The inalienable qualities of the Russian
people are vivacity, courage,
resourcefulness, diligence, wisdom,
heroism in the fight against foreign
invaders.
V. G. Belinsky
"War and Peace" is one of the greatest works brilliant Russian writer, rightfully included in the treasury of Russian and world literature. "War and Peace" is not just a novel, but an epic novel. Tolstoy draws in it a whole epoch in the life of the people, explains the course of history, its driving forces, combines description historical events with a story about the fate of the main characters of the novel, creates a holistic image of the Russian people, describes the life of the people and the life of high society. The novel shows a wide panorama of Russian life. All this together made up that unique genre called the epic novel.
The image of the people ... Undoubtedly, the people play very big role in War and Peace. Every page of the work is permeated with love for the people and understanding of its role in the course of history. The most vivid image of the people is presented during military operations, the Patriotic War of 1812.
Patriotic War 1812 - a truly "people's war", which became such after the French invasion of Russian soil. During this war, the enormous moral strength of the Russian people, their steadfastness and courage were most clearly manifested. The peak of the Patriotic War of 1812 - battle of Borodino. It was here that the moral strength of the Russian army, which Andrei Bolkonsky understood so well, manifested itself. His answer to Vezukhov’s question about what determines the success of the battle is not accidental: “Success has never depended and will not depend either on position, or on weapons, or even on numbers. Success depends on the feeling that is in me, in him,” he pointed to Timokhin, “in every soldier.” And then Bolkonsky says: “The battle does not depend on the skill of the commander leading the army, but on the will of the soldiers themselves who make up this army. If the commander understands this, then he is great, and the army led by him will win.
This is how Tolstoy painted the image of Kutuzov on the pages of his novel. Tolstoy emphasizes the unheroic appearance of Kutuzov, thereby exalting his moral, moral strength. Kutuzov was convinced that the "spirit of the army" was of decisive importance in the war. The "spirit of the army" is the understanding by soldiers and officers of the tasks of a holy defensive war. Therefore, Kutuzov sought to raise the "spirit of the army", to inspire the Russian army.
It was not easy for Kutuzov to decide to leave Moscow. A terrible question arose before him in Fili: “Is it possible that I allowed Napoleon to reach Moscow, and when did I do this?” However, he did not give in to despair. "No! They will eat horse meat like the Turks. Kutuzov to the end retains confidence in victory over the enemy and inspires this in everyone - from the general to the soldier. In Kutuzov, there lived a "popular feeling" that made him related to all the true defenders of the Motherland. In all the actions of Kutuzov lay the people's and therefore truly great and invincible principle.
In his novel, Tolstoy created pictures of the people's guerrilla war and revealed its true meaning and significance. Waging a guerrilla war, the Russian people "did everything that can be done to achieve a goal worthy of the people." Participants in the Patriotic War of 1812 believed that "the men, more than the troops, defeated the French." Kutuzov believed that the victory was achieved by the combined efforts of the army and the people.
Tolstoy shows the battle of Borodino mainly through the eyes of Pierre, a non-military, open-minded person. It seems to me not accidental that during the Battle of Borodino, Pierre ends up on the Raevsky battery, in the thick of hostilities. “These soldiers immediately mentally accepted Pierre into their family, appropriated and gave him a nickname. "Our master" they called him and they affectionately laughed about him among themselves. "Here it is, the unity of ordinary soldiers, folk heroes, and the nobleman Bezukhov, a representative of the upper class. Bezukhov feels completely free among the soldiers, in those moments he is one of them, he feels the same enthusiasm as they do, he is worried about the same problems, he experiences the same feelings.
One of the main semantic parts of the novel is the communication in captivity of Pierre Bezukhov with Platon Karataev, a simple Russian peasant. Why is Pierre captured, and, for example, not Andrey Bolkonsky? It seems to me that Prince Andrei would not have understood everything that Pierre learned from communication with Karataev. Prince Andrei is an aristocrat, and he could not have become so close to Plato, he would have been taller than him. Pierre, in those circumstances, is absolutely equal with Karataev. Pierre gets to know the simple Russian soul. The main thing that conquers him in Karataev is love relationship to the world. Karataev has a healing effect on Pierre's soul, wounded by the spectacle of execution. This influence is hidden in the special gift of love. For Pierre Karataev "was an incomprehensible, large and eternal personification of the spirit of simplicity and truth." It is communication with Platon Karataev that leads Pierre to a deeper understanding of the meaning of life. Pierre learns the truth, and with it a sense of harmony and happiness. It is significant that this truth was revealed to him by the people in the person of Platon Karataev, who brought peace to his soul.
The line of influence of the people on the character of the heroes of the novel runs through the entire work of Tolstoy. How Natasha was shocked by her mother's refusal to take the wounded with her when she left Moscow! Natasha cannot understand how it is possible to leave the wounded in Moscow left to the French, but take with them carpets, feather beds and knick-knacks. She understands what a great feat these people accomplished in defending Russia, and therefore she bows before them and before the entire Russian people.
More than a century has passed since the novel "War and Peace" was first published, but people all over the world are still fascinated by moral beauty and the strength of the Russian people depicted by Tolstoy on the pages of his novel. L.N. Tolstoy showed the greatness of the Russian spirit, Russian culture, Russian self-sacrifice. All this helped our people to defeat Napoleon in 1812, this makes the novel great. And in conclusion, I would like to quote the words of Maxim Gorky about the great Russian writer Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, the author of the immortal novel War and Peace: “I am not an orphan on earth as long as this man is on it.”
The general, behind whom Pierre rode, went downhill, turned sharply to the left, and Pierre, losing sight of him, jumped into the ranks of the infantry soldiers walking ahead of him. He tried to get out of them first to the right, then to the left; but everywhere there were soldiers, with equally preoccupied faces, engaged in some invisible, but obviously important business. Everyone looked with the same displeased, questioning look at this fat man in a white hat, who, for some unknown reason, was trampling them with his horse. - Why does he ride in the middle of the battalion! one shouted at him. Another pushed his horse with the butt, and Pierre, clinging to the pommel and barely holding the shy horse, jumped forward the soldiers, where it was more spacious. There was a bridge ahead of him, and other soldiers were standing by the bridge, firing. Pierre drove up to him. Without knowing it himself, Pierre drove to the bridge over the Kolocha, which was between Gorki and Borodino and which, in the first action of the battle (taking Borodino), was attacked by the French. Pierre saw that there was a bridge ahead of him, and that on both sides of the bridge and in the meadow, in those rows of hay that he noticed yesterday, soldiers were doing something in the smoke; but, despite the incessant shooting that took place in this place, he did not think that this was the battlefield. He did not hear the sounds of bullets squealing from all sides, and the shells flying over him, did not see the enemy who was on the other side of the river, and for a long time did not see the dead and wounded, although many fell not far from him. With a smile that never left his face, he looked around him. - What does this one drive in front of the line? someone shouted at him again. “Take the left, take the right,” they shouted to him. Pierre took to the right and unexpectedly moved in with the adjutant of General Raevsky, whom he knew. This adjutant looked angrily at Pierre, obviously intending to shout at him too, but, recognizing him, nodded his head to him. — How are you here? he said and galloped on. Pierre, feeling out of place and idle, afraid to interfere with someone again, galloped after the adjutant. - It's here, right? May I come with you? he asked. “Now, now,” answered the adjutant, and, jumping up to the fat colonel who was standing in the meadow, handed him something and then turned to Pierre. Why are you here, Count? he told him with a smile. Are you all curious? “Yes, yes,” said Pierre. But the adjutant, turning his horse, rode on. - Here, thank God, - said the adjutant, - but on the left flank of Bagration there is a terrible fire. — Really? asked Pierre. — Where is it? “Yes, let’s go with me to the mound, you can see from us.” And it’s still tolerable with us on the battery, ”said the adjutant. - Well, are you going? “Yes, I am with you,” said Pierre, looking around him and looking for his bereator with his eyes. Here, only for the first time, Pierre saw the wounded, wandering on foot and carried on a stretcher. On the very meadow, with the fragrant rows of hay, through which he had passed yesterday, across the rows, awkwardly turning his head, lay motionless one soldier with a fallen shako. Why didn't they bring it up? Pierre began; but, seeing the stern face of the adjutant, who looked back in the same direction, he fell silent. Pierre did not find his bereytor and, together with the adjutant, rode down the hollow to the Raevsky barrow. Pierre's horse lagged behind the adjutant and shook him evenly. “You are obviously not used to riding, Count?” the adjutant asked. “No, nothing, but something she jumps a lot,” Pierre said in bewilderment. “Eh! .. yes, she was wounded,” the adjutant said, “the right front, above the knee.” Bullet must be. Congratulations, Count,” he said, “le baptême de feu. Passing through the smoke along the sixth corps, behind the artillery, which, pushed forward, fired, deafening with its shots, they arrived at a small forest. The forest was cool, quiet and smelled of autumn. Pierre and the adjutant dismounted from their horses and walked up the mountain. Is the general here? asked the adjutant, approaching the mound. “We were just now, let’s go here,” they answered him, pointing to the right. The adjutant looked back at Pierre, as if not knowing what to do with him now. "Don't worry," said Pierre. - I'll go to the mound, can I? - Yes, go, everything is visible from there and not so dangerous. And I'll pick you up. Pierre went to the battery, and the adjutant rode on. They did not see each other again, and much later Pierre learned that this adjutant's arm had been torn off that day. The mound, which Pierre entered, was that famous (later known to the Russians under the name of the kurgan battery, or Rayevsky battery, and to the French under the name of la grande redoute, la fatale redoute, la redoute du centre) place around which tens of thousands of people were laid and which the French considered the most important point of the position. This redoubt consisted of a mound, on which ditches were dug on three sides. In a place dug in by ditches stood ten firing cannons, protruding through the openings of the ramparts. Cannons stood in line with the mound on both sides, also firing incessantly. A little behind the cannons were infantry troops. Entering this mound, Pierre never thought that this place dug in with small ditches, on which several cannons stood and fired, was the most important place in battle. Pierre, on the contrary, it seemed that this place (precisely because he was on it) was one of the most insignificant places of the battle. Entering the mound, Pierre stood at the end of the ditch surrounding the battery, and with an unconsciously joyful smile looked at what was happening around him. Occasionally, Pierre would get up with the same smile, and trying not to interfere with the soldiers who loaded and rolled the guns, who constantly ran past him with bags and charges, walked around the battery. The cannons from this battery continuously fired one after another, deafening with their sounds and covering the whole neighborhood with gunpowder smoke. Contrary to the creepiness that was felt between the infantry soldiers of the cover, here, on the battery, where a small number of people, busy, was limited, separated from others by a ditch - here one felt the same and common to all, as if family animation. The appearance of the non-military figure of Pierre in a white hat first struck these people unpleasantly. The soldiers, passing by him, looked with surprise and even fear at his figure. Senior artillery officer, tall, with long legs, a pockmarked man, as if in order to look at the action of the last weapon, went up to Pierre and looked at him curiously. A young, round-faced officer, still a perfect child, obviously just released from the corps, disposing of the two guns entrusted to him very diligently, turned sternly to Pierre. “Sir, let me ask you out of the way,” he said to him, “it’s not allowed here. The soldiers shook their heads disapprovingly, looking at Pierre. But when everyone was convinced that this man in a white hat not only did nothing wrong, but either sat quietly on the slope of the rampart, or with a shy smile, courteously avoiding the soldiers, walked along the battery under the shots as calmly as along the boulevard, then little by little, a feeling of unfriendly bewilderment towards him began to turn into an affectionate and playful participation, similar to that which soldiers have for their animals: dogs, roosters, goats and, in general, animals living with military teams. These soldiers immediately mentally accepted Pierre into their family, appropriated and gave him a nickname. “Our master” they called him and they affectionately laughed about him among themselves. One core blew up the ground a stone's throw from Pierre. He, cleaning the earth sprinkled with a cannonball from his dress, looked around him with a smile. - And how are you not afraid, master, really! - the red-haired man turned to Pierre wide soldier baring strong white teeth. — Are you afraid? asked Pierre. — But how? answered the soldier. “Because she won’t have mercy. She slams, so the guts out. You can't help but be afraid," he said, laughing. Several soldiers with cheerful and affectionate faces stopped near Pierre. They did not seem to expect him to speak like everyone else, and this discovery delighted them. “Our business is soldiery. But the sir, so amazing. That's the barin! - In places! shouted a young officer at the soldiers gathered around Pierre. This young officer, apparently, performed his position for the first or second time, and therefore treated both the soldiers and the commander with particular distinctness and uniformity. The erratic firing of cannons and rifles intensified throughout the field, especially to the left, where Bagration's flashes were, but because of the smoke of shots from the place where Pierre was, it was almost impossible to see anything. Moreover, observations of how, as it were, a family (separated from all others), a circle of people who were on the battery, absorbed all the attention of Pierre. His first unconsciously joyful excitement, produced by the sight and sounds of the battlefield, was now replaced, especially after the sight of this lonely soldier lying in the meadow, by another feeling. Sitting now on the slope of the ditch, he watched the faces around him. By ten o'clock, twenty people had already been carried away from the battery; two guns were broken, more and more shells hit the battery and flew, buzzing and whistling, long-range bullets. But the people who were on the battery did not seem to notice this; cheerful conversation and jokes were heard from all sides. - Chinenko! the soldier shouted at the approaching, whistling grenade. - Not here! To the infantry! - another added with a laugh, noticing that the grenade flew over and hit the ranks of the cover. - What, friend? another soldier laughed at the crouched peasant under the flying cannonball. Several soldiers gathered at the rampart, looking at what was happening ahead. “And they took off the chain, you see, they went back,” they said, pointing over the shaft. “Look at your business,” the old non-commissioned officer shouted at them. “We’ve gone back, so there’s something to do back. - And the non-commissioned officer, taking one of the soldiers by the shoulder, pushed him with his knee. Laughter was heard. - Roll to the fifth gun! shouted from one side. “At once, more amicably, in a burlatsky style,” the cheerful cries of those who changed the gun were heard. “Ay, I almost knocked off our master’s hat,” the red-faced joker laughed at Pierre, showing his teeth. “Oh, clumsy,” he added reproachfully to the ball that had fallen into the wheel and leg of a man. - Well, you foxes! another laughed at the squirming militiamen who were entering the battery to fetch the wounded. — Al is not tasty porridge? Ah, crows, swayed! - they shouted at the militia, who hesitated in front of a soldier with a severed leg. “That one is mine, little one,” the peasants mimicked. - Passion is not loved! Pierre noticed how after each shot that hit, after each loss, a general revival flared up more and more. As from the advancing thundercloud, more and more often, brighter and brighter flashed on the faces of all these people (as if in rebuff to what was happening) lightning bolts of hidden, flaring fire. Pierre did not look ahead on the battlefield and was not interested in knowing what was happening there: he was completely absorbed in contemplating this, more and more burning fire, which in the same way (he felt) flared up in his soul. At ten o'clock the infantry soldiers, who were ahead of the battery in the bushes and along the Kamenka River, retreated. From the battery it was visible how they ran back past it, carrying the wounded on their guns. Some general with his retinue entered the mound and, after talking with the colonel, looking angrily at Pierre, went down again, ordering the infantry cover, which was standing behind the battery, to lie down so as to be less exposed to shots. Following this, in the ranks of the infantry, to the right of the battery, a drum was heard, shouts of command, from the battery it was clear how the ranks of the infantry moved forward. Pierre looked over the shaft. One face in particular caught his eye. It was an officer who, with a pale young face, was walking backwards, carrying a lowered sword, and looking around uneasily. The ranks of infantry soldiers disappeared into the smoke, their long-drawn cry and frequent firing of guns were heard. A few minutes later, crowds of wounded and stretchers passed from there. Shells began to hit the battery even more often. Several people lay uncleaned. Near the cannons, the soldiers moved busier and more lively. No one paid any attention to Pierre anymore. Once or twice he was angrily shouted at for being on the road. The senior officer, with a frown on his face, moved with large, quick steps from one gun to another. The young officer, flushed even more, commanded the soldiers even more diligently. Soldiers fired, turned, loaded and did their job with intense panache. They bounced along the way, as if on springs. A thundercloud moved in, and that fire burned brightly in all faces, the flaring up of which Pierre watched. He stood beside the senior officer. A young officer ran up, with his hand to his shako, to the older one. - I have the honor to report, Mr. Colonel, there are only eight charges, will you order to continue firing? - he asked. - Buckshot! - not answering, shouted the senior officer, who was looking through the rampart. Suddenly something happened; the officer gasped and, curled up, sat down on the ground like a bird shot in the air. Everything became strange, unclear and cloudy in Pierre's eyes. One after another, the cannonballs whistled and beat at the parapet, at the soldiers, at the cannons. Pierre, who had not heard these sounds before, now only heard these sounds alone. On the side of the battery, on the right, with a cry of “Hurrah,” the soldiers ran not forward, but backward, as it seemed to Pierre. The core hit the very edge of the shaft in front of which Pierre was standing, poured the earth, and a black ball flashed in his eyes, and at the same instant slapped into something. The militia, who had entered the battery, ran back. - All buckshot! shouted the officer. The non-commissioned officer ran up to the senior officer and in a frightened whisper (as the butler reports to the owner at dinner that there is no more required wine) said that there were no more charges. - Robbers, what are they doing! shouted the officer, turning to Pierre. The senior officer's face was red and sweaty, and his frowning eyes shone. - Run to the reserves, bring the boxes! he shouted, angrily looking around Pierre and turning to his soldier. “I will go,” said Pierre. The officer, without answering him, big steps went the other way. - Don't shoot... Wait! he shouted. The soldier, who was ordered to go for the charges, collided with Pierre. “Oh, master, you don’t belong here,” he said and ran downstairs. Pierre ran after the soldier, bypassing the place where the young officer was sitting. One, another, a third shot flew over him, hit in front, from the sides, behind, Pierre ran down. "Where am I?" he suddenly remembered, already running up to the green boxes. He stopped, undecided whether to go back or forward. Suddenly a terrible jolt threw him back to the ground. At the same moment the brilliance big fire illuminated it, and at the same moment there was a deafening, ringing in the ears thunder, crackling and whistling. Pierre, waking up, was sitting on his back, leaning his hands on the ground; the box he was near was not there; only green burnt boards and rags were lying on the scorched grass, and the horse, waving the fragments of the shaft, galloped away from him, and the other, like Pierre himself, lay on the ground and squealed piercingly.Lesson Objectives:
Show historical meaning the Battle of Borodino, to reveal the origins of the heroism of the Russian people;
Develop skills analytical conversation according to the text of the work;
To instill in students a sense of patriotism and pride in the Russian army.
Lesson equipment:
Computer, projector, screen;
DVD player;
Stand "Heroes of the War of 1812";
Illustrations for the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace." (Material from IIP "KM-School")
Epigraphs for the lesson.
"War is the most vile thing on earth." L. N. Tolstoy
"Military affairs are not enough to save the country, while a country defended by the people is invincible." Napoleon Bonaparte
During the classes:
1. ORGANIZATIONAL PART OF THE LESSON.
Greeting students;
Message by the teacher of the topic, objectives of the lesson.
2. THE MAIN PART OF THE LESSON.
a) opening speech teachers to the sounds moonlight sonata» Ludwig van Beethoven: Tolstoy wouldn't exist if we didn't read him. The life of his books is our reading, our existence in them. Every time someone picks up War and Peace, the life of this book starts all over again. You and I also hold this great book, in which Tolstoy shares with us his thoughts about life and death, about love that saves a person, about glory, honor and dishonor, about war, about how it turns people's destinies upside down. War is death, death, blood, wounds. War is fear. And repeatedly Tolstoy emphasizes that war is a crime, because war is bloodshed, and any bloodshed is criminal. Man and war is one of the leading themes of Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. Today we will talk about the glorious page in the history of our Motherland - the Battle of Borodino. The purpose of today's lesson is to prove that, indeed, it is not for nothing that the descendants remember the Battle of Borodino, that the Battle of Borodino was of great importance in the Patriotic War of 1812. (Students write the topic of the lesson in their notebooks).
b) Student's speech about two commanders: Kutuzov and Napoleon. Text material of the speech: 1812 Patriotic war. Russia has not seen such an invasion since the time of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. On June 22, 1812, Napoleon signed a proclamation to his soldiers: “Soldiers! Let's go ahead, let's take the war to Russia, which has been influencing the affairs of Europe for 50 years now. Napoleon's army is the strongest and most numerous in Europe. He is a successful military leader himself. His marshals are a historical phenomenon. Napoleon himself chose them from the people where he saw talent and courage and did not ask for papers about noble origin. It was a strong opponent, and he could count on success. On August 20, 1812, the Russian army was headed by Kutuzov. He is 67 years old and has only 8 months to live. His combat experience was calculated in half a century. hard life got this man, but glorious. Much behind the battles and campaigns, he was wounded three times, lost his right eye. Time to rest. But no… not the time. It was Kutuzov who gave the order to retreat to Moscow. Dissatisfied in the troops with such an order. And Kutuzov said, slyly screwing up his only eye: “Who said retreat? This is a military maneuver."
c) Work with the text of chapter 19 of part 2 of volume 3 in the form of a conversation, reading passages, retelling scenes and commenting on them.
Teacher: Retreating, the troops approached Moscow. Here, near the little-known village of Borodino, the Russians were destined to show their valor and courage.
1. Did the Russians prepare for the Battle of Borodino? Were positions fortified? What was the balance of power between the Russians and the French?
2. Why did Kutuzov decide to fight in such unfavorable conditions for the Russian army? Why did he hesitate to give battle until now?
3. What did Kutuzov take into account when deciding to fight?
4. Find the main, in your opinion, key phrase in chapter 19, which contains the answer to the questions posed.
(Students find the desired phrase that is displayed on the screen: "demand of the people's battle". It is concluded that Kutuzov, deciding to fight, took into account the mood of the troops. The conclusion is written by the students in a notebook).
d) Analysis of the episode "Pierre Bezukhov on the way to the Borodino field." Working with the text of chapter 20 of part 2 of volume 3.""
Teacher: To survive the events of the Battle of Borodino and convey to the reader his thoughts and feelings about the Battle of Borodino, Tolstoy trusts Pierre Bezukhov, who is incompetent in military affairs.
1. Why Pierre, purely civilian man, did not leave Moscow, like others, but stayed and ended up near Borodino? In what mood does he go to the Borodino field? (Pierre is excited, joyful. He feels that the fate of the Fatherland is being decided here, and, perhaps, he will become a witness, and if he is lucky, then a participant in a grandiose event).
2. What picture do we see through the eyes of Pierre on the way to the Borodino field? What catches his eye? Who does he meet? (The cavalry regiment with songwriters is heading to the positions, towards it is a convoy with the wounded in yesterday's battle near the village of Shevardino. The old soldier addresses Count Bezukhov as a "countryman", and Pierre understands that now is not the moment for people to be divided into masters and slaves. There is some kind of unity of people before the battle, in which the fate of their land will be decided).
3. How do soldiers behave before battle? Does Pierre see panic, fear? (The soldiers are joking, discussing tomorrow's battle. Everything is solemn, majestic. No one has fear, therefore Pierre does not have it).
Teacher: By various means, Tolstoy emphasizes the extraordinary solemnity and importance of the upcoming events. The unity of people before the battle is shown: professional military men, militias, Pierre, who formulates his thoughts about what he saw with the phrase ( "... they want to pile on all the people" (displayed on the screen, written in a notebook).
e) Viewing a fragment of the film "War and Peace" (episode "Conversation between Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov on the eve of the battle of Borodino"). Discussion of the episode on the questions:
1. On what does the success of the battle depend least of all, according to Prince Andrei? (From positions, number of troops, weapons). And from what then? (“from the feeling that is in every soldier”, i.e., from the morale of the troops, from the spirit of the army).
(The highlighted words of Prince Andrei are displayed on the screen, written in a notebook).
2. Tolstoy says: "War is the most disgusting thing in life." But what kind of war does Tolstoy justify through the mouth of Prince Andrei? (The war for our Motherland, for the land in which our ancestors lie. Such a fair war! It must be cruel so that no one wants to repeat it. Prince Andrei says:“The French are my enemies, they are criminals. They need to be executed."i.e. he claims that one should feel hatred towards the enemy who came to your land. To win, you have to hate). (The highlighted words of Prince Andrei are displayed on the screen and, together with the conclusions, are recorded in a notebook).
f) Analysis of the episode "Pierre Bezukhov on Raevsky's Battery". Working with text 31, 32 chapters of part 2 of volume 3 in the form of a conversation, reading passages, retelling scenes and commenting on them.
Teacher: For Tolstoy, war is hard, everyday, bloody work. Prince Andrew understands this too. Once on the battery of Raevsky, Pierre Bezukhov parted with his idea of \u200b\u200bwar as a solemn parade.
1. What mood is Pierre in when he gets on Raevsky's battery? (In cheerful, upbeat, joyful).
2. How did the fighters react to Pierre? (At first, disapprovingly: Pierre's formal clothes look completely ridiculous among everything that is happening. Then, seeing that he is harmless, the soldiers begin to treat Pierre affectionately, jokingly, call him "our master").
3. What of what you see changes Pierre's mood? (He sees death. The first thing that struck him was the dead soldier lying alone in the meadow. And by ten o'clock - "twenty people were taken away from the battery." But Pierre was especially struck by the death of the "young officer" - "it became strange, cloudy in the eyes" .)
4. Why did Pierre volunteer to run after the shells when they ran out? (He is scared. He runs from the battery without remembering himself, subconsciously realizing that no forces will force him to return to the horror that he experienced on the battery).
5. What made Pierre return to the battery? (A box of shells exploded almost in Pierre's hands. He runs in a panic to where the people are - to the battery).
6. What picture did Pierre see when he returned to the battery? (Almost all the soldiers are dead, in front of his eyes a Russian soldier was stabbed in the back by a Frenchman, the rest of the soldiers were taken prisoner).
Teacher: Pierre, clutching his head, runs in a semi-conscious state, "stumbling over the dead and wounded, who, it seemed to him, were catching him by the legs." And when the mound was liberated, Pierre was once again destined to visit the battery, and what he saw amazed him.
A terrible picture of the Borodino field after the battle is drawn by Tolstoy.
7. Tolstoy paints a picture of death and does not spare colors. What message does he want to convey to the reader? (War is a crime, bloodshed. How many are killed! the whole world. It's gone forever! Forever and ever! This is what Tolstoy calls to understand and come to his senses).
8. What is the definition of Tolstoy's victory at Borodino? (Students find the right definition which is displayed on the screen: "The moral victory was won by the Russians near Borodino." The conclusion is made about the moral superiority of Russian soldiers in the Battle of Borodino).
3. FINAL PART OF THE LESSON.
a) Summing up the lesson.
Students analyze the notes in notebooks, which are also displayed on the screen, and answer the questions:
1. Thanks to what did the Russian army win?
2. What is the main thing for victory, according to Tolstoy?
3. What determines the success of the battle?
b) Final word teachers.
Napoleon's army was stronger. All military factors were taken into account, he foresaw everything. He did not take into account only one circumstance, which decided the outcome of the war, namely, that together with the army, the entire Russian people would rise to fight and fight desperately for their land, that it would be a life-and-death war. Historians called the War of 1812 the Patriotic War. Twice in the history of our country wars were given this name. And it would seem that all our enemies should have learned main lesson Battle of Borodino: do not go to Moscow! Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword. But everything in history repeats itself. It contains important dates. Also on June 22, 1941 (after 129 years!) Hitler wished to conquer Russia. The Great Patriotic War began. Domestic wars ... These are holy wars, when everyone, young and old, were united by one feeling and one desire. And then they became invincible and made the whole world marvel at it. It was patriotism of the highest order. Marina Tsvetaeva has a poem “To the Generals of the 12th Year”, which she dedicates to all the heroes of the Patriotic War. Only a small part of their portraits is on our stand. Pay attention to them, they deserve it. At all young faces, but they know what the Fatherland is, what it means to defend their land, what an officer's honor is.
(Students are examining the stand, and at this time a fragment of Nastenka's romance from the film “Say a Word About the Poor Hussar” sounds to the words of M. Tsvetaeva, music by A. Petrov).
c) Homework:
1. Analysis of chapters 22-38 from volume 3 of part 2.
2.Prepare comparative characteristic images of Kutuzov and Napoleon.
d) Analysis of student responses and grading.
As a result of the development of the novel over two volumes, up to the half that is devoted to the events of 1812, the main characters remain deceived by reality in all hopes. Only nonentities succeed: the Drubetskys, the Bergs, the Kuragins. Only the era of 1812 was able to bring the heroes out of their state of disbelief in life. Andrei Bolkonsky found his place in life in a heroic nationwide action. Prince Andrei - this knight without fear and reproach - as a result of painful spiritual quest, unites with the people, because he renounces his former dreams of a Napoleonic command role in relation to people. He realized that history is being made here, on the battlefield. The Patriotic War destroyed the barriers between Bolkonsky and the people. There is no more arrogant pride, aristocratic caste in him. The author writes that in the regiment he is called “our prince”, that is, the soldiers felt “their own” in him. So the soldiers will call Pierre “our master”. All his life, Andrei Bolkonsky was looking for opportunities to participate in a real, big action, important for life, for people, merging “mine” and “common”. And he came to understand that the possibility of such an action is only in unity with the people. The participation of the prince in truly people's war broke his aristocratic isolation, opened his soul to the simple, natural, helped to understand Natasha, to understand his love for her and her for him.
Pierre, who experiences the same thoughts and feelings as Prince Andrei, it is in the Borodino chapters that a particularly acute consciousness arises that they - soldiers, militia, people - are the only true spokesmen for action, Bezukhov admires their greatness and self-sacrifice. “To be a soldier, just a soldier!” - the conclusion to which the hero comes. In "War and Peace" we are talking about such an era when a person is in the foreground. The people who are directly responsible for the development of the action, who create it (the epoch), become “big” people from “small” people. This is exactly what Tolstoy shows in the pictures of the Battle of Borodino.
The path of Pierre and Prince Andrei is a path of mistakes, delusions, but still a path of gain, which cannot be said about the fate of Nikolai Rostov, whose way - way losses. So, he could not defend his case in the episode with Telyanin, when the latter stole his wallet from him. When the veterans of the regiment accused Rostov of having dropped the honor of the regiment, since there were no thieves among the Pavlogradians, Nikolai pleaded guilty, based on a misunderstood sense of honor, although he felt in his heart that he was right. Then the Tilsit chapters, the triumph of negotiations between the emperors - all this is strangely perceived by Nikolai Rostov. A rebellion rises in the soul of the hero, “strange thoughts” arise. But this rebellion ends with Rostov's complete moral capitulation, when he shouts at the officers who condemn this alliance: "Our business is to do our duty, to fight and not to think." These words, in my opinion, complete the spiritual evolution of Nikolai Rostov. And this hero cut off his path to Borodin;
Tolstoy tests his heroes with war, because it is in extreme circumstances that all the qualities of a person are most clearly and openly manifested.
