the air for a long time. If the performer wants to stop the vibration of the cymbals, he brings them to his chest, and the vibrations subside.

Available on cymbals tremolo, which is achieved by rapidly alternating strikes on the cymbals with sticks from timpani or a snare drum. In orchestral practice, playing on a cymbal (or cymbals) suspended on a special stand is also used. Issued orchestral cymbals, Charleston cymbals, gong cymbals.

T
rectangle - percussion instrument high tessitura. It is a steel bar bent in the form of an incomplete triangle with a diameter of 8–10 mm of different sizes, respectively, of different pitches (albeit indefinite). When playing, it is held in the hand or suspended on a sinew string. They play the triangle with a metal stick without a handle, if necessary (as a performing technique) they muffle the sound with the left hand that holds the triangle. The sound is high, bright, clear and transparent. Orchestral triangles with two steel sticks are produced.

T rech label - a percussion wooden musical instrument designed for rhythmic or noise accompaniment of singing, dancing, rituals and magical rituals. In the musical instruments of various peoples, there are many rattles of a wide variety of shapes and devices. Whether this instrument was used in Ancient Rus' as a musical instrument, there is no written evidence. During archaeological excavations in Novgorod in 1992, 2 tablets were found, which, according to V. I. Povetkin, were included in the set of ancient Novgorod rattles in the 12th century.

Rattles were used in the wedding ceremony when singing praise songs with dancing. The choral performance of a laudatory song is often accompanied by the playing of a whole ensemble, sometimes numbering more than 10 people. During the wedding, rattles are decorated with ribbons, flowers, and sometimes bells. The use of rattles in the wedding ceremony suggests that in the past this instrument, in addition to being a musical instrument, also performed the mystical function of protecting young people from evil spirits. In a number of villages, not only the tradition of playing is still alive, but also the tradition of making rattles.

In a symphony orchestra, a ratchet is a box rotated by the performer around a gear wheel on the handle, while an elastic wooden plate, jumping from one tooth to another, makes a characteristic crack. The most effective sharp dry tremolo in nuance forte or fortissimo- quiet sonority is generally impossible; rhythmically not too complex sequences of individual “claps” are also obtained.

Chocalo (tubo) - percussion musical instrument maracas according to the principle of sound generation. It's metal (chocalo) or wooden (cameso) cylinders filled, like maracas, with some kind of bulk material. A feature of some chocalo models is the presence of a leather membrane that makes up one of the side walls. Like cameso, chocalo, held with both hands, shaken vertically or horizontally or rotated. Both instruments sound louder and sharper than maracas. Tapping on the body with your fingers also gives a brighter sonority than on maracas.

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Musical instruments. Percussion instruments

So we come to the acquaintance with the most ancient instruments. Tens of thousands of years ago, a man took a stone in both hands and began to knock them against each other. This is how the first percussion instrument appeared. This primitive device, which could not yet give music, but could already produce rhythm, has survived in the everyday life of some peoples to this day: for example, among the natives of Australia, even now two ordinary stones play the role of a percussion instrument.

Percussion is much older than all other instruments: almost all researchers agree that instrumental music began with rhythm, and then melody arose.

There is confirmation of this: during excavations in the village of Mezin near Chernigov, percussion instruments of a rather complex shape were found, made from the jaws, cranial and scapular bones of animals. There were even beaters made from mammoth tusks. A whole ensemble of six instruments, whose age is 20,000 years. Of course, just to hit a stone on a stone, a person guessed even earlier.

The name of this group comes from the way the sound is extracted - hitting stretched skin or metal plates, wooden blocks, etc. But take a closer look, and you will see that in all other respects the drums differ: in shape, size, material, and character sound.

In addition, drums are usually divided into two large groups. The first includes those percussion instruments that have a setting. These are timpani, bells, bells, xylophone, etc. You can play a melody on them, and their sounds, on an equal footing with the voices of other instruments, can enter an orchestral chord or melody.

And the sound of a drum, for example, contains so many unordered frequencies that we cannot associate it with any piano sound, cannot determine whether the drum is tuned to G, E or B. In terms of physics, the drum makes noise, not musical sound. The same can be said about the tambourine, cymbals, castanets. But, despite this seemingly unmusical nature, these instruments are very necessary - some for rhythm, others for various effects and nuances. These are the instruments of the second group, which do not have a certain pitch.

Have you noticed that the drum and timpani, which are very similar to each other, fell into different groups. But there is another system for dividing percussion instruments - into membrane ones (which sound like a stretched skin - a membrane) and self-sounding ones. Here the drum and timpani will fall into the same group, since they have the same sounding element - the membrane. And the cymbals, which, due to an indefinite pitch, were in the same group with the drum, will now fall into another, since their sound is formed by the body of the instrument itself. It is important for us that they play a very important role in music.

Drum- one of the most common percussion instruments. Two types of drum - large and small - have long been part of the symphony and brass bands.

The sound of the drum does not have a certain pitch, so its part is recorded not on a musical staff, but on a “thread” - one line, on which only the rhythm is indicated.

Listening: Bass drum, instrument sound.

The bass drum is played with wooden sticks with soft mallets at the end. They are made from cork or felt.

The big drum sounds powerful. His voice is reminiscent of thunder or cannon shots. Therefore, it is often used for pictorial purposes. For example, in the Sixth Symphony L. Beethoven with his help conveyed the sound of thunder. And in Shostakovich's Eleventh Symphony, the big drum depicts cannon shots.

Listening: L. Beethoven. Symphony No. 6 "Pastoral", IV movement. "Storm".

Listening: Snare drum, instrument sound.

The snare drum has a dry and distinct sound. His fraction emphasizes the rhythm well, sometimes enlivens the music, sometimes brings anxiety. It is played with two sticks.

Many people think that playing the drum is easy. I want to give you an example: when Ravel's Bolero is performed, the snare drum is pushed forward and placed next to the conductor's stand, because in this work Ravel entrusted the drum with a very responsible role. A musician playing the snare drum must maintain the unified rhythm of the Spanish dance without slowing it down or speeding it up. The expression gradually grows, more and more new instruments are added, the drummer is drawn to play a little faster. But this will distort the composer's intention, and the listeners will get a different impression. You see what kind of skill is required from a musician playing such a simple instrument in our understanding. D. Shostakovich even introduced three snare drums into the first part of his Seventh Symphony: they sound ominously in the episode of the fascist invasion.

The drum also once had sinister functions: under its measured fraction, revolutionaries were led to execution, soldiers were driven through the ranks. And now, to the sounds of drums and trumpets, they are marching to the parade. African drums were once a means of communication, like the telegraph. The sound of the drum carries far, it is noticed and used. Signal drummers lived within earshot of each other. As soon as one of them began to transmit the message encoded in the drumbeat, the other received and transmitted to the next. Thus, good or sad news spread over great distances. Over time, the telegraph and telephone made this type of communication unnecessary, but even now in some African countries there are people who know the language of the drum.

Hearing: M. Ravel. "Bolero" (fragment).

Listening: The sound of a drum set.

The composition of a symphony or brass band usually includes two drums - a large and a small one. But in a jazz orchestra or pop ensemble, the drum kit, in addition to these two, includes up to seven more tom-toms. These are also drums, their body looks like an elongated cylinder. Sound character: they are different. The drum kit also includes bongos - two small drums, one slightly larger than the other. They are combined into a single pair and played on them most often with the hands. Congas can also enter the installation - their body narrows: downwards, and the skin is stretched only on one side.

Listening: Timpani. The sound of the instrument.

timpani- also a mandatory member of the symphony orchestra. This is a very ancient musical instrument. Many peoples have long had tools consisting of a hollow vessel, the opening of which is covered with leather. It is from them that modern timpani originated. Their role is so important that some conductors on tour carry their timpani player with them.

The timpani has a huge range of sound strength: from imitation: peals of thunder to a quiet, barely perceptible rustle or hum. They are more complex than a drum. They have a metal case in the form of a boiler. The body has certain, strictly calculated dimensions, which allows you to achieve a strict pitch. Therefore, the composer can write notes for the timpani. The body is of different sizes, and hence the sound of different heights. And if there are three timpani in the orchestra, then there are already three notes. But this instrument can be tuned to several sounds. Then even a small scale is obtained.

Previously, the restructuring of the timpani took some time. And every composer knew: if a sound of a different pitch is required, it is necessary to give the timpani player time to tighten the screws and rebuild the instrument. In the middle of the XIX century. musical masters have equipped the timpani with a special mechanism that rebuilds the timpani by simply pressing the pedal. Now the timpani players have a new quality - small melodies have become available to them.

In ancient times, any war was literally not conceived without drums, timpani, pipes. One Englishman said: “Usually they try to make the army powerless by cutting it off from food; I advise, if we ever have a war with the French, to break through as many drums as possible for them.
Timpanists and drummers enjoyed great prestige. They had to be very brave, because they were at the head of the army. The main trophy in any battle was, of course, the banner. But the timpani was also a kind of symbol. Therefore, the musician was ready to die, but not to give up with the timpani.

Hearing: Poulenc. Concerto for organ, timpani and symphony. orchestra (fragment).

Listening: Xylophone, instrument range.

Word xylophone can be translated from Greek as "sounding tree". It fits surprisingly well with a musical instrument made of wooden blocks played with two wooden sticks.

To get the usual scale from wood, it is specially processed. Bars of different sizes are cut out of maple, spruce, walnut or rosewood, and the size is selected so that each bar makes a sound of a strictly defined height when struck. They are arranged in the same order as the keys of a piano, and fastened together with laces at some distance from each other.

Listening: Mozart. "Serenade" (xylophone).

Listening: Marimba, instrument range.

Marimba. Type of xylophone marimba.

These are the same wooden blocks, but in the marimba they are equipped with metal tubes - resonators. This makes the marimba sound softer, not as snappy as a xylophone.

Marimba comes from Africa, where it still exists today. But the African marimba does not have metal resonators, but pumpkin ones.

Hearing: Albeniz. "Asturias" from the "Spanish Suite" in Spanish. T. Cheremukhina (marimba).

Listening: Vibraphone, instrument range.

The device of another percussion instrument is interesting - vibraphone. As the name implies, it gives a vibrating sound. His sounding elements are not made of wood, but of metal. Under each metal plate is a resonator tube, like a marimba. The upper openings of the tubes are covered with caps that can rotate, either opening or closing the hole. Frequent movement of the caps gives the effect of sound vibration. The higher the speed of rotation of the covers, the more frequent the vibration. Now electric motors are installed on vibraphones. The xylophone and marimba came to us from time immemorial, and the vibraphone is a very young instrument. It was created in America in the twenties of the twentieth century.

Hearing: Celesta, instrument range.

Celesta. Half a century older than the celesta vibraphone, invented in 1886 in France. Outwardly, the celesta is a small piano. The keyboard is also piano, the same hammer system. Only instead of strings in the celesta, metal plates are inserted into wooden resonator boxes. The sound of the celesta is quiet, but very beautiful and gentle. It is no coincidence that she was given such a name: celesta in Latin - “Heavenly”.

Listening: J. Bach. Joke (celesta).

These instruments - xylophone, marimba, vibraphone and celesta - are polyphonic, they can play a melody.

In 1874, the French composer Saint-Saens wrote a work that he called "Dance of Death". When it was performed for the first time, some listeners were seized with horror: they heard the sound of bones, as if Death was really dancing - a terrible skeleton with a skull looking out of empty eye sockets, with a scythe in her hands. The composer achieved this effect using a xylophone.

The family of percussion instruments is very diverse and numerous. Let's just list some other drums...

Listening: Bells, the sound of an instrument.

bells- a set of metal tubes of different lengths suspended in a special frame.

Hearing: Glockenspiel (orchestral bells), the sound of the instrument.

bells- very similar to a toy metallophone, only it has more plates and the plates themselves are more harmonious.

Listening: Cymbals, instrument sound.

Everyone is well known dishes.

Listening: Gong, the sound of an instrument.

Gong- a large massive disk with curved edges, which, like no other, can create the impression of mystery, darkness, horror;

Hearing: There-there, the sound of the instrument.

A type of gong that has a certain pitch there-there, not customizable exactly.

Listening: Triangle, the sound of an instrument.

Triangle- a steel twig, curved in a triangle, when struck by a metal rod, it emits a transparent, gentle, pleasant sound. The list of percussion instruments goes on and on.

Questions and tasks:

1. Which of the percussion instruments is the oldest and which is the youngest?
2. List as many percussion instruments as possible.
3. What is a membrane?
4. What groups and on what basis are percussion instruments divided?
5. Name percussion instruments that have a certain pitch.

Presentation

Included:
1. Presentation - 33 slides, ppsx;
2. Sounds of music:
Bass drum, instrument sound, mp3;
Snare drum, instrument sound, mp3;
The sound of a drum set, mp3;
Timpani, instrument sound, mp3;
Xylophone, instrument range, mp3;
Marimba, instrument range, mp3;
Vibraphone, instrument range, mp3;
Celesta, instrument range, mp3;
Bells, instrument sound, mp3;
Glockenspiel (orchestral bells), sound of the instrument, mp3;
Cymbals, instrument sound, mp3;
Gong, instrument sound, mp3;
Tam-tam, sound of the instrument, mp3;
Triangle, instrument sound, mp3;
Beethoven. Symphony No. 6 "Pastoral", IV movement. "Thunderstorm", mp3;
Ravel. "Bolero" (fragment), mp3;
Poulenc. Concerto for organ, timpani and symphony. orchestra (fragment), mp3;
Mozart. "Serenade" (xylophone), mp3;
Albeniz. "Asturias" from the "Spanish Suite", in Spanish. T. Cheremukhina (marimba), mp3;
Bach. Joke (celesta), mp3;
3. Accompanying article, docx.