Opportunities for the rapid transformation of production and trade were opened by the peasant reform of 1861, which freed many workers. The demand for manufactured goods grew in the country. The government of the Empire stimulated and supported domestic industrialists, bankers, merchants, striving to accelerate the development of the economy through its legislative acts.
In 1863-1865, the government passed laws that gave the right to "trade and other crafts to persons of all classes without distinction of sex, both Russian subjects and foreigners." Members of merchant guilds, urban aristocracy and local nobles, peasants, colonists in their places of settlement, Jews in the Pale of Settlement gained freedom of enterprise and received certificates for industrial and commercial activities.
The new commercial and industrial legislation gave a tremendous impetus to the rapid development of economic activity in the country. Well-known domestic economist L.I. Abalkin wrote: "The class of industrialists was replenished by all strata of society, the former serf could become "innumerable rich", his yesterday's owner-landowner-exchange tycoon, nobleman-officer, state institution has grown to the managing director of a bank or a joint-stock company.
Indeed, towards the end of the nineteenth century. Petersburg, 35 merchants, 2 nobles, 69 burgesses, 35 peasants owned textile enterprises, and 45 merchants, 18 nobles, 257 burgesses, 192 peasants owned metalworking factories.
The affairs of those who engaged in the production of sugar were rapidly going uphill: among the largest landowners, representatives of noble families - the Baryatinskys, Yusupovs, Bobrinskys, Pototskys, Shuvalovs, and among recent merchants, newly minted nobles, such as the famous sugar refiners Tereshchenko and Kharitonenko.
The most industrial and oldest industrial class, the merchant class, also changed dramatically, gradually turning into a commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. The great Fyodor Chaliapin vividly and figuratively described the upward path traditional for the Moscow merchants: “A Russian peasant, having escaped from the village from a young age, begins to cobble together his well-being as a future merchant or industrialist in Moscow itself. oil on buckwheat, his comrade shouts merrily and cunningly observes the stitches of life with a slanting eye, how and what is sewn up and what is sewn to what. in a cheap tavern, he drinks tea with brown bread. He is cold, cold, but always cheerful, does not grumble and hopes for the future. He is not embarrassed by what kind of goods he has to trade, trading in different ones. Today icons, tomorrow stockings, the day after tomorrow amber, otherwise and books. In this way he becomes an economist. And there, look, he already has a shop or a small factory. And then, go ahead, he is already a merchant of the 1st guild. the son is the first to buy the Gauguins, Picasso, the first to take Matisse to Moscow. And we, enlightened ones, look with nasty gaping mouths at all the Matisses, Manets and Renoirs that have not yet been understood and say in a nasally critical way: - Tyrant. Meanwhile, petty tyrants, meanwhile, quietly accumulated wonderful treasures of art, created galleries, museums, first-class theaters, set up hospitals and shelters throughout Moscow.
Merchants created family and joint-stock companies, firms, trading houses, expanded markets for wholesale trade. They also participated in railway and steamship construction, owned large machine-building and repair plants.
Many large and small industrialists came out of the peasantry. Even in the pre-reform period, the most enterprising peasants, working at the enterprises of their owners, invested money in profitable business through figureheads. Having made a capital, they bought "free", and then acquired small factories and plants. The rich "capitalist peasants" eventually signed up as merchants, became honorary citizens. Former peasants Alekseev, Ryabushinsky, Krestovnikov, Soldatenkov laid the foundation for the largest and most famous entrepreneurial dynasties.
The grateful memory of posterity will forever remember the names of Moscow merchants-entrepreneurs who presented the city and the country with excellent collections of paintings (the Tretyakov brothers, Shukins, Morozov, Mamontov), founded the world's first Theater Museum (Bakhrushin), the Art Theater (Morozov), the magazines "World of Art "," Golden Fleece "," Blue Rose "(Diaghilev, Ryabushinsky).
They, occupying honorary positions in the city, improved it: gas, and then electric lighting, pavements, water supply, sewerage, and a tram appeared in Moscow. Manufacturers, seeking to retain qualified workers at their enterprises, built housing for them, created a network of social service institutions.
In 1900, the owner of the Trekhgornaya manufactory, Nikolai Prokhorov, was awarded the French Order of the Legion of Honor, and his enterprise received the "Grand Prix" of the international Paris exhibition for technical equipment. Trekhgornaya manufactory was awarded two gold medals - for training workers in a six-year technical school for 250 students and for taking care of the life of workers. The manufactory had a nursery, a kindergarten, a maternity hospital, an orphanage, a hospital, a nursing home, a free public library, evening and Sunday classes.
Morozov dynasty
At the beginning of the 20th century, two and a half dozen families made up the top of the Moscow merchant class - seven of them bore the surname Morozov. The most eminent in this series was considered the largest chintz manufacturer Savva Timofeevich Morozov.
The exact size of Morozov's capital today can only be guessed at. "T-vo Nikolskoy manufactory Savva Morozov, son and Co" was one of the three most profitable industries in Russia. One salary of Savva Ivanovich (he was only a director, and his mother was the owner of the manufactory) was 250 thousand rubles a year. For comparison: the then Minister of Finance, Sergei Witte, received ten times less (and even then Alexander III paid the “irreplaceable” Witte more from his own pocket).
Savva belonged to the generation of "new" Moscow merchants. Unlike their fathers and grandfathers, the ancestors family business, young merchants had an excellent European education, artistic taste, diverse interests. Spiritual and social questions occupied them not at all. less of a problem making money.
The family business was started by Savva's grandfather and namesake - the economic man Savva Vasilyevich Morozov.
"Savva son Vasiliev" was born a serf, but managed to go through all the steps of a small producer and become the largest textile manufacturer. An enterprising peasant in the Vladimir province opened a workshop that produced silk lace and ribbons. He worked on the only machine tool himself and himself walked to Moscow, 100 miles away, to sell goods to buyers. Gradually, he switched to cloth and cotton products. He was lucky. Even the war of 1812 and the ruin of Moscow contributed to the increase in income. After several factories in the capital burned down in the capital, a favorable customs tariff was introduced, and the cotton industry began to rise.
For 17 thousand rubles - huge money for those times - Savva received "freedom" from the nobles of the Ryumins, and soon the former serf Morozov was enrolled in the Moscow merchants of the first guild.
Having lived to a ripe old age, Savva Vasilievich did not overcome the letters, but this did not prevent him from doing excellent business. He bequeathed to his sons four large factories, united by the name "Nikolskaya Manufactory". The old man took care to arrange for his descendants even in the next world: next to his grave at the Rogozhsky cemetery stands a white-stone Old Believer cross with an inscription, already faded from time to time: “At this cross, the family of the merchant of the first guild Savva Vasilyevich Morozov is supposed to be.” Today there are four generations of Morozov.
The Morozov family was Old Believer and very rich. The mansion in Bolshoy Trekhsvyatitelsky Lane had a winter greenhouse and a huge garden with gazebos and flower beds.
The future capitalist and freethinker was brought up in the spirit of religious asceticism, in exceptional severity. Priests from the Rogozhskaya Old Believer community served daily in the family chapel. The extremely pious mistress of the house, Maria Feodorovna, was always surrounded by hosts. Any of her whims was the law for the household.
On Saturdays, underwear was changed in the house. The brothers, the elder Savva and the younger Sergei, were given only one clean shirt, which usually went to Seryozha, his mother's favorite. Savva had to wear the one that his brother took off. More than strange for the richest merchant family, but this was not the only eccentricity of the hostess. Occupying a two-story mansion with 20 rooms, she did not use electric lighting, considering it to be demonic power. For the same reason, she did not read newspapers and magazines, she shied away from literature, theater, and music. Afraid of catching a cold, she did not take a bath, preferring to use colognes. And at the same time she kept her family in her fist so that they did not dare to rock the boat without her permission.
Nevertheless, changes inexorably invaded this firmly established Old Believer life. The Morozov family already had governesses and tutors, children - four sons and four daughters - were taught secular manners, music, foreign languages. At the same time, tried and tested "forms of education" for centuries were used - for poor academic success, the young merchant growth was mercilessly beaten.
Savva was not distinguished by special obedience. In his own words, while still at the gymnasium, he learned to smoke and not to believe in God. His character was paternal: he made decisions quickly and forever.
He entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. There he seriously studied philosophy, attended lectures on the history of V.O. Klyuchevsky. Then he continued his education in England. He studied chemistry at Cambridge, worked on his dissertation and at the same time got acquainted with the textile business. In 1887, after the Morozov strike and his father's illness, he was forced to return to Russia and take charge of the affairs. Savva was then 25 years old.
Until 1918, the Nikolskaya manufactory was a joint venture. The main and main shareholder of the manufactory was Savva's mother Maria Fedorovna: she owned 90% of the shares.
In matters of production, Savva could not help but depend on his mother. In fact, he was a co-owner-manager, and not a full owner. But "Sava the Second" would not have been the son of his parents, had he not inherited from them irrepressible energy and great will. He said about himself: "If anyone gets in my way, I will cross and not blink."
I had to sweat, - Savva Timofeevich later recalled. - The equipment at the factory is antediluvian, there is no fuel, but here there is competition, a crisis. It was necessary to rebuild the whole thing on the go.
He ordered the latest equipment from England. The father was categorically against it - it was expensive, but Savva broke his father, who was behind the times. The old man was disgusted by his son's innovations, but in the end he gave in: fines were changed at the factory, prices were changed, new barracks were built. Timofey Savvovich stamped his feet on his son and scolded him as a socialist.
And in good moments, very old, he used to stroke me on the head and say: "Oh, Savvushka, you will break your neck."
But the realization of the disturbing prophecy was still far away.
Things were going well for the Association. The Nikolskaya manufactory ranked third in Russia in terms of profitability. Morozov products displaced English fabrics even in Persia and China. At the end of the 1890s, 13.5 thousand people were employed in the factories, about 440 thousand poods of yarn and almost two million meters of fabric were produced here annually.
Secretly, Maria Fedorovna was proud of her son - God did not deprive him of either intelligence or mastery. Although she got angry when Savva first ordered in his own way, as he saw fit, and only then approached: "Here, they say, mama, let me report ..."
And here is what one of the engineers of the Nikolskaya manufactory recalled about Savva Timofeevich: “Excited, fussy, he ran hopping from floor to floor, tested the strength of the yarn, put his hand into the thick of the gears and pulled it out unharmed, taught teenagers how to tie a broken thread He knew every screw here, every movement of the levers. Engineers, craftsmen, workers approached him, asked about something ... he gave orders, wrote notes, pointed somewhere with his hands, patted the workers on the shoulder and treated them to cigarettes from a large leather cigarette case.
Wealthy Fabricant Varvara Alekseevna Morozova
Entrepreneurship in Russia has traditionally been considered a male occupation, but it happened that women also achieved success in it. One of the brightest and most successful representatives of the business world was Varvara Alekseevna Morozova, nee Khludova, a merchant's daughter and wife. Her first husband was A.A. Morozov, a poorly educated and mentally ill person who passed away early. The brother of Varvara Alekseevna-Mikhail Khludov also died in a psychiatric hospital. An outstanding nature, a champion of education, a capable actress (she played in charity performances in favor of the starving), V.A. Morozova, having become a widow, took over the management of the Tver cotton fabric manufactory and coped with it quite successfully.
Her sister-in-law, M.K. Morozova, recalled: "Varvara Alekseevna was a well-educated person. At the same time, she was very businesslike and practical, she knew how to navigate commercial affairs well." She was valued and respected in the commercial environment. Varvara Alekseevna served as a prototype for the heroine of P.D. Boborykin "China Town" - Anna Serafimovna Stanitsina.
A charming woman with an attractive smile, large dark eyes and "sable" eyebrows, she was "a classic type of progressive Moscow philanthropist", modest in everyday life and generous in kindness to people. The famous playwright Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko said about her: "The type is wonderful in its way. Beautiful woman, a wealthy manufacturer, kept herself modest, never flaunted her money anywhere. "She raised five children, actively participated in public life.
One of her first charitable undertakings was the construction of a psychiatric clinic in Moscow on Devichye Pole. Over time, a large educational medical center grew up there. The Tver manufactory had a hospital, a maternity hospital, a pharmacy, a sanatorium, an orphanage, a nursery, a school, a needlework school, and a library.
In her house on Vozdvizhenka, Varvara Alekseevna opened a literary salon, which was visited by famous writers and poets. Among them are Alexander Blok, Valery Bryusov, Andrei Bely, Vladimir Solovyov.
At the expense of Morozova, almost the first free Turgenev library-reading room in Russia was built and opened in 1885. Designed for 100 visitors, it had a rich book fund and received periodicals. Readings were held here; Literary novelties and current events were discussed with the participation of the color of Moscow professors. Following Turgenevskaya, libraries-reading rooms of Ostrovsky, Gogol, Pushkin appeared.
Morozova laid the foundation for another type of institutions important for Russia - in 1873 she opened an elementary school, and in 1877 she founded craft classes for children from the poorest families. The boys who graduated from the vocational school received the title of master in plumbing and carpentry. In 1901 Varvara Alekseevna handed over the school to the city.
Putilov Nikolay Ivanovich
a breeder and entrepreneur, a pioneer of the rail rolling business in Russia, a metallurgist, a builder, an inventor and a connoisseur of military gun production; came from the ancient Novgorod noble family; was brought up (since 1830) in the naval company of Aleksandrovsky Cadet Corps, in 1832 he was transferred to the Naval Corps, from where he was released (December 23, 1837) as a midshipman and left in the officer classes of the Naval Cadet Corps (then - the Nikolaev Naval Academy). Finishing the course in 1840, he drew attention to himself with an article published in the Mayak magazine (1840, No. 3) about the error of the famous French mathematician Cauchy in his course on integral calculus; the article of the young midshipman aroused the interest of the famous Russian mathematician, academician M. V. Ostrogradsky, who invited Putilov to be his assistant in the study of certain issues of external ballistics; the results of their joint work were later published in "Notes Imperial Academy Sciences". At the end of the course in officer classes, Putilov was promoted to lieutenant and left at the Corps, where from 1841 to 1843 he taught mathematics, astronomy and navigation to midshipmen; in addition, he taught mathematics courses for those entering higher educational establishments . In 1843, due to poor health, P. had to leave for a warmer climate, for which he entered the service in the Southern (VI) district of the corps of engineers of military settlements, who was then in charge of the entire construction department in southern Russia, and in practice studied the construction business. Having retired in 1844, P. returned to St. Petersburg in 1848 and here, in the position of an official for special assignments under the director of the Shipbuilding Department, he got acquainted with marine engineering. In 1854, during the Eastern War, when the combined fleets of England and France blockaded Kronstadt, P., by the Highest command, was appointed authorized by General-Admiral Vel. Book. Konstantin Nikolaevich for the construction of a gunboat flotilla and corvettes; thanks to the activities of Putilov, during the year 67 gunboats were built, with approximately 100 steam forces each, and 14 corvettes with 250 steam forces each, armed with 397 large-caliber guns, 3 floating docks and a workshop were built to repair the flotilla; in addition, he also provided assistance in the construction of 14 floating batteries and built 6 gunboats in Riga. At the same time, with the highest permission, Putilov published (in 1854-1859) 37 volumes of the Collection of News Relating to the War of 1853-1856. Appointed in 1855 as a senior official for special assignments of the Shipbuilding Department, and in 1857 he was dismissed with the rank of coll. adviser, P. turned to the enterprises of the mining industry in the north of Russia and, supported by Vel. Book. Konstantin Nikolaevich and the head of the Naval Ministry Krabbe, for the first time organized in Finland the production of iron from cast iron smelted from lake ores, and for this purpose he built there, in the area of the Saima water system, in the period 1857-1868, 3 plants that annually smelted up to 400,000 pounds cast iron and up to 200,000 pounds of iron and steel. In 1864, in partnership with Obukhov and Kudryavtsev, Putilov began to build a steel plant on the Neva, near St. Petersburg, called Obukhovsky; for the first time in Russia, armor-piercing shells began to be manufactured at this plant and guns of the largest calibers were prepared, both for land and naval military departments. On January 12, 1868, Putilov bought an iron and steel plant (Putilovsky), the original foundation of which dates back to 1801, and which, having been in the hands of the treasury, in private sole and comradely possession, since 1864 was under the control of the administration. This purchase could be realized only because Putilov secured an order from the treasury for 2,800,000 pounds of rail, at a price of 1 r. 88 k. per pound. On January 20, 1868, the rolling of rails, which were cheaper than foreign ones, began at the new plant; worn, old rails bought up by Putilov from the railways; with the help of this material, rails with steel heads, famous in their time, were produced according to the method invented by Putilov; puddling iron and steel were produced on the spot; the activity of the plant expanded rapidly, its productivity soon reached 2 million poods a year, the number of workers increased to 2,000 people, and the gross production of rails in Russia was ensured. In 1869, an order was accepted by the treasury for the conversion of 10,000 old-style guns to a new one. In the same year, Putilov began to realize the dream of his youth, a project that he never changed, namely, the construction in St. Petersburg, on the seaside near Ekateringof, a commercial port where three trade routes were to be connected - sea, river and railway. The grandiose project, however, only in an insignificant part reached completion: work was begun on digging a sea canal from Kronstadt to St. Petersburg, pools and warehouses were built, and the Putilov railway was built. a road to connect the future port with all Russian railway lines (at present it is a port branch of the Nikolaevskaya railway); for the implementation of all these enterprises, a joint-stock company was formed with Putilov at the head. But the work was interrupted by the death of Putilov, which followed on April 18, 1880. As for the factories, since 1870 they produced cast steel and manufactured artillery shells that competed with Krupp's, manufactured various tools, parts of locomotives and wagons. After the approval, on October 24, 1872, of the charter and formation, in 1873, of the aforementioned joint-stock company (which many considered fictitious, since Putilov himself was in fact the owner of all the shares), a new plant was built near the old one, with mechanical workshops, with Siemens and Pernod ovens, with Bessemer apparatus, for the preparation of 1000 railway cars annually. The following year, the Putilov factories received an order for the manufacture of 4 million pounds of steel rails, and the production of steam locomotives and complex machines began. But in reality, hidden from the majority, the factories did not live up to expectations with their actual productivity, and there was much that was unclear in their activities, in their reports and in the management of resources. Since 1876, the State Bank, which lent the company up to 5 million rubles for working capital, already owned approximately 4/5 of the entire share capital of the Putilov Plants Society. Compared with the real value of the whole business, the debts of the Society were not so great, however, since 1877, the State Bank became the real owner of the factories; and both the management of business, and the factories with all the buildings and land - everything left Putilov. Meanwhile, by 1880, the production of steel rails alone began to exceed 3 million poods at the plant, in 1880 it reached 12 million poods, and by the centenary of the plant (in 1901), its annual turnover was more than 20? million rubles and the number of workers on it extended to 12? thousands of people. Be that as it may, the initiative in the matter, which had reached such a tremendous development, belonged to Putilov, although he could not cope with it. Unprecedented until that time in Russia, the case was staged and launched thanks to the energy, perseverance, diligence, enterprise and ability of P., who was distinguished by the courage and breadth of his commercial views and plans and great organizational talent. Putilov was a man with an extremely expressive face, his character was lively, receptive, his mind was active, carried away and versatile. He died in action. Art. advice. To the very seaside, where they were assigned a place of burial, Putilov's body was carried on a stretcher by factory workers, who had gathered several thousand; the funeral service was delivered by the rector of the Theological Academy Yanyshev; the public was greatly impressed by the speech at the grave of V. A. Poletika, a friend of Putilov; This speech provoked a controversy in the newspapers, which covered Putilov's personality and activities in a very heterogeneous way. AT technical production Putilov made several noteworthy inventions for refining and decarburizing metals, for splicing them, and for stamping artillery shells; he also owns a method of building buildings from old rails.
Putilov Alexey Ivanovich (1866-1929)
Chairman of the Board of the Russian-Asian Bank. Coming from a poor noble family of the Novgorod province, A. Putilov (he was a distant relative of the famous industrialist N.I. Putilov, the founder of the Putilov factory in St. Petersburg) graduated from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, in 1890 he entered the service of the Ministry of Finance.
On the eve of the First World War, Putilov set a course for the all-round attraction of domestic capital to the Russian-Asiatic Bank. By 1917, the bank controlled over 160 joint-stock companies, including such famous enterprises as the Putilov Plant, the Nevsky Shipbuilding, the Russian-Baltic Shipbuilding, Oil Trust and others
Contemporaries were amazed by Putilov's ability to instantly make decisions on cases under discussion and accurately predict the outcome of complex, multi-way combinations. His performance was legendary. Putilov was very unpretentious in everyday life and even at high meetings, it happened that he appeared in a shabby jacket.
After the revolution of 1917, all the property of the banker was nationalized, he himself emigrated to France.
RYABUSHINSKY Pavel Pavlovich (June 17, 1871, Moscow - July 19, 1924, Cambo-les-Bains, France)
From an Old Believer family of cotton and paper manufacturers.
Graduated from the Moscow Practical Academy of Commercial Sciences (1890).
Since 1900, he headed the Association of Manufactories P.M. Ryabushinsky with his sons, from 1901 chairman of the board of the Kharkov Land Bank, from 1902 co-owner of the Ryabushinsky Brothers banking house and chairman of the board of the Moscow Bank organized on its basis (since 1912).
Since 1906, he was a foreman (since 1915, chairman) of the Moscow Exchange Committee, a member of the Council of Congresses of Representatives of Industry and Trade, since 1909, chairman of the Society of Cotton and Paper Manufacturers of the Moscow Region.
Since November 1905, a member of the Central Committee of the Union of October 17, in October 1906 Ryabushinsky, who did not agree with the policy of the Octobrist leader A.I. Guchkov, moved to the Party of "Peaceful Renewal", a policy of rejection of revolutionary ideas and uprisings, in 1912 one of the initiators of the creation of the Progressive Party, a member of the Central Committee and chairman of its Moscow Committee.
Their Political Views promoted in the newspapers "Morning" (1907) and "Morning of Russia" (1907, 1908 - 17), headed the editorial committee of these publications and financed them.
Participated in the movement of the Old Believers for the equalization of their rights with other religions. Since 1905, he was a deputy chairman of the council of the Congress of Old Believers. At the beginning of the First World War, he was authorized by the infirmary, created at the expense of the Moscow merchants in the army.
In May 1915, at the 9th Commercial and Industrial Congress, he called on entrepreneurs to organize military-industrial committees, and since June he has been chairman of the Moscow Military-Industrial Committee.
In September, he was elected to the State Council (from trade and industry).
In November, on the initiative of Ryabushinsky, a "working group" was created at the Moscow Military Industrial Committee to unite the workers around the military industrial committees and convene an All-Russian Workers' Congress.
AT February Revolution 1917 one of the initiators of the creation of the Moscow Committee of Public Organizations. At the 1st Congress of the All-Russian Union of Trade and Industry, convened on the initiative of Ryabushinsky on March 19-22, he called for the "unity of all social forces" in view of the ongoing war, for the support of the Provisional Government until the convocation Constituent Assembly, proceeded from the idea of the inviolability of capitalism in Russia, arguing: "The moment has not yet come to think that we can change everything by taking everything away from some and passing it on to others, this is a dream ... we still have to go through the development of private initiative."
He opposed the participation of representatives of the socialist parties in the Provisional Government, on July 19 he published in the newspaper "Utro Rossii" a declaration of the council of the All-Russian Union of Trade and Industry, which accused the "socialist ministers" and leaders of the Soviets of the RSD that "social reform went uncreative, but in a destructive way, it threatens Russia with hunger, poverty and financial collapse. Reflecting the dissatisfaction of business circles with the economic policy of the Provisional Government (including the grain monopoly introduced on March 25) and the revolutionization of the masses, in a speech on August 3 at the 2nd All-Russian Trade and Industrial Congress, he noted that "at the moment, the commercial and industrial class to influence the leading persons cannot," and predicted a financial and economic failure, stating: "What I am talking about is inevitable. But, unfortunately, the bony hand of hunger and popular poverty is needed to grab the false friends of the people, members of various committees and councils by the throat so that they will come to their senses"
In the Bolshevik press and among the workers, Ryabushinsky's phrase was interpreted as a call to the bourgeoisie to strangle the revolution with the "bony hand of hunger."
Ryabushinsky advocated the elimination of dual power, "a radical break in power with the dictatorship of the Soviets" (Morning of Russia, 1917, July 19), provided financial support to the Union of Army and Navy Officers, participated in the Meeting public figures in Moscow on August 8-10, elected to the standing committee. Member of the State Conference in Moscow.
After the suppression of the Kornilov uprising, he moved away from political activity, was treated in the Crimea for tuberculosis, in mid-September he was arrested by decision of the Simferopol Council as an "accomplice in the conspiracy", released by order of A.F. Kerensky.
In 1919 he emigrated to France.
Honorary Chairman of the Trade and Industry Congress.
Prokhorov dynasty
The Prokhorov dynasty, the founders and owners of the Trekhgornaya Manufactory, a large industrial enterprise in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Performances in the commercial and industrial field of the third generation of the Prokhorov family.
The next period of Manufactory's life was a turning point in its production.
The Prokhorov brothers were forced to sacrifice weaving, to give it a secondary place in production. They clearly saw that further development their production in this direction in the future does not open up broad prospects and that it is time for them to start producing chintz mechanically. Huge sums for those times go to the construction of stone buildings and imported equipment of the factory. Now, having a printing press and two platforms, using steam and a steam engine for work in the factory, the Prokhorov brothers already had the opportunity to significantly increase their production at any time.
Expanding the factory, the brothers decided to strengthen the commercial and industrial enterprises they created. Now each of them began to grow up children, and therefore a purely domestic, family, way of doing business became not entirely convenient. On May 8, 1843, the Prokhorovs concluded a notarial agreement between themselves on the formation of the Trade
Houses under the firm "Br. I., K. and Y. Prokhorovs”.
The Moscow Manufactory Exhibition of 1842 brought great help both to the Prokhorovs and to the Russian manufacturing industry in general. On it, Russian manufacturers saw a lot of new machines and apparatus that contribute to the improvement and reduction in the cost of their production.
The Prokhorov factory made the best possible use of everything that the exhibition prompted.
Bleaching, steam room, finishing departments at factories br.
Prokhorovs after the exhibition are arranged completely anew. Production itself in many respects begins to take a different direction, it moves away, as it were, away from the “manufactory” itself. New methods began to be applied to the development of goods.
Installation of a shearing machine, singling of goods, new, more advanced bleaching equipment reduced the cost and improved their own production and put the company in a position independent of other companies.
The provincial factories were in more favorable economic conditions, Yakov Vasilievich Prokhorov, than the factories in the capital. As a result of 1804 - 1858. As a result, most of the Moscow cotton-printing factories were forced to close. Only those of them survived that stood out for their equipment and the quality of their products.
The main circumstance that retarded the development of the manufacturing industry in Moscow were political reasons and the related question of fuel.
To all sorts of restrictive regulations on the part of the government for factory work, there was added a complete ban on the use of firewood in factories and plants. For steam boilers of fuel, a more “notable” amount was required.
The Prokhorov brothers were the first in Moscow to come up with the idea to take up the development of peat bogs. Thus, in the second half of the forties, the development of peat and its application to the furnace of steam boilers and even to the heating of residential buildings began.
Arranging the factory on new principles, the Prokhorov brothers were very concerned that all parts of their factory should be headed by “fundamental owners”. To this end, the brothers themselves The Prokhorovs tried to supplement their knowledge with the latest information on the cotton business, and their main concern was to give their sons a thorough technical training, corresponding to modern requirements of factory equipment.
The trading affairs of the Prokhorovskaya manufactory in the mid-fifties revived significantly and could have gone brilliantly, but there was a loss in capital and labor: Yakov Vasilyevich began to show painful heart attacks more and more often; Konstantin Vasilyevich, heartbroken due to the loss of two adult sons, dropped his hands at work, and he began to indulge in religious affairs. As a result, trade affairs could not go on as confidently and calmly as before, and to top it all off, in 1857, Vasily Ivanovich's nephew and his stepmother had to be separated from the company.
Thus, in this hard times the only able-bodied owner was one 22-23 year old Ivan Yakovlevich.
In December 1857, Konstantin and Yakov Vasilyevich received permission to conduct their commercial and industrial affairs under a new firm:
“Br. K. and Y. Prokhorovs”. In general, the new treaty was close to the treaty of 1843. Paragraph 9 is completely new, by which the contracting brothers, in the event of the death of both, granted the right to Ivan Yakovlevich to become the full owner of all the affairs of the company. In order to streamline the entire internal structure of factory life in general, Ivan Yakovlevich, with the consent of his uncle, in the same 1858 organized the “Prokhorovs’ Economic Committee” at his factory. The terms of reference of this Committee included issues related to the economic, administrative and social structure of the life of the factory and its entire population. This ordering at the factory was quite modern: it coincided with the movement in industrial and commercial affairs that manifested itself in 1855-57, and especially at the end of the Eastern War.
The success of the case inspired Ivan Yakovlevich, gave him great courage and confidence in business. The severe world crisis in the manufacturing industry in 1857 could not but affect our industry.
Despite the general stagnation, the affairs of the Prokhorovskaya manufactory were going satisfactorily, although there was a slight decline. New times have arrived...
Despite all the concerns of Ivan Yakovlevich about improving the goods produced by his factory, the forward movement towards expanding production had to stop. The revival of our manufacturing industry, caused by the Crimean Campaign and then supported by the Great Reform of 1861, under the influence of the world crisis, began to give way to a lull in our country. By the end of 1862, things at the factory of the Prokhorov brothers were very bad. 1863 was worse than its predecessor, and 1864 was very bad. Until November, the factory worked quietly, then the Prokhorovs stopped the factory. The company was in complete ruin.
Despite the hopelessness of his situation, Ivan Yakovlevich did not succumb to temptation, he retained the factory and soon he received a significant order, and an urgent one at that. Factory business began to improve.
After all that Ivan Yakovlevich had to endure in the mid-sixties, he was going to breathe more freely, but fate was preparing new trials for him. His hopes that Konstantin Konstantinovich would completely lead the technical business at the factory did not come true.
On October 12 of the same year, it was finally concluded home condition about separation from the firm of K. V. Prokhorov.
From 1843 to 1874, the year the Partnership was founded, the firm Br.
Prokhorov took part in industrial exhibitions; and every time the successes of the manufactory were favorably noted in Russia and abroad.
1) In 1848, the factory was given the opportunity to depict the state emblem on its products.
2) In 1851 on world exhibition in London, the factory received a medal.
3) In 1861, at the All-Russian exhibition in St. Petersburg, the right to depict the state emblem.
4) In 1862 at the world exhibition in London - a gold medal.
5) In 1867 at the world exhibition in Paris - a silver medal.
6) In 1870, at the All-Russian exhibition in St. Petersburg, the right to depict the state emblem.
7) In 1873 at the world exhibition in Vienna - a silver medal.
V. Transformation of the trading house “Br. Ya. and K. Prokhorov” in the “Partnership of Trekhgornaya Manufactory”. Activities of Ivan Yakovlevich Prokhorov and his sons: Sergei and Nikolai Ivanovich.
After Konstantin Vasilyevich and his son left the factory, the burden of all worries, both technical and commercial, fell entirely on Ivan Yakovlevich alone. The completely independent factory and industrial activity of Ivan Yakovlevich did not begin in brilliant conditions. Factory buildings were cramped and dilapidated, workshop equipment in most cases turned out to be outdated. In order to raise the production of the company to the appropriate height, a great effort was required on the part of the owner and the expenditure of significant funds for new buildings and the refurbishment of workshops.
Having adjusted the technical side of his factory and the course of his commercial affairs and raised the annual output of goods at the factory, Ivan Yakovlevich decided to strengthen his firm, that is, to put it in the position of a legal entity so that it could exist without much hesitation even at those moments, Ivan Yakovlevich
Prokhorov when 1836-1881 a single leading force will not be at the head of its affairs. With such an expansion of production, which the factory adopted in the mid-seventies, it already became difficult for him alone to keep everything in his hands, to enter into all aspects of a vast business. There was a need for assistants who were interested in the business, as its owners.
At the family council, Ivan Yakovlevich, his wife Anna Alexandrovna and his brother Alexei Yakovlevich came up with the idea to establish a partnership on shares. Among the founders, they invited two persons from experienced employees, Nikita Vasilyevich Vasilyev, who was in charge of the commodity part, and Vasily Romanovich Keller, who had been the chief accountant since 1868.
At the end of 1873, a draft charter was drawn up for the “Partnership of the Prokhorov Trekhgornaya Manufactory”, which was approved by the Highest on March 15, 1874. Ivan Yakovlevich attached great importance to the establishment of the Partnership; he pinned great expectations that the matter will be further strengthened and developed. At the very beginning of its activity, the Partnership found itself in unfavorable conditions: 1875 was marked in Russia by a poor harvest, 1876 was no better than its predecessor in commercial terms. In 1876, the partnership of the Prokhorov Trekhgornaya manufactory was forced to reduce its production, although not to the same extent as other manufactories.
This decline in industrial affairs continued until 1877.
The declaration of war with Turkey immediately revived and raised domestic trade. Money appeared among the masses, and with it an increased demand for manufactured goods.
Many of the manufacturers during these two years have made a great fortune. The affairs of the Prokhorovskaya manufactory were unusually successful.
There were a huge number of orders. The partnership at this time began to show special concern for the expansion of its factories by increasing the territory, constructing buildings, setting up new machines.
In March 1877, the Partnership made a very useful acquisition: it bought the neighboring calico-printing and dyeing factory of M. K. Balashova.
Unfortunately, the Prokhorovskaya manufactory, which was preparing to expand its business widely, had to suspend its activities for some time: on the night of December 22-23, all of its factory buildings, located along the banks of the Moskva River, burned to the ground. Both cars and goods perished in the flames. As a far-sighted and experienced industrial figure, Ivan Yakovlevich decided at all costs not to interrupt business until the construction of new factory buildings, but set about finding an equipped factory for himself. Such, fortunately, was soon found. It was Ignatov's factory in Serpukhov, which had closed shortly before.
At the beginning of January 1878, the purchase of the factory took place. Industrial affairs were good. It was necessary to hurry with the device of the purchased factory; The board, employees and craftsmen put great effort into this; Ivan Yakovlevich spared no expense. The result of joint efforts was that the Serpukhov factory began to produce finished goods in early March. The Serpukhov factory worked around the clock.
Having arranged things at the Serpukhov factory, Ivan Yakovlevich began to develop a project for a new cotton-printing factory in Moscow. This project was drawn up in accordance with the modern conditions of the cotton business.
The location of all parts of the factory was designed so that the harsh goods, having arrived at one end of it, gradually moving from one department to another, would come out completely ready at the other. In the winter of 78-79, the construction of a new factory on the Three Mountains began. The device of the Trekhgornaya factory was rapidly moving forward. In October 1881, the final transfer of workers from Serpukhov to Moscow began, but the opening of a new factory was somewhat slowed down due to a very important event in the life of the Partnership - on October 23, the main founder of the Partnership, Ivan Yakovlevich Prokhorov, suddenly died in Serpukhov.
Ivan Yakovlevich at that time was only forty-five years old. In his person, one of the most energetic representatives of the manufacturing industry, a man of broad initiative in industrial affairs, went down to the grave. He with complete success endured on his shoulders all the burdens of the transitional time in the history of Russian industry, Russian social and public life, as well as difficult moments that befell the Trekhgornaya manufactory.
In addition to maintaining a school, a hospital at the factory, a response during the Russian-Turkish war by building a large infirmary for the wounded, the organization of the Board of Trustees for the parish poor deserves to be noted.
After himself, Ivan Yakovlevich left to his successors a well-established and well-organized commercial and industrial enterprise; at the same time, he bequeathed to them those traditions that he himself inherited from his ancestors: to keep a vigilant eye on all improvements and discoveries in technical matters and to be cordial to those whose hands create the well-being of the company.
Prokhorovskaya factory, starting from the 80s, received a slightly different direction than before. The partnership begins to blaze new trails, draws up a definite program and tries to organize things more rationally. This turn, outlined by Ivan Yakovlevich, was accepted by his successors, sons Sergei and Nikolai Ivanovich.
A. Ya. Prokhorov, remaining in 1881 the head of the manufactory, handed over the management of all affairs, commercial and technical, to his nephews, but left only general supervision for himself. His ill-health prevented him from working as actively as he worked with his brother, and now he took part in the conduct of business mainly by way of advice, directing young manufacturers. Brothers Sergei and Nikolai were almost the same age.
Everything - both in activity and in the character of Sergei Ivanovich suggests a parallel with his remarkable ancestor Timofei Vasilyevich. Here is the thirst useful knowledge, and courage in action, and a broad initiative, and a kind, sympathetic heart for all. Both the one and the other were more public, statesmen in the industrial field, rather than industrialists in the narrow sense of the word. They always put their personal interests in the background in relation to the interests of the state or public.
In 1882, Sergei Ivanovich founded a scientific chemical-analytical laboratory at his factory. First of all, the Prokhorov factory laboratory set itself the task of finding scientifically substantiated methods for determining the merits of those products that entered the factory.
The largest work of the chemical laboratory is the bleaching of cotton fabrics on a purely scientific basis and under the control of the chemical laboratory.
Among outstanding works The Prokhorov laboratory of that time cannot fail to mention the receipt of a color etching by Sergey Ivanovich Prokhorov according to the black-aniline 1858 - 1899 plus. The honor of this remarkable discovery in the cotton business belongs to Nikolai Gavrilovich Volchaninov, who worked for more than thirty years at the factory of the Association of the Prokhorov Trekhgornaya manufactory. This method, borrowed from N. G. Volchaninov from the Prokhorov factory by Mr. Prudhomme, soon became the common property and for more than a quarter of a century was used almost everywhere both in Russia, as well as in Europe and America.
The brothers Sergei and Nikolai Ivanovich, according to the interests of the business and personal inclinations, divided the labor of doing business among themselves.
Sergei Ivanovich concentrated in his hands the technical side of production. Nikolai Ivanovich, for his part, having taken charge of the commercial side of the affairs of the Partnership, gradually began to radically transform them. The trading activities of the Partnership began to expand: it opened wholesale warehouses and retail stores not only in the center of Russia, but also on its outskirts, as well as in Persia.
The brothers decided to expand their production beyond the calico business. Namely: to attach paper-weaving and paper-spinning business to cotton-printing business.
Modestly started in 1799 by V. I. Prokhorov and F. I. Rezanov, the chintz and shawl-printing factory, after 100 years, grows into a huge business. The equipment of the factory, which cost only hundreds of rubles, becomes ten millionth. Turnovers grow from tens of thousands to tens of millions of rubles. The output from a few hundred pieces at the time of its transition into the second century of existence rises to 1,351,000 pieces of just stuffed and painted goods.
Expanding and improving the production of its factories, the Partnership, true to the precepts of the founders of the company and his immediate successors, constantly baked about improving the material, spiritual and moral life of its workers, sparing no funds for this. Concern for the improvement of the life of workers has never been relegated to the background by the owners of the Manufactory, this has always been done not out of coercion or duty, but out of heartfelt attraction. The philanthropic activity of the Association is enormous: it is a school for artisan students, and a manufacturing and technical school, and classes for workers, and music classes, and religious and moral readings, and a factory theater, and a Consumer Society, and medical assistance, and hostels for workers, and almshouses.
After the partnership was formed, the Prokhorovskaya Manufactory took part in six exhibitions: in Paris (1886), in Antwerp (1887), in Chicago (1893) it was awarded gold medals, at the All-Russian exhibitions in Moscow (1882) and Nizhny Novgorod (1886), she acquired the right to depict the State Emblem on products.
Such was the examination of the Manufactory at the Russian Exhibition at the end of its centenary existence.
VI. Factories of the Association of the Prokhorov Trekhgornaya manufactory.
The entry of the Prokhorovskaya Trekhgornaya Manufactory into a new century of life was marked by its great success with participation in the Paris World Exhibition of 1900. For the success of the Manufactory in the technical field, the Partnership was awarded the highest award “Grand Prix”.
The growth of the Manufactory in the 20th century was not limited to the expansion of the cotton print business. Paper spinning and weaving have expanded equally in the last decade, but this expansion has taken a somewhat different direction. For reasons of an economic nature, the Partnership decided in the future to increase its Moscow paper-spinning and weaving factories and move part of its industrial activity outside of Moscow.
In 1907, the Partnership acquires a significant part of the shares of the Yartsevskaya Manufactory, located in the Smolensk province.
The rise in oil prices at the beginning of the twentieth century put the manufacture in a difficult position; not wanting to remain dependent on the market in this regard, the Partnership decided to acquire an estate with coal deposits in the south of Russia. The partnership, in its mines, arranged on its own estate, as well as on leased lands, annually mined up to 240 thousand tons of first-class anthracite.
The future expansion of the coal business turned out to be useful not only in the interests of our own business, but also in the interests of the state.
In 1905, the factory was threatened with the same fate as during the French invasion. The December events, which swept like a formidable wave throughout Rus', everywhere left heavy traces of destruction behind them. Many factory buildings were pierced from the outside by artillery shells, and in some places there was a lot of internal damage. Prokhorov's factories were stopped for a period no longer than what it was in other industrial enterprises at that time.
During the First World War, the Association of Prokhorovskaya Trekhgornaya Manufactory organized three infirmaries at the factories, for which the owners ceded one of their houses, part of the hospital and one of the dormitories. In addition, the Association took care of the families where the breadwinners were called up for war. As a purely Russian institution, immediately after the declaration of war, Manufactory directed a significant part of its production to meet the needs of wartime. Prokhorovskaya Manufactory was the first in Russia to start the production of hygroscopic cotton wool. In addition, the factory carried out huge commissariat orders for waterproof shawl and suit fabrics on time. For the performance of these works, both employees and workers spared no effort.
After 1917, after the October Revolution, when the Bolsheviks came to power, the factory was nationalized. Many of the descendants of the Prokhorov family shared the fate of the Gulag prisoners.
It must be said that her prosperity in the years favorable for industry and a stable balance in the years of trials were not by themselves, not by chance, but were the result of the unceasing, energetic and loving work of four generations of the Prokhorov family. All of them looked at their work - the work of a manufacturer, not only from a personal point of view, but saw in it, to a large extent, serving the state interests.
Botkin family
In the tragic July 1918, together with the royal family, Dr. Evgeny Sergeevich Botkin was shot. The last Russian life physician, he was one of the representatives of a large merchant family that played a significant role in the history and culture of Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Such families are the "golden fund" of the Russian nation.
The Botkins were from the townspeople of the city of Toropets, Tver Region. In the old days Toropets prospered. It lay on the way from Novgorod and Pskov to Moscow, to Kyiv, to the Volga and further to the eastern countries, where Russian merchants went with caravans. However, after the founding of St. Petersburg, the town fell into disrepair. Trade people sought to move out of it to more developed areas. So, in 1791 Konon Botkin and his sons Dmitry and Peter moved to Moscow. At that time they had their own textile factory, and textile production has always been the economic profile of Moscow.
However, in the capital city, the Botkin family business suddenly turned in a different direction. Moscow at that time was fond of tea. The history of Russian tea business began at the end of the 17th century, when a trade agreement was signed with China. For a century, tea was very expensive, and therefore little was drunk. But since the end of the 18th century, tea consumption has steadily increased. A. Suvorov himself was among his ardent admirers. Young Pyotr Kononovich Botkin guessed the "tea prospect" in Moscow and, having enrolled in Moscow merchants, in 1801 founded a company that was engaged in the wholesale tea trade. To reduce the price of goods, he opened his own buying office in Kyakhta and bought tea from the Chinese in exchange for his textiles, since China recognized only barter. Soon his company became the largest and most famous supplier of Chinese tea in Moscow. The Botkins, like the Perlovs, were among not only the richest, but also the oldest tea merchants in Moscow, while their eminent competitors - the Gubkins, Popovs, Vysotskys - began their tea business much later.
"Tea kings" Botkins mastered new frontiers of tea, not holding on to the "old fashioned". When in mid-nineteenth century, the government decided to import English tea through the western borders of the empire, the Botkins opened their own buying office in London and were among the first to bring to Moscow outlandish Indian and Ceylon tea, mastered by the British. The experiment was risky, because Moscow has always preferred Chinese tea. Soon all sorts of fakes poured onto the tea market, but Botkin tea always remained tea of the highest quality. Ivan Shmelev cites a joke with which elite Botkin tea was served: "To whom - here they are, and for you - Mr. Botkin! To whom it's steamed, but for you - master's!"
The "tea well-being" of the Botkins made it possible for all members of this huge family to get on their feet. From two marriages, Peter Kononovich had nine sons and five daughters. After the Patriotic War of 1812, he bought a mansion at 35 Zemlyanoy Val. This house miraculously survived, and now it is decorated with a memorial plaque in memory of the fact that it was here in September 1832 that Sergei Petrovich Botkin, the luminary of Russian medicine, was born. It is interesting that another great Russian doctor, Nikolai Pirogov, the future teacher of Dr. Botkin, was born and spent his childhood in the same region. He even went to Verkhnyaya Syromyatnicheskaya Street to the same Kryazhev school, where Vasily Botkin, Sergei Botkin's elder brother, later studied. And the parish church of the Botkins was probably the Trinity Church in Syromyatniki, near the Kursk railway station, demolished by the Bolsheviks.
In the same 1832, shortly after the birth of his son Sergei, who was his eleventh child, Peter Kononovich bought a large new estate in Petroverigsky Lane, 4 - a real family nest. The Botkins managed to catch the legendary Petroverigsky Church, which left the name of the lane. The wooden temple was founded in 1547 by order of Ivan the Terrible, in memory of the day of his wedding to the throne, which took place on the feast of Adoration of the honest chains of the Apostle Peter. The boyar I.D. Miloslavsky built a stone temple with his own kosht in 1669, since the wedding of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with his daughter Maria Miloslavskaya was also celebrated on that day. The ancient church survived the invasion of Napoleon, but was abolished in 1840. And the parish church of the Botkins became the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary on Pokrovka - the favorite church of F.M. Dostoevsky.
And the house itself, which Botkin bought, was already a historical landmark of Moscow. At the beginning of the 19th century, the family of Ivan Petrovich Turgenev, a distant relative of the writer and director of Moscow University, lived here. Zhukovsky and Karamzin visited him. His sons also remained in the memory of Russian history: Nikolai Turgenev, one of the first Russian theoretical economists, better known for his participation in the Decembrist movement; Alexander is an archeographer and archivist, a close friend of A.S. Pushkin, who had a difficult fate to accompany the body of the late poet to the burial place - to the Svyatogorsky Monastery.
But back to the Botkins. As in most strong merchant families, the first attention was paid to the religious education of children in the Botkin family. And it has borne fruit. The Botkins were major benefactors and organizers of churches. Pyotr Kononovich himself donated a lot to churches, to orphanages, received the Order of St. Vladimir and the title of honorary citizen. The children followed the example of their father.
By the way, none of the Botkins became a revolutionary. Even the well-known publicist, "Westernizer on a Russian lining" Vasily Petrovich Botkin, who won the friendship of V. Belinsky and A. Herzen, personally acquainted with Karl Marx, was a fierce critic of the "wild" socialist doctrine and opponent of the introduction of Marxism into the Russian working environment.
In this deeply religious family, the moral principles of philanthropy, compassion, helping one's neighbor, diligence and respect for other people's work were laid down. Yes, and the father himself showed enough respect for his children, being a harsh, but, in essence, a kind person. The merchant of the old school did not think about universities for his children, but he gave them to prestigious boarding schools and did not contradict the further choice of profession.
Under the influence of his son Vasily, the father "tolerated" meetings of intellectuals in the house, which is why the Botkin house was not only ranked among the "most educated merchant houses", but also became one of the centers of Moscow culture. People of diametrically opposed views and beliefs stayed here: N.V. Gogol (whom one of the Botkin brothers, Nikolai Petrovich, subsequently saved his life), A.I. Herzen, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, actors M.S. Shchepkin, P.S. Mochalov. Here V.G. had his last Moscow apartment. Belinsky, friend of Vasily Botkin. The learned word aroused respect in Pyotr Kononovich, and he expressed his respect for science in a very peculiar way: when the historian T.N. Granovsky, the old merchant, went on Easter to congratulate his lodger with a hat in his hand, although he had never "broke his hat" before scientists, and the lodger was also much younger than he was.
After the death of Pyotr Kononovich in 1853, the older brothers provided for all family members who were not involved in the tea business, and together allocated 100 thousand rubles of dowry for sister Maria, who in 1857 married A.A. Feta: with this money, the poet bought an estate in the Oryol province. Their other sister, Ekaterina Petrovna, became the wife of the manufacturer Ivan Vasilyevich Shchukin, so that the famous collector of French impressionism Sergey Ivanovich Shchukin and the great collector of Russian antiquities Pyotr Ivanovich Shchukin were the grandchildren of Pyotr Kononovich Botkin.
The actual head of the tea company was Pyotr Petrovich Botkin, a born merchant and a very pious person. He was a diligent warden of his parish church of the Assumption on Pokrovka, monitored the state of the church building and satisfied all its material needs. And after the consecration of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, he also became its headman: this position was traditionally occupied by wealthy merchants who had the opportunity to provide the temple with everything necessary at their own expense and maintain it in good order. Contemporaries remembered how Pyotr Botkin Jr. honored the Vladimir Icon Mother of God and always on the way he went to the Assumption Cathedral to bow to her.
He helped build Orthodox churches even in... Argentina. In 1887, the Orthodox residents of Buenos Aires, among whom were immigrants from Russia, turned to Alexander III with a request to arrange for them Orthodox Church. The request was fulfilled over time: Nicholas II himself with the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna made a donation to this temple, and P.P. was among other benefactors. Botkin.
All this contributed to the success of the tea trade: the Botkin company prospered. P.P. Botkin had a very rare feature: he did not wear a mustache and beard - the main merchant sign, but the most patriarchal merchants willingly dealt with him.
Dmitry Petrovich Botkin, one of the eldest sons of Peter Kononovich, was also distinguished by piety. Having married Sophia Mazurina, the granddaughter of the famous Moscow mayor, he also acquired his own house, where every year they brought the miraculous Iberian icon and the image of the Savior from the Kremlin chapel at the Spassky Gates for prayer. Dmitry Petrovich donated funds for the beautification of the Korsun-Bogoroditsky Cathedral, the main temple of the city of Toropets, native to the Botkins. His shrine - the Korsun Icon of the Mother of God - was presented to Toropets by the Polotsk princess in memory of her wedding with Alexander Nevsky. Dmitry Petrovich himself collected paintings, one of the first in Russia to be carried away by the painting of Corot, Courbet and Millet. Being friendly with Pavel Tretyakov, he often helped him in the selection of paintings. And his brother Mikhail Botkin himself discovered the ability to draw and entered the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, where he studied with F. Bruni (who painted the Cathedral of Christ the Savior), received the title of academician of historical painting, and in 1882 was appointed a member of the Commission for the restoration of the Annunciation Cathedral in the court of the Kremlin.
From merchant. families. Graduated from Law. Faculty of Moscow. un-ta (1909), sinks. Commercial in-t (1913). From 1912, he headed the A.V. Buryshkin Trade Association for Manufactory Goods. Member Council of Ros. of the Mutual Insurance Union, member of the Audit Commission of the North, Insurance Society and Receiving Department of Car Washes. Kupech. about-va mutual credit. Since 1912, a member of the Council of Congresses of representatives of industry and trade, elected Moscow. exchange about-va, foreman of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair Exchange Committee, in 1915 foreman of the Moscow. Exchange Society, one of the organizers of the Society of Manufactory Wholesalers. He was a member of the so-called group. young capitalists led by P.P. Ryabushinsky; member editorial to-ta gas. "Morning of Russia," participated in its financing. Since 1912, the vowel washes. Gor. thoughts. From the moment of formation (November 1912) he entered the Moscow. branch of the Central Committee of the Progressive Party. To the 1st world. head of war control department at Ch. to-those Vseros. Union of cities (1914-17). In 1915-17 member. Center, and Moscow. Military-Industrial who in. In his Moscow house he opened an infirmary for the wounded.
After Feb. Revolution of 1917 was elected in April. comrade sinks mountains head, in March, one of the organizers of the All-Russia. Trade-Prom. union. He joined the Cadets (at the municipal elections in June he was on the Cadet list), after the victory of the Socialist-Revolutionaries in the elections, he was again re-elected to the post of comrade. sinks mountains heads. Entered into Set of societies, org-tion of Moscow. After the resignation of AI. Konovalov from the post of min. trade and industry pr-va book. G.E. In May, Lvov offered Buryshkin to take this post (Buryshkin refused because of solidarity with Konovalov), in con. Aug - early sept. negotiations with Buryshkin on the same occasion were conducted by A.F. Kerenkim; were interrupted due to opposition from the entrepreneurs. circles, who believed that Buryshkin "does not represent the interests of the org.-industrial class" as participating in the "SR" mountains. administration (OPI GIM, f. 10, op. 1, D. 41, l. 69). Wash participant. State. meetings (Aug.): 13 Aug. as part of the "org.-industrial group, he participated in a meeting in Moscow of General L.G. Kornilov. On September 15, as part of a delegation of Moscow representatives of the cadet circles, he negotiated with Kerensky on the formation of a coalition. cabinet on the condition that individual cadets enter it. Oct. headed the trade and industry group in the Provisional Council of the Russian Republic (Pre-Parliament).
After receiving a message about Oct. armed restore one of the organizers of the K-ta societies, rescues at car washes. Gor. Duma, which united the anti-Bolsheviks. societies. forces. In the spring of 1918, he participated in the "Right Center" in Moscow, then in the "National Center", in the summer he left Moscow for the south of Russia. In 1919 min. finance in Kolchakovsky pr-ve. In January 1920, he emigrated through the USA to France, and joined the councils as an emigrant. org-tions. Published memories of sinks. merchants.
Buryshkin's son Vladimir (1911-68) - an active participant in the French. Resistance to the 2nd world. war, headed the organization for the rescue of the downed over France English. pilots, awarded the highest. military orders of France.
Merchants - social. a group of people, an estate engaged in the trade of goods, or purchased goods produced on their own. pr-tyakh. In Rus' it is known from con. 10th c. K. also contributed to the Russian. colonization of Penza. the edges. As part of the townsman us. 1660s included the first settlers of the city V. A. Kuznetsov, P. T. Myasnikov, T. I. Kalashnikov, I. F. Ankudianov, P. A. Meshcheryakov, who were the founders of the famous penzas. merchant dynasties. In the description of P. (1783) it is noted: “The inhabitants of that city are mostly merchants and philistines: they trade in cloth, silk, paper fabrics and other goods ...”. In 1784 no. merchants in penz. cities was: P. - 345, V. Lomov - 60, N. Lomov - 10, Narovchat - 15, Kerensk - 40, Gorodishche - 5. In total, within Penza. Terr.-adm. their structure was: in 1724 - 384, 1763 - 502, 1795 - 589, 1809 - 593, 1877 - 2635, 1885 - 2941, 1895 - 3015. K. was formed from various social. strata of the population. From the townspeople came: I. P. Babynin, in 1811–13 a merchant. headman; M. P. Balashov, Penz. mountains head; V. A. Vyarvilsky (see Vyarvilsky), offspring. honorary citizen, head; D. I. Davydov, owner of an iron foundry, and others; from the state peasants - I. N. Ashanin, lumberjack; N. T. Evstifeev, baker, mountains. head; from odnodvortsev - settlements. merchant D. F. Begishev. Since 1775, China has been divided into three guilds. The 1st consisted of merchants with a capital of 10 thousand rubles. and above: F. P. Alferov, I. S. Antyushin, I. T. Babynin, G. E. Varentsov (see Varentsovs), I. E. Groshev (see Groshevs), I. A. Karpov (see . Karpovs), F. D. and P. F. Kuznetsovs, I. A. Rabotkin, P. V. Sergeev (see Sergeevs), I. S. Tyurin (see Tyurins), F. I. Finogeev (see . Finogeevs) and others; in the 2nd - merchants with capital from 1 to 10 thousand rubles: V. I. Alipov, S. P. Barsukov (see Barsukovs), P. I. Bystrenin (see Bystrenins), A. N. Gelpey , I. Ya. Epifanov, I. D. Ivanisov, G. A. Kadomtsev, D. V. Kazitsyn (see Kazitsyns), E. F. Meyergold (see Meyergolds), etc.; in the 3rd - from 500 rubles. up to 1 thousand rubles: A. D. Andreev, O. I. Bystrenin (see Bystrenins), I. E. Ivanisov, P. P. Kadomtsev, F. I. Kakushkin, A. P. Kalashnikov, A. F. Popov, K. A. Pokholkov, A. I. Serebryakov, S. S. Tagantsev, and others. Since 1863, only the 1st and 2nd guilds existed. In 1869, in the province, only 12 people belonged to the 1st guild, and 344 people belonged to the 2nd. Naib. merchants after P. were Chembar - 48 merchants, Mokshan - 33.
In con. 17th century Penz merchants sold in the markets of the south. provinces bast, bast, bast, coolies, mats, ornamental wood, wax, honey, bread, and raisins, wine berries, Crimean wine, and luxury goods were brought to local markets. Later, the merchants moved to their own. production I. I. Ochkin (see Ochkins) built leather in 1795. zd, I. A. Rodionov - tiled plant plates; Kerensky merchant I. M. Aryasov established a brick. production, V. V. Kadomtsev - soap maker. factory, M. A. Tyurin - salotop production. To the beginning 19th century prom. penz sphere. K. expanded. F. I. Ankudinov's candle establishment, leather. factories of P. P. Kadomtsev, I. I. Kalashnikov, F. P. Kuznetsov, a soap maker. plant V. V. Kadomtsev, brewer. and a soap maker. N. D. Kazitsyn's factories (see Kazitsyns). Moksh. merchant of the 2nd guild A. N. Muravyov owned a cloth factory and a forest wharf on the river. Sura ok. with. Yekaterinovka. Formed new trade.-prom. the clans of the Kulakhmetevs, Aseevs, Kazeevs, Groshevs, Tyurins, Kuznetsovs, Rabotkins, Budylins, Kuzmins, Bystrenins, Meyergolds, Vyarvilskys, and others. At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. new entrepreneurs and traders came to the fore: D. V. Tikhomirov, N. L. Rabinovich, I. F. Mikhailov, S. F. Nikulin, P. P. Petrov, P. P. Maryin, Kamendrovskie. Mn. merchants were awarded various honorary titles: offspring. honorary citizens were D. I. Meshcheryakov, S. L. Tyurin (see Tyurins), N. T. Evstifeev, S. A. Finogeev (see Finogeevs), S. P. Beloyartsev, P. V. and A. P. Sergeev, G. E. Varentsov, V. A. and D. V. Vyarvilsky, A. S., L. S. and N. S. Kazeev, N. F. Dubrovsky, A. A. Karpov, P A. Verkholetov, A. G. Shagaev, I. F. Pamfilov, S. N. Barabanov, V. V. Andronov, F. I. Lomakin, A. V. Aseev, M. M. Pavlov, P. A Pavlova and others Penz. merchants paid tribute to charity. Temples were built at the expense of A. T. Milakov, M. P. Ochkin, A. F. Ochkin (see Ochkins), I. A. Karpov and P. V. Karpova. Great financial support education was provided by F. E. Shvetsov, I. A. Kononov, N. T. Evstifeev, I. A. Karpov, N. S. Kazeev, K. V. Vasiliev, P. V. Kazitsyn, F. I. Lomakin, N. I. Makartsev. V. N. and A. V. Umnovs, S. P. Barsukov, A. N. Gelpei, M. N. Alekseeva, P. G. Medvedev, V. V. Eropkin, E. F. and A. E. Meyergolds (see Meyergolds), I. N. Ashanin, I. M. Lobanov, P. A. Kuznetsov. In the military years (1904-05, 1914-16) S.P. Barsukov and I.A. Karpov opened and maintained hospitals for the wounded defenders of the Fatherland at their own expense. Penz. merchants were widely involved in the bodies local government. In 1892 out of 69 vowels Penza. mountains Duma merchants had 32 seats, and in general in the province for 518 vowel mountains. doum accounted for 141 merchants. Kerensky merchant, manufacturer and large landowner S. V. Andronov and Penz. grain merchant and baker N. T. Evstifeev were elected deputies of the 3rd State. thoughts.
From the environment of Penz. K. moved out row wonderful people: theater. directors and actors V. E. Meyerhold, S. P. Popov, K. G. Turusov; film director V. I. Pudovkin; actor N. S. Barabanov; ballerina I. V. Bystrenina; writers V. P. Bystrenin, M. I. Ivanisov, G. Yu. Kulakhmetov; lawyers N. S. Tagantsev, N. A. Sokolov; scientists P. I. Sevastyanov, prof. I. V. Gribov, Corresponding Member USSR Academy of Sciences I. I. Privalov, physician V. I. Prosvirnin; revolutionaries N. A. Ishutin, A. I. Oliger, and others. sizes.
Lit .: Khokhryakov V. Donation of merchants and the merchant society of Penza in 1812 // Proceedings of Penz. scientific archival commission. Book. 2; his own. B. Materials for the history of the city of Penza // Proceedings of Penz. scientific archival commission. Book. 3; Zaozerskaya E. I. Trades and crafts of the living hundred of the Middle Volga region at the turn of the 17th–18th centuries. //Peter the Great. M. - L., 1947; Samoilov (1); Essays on the history of Penz. the edges; Tyustin A.V. Under the sign of Mercury: Pages of the history of Penza entrepreneurship //Birzh. gas. 1992. No. 21, 22, 23; Zavaryukhin N. V. Essays on the history of the Mordovian region during the period of feudalism. Saransk, 1993; Tyustin A. V. Penza merchants as a social layer: questions of the history of formation // Zemstvo. 1994. No. 3; his own. Penza merchants in the system of local authorities // Zemstvo. 1994. No. 4; his own. Merchant dynasties of Penza // Zemstvo. 1995. No. 3; Sukhova OA Household culture of Penza entrepreneurs in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. //Local history. 1997. No. 2.
[AND. V. Tyustin. Merchants / Penza Encyclopedia. M.: Scientific publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia", 2001.]
CHAPTER 1. ORIGINS OF FORMATION OF PENZA MERCHANTS.
The beginning and origins of the Penza merchants were due to the construction in 1663 of the Penza fortress, which, as an outpost of the southeastern borders of the Moscow state, was located at the intersection of important trade routes that connected various regions of the country.
In social terms, the urban environment of that time was a combination of military settlements and settlements. Posad was located to the northeast of the fortress, immediately outside its walls. In the first years of its existence, the settlement consisted of 38 courtyards, in which 73 people lived. The townspeople, who were not endowed with land and hayfields, were forced to engage in crafts or petty trade. It was formed at the expense of exiles for theft and money matters.
Since ancient times, merchants, along with artisans, have been united into one township estate. Along with others that make up the township estate, the merchants paid various monetary taxes (taxes), so all such an estate was called taxable. Unlike the nobles, the merchants did not “collect” and did not store the stones of their genealogies for history, which is why it is so difficult to make a single chain of merchant genealogy .
The founders of the Penza merchant dynasties were: Vasily Afanasyevich Kuznetsov - a translator from Moscow, an equestrian Cossack Lyubim Mikhailovich Ponomarev, a Krasnoslobodsky translator Timofey Ivanovich Kalashnikov, Nizhnelomov translators Elistrat Kuzmin and Fyodor Ankudinov with their sons Ivan and Andrei and others.
Merchants in the Penza Territory were few in number for a long time. This is evidenced by the "Short Statement of the Penza Merchants" compiled in 1764 by the government commission - the earliest document among the known detailed sources on the economic activities of the Penza people in the past. By the time of its appearance, the townspeople of Penza consisted of 492 merchants and 86 guilds (registration was kept in the souls of the male, most likely, according to township tax lists). There are 27 persons engaged in trade in the statement. Of these, 9 regularly carried out their operations "within Russia", one merchant even constantly traveled to the "ports" (apparently, to St. Petersburg and Astrakhan).
The scope of activity of the rest was limited mainly to Penza and its district. More than 20 people from the Penza merchant class at that time worked at "state factories", more than 150 were at state services "at the wine and salt sales", many of them far from hometown. This very responsible and burdensome duty of the townspeople kept many from their own affairs for a long time. It is precisely this that largely explains the relatively small number of traders noted in the list.
In 1721, the urban population was divided into 2 guilds: the first included large usurers, merchants, healers and pharmacists, various craftsmen; to the second - small traders, artisans. This was the beginning of the separation of merchants from the townsman class into a relatively independent corporation. However, this corporation was not integral: depending on the amount of property and the amount of capital, merchants were divided into first-class, third-class.
The inhabitants of the city were those who had real estate in the city. Each such owner was entered in the city philistine book, which consisted of six parts.
In the first part, the names of true, indigenous citizens were entered, without distinction of origin, titles, occupation, who had real estate.
In the second part - enrolled in one of the three guilds. Anyone who declared capital, regardless of origin and rank, was allowed to sign up.
In the third part - workshops: masters and apprentices, students of various crafts.
In the fourth part - out-of-town and foreign guests who arrived in the city for crafts, trade, any work.
In the fifth part - eminent citizens who served in elections in city posts; capitalists with a declared capital of 50 thousand or more, engaged in wholesale trade.
In the sixth part - townspeople, that is, old-timers who were engaged in crafts, needlework and other works.
Thus, the old, relatively closed system was destroyed, which singled out the commercial and industrial elite among the inhabitants of the town - "guests" and members of the "living room and cloth hundreds" - and new estates were introduced, which were formed taking into account their real financial situation purely for fiscal purposes. Since 1723, a qualification of 500 rubles was set for entry into the "trading class" of peasants and raznochintsy. By decree of February 13, 1747, palace, bishops, monastic and landlord peasants, engaged in trade and crafts and having from 300 to 500 rubles of capital, could transfer to the merchant class, but from January 1762, the entry into the "commercial class" of these categories of peasants was prohibited without specified vacation and dismissal letters from the authorities and landowners.
In its final form, the principles of the class division of the urban population were determined by the manifesto on March 17, 1775 and existed without radical changes until 1917. As this legislative act stated, “all those philistines who do not have a capital of more than 500 rubles should no longer be called merchants, but rename them philistines; merchants, who had capitals over 500 rubles and became bankrupt, should also be included in the middle class; some of the petty-bourgeois trades are terminated and their capital is multiplied by more than 500 rubles, those are included in the merchant class. Thus, when distinguishing new social groups, a property qualification is used - rich townspeople had to be assigned to the merchant class, less wealthy - to the bourgeoisie and artisans.
Highlighting the top of the urban society - the merchants, the Manifesto of 1775 divided it into 3 guilds, belonging to which was determined by the amount of "capital declared in conscience".
The smallest was the first guild. To enter this guild, it was necessary to declare a capital of 10 thousand rubles or more, pay a tax of 1% of the declared capital. Merchants of the first guild were allowed to conduct foreign trade, to have industrial production. There were few extremely wealthy merchants who were members of the first guild in our region. Archival documents of the 70sXVIIIin. brought to us the names of merchants of the first guild: Filipp Petrovich Alferov (1760-1823), Ivan Yakovlevich Dyachkov (1745-1812), Ilya Timofeevich Babynin (1756-1830), Grigory Dmitrievich Ivanisov (1762-1812), Ivan Ivanovich Ochkin (1743- 1821) and others. (Appendix 1)
Merchants of the first guild were given the right to come to the imperial court, wear a sword or saber and a provincial uniform. Merchants, as well as those who graduated from commercial schools with a candidate's degree, could be awarded the title of commerce-advisers and manufactory-advisers. Throughout the history of the Penza merchant class, Ivan Fedorovich Pamfilov (1849-1908), a hereditary honorary citizen, Nizhnelomovsk merchant and mayor, a graduate of the Moscow Commercial School, had this title; Ivan Alekseevich Kononov - Penza merchant of the second guild, owner of drinking establishments in Lunino and Bolotnikovo, Mokshansky district, owner of a brewery, hereditary honorary citizen. Merchants who had been in the first guild for 12 years and had never been declared insolvent or bankrupt could assign their children to the civil service and boarders in Russian educational institutions.
ATXIX- XXcenturies in the first merchant guild there were stable large Penza entrepreneurs: Vasily Mikhailovich Bryushkov (1802-1849) - the owner of drinking farms; Ivan Efimovich Groshev (1843-1898) - the owner of shops selling colonial and gastronomic goods; Arkady Yakovlevich Zhuravlev (1810-1883) - owner of trading companies in Borisoglebsk, Rostov-on-Don, London; Nikolai Stepanovich Kazeev (1849-1908) - owner of cloth factories; Ivan Andreevich Karpov (1852-1910) - a major timber merchant and trader; Ivan Minovich Lobanov (1840-1897) - owner of an iron foundry; Fedor Ivanovich Finogeev (1808-1874) and others. (Appendix 2.3)
The second merchant guild included merchants who declared capital from 1 to 10 thousand rubles. They were granted the right to free trade, but were not allowed to have industrial enterprises and trade on ships.
The most numerous was the third guild, which could be included in the declaration of capital from 500 to 1000 rubles. Merchants of the third guild were allowed petty trade, the maintenance of drinking establishments, baths. The third guild included the merchant families of the Ankudinovs, Finogeevs, Bochkarevs, Tagantsevs, Serebryakovs, Pokholkovs, Kalashnikovs, Kuznetsovs and others.
The merchants of all three guilds were exempted from the poll tax (instead of which they paid the trade tax), natural recruitment duty, and the first and second from corporal punishment. Belonging to the first two guilds increased the socio-economic status of merchants - they had the right to domestic and wholesale retail trade, the installation of plants and factories, and were exempted from state services.
The guild never had a closed caste character, and when capital changed in one direction or another, merchants could freely move from one guild to another. A characteristic feature of the merchant class was that belonging to a class was not only not hereditary, but not even lifelong. It was drawn up annually by paying the so-called guild fee, which was about 1% of the declared capital. The worsening economic situation and the impossibility of paying the guild dues forced entrepreneurs to leave the merchant class and join the bourgeoisie. And this entailed recruitment, capitation salaries and corporal punishment. So, in 1821, the merchant of the third guild, Ivan Andreevich Abarkov, was included in the petty-bourgeois society; in 1836, Ivan Andreevich Babynin (1789-1838), a dynastic merchant of the third guild, together with his sons Alexander, Alexei and Ivan, passed into the bourgeois class; Andrey Leontyevich Potekhin, who traded cattle, with his brother Ilya in 1848 was included in the Penza philistinism, and their father Leonty Petrovich - in 1832.
Another hallmark of the Russian merchant class was that this class was characterized by complete openness to admitting new members to it, the admission procedure was simplified to the limit - the only prerequisite was the payment of a tax (“guild fee”). The sources of replenishment of the merchant class were representatives of the urban settlement (in the capitals - also "alien", "out-of-town" merchants), and mainly businessmen from the peasants.
The nutrient medium of the Penza merchants was the wealthy state-owned and freed peasants, peasants-odnodvortsy. But most often the merchant class was replenished by philistines, who, as a rule, started with a modest petty or peddling trade. Capitals for the purchase of a guild certificate sometimes accumulated over the years. Philistines - taxable urban population, consisting of small homeowners and merchants, artisans. The petty-bourgeois title was inherited. Many philistines went over to the guild merchants: Andrei Petrovich Babynin (1736-1818), Ivan Semenovich Gvozdev (1780-1836). The Moksha tradesman Osip Fedorovich Barsukov (1729-1809), having taken up the grain trade, was almost two centuries ahead of the main family trait of his descendants, becoming the ancestor of a well-known merchant dynasty in Russia. His son Alexander Osipovich Barsukov (1800-1863) was elected a merchant headman of Penza and an honorary foreman of the Alexandria orphanage. Grandson Pavel Aleksandrovich (1830-1889) created a family store on Moskovskaya Street, impressive in terms of turnover and product range. (Appendix 4) Brothers Andrei, Mikhail and Fyodor Mikhailovich Efremov in 1840 were assigned to Penza merchants “from state peasants of the village. Ternivka", that is, peasants who lived on state lands and performed duties in favor of the state.
Among the Penza merchants at the beginningXIXcentury, a few foreigners appeared. The French subject Maria Chopin received Russian citizenship and a merchant certificate of the third guild; Prussian Reinhold Samoylovich Oliger. Khantemir Bakhteevich (1793-1854), the founder of the powerful commercial and industrial dynasty of the Kulakhmetievs, came to Penza from Kuznetsk in 1843 and organized the sale of candles and soap.
The dynamics of the merchant class within the Penza administrative-territorial structure is presented in the table :
years
1724
1763
1795
1809
1877
1885
1895
population
merchants
384
502
589
593
2635
2941
3015
As you can see, the number of merchants from 1724 to 1895 increased almost 8 times.
CHAPTER 2. MERCHANTS OF THE PENZA PROVINCE IN THE POST-REFORM PERIOD.
The abolition of serfdom and subsequent reforms served as a strong impetus for the development of domestic entrepreneurship. In 1863, a new “Regulation on duties for the right to trade and crafts” was approved, which declared complete freedom to engage in entrepreneurial activities. Class affiliation now began to depend solely on the scale of entrepreneurship - all owners of large enterprises who paid the appropriate tax automatically became merchants, small businessmen remained in the former class.
According to the laws adopted in 1863, the first guild included the owners of commercial establishments of the first category (wholesale trade), industrial establishments of 1-3 categories, or steamship enterprises, for the maintenance of which more than 500 rubles of the main and commercial tax were paid; in the second - respectively, the owners of trading establishments of the second category (large retail trade), industrial establishments - 4-5 categories or steamboats, for which from 50 to 500 rubles of tax were paid. The third guild "in order to strengthen the merchant class" was cancelled.
Each certificate gave the right to maintain an unlimited number of commercial and industrial enterprises, but with the obligatory purchase of a special ticket for each enterprise (for shops, shops, barns, factories).
The dynamics of the issuance of merchant certificates after the adoption of the new "Regulations ..." is characterized by the following data :
Guilds
1870
1872
1875
1878
1880
1882
1887
1888
1890
1
2
603
677
642
703
864
813
924
877
940
Guilds
1893
1895
1897
1907
1908
1909
1911
1912
1914
1
2
914
907
1023
160
190
163
141
127
116
Analyzing the table, we see that from 1893 a sharp drop in the number of merchants of the second guild begins. This is due to the adoption of the "City Regulations" in 1892, which destroyed the mandatory connection between entrepreneurial activity and registration in the merchant guild.
The rights of the merchant class were also vested in the family members of the person who took the certificate. The wife was entered into the guild certificate of the husband, but the husband could not be entered into the certificate issued in the name of the wife. Their sons, unmarried daughters, grandchildren may be included in the certificate of the father and mother. In the event of the death of the head of the family, brothers and nephews were added to the certificate.
The law declared that the first guild merchants "constitute a special class of honorable people in the state." Merchants who had been in the first guild for 10 years, and in the second guild for 20 years, or upon receipt of the order, were entitled to receive the highest city class title of hereditary honorary citizen. This title was awarded to: the Penza merchant of the second guild and the vowel of the City Duma Dmitry Ivanovich Meshcheryakov (1832-1906), who traded in leather goods; Nikolai Timofeevich Evstifeev (1848-1913) - a major grain merchant, public and cultural figure, mayor of Penza for five terms, memberIIIState Duma; Stepan Lavrentievich Tyurin (1845-?) - lumber merchant, church philanthropist, holder of the Order of Anna of the third degree and others.
On the edgeXIX- XXcenturies the merchants of Penza and county towns were represented by the owners of trading establishments of various profiles - shops, shops, food warehouses, household items, sawmills, wholesale and retail, as well as "drinking establishments, taverns, restaurants, hotels, factories, factories and land, valuable papers." The well-known merchants Kuznetsovs, Barsukovs, Budylins owned a number of shops in Penza selling food and household items, while Alekseevs, Solnyshkins, Finogeevs, Shamaevs, and Prytkovs owned bookstores and shops.
One of the factors for the revival of trade was the laying of a railway in the Penza province in the second half ofXIX- earlyXXcenturies According to the 1897 census, the number of merchants in the province was 2200 people. They were also engaged in industrial production. So, P.V. Sergeev owned a paper factory in Penza, merchant S.P. Kamendrovsky and his descendants owned a match factory in Verkhny Lomov.
In the post-reform period, entrepreneurs appeared who were not assigned to merchant class societies, although they had all the formal grounds for this. Firstly, hundreds of representatives of commercial and industrial families, as a result of the business activity of their founders, received the prestigious titles of hereditary honorary citizens, which meant belonging to the highest urban class, was inherited and gave the right to the common civil title “Your Honor”. Many managed to reach the very top of the hierarchical society and achieve the title of nobility. These are Gubonins, Konshins, Perlovs, Sapozhnikovs and many others. The second group consisted of those entrepreneurs who took their first steps and did not have time to break with their class societies. They received the status of "temporarily assigned merchant" or redeemed semi-annual certificates. The third group of industrialists and merchants from among the peasants demonstratively advertised their peasant origin. As V. Ryabushinsky noted, in Moscow “they said about some that they were very proud of their peasantry, they did not leave it in principle” and they wrote: a peasant of such and such a village or village, such and such, temporarily the first Moscow guild merchant.
CONCLUSION.
As a result of the study, I traced the evolution of the Penza merchants and came to the following conclusions.
The merchant class was formed primarily from among the prosperous, freed peasants, single-palace peasants, and philistines.
The merchant class acts in two categories: some were engaged exclusively in trading activities (Finogeevs, Budylins, Falins), while others focused on industrial production (Evstifeevs, Markanovs, Karpovs, Pankovs, Sergeevs). The abolition of serfdom and subsequent reforms served as a strong impetus to develop entrepreneurship and increase the number of merchants. According to archival data, the number of merchants increased from 1398 people in 1865 to 4154 people in 1888. This was facilitated by the adoption of the “Regulations on duties for the right to trade and crafts” in 1863, according to which everyone could join the merchant class, acquiring guild certificates subject to the payment of a special amount.
With the introduction of the "City Regulations of 1870" in the social composition of city dumas, elected positions of members of the city government and city heads, the merchants occupied a leading position (in the Penza province - 65-70%, across the country - 44.7%).
The trade taxation reform of 1898 separated the acquisition of estate merchant rights from the purchase of trade certificates, and membership in the guild turned into a matter of informed choice. According to archival materials, we can observe a decrease in the number of trade certificates issued. If in 1887 they were issued 16411, then in 1895 - 14471. The number of merchants is also declining: if in 1888 there were 4154 people, then in 1897 - 1898 people. Thus, the reforms dealt a blow according to the estate system, although the "attribute of the feudal system" was not completely eliminated until 1917.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST.
1. Materials of the State Archive of the Penza Region (GAPO).
1.1. GAPO. - F.5. Office of the Penza Governor. – Op.1. - D.491, 5222, 6382, 6688.
1.2. GAPO. - F.9. Penza Provincial Statistical Committee. – Op.1. - D.144, 182.
1.3. GAPO - F.109. Penza city government. – Op.1. - D.22, 93a, 144, 153, 181, 491.
2. Periodicals.
2.1. Morozov S. History of the Penza Estates: Merchants//Penza News. - 1996. - November 5.
2.2. Muromsky V. Dynasty of Barsukovs: from trade in silks to atomic physics//Our Penza. - 1999. - August 20.
2.3. Tyustin A. Karpov//Penza news. - 1993. - No. 82-83.
3. Literature.
3.1. Aksenov A.I. Genealogy of Moscow merchantsXVIIIin. - M., 1988.
3.2. Bokhanov A.N. Business elite of Russia.1914. - M., 1994.
3.3. Bokhanov A.N. Russian merchants at the endXIX– beginningXXin.//History of the USSR. - 1985. - No. 4.
3.4. Elpatevsky A.V. Legislative sources on the history of documenting class affiliation in tsarist Russia (
Various aspects of the history of the Sursky region are of interest to young researchers whose "roots" are connected with the Penza region. The newsletter of the Penza State Museum of Local Lore - "Museum Bulletin" No. 1 (66) of this year published an article "Women's Entrepreneurship in the Penza Province in the 18th - 19th Centuries" by a 3rd year student of the Faculty of History of St. Petersburg State University Elena Vladimirovna Voskresenskaya, with whom we We invite our subscribers to get acquainted.
Women's entrepreneurship in the Penza province inXVIII - XIXcenturies
Penza, built in the 17th century as a defensive fortress, turned into a developed one by the next centuries. economic center central zone of Russia, actively involved in the trade relations of the cities of the country. Industry and trade developed in the region, involving ever wider social strata of society in this area. Thus, an important subject of entrepreneurship in the Penza Territory was the phenomenon of women's entrepreneurship, which has been widespread in Russia since the 17th century.
In the period under review, Russian women, unlike the representatives of the weaker sex in most European countries, had equal rights with men to own property and engage in commercial activities. This right is legally enshrined in the statute on direct taxes of the Russian Code of Laws. Women were allowed to freely receive merchant and trade certificates. The inheritance rights of a woman also contributed to her participation in entrepreneurial activities, because it was often the death of a spouse or father that prompted women to do so.
In the XVIII and XIX centuries women made up half of the population of the Penza province. They took part in the social life of the city: in arranged balls, gubernatorial receptions, performances, exhibitions and other cultural events of the city, following the latest fashion trends in the capital. Prince I.M. Dolgorukov in his memoirs described the women's society of Penza as follows: “The society of the ladies was quite pleasant, others were sharp, kind and very dexterous. The girls all knew how to dance, dress up, flaunted with taste.
Entrepreneurial activity in the region was carried out by women of different classes - from noble women to bourgeois women.
Penza noblewomen sometimes owned and managed not one, but several large enterprises at once. light industry. Under the leadership of women, the cloth industry was widely developed: most of the large cloth factories, which annually produce a large amount of cloth, were owned by noble women of Penza of the 18th and 19th centuries. Particularly noteworthy is the activity of the Privy Councilor Alexandra Yakovlevna Lubyanskaya, whose factory in Golitsyn, Narovchatsky district, according to the report of the Penza Provincial Gazette in 1836, produced 145,000 arshins of dressed material.
Under the female leadership, glass and beet production developed steadily. In 1795, the wife of the Penza prosecutor A.M. Beketova built a glass manufactory in the village of Bogolyubovka, Gorodishchensky district, which produced up to 14,000 items of glassware (shtofs, half-shtofs, bottles).
In the 19th century, the diversified, highly profitable Zemetchinsky estate, the owner of which O.P. Dolgorukova, using new technologies, managed to achieve the largest indicators in the production of sugar beets. The estate also operated a bone-grinding and glue plant, two extensive mills, a mechanistic workshop, a meteorological station, its own railway line, a hospital and a school for workers' children.
The Nikolsky glass factory, famous throughout Russia, until 1884 was owned by the widow A.N. Bakhmetiev, Countess Anna Petrovna, nee Tolstoy (1804-1884).
However, in addition to the noblewomen, the main part of the Penza business class were merchants and petty bourgeoises. Women of the merchant class were engaged in entrepreneurship on an equal basis with men. We are told about this by the statistical data on the number of merchants in the Penza province and the size of merchant capital, published in the Penza Gubernskie Vedomosti newspaper for 1838 and 1854. Most of the female merchants of our region belonged to the 2nd and 3rd guilds.
The most widespread branches of industry among the female half of the Penza merchant class and philistinism were: light, food, flour and cereals and foundry production. Women of these social strata owned breweries, tanneries, iron smelters, sawmills and steam mills.
In the 19th century, most of these not very large enterprises functioned for a short time. Among them are: the brewery of the bourgeois Maria Nikolaevna Tatarinova (mentioned from 1813 to 1826), the vodka factory of the merchant's wife Lyubov Sergeevna Marsheva (1870-1875), the tannery of the bourgeois Daria Sukhanova (mentioned from 1816), the tannery of the merchant's 3rd guild of Fedosya Denisyevna Kadomtseva (mentioned since 1845), since 1856 we find a mention of the tannery of the merchant Alexandra Grigoryevna Kalashnikova and the Saratov merchant of the 1st guild Pelageya Gutkova.
In the Penza province there were also iron-smelting plants owned by women. In 1835, the iron-smelting plant of the bourgeois Alexandra Nikolaevna Otrakovskaya was founded, but in 1848 it was rented by a foreigner. The plant produced threshing machines, equipment for factories, factories, dishes.
The women of Penza were engaged not only in industrial production. They were also engaged in trade, mainly in the second half of the 19th century. So, during this period, merchant Anfisa Ilyinichna Lycheva opened a utensils shop, haberdashery goods were sold in N.N. Maslova, A.S. Bartemieva.
Women also owned hotels and inns. For example, in the late 1870s, the bourgeois Olga Mikheeva Bobyleva opened a hotel in her house, Vera Vasilievna Lisova arranged furnished rooms and an inn, not far from which A.I. Belyaeva.
Some women also took part in the development of banking in Penza. Maria Yegorovna Bazderova, the sister of the merchant of the 1st guild and the owner of the banking office Fedor Yegorovich Shvetsov, after the death of her brother, continued exchange transactions with securities. Bazderova herself was a merchant who traded in colonial goods.
Thus, in the XVIII-XIX centuries. Women of the Penza Territory have contributed to the development and development of entrepreneurship and the economy of the province.
List of used sources and literature
Sources:
1. Address - calendar and memorial book of the Penza province. Penza, 1884.
2. Dolgorukov I.A. The story of my birth, origin and whole life. SPb., 2004, V.1
3. Commemorative book of the Penza province. Penza region of the 17th century - 1917: Documents and materials. Saratov, 1980.
4. Penza Provincial Gazette (No. 1 of January 7, 1838. No. of February 25, 1838, No. 4 of February 1, 1854.
The industrial beginning of Penza was laid by small craftsmen. At the end of the 17th century, leather production became widespread in Penza, when the first leather craftsmen for the manufacture of bags, bridles, saddles, and belts appeared in the city. These products were necessary for horse and foot Cossacks, reiters, gunners who carried state service on the southeastern borders of the Russian state.
An 18th-century document, noting the sectoral limitations of Penza's industrial and handicraft production, emphasizes: “The main trades and crafts are the maintenance of soap and tanneries ... Soap and leather made at these establishments ... are sent after the opening of the rivers with spring hollow water. ... Well, what is needed for these factories is obtained from the city of Orenburg through the purchase of Kyrgyz sheep, and the rest - ash and everything they need - they buy in the local and Saratov provinces from the townsfolk; they take it to Petersburg, Moscow, Tula and other cities.
A prominent Penza manufacturer was the merchant of the 1st guild M.P. Ochkin, who built in late XVIII century linen factory for 25 machines. It employed more than 80 civilian workers, including 7 chesars, 26 spinners, 2 warblers. The factory produced up to 800 pieces of linen per year, which were sold in St. Petersburg.
In 1785, merchant D.V. Kazitsyn created a soap factory, which was equipped with 3 boilers for boiling soap, 1 boiler for burning lard, 8 vats. 15 people worked at the plant, producing annually up to 4 thousand pounds of soap.
Kupets I.A. Rodionov, who was awarded the honorary title of "eminent citizen", in 1797 built a tile factory in Penza for the production of wall tiles with and without irrigation.
Tanneries also belonged to merchants. In 1795 A.F. Ochkin founded a tannery that produced goods worth 922 rubles. Plant D.V. Kazitsyn was opened in 1798 and equipped with 12 vats for leather processing, which produced up to 2 thousand units per year.
The largest tannery in the 18th century belonged to E.F. Shulgin - its annual production exceeded 5 thousand skins. 10 vats of the Shulgin plant were served by 15 workers.
In the 17th century, in connection with the intensive construction of brick buildings and structures, brick establishments were created in Penza, although the inhabitants of Peshaya Berezovka Street were engaged in manual molding of bricks. In the first quarter of the 19th century, the main suppliers of bricks were the merchant factories of I.I. Kalashnikov in the area of the Prolomny ravine and P.A. Pokholkov behind the Bogolyubskaya church.
In the first half of the 19th century, the industry of Penza was further developed both in the creation of new industries and in increasing production volumes. On Starodragunskaya street, merchant I.I. Kalashnikov in 1824 started a tannery, which produced up to 5 thousand skins.
The second tannery of merchant D.S. Kuznetsov was opened near the Red (now Bakuninsky) bridge.
Plant M.Ya. and I.Ya. Unlucky was located in stone buildings.
At the tannery P.P. Kadomtsev, there were 6 vats and 2 boilers, in 1827 1,525 skins were dressed.
In the upper part of the city there was a tannery of the tradesman P.I. Kasatkin.
At the beginning of the 19th century, soap production was preserved and developed in Penza. In 1800 the merchant A.I. Sergeev built a plant with an annual output of up to 1,000 pounds of soap and a net profit of up to 14,000 rubles.
At the soap factory I.E. Chembarov in 1838 had only one boiler for making soap, later he installed a second boiler and mastered the production of tallow candles.
Kupets I.I. The Reich, on the banks of the Penza River, on pasture land, had a soap factory, which produced 970 pounds of the best soap in 1827, and 2,000 pounds in 1831. Later this plant became the property of the Kulakhmetovs.
At the plant N.D. Kazitsyn, 6 vats functioned, in 1829 2,490 pounds of soap were produced; plant E.F. Chernyshov produced 2.1 thousand pounds.
On salotopne I.T. Babynin, two workers worked, who in 1829 produced 500 pounds of fat. Salotop establishment L.P. Potekhin in 1829 produced 1 thousand pounds, and E.A. Kleschov - 400 pounds. Salotopny plant M.A. Tyurina annually produced up to 1.5 thousand pounds of raw materials for soap factories. Thanks to the presence of fireworks enterprises in Penza, candle factories were also created. Plant V.P. Kazitsyna in 1813 gave consumers 1 thousand pounds of candles, factories M.A. Kshindin and N.A. Kalashnikov - 550 each, P.A. Pokholkov - 500 pounds.
There was a brewing and vodka production in Penza. Brewery A.I. Sergeev was located in two wooden buildings near the Erik River.
At the brewery of the merchant of the 1st guild V.I. Serebrennikov, 10 vats, 4 kvass, 4 boilers were installed; in 1815, 8.4 thousand buckets of beer were brewed on it, in 1817 - 8 thousand 350.
At the factory of the merchant V.A. Kadomtsev in 1826 received 1,512 buckets.
Vodka factory V.I. Serebrennikov in 1827 passed to the chamber junker L.O. Poniatovsky, merchant of the 1st guild M.A. Kramarev and commercial adviser I.Yu. Hazelnut. In 1815, this plant produced 4,150 buckets of alcohol, in 1827 - 226 buckets.
In Penza there was a tobacco factory K.O. Schill, on which 8 workers served two cars.
In the first half of the 19th century, P.V. Sergeev. He started his business with a flour mill, which by the 1860s employed 120 people, worked 50 sets (34 coarse and 16 grinding), and grinded up to 400,000 poods of grain per year.
Pilnya P.V. Sergeeva sawed up to 1 thousand logs per year for 2 frames and 12 jobs. In 1850 P.V. Sergeev organized a stationery factory, which in the second half of the 19th century took a leading position in the industrial production of Penza. By 1870, it employed 1,000 people. Production at the factory increased from 113,000 poods in 1887 to 280,000 poods in 1913. Sergeev paper was awarded gold medals at the All-Russian exhibitions in 1882 and 1886, and it received the same honorary awards at the international exhibitions in 1885 in Antwerp and in Paris in 1900 and 1908.
In the first half of the 19th century, metalworking enterprises existed in Penza. The first iron-smelting plant of the petty bourgeois A.N. Otrakova was already active in 1830, later it became the property of A.P. Lamberg. The plant produced threshing machines and other equipment.
In the pre-reform period in Penza, the merchant F.A. Privalov created a bell factory, housed in two wooden buildings. Copper, tin and iron were used to make bells. The annual production was 2 thousand pounds. Owned by F.A. Privalov, there was also an iron-smelting plant, which produced self-propelled guns and threshing machines.
In the second half of the 19th century, larger enterprises appeared in Penza, especially in the processing of wool and the production of cloth. In 1856, the merchant of the 1st guild P.G. Beloyartsev created a cloth factory for 60 mills, which annually processed from 4 to 5 thousand pounds of raw materials.
The factory produced military and yellow cloth, in 1865 its production amounted to 18.3 thousand rubles, in 1866 - 5.1 thousand rubles, in 1867 - 72 thousand rubles.
In 1857, the hereditary honorary citizen I.V. Bryushkov founded a cloth factory for the production of Shlensky cloth, drape, cloth from Russian wool for the army. The factories of Beloyartsev and Bryushkov produced up to 160 thousand arshins of coarse cloth and drape.
Cloth factory of the merchant of the 1st guild F.I. Finogeeva had 4 Belgian apparatus, which served 260 workers. In 1868, the Finogeevka factory produced 55,000 yards of army cloth and 25,000 of camel cloth.
A cloth factory for 19 machines was owned by a merchant of the 2nd guild I.F. Kakushkin, it produced 2.6 thousand arshins of army cloth and 12 thousand of camel cloth in 1869.
In the second half of the 19th century there were quantitative changes in the leather industry. At the merchant factories I.P. Makarova, I.N. Meshcheryakova, D.I. Meshcheryakova, I.I. Pentyukova, N.F. Kartashov worked from 7 to 12 workers. Annual production at the D.I. Meshcheryakov was 1.5 thousand products, I.I. Pentyukov - 2 thousand products, I.N. Meshcheryakov - 1 thousand 150 products.
Soap production was in the hands of I.E. Chembarova, V.M. Pavlova, I.E. Kleshchova.
In the 1880s, Tatar entrepreneurs A.Kh. and M.Kh. The Kulakhmetovs created a chemical laboratory (perfume factory), which produced perfumes, cologne, toilet water and toilet soap, lipstick. Raw materials for their production were brought from France, Moscow, St. Petersburg.
Wax production was concentrated in the hands of merchants of the 2nd guild I.T. and K.T. Yuganovs, whose annual production in factories exceeded 1 thousand pounds.
To replace the tobacco factory K.O. Schill, a new production of A.P. Ochkina, Z.K. Bogdanov, which produced more than 2 thousand boxes.
In the same years, there was a further rise in brewing and vodka production. Breweries P.V. Kazitsyn. I.A. Kononova, N.K. Kleschov produced beer and honey.
In the second half of the 19th century, there were 7 vodka factories in Penza. Ocheva, O.A. Rakovskaya, I.F. Ulanova, A.T. Rusanova, S.P. Popova, V.I. Serebrennikova, A.S. Marcheva, E.F. Meyergold, I.A. Kononov.
In 1863, the plant of the merchant of the 2nd guild E.F. Meyergold, which in 1864 produced 10 thousand buckets of liquors, liqueurs, rum. At the plant I.P. Ochev in 1868 produced 5 thousand buckets of liqueurs, sweet vodka, balms, mountain ash, cherry, robin; at the plant I.A. Kononov - 2 thousand 495 buckets of vodka, balms, liqueurs, rums.
In Penza flour milling existed on a large scale. Mills V.V. Kadomtsev - up to 3 thousand pounds, M.I. Toluzakova - up to 44 thousand pounds, N.N. Kornepolov - 180 thousand pounds, P.S. Sidelnikov - 14 thousand pounds.
In the post-reform period, the sugar industry developed in Penza.
In 1865, engineers F.I. and E.I. Gerke founded a sugar refinery, which was housed in a four-story brick building. In 1872, 50,000 poods of sugar worth 400,000 rubles were produced. In the late 1870s, the plant became the property of the commercial and industrial partnership P.V. Sergeev and Count I.A. Apraksina. In 1879, a fire broke out at the plant, which brought huge losses to entrepreneurs and an increase in sugar prices. Within 6 months, the plant was restored and on December 11, 1879 it was put back into operation. Two new high-performance machines were installed at the plant, the annual sugar output reached 340 thousand rubles.
During these years, the metalworking industry developed. In 1858, merchant N.R. Sokolov built an iron-smelting plant, which was transferred in 1866 to the daughter of A.N. Sokolova, and then to the merchant of the 1st guild I.M. Lobanov. The plant produced seeders, horse-drawn threshing machines with permanent and portable drives, gratings, balconies, and stairs. On international exhibition in Rome in 1903, the products of this plant were awarded a bronze medal, at the All-Russian 1908 - gold and bronze.
At the iron-smelting plant of the merchant D.I. Davydov, housed in a two-story wooden building, cast production parts and mechanisms for distilleries, cloth, stationery factories: wheels, gears, water pipes.
German subject V.I. Kruger in 1868 founded an iron foundry, the equipment of which was 1 steam engine with a capacity of 15 horsepower, 2 cupolas, 6 furnaces, 23 different machines. The plant's products were used in the distillery industry and sawmills.
In the same year, engineer V.A. Krakk put into operation a mechanical factory equipped with a 30 horsepower steam engine. In 1913, the plant employed 156 workers, the annual production was estimated at 88 thousand rubles.
In 1898, the Serdobsk tradesman D.V. Vorontsov founded a new mechanical plant, equipped with a 17 horsepower oil engine. In 1913 over 100 workers worked here. During the First World War, the Krakka and Vorontsov factories produced machine tools for the Penza Pipe Plant and hand grenades 9 in 1916, 56,000 of them were produced.
On Popovka in 1895, mechanical engineer N.N. Meshcheryakov opened a blacksmith's workshop, which served as the base for the practice of students of the railway school.
Large-scale construction in Penza created a demand for bricks. Therefore, in the early 1870s, the merchant N.I. Trunov on Ovrazhnaya Street creates a large brick factory.
By 1912, N.N. Meshcheryakov (founded in 1883 on Popovka), D.E. Ivanovsky (founded in 1894 on Popovka).
In 1914, engineer K.K. Tsege founded a steam plant for the production of sand-lime bricks on Peski. In 1914, merchant I.A. Groshev, who had a wholesale warehouse of building materials and brick sheds, together with I.G. Zhuravlev established a commercial and industrial joint-stock company "Brick production and trade building materials"with an annual production of up to 4 million bricks, which in 1915-1916 was supplied for the construction of a pipe plant in Penza.
In the western part of Penza there was a municipal brick factory, transferred in 1916 to the Black Sea Building Society.
In 1901, Penza entrepreneurs N.L. Rabinovich, I.M. Mikhailov and hereditary honorary citizen I.A. Baryshev founded the factory of bent Viennese furniture "Ramiba", named after the first syllables of the names of its owners. Later, this factory mastered the production of stylish furniture from expensive wood species. In 1916, the factory was sold to the aviator V.A. Lebedev, as a result of which she received an aviation orientation. aviation production here survived until 1923 and resumed in 1935.
By the beginning of the 20th century, 16 large factories and plants operated in Penza, employing 1,792 people. The industrial enterprises of Penza included 4 iron foundries (370 workers), 1 paper factory (952 workers), 1 match factory (70 workers), 2 flour mills (57 workers). 485 people were employed at the Ramiba factory, 156 people at the Krakka mechanical plant, 102 people at the Vorontsov mechanical plant, 150 people at the Faidsch match factory, and 197 people at the Groshev brick factory.
There were also small enterprises whose products had high level competitiveness, for example, products of the D.A. Volosov at the international exhibition in Paris in 1909 were awarded the gold medal "Grand Prix".
The industry of provincial Penza over many decades of its development has gone from small semi-handicraft establishments to large enterprises that served as the basis for the further industrial development of our city.
The publication was prepared according to information from open sources and based on the materials of the publication "Penza Encyclopedia": / Ch. ed. K.D. Vishnevsky. - Penza: Ministry of Culture of the Penza Region, Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2001.
