Gogol N.V.
Essay based on a work on the topic: Life and customs of provincial Russia (based on Gogol's comedy "The Government Inspector")
How many good people we have
But how much is there and the tares, from which
There are no good lives.
To their stage! Let him see all
People! Let them laugh!
Oh great thing!
N. V. Gogol
It is known that the only time Gogol had the opportunity to observe Russian country town, was in Kursk, where he had to stay for a week due to a crew breakdown. Through the power of the writer's talent, these impressions turned into images that were mysterious for all of Russia during the time of Nicholas I. It is curious that Nicholas himself confirmed this. On the way from Penza to Tambov, the tsar was injured and was treated in Chembar for two weeks. Having recovered, he wished to see local officials. They say that the emperor closely examined the visitors and said to the provincial marshal of the nobility: “I know them.” And then he added in French that he had seen them at the performance of Gogol's The Government Inspector. Indeed, Gogol made officials of the county town the heroes of the comedy. Thanks to a simple, at first glance, plot move, a passing petty official is mistaken for an auditor - the author reveals the life and customs not only of a provincial state town, but of all of Russia.
What is Russia in miniature - a city from which “even if you ride for three years, you won’t reach any state”? “There is a tavern on the streets, uncleanness!” Near the old fence, “which is near the shoemaker,. piled on forty carts of all sorts of rubbish. The church at a charitable institution, “for which a sum was allocated five years ago, began to be built, but burned down.” A depressing picture.
And how does the “merchants” and “citizenship” live? Who is robbed, who is flogged, who has bruises on his cheekbones from the zeal of Derzhimorda; prisoners are not fed, in hospitals there is a stench, uncleanliness and the sick "everyone recovers like flies."
And everything is to blame for the extreme cynicism of actions and the arbitrariness of the “pillars of the city” - those who, by virtue of their public duty, are called upon to resist lawlessness and take care of the welfare of the townspeople. However, the conical effect in the play is precisely based on the discrepancy between the actions of the characters and their social vocation. The mayor, for example, proudly announces: “I have been living in the service for thirty years! He deceived three governors!” The judge echoes him: “I tell you frankly that I take bribes, but why bribes? Greyhound puppies. It's a completely different matter." The postmaster, after listening to the instruction: “to print every letter a little bit,” naively admits: “I know, I know, don’t teach this, I do this not so much out of precaution, but more out of curiosity: “I love death to find out what is new in the world” .
So, completely unscrupulousness, selfish calculation, abuse of official position - this is what forms the basis of the consciousness and activity of the “masters of life”. But most importantly, Gogol will remove the veil of secrecy from bribery - the most dangerous and widespread vice of the huge bureaucratic apparatus of Russia. No wonder during the monologue of the Governor “What are you laughing at? Laugh at yourself!” the actor Shchepkin came close to the ramp and threw these words into the prim stalls, where many prototypes of Gogol's heroes sat, among which, according to Mikhail Semenovich himself, were half the "takers" and half the "giver".
And yet embezzlement, bribery, robbery of the population - all these inherently terrible phenomena - are shown by Gogol as everyday and quite natural. According to Anton Antonovich's deep conviction, "there is no person who would not have some sins behind him," who would miss that "that floats in his hands."
And now, in the city, the auditor "incognito" is an unexpectedly looming danger for all officials, but especially for the Governor. After all, the first demand is from the father of the city, and his sins are more impressive: “not only fur coats and shawls, but coolies of goods from merchants, but also the state treasury, funds allocated for the improvement of the city, social needs float into the hands. And you can’t fix this with a quick order: “you won’t take out the mountains of garbage, you won’t cover voids and ruins with a straw milestone, you won’t build a church, and most importantly, you won’t silence all the offended.”
But the whole point is that it is not the inspector who lives in the hotel, but a miserable “Elistratishka” who squandered money in St. Petersburg. According to the laws of the conical, Gogol endows his hero with a frightening surname, formed from the word whip - to beat backhand. And officials tremble. The Governor himself did not recognize the “wick”, “dummy”. Each remark of the frightened Khlestakov is perceived by the even more frightened Anton Antonovich in a completely different sense. However, everything was decided by a repeatedly tested remedy - a bribe. She confirmed the idea that the game went according to all the rules. Now to get the guest drunk and explore everything completely. Which of the auditors refused a delicious treat!
In the end, events turn out in such a way that the auditor "field marshal" is already Anton Antonovich's son-in-law and the patron of the family. The viewer is convinced that unusual lightness in thoughts is characteristic of more than one Khlestakov. She takes the Governor and his wife to St. Petersburg, where Anton Antonovich is going to "knock out" the rank of general, eat vendace and smelt. And Anna Andreevna should have in her room “such an amber that it was impossible to enter.” And the newly-minted general is already triumphant, before whom everyone trembles and trembles: titular, mayor. Despite the fact that the Governor has just experienced panic fear, having learned that the merchants complained about him, he is immensely happy. After all, now this fear will pierce others in front of his special. It is tempting to see those trembling and trembling! Contempt for the lower and servility higher ranks- this is what is laid at the basis of relationships in the bureaucratic world. Therefore, the scene of congratulations to the Gorodnichiy family on their happiness is drawn by Gogol as a parade of hypocrisy, envy and swagger.
Gogol promised Pushkin that the comedy would be “funnier than the devil”, laughter permeates every episode, every scene of the comedy. However, having shown not private, but officials, in whose hands is power over people, Gogol deduces stage action beyond anecdotal. His cheerful, but sharp and stern word fights for the high vocation of a person, a smart, noble life. I recall the words of Chernyshevsky: Gogol “was the first to introduce us to us in our present form. The first taught us to know our shortcomings and abhor them.”
gogol/revizor6 The history of the people and the laws of language development. Questions of method in linguistics. How to write school essay. Book prefaces - a collection of essays and
The image of the manners of the county town in the comedy by N.V. Gogol's "Inspector"
I. Introduction
In the comedy The Inspector General, Gogol strove for very broad generalizations (“I decided to put together everything bad in Russia that I knew then ... and laugh at everything at once”). Therefore, the city in comedy is a generalized, typical image, it is no coincidence that it does not have any, even a conventional name. This is any of the thousands of similar cities in Russia.
II. main part
1. The city in the comedy is a county one, that is, the smallest of all in Russia at that time. This is a wilderness, from it, according to the City - nothing, "even if you ride for three years, you will not reach any state." ABOUT metropolitan life the inhabitants of the city have a very weak idea (this is partly why Khlestakov manages to pass for an important person). In general, enlightenment almost did not touch even the highest officials: as a rare and remarkable phenomenon, the author notes that the judge read five or six books; strange rules and wild logic reign in the county school (if the teacher “tailored a face to the student”, this means that he inspires youth
free-thinking thoughts), etc.
2. The most striking feature of county morals is the complete arbitrariness of officials. It is practically uncontrollable (an auditor from St. Petersburg is an out of the ordinary phenomenon for them, and Gorodnichiy, apparently, easily copes with the governor and his officials). Gogol did not bring out in his comedy a single an honest man, with the possible exception of Khlopov, but he is so downtrodden and intimidated that overall picture does not change. Covetousness, embezzlement and arbitrariness have become my life as a county town, and many officials, and other townspeople, consider them in the order of things: the Governor is convinced that “this is already arranged by God himself,” the judge sincerely believes that taking bribes with greyhound puppies is quite Admittedly, it does not occur to the postmaster that, opening and even holding letters, he is acting illegally, the mayor reprimands the quarterly not for taking a piece of matter from the merchant, but for taking too much: “Not you take according to your rank!”, etc.
III. Conclusion
Gogol was the first writer in Russian literature who began to study and depict the average Russian county or provincial city. ‘Before him, the scene was either the capital or the village. Thus, Gogol initiated a very important tradition, which was inherited by such writers as Leskov, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Gorky and others.
Glossary:
- manners of the county town inspector
- an essay on the theme of the auditor the finest description of morals
- the image of the county town in the comedy n in Gogol's auditor
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- satirical image officials in N. V. Gogol’s comedy “The Inspector General” N. V. Gogol’s comedy “The Inspector General” is considered one of best examples dramaturgy in Russian literature. With his work...
- Forgotten by everyone, very far from the magnificent capital and cultural centers, a gray provincial town, whose lethargy was stirred up by the visit of the so-called incognito from St. Petersburg, is presented in a comedy ...
- The era reflected by N.V. Gogol in the comedy “The Inspector General” is the 30s. XIX century, during the reign of Nicholas I. The writer later recalled: “In the Inspector General, I decided ...
- It is known that the only time Gogol had the opportunity to observe a Russian provincial town was in Kursk, where he had to stay for a week due to a breakdown in the carriage. By force...
Answer left Guest
“Life in a county town before the arrival of the auditor”
One of the first works of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was the comedy The Inspector General, where he brought a whole gallery of Russian types onto the stage. Comedy is not a slander contemporary writer life, but its reflection. The epigraph to the comedy confirms this: "There is nothing to blame on the mirror, if the face is crooked."
The work shows life in the county town after receiving the news of the arrival of the auditor. This news frightened the officials, as they were afraid of losing their lucrative position. Of course, there were reasons for this. So what were they? What was the life of the city before the arrival of Khlestakov?
At first glance, life in the city is favorable, decorous, but under this mask of auspiciousness, hypocrisy lies all the ugliness of the obscene Russian bureaucracy.
The main cause for concern for the main characters was the mess that was happening everywhere you look: the church at the charitable institution, for which the sum was allocated five years ago, did not even begin to be built. “In these two weeks, a non-commissioned officer's wife was whipped! The prisoners were not given provisions! There is a tavern on the streets, uncleanness! ", - says the mayor himself. The policeman of Derzhimorda, for the sake of order, puts flashlights under everyone's eyes - both the right and the guilty. And look at the soldiers? “This wretched garrison will only put on a uniform on top of the shirt, and there is nothing below.”
The "fathers" of the county town - bribe-takers and loafers, were busy only satisfying their desires and whims, the life of the city did not interest them at all.
The judge goes only for hares, keeps dogs in government places. He allows the watchmen to breed geese with little geese in the front of the county court, and the assessor smells as if he had just left the distillery. Yes, and the behavior of the judge Ammos Fedorovich himself is reprehensible: “I tell everyone openly that I take bribes, but why bribes? Greyhound puppies,” we hear from him.
There was also a lot of chaos in the hospital. Here, not only do they not use expensive medicines, here even the doctor does not know a word of Russian. “A simple man: if he dies, he will die anyway; if he recovers, then he will recover anyway, ”argues Artemy Filippovich.
The postmaster here does absolutely nothing. From this, all things are in a big neglect, the parcels are delayed. Instead of working, he shamelessly prints and reads letters: “Death loves to know what is new in the world.”
But worst of all is the mayor. A bribe is his main weapon. Before the arrival of the auditor, he not only did not care about the townspeople subordinate to his authority, he robbed merchants, spent state money for his own needs.
But why do all the officials of the city “n”, although they are afraid of the visit of the auditor, still do not fulfill their duties? It seems to me that this happens because the people of this city believe that there is no such person who could not be bribed, including the auditor.
About his work, Gogol wrote: “I decided to collect all the bad things that I only knew, and at one time laugh at him - this is the origin of the “Inspector General”. The writer was an honest artist, he showed the true life of Russia, harsh and dramatic, and this is his merit.
Kuligin says: Cruel morals.., in our city", telling about the life of the people of the city of Kalinov. In the drama "Thunderstorm", it is he who acts as the bearer of the author's thoughts, exposing the mores of the inhabitants living in " dark kingdom". And among the reasons for such morals, he is the dominant position of wealthy people: “... whoever has money ... he tries to enslave the poor so that ... more more money make money." People in the city are embittered and find joy when they manage to do bad things to their neighbor: “But among themselves… how they live! Trade... undermine... Enmity...».
The defender of the order established in Kalinovo is the page of Feklush, who exclaims admiringly: “In promised land live! And the merchants... pious people!” So, N.A. Ostrovsky creates a contrast of opinions when he shows the reader two different points perspective on what is happening. Feklusha is the real embodiment of inertia, ignorance and superstition, which enters the house influential people city of Kalinov. It is with the help of her image that the playwright emphasizes how much what is happening in Kalinov contradicts her assessment, when she continually says: “Benevolence, dear, magnificence! ..”
The embodiment of tyranny, stupidity, ignorance, and cruelty in the play are the wealthy merchants Kabanova Marfa Ignatievna and Dikoy Savel Prokofievich. Kabanikha is the head of a family who considers herself right in everything, she keeps everyone living in the house in her fist, closely monitors observance of largely outdated customs and procedures based on Domostroy and church prejudices. Moreover, the principles of Domostroy are distorted by her, she takes from it not a wise way of life, but prejudices and superstitions.
The boar is the bearer of the principles of the “dark kingdom”. She is smart enough to understand that only her money will not give her real power, and that is why she craves obedience from those around her. And according to N.A. She is Dobrolyubov for deviating from the rules she has established; she “nibbles her victim ... relentlessly.” Most of all goes to Katerina, who must bow at the feet of her husband and howl at the departure. She diligently hides her tyranny and tyranny under the guise of piety, and she herself destroys the lives of people around her: Tikhon, Barbara, Katerina. It is not in vain that Tikhon regrets that he did not die with Katerina: “It’s good for you ..! But why did I stay in the world and suffer?”
Wild, unlike Kabanikh, it is difficult to call the bearer of the ideas of the "dark kingdom", he is just a narrow-minded and rude tyrant. He prides himself on his ignorance and rejects everything new. The achievements of science and culture mean absolutely nothing to him. He is superstitious. The dominant feature of the Wild is the desire for profit and greed, he devotes his life to accumulating and multiplying his fortune, while not shunning any methods.
With all the gloomy picture of the cruel customs prevailing in Kalinovo, the playwright leads us to the idea that the oppression of the "dark kingdom" is not eternal, because the death of Katerina served as the beginning of changes, became a symbol of the struggle against tyranny. Kudryash and Varvara cannot live any longer in this world, and therefore they flee to distant lands.
Summing up, we can say that N.A. Ostrovsky, in his drama, denounced the mores of the life of the merchants and the autocratic-serf system of contemporary Russia, which he would not want to see in society: despotism, tyranny, greed and ignorance.
Composition Cruel morals of the city of Kalinov
The drama "Thunderstorm", written by Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky in the middle of the nineteenth century, remains a work relevant and understandable to everyone today. Human dramas, difficult life choices and ambiguous relationships between seemingly close people - these are the main issues that the writer addresses in his work, which has become truly a cult for Russian literature.
The small town of Kalinov, located on the banks of the Volga River, impresses with its picturesque places and beautiful nature. However, the person whose foot has set foot on such fertile ground has managed to spoil absolutely the whole impression of the city. Kalinov got stuck in the highest and strongest fences, and all the houses are similar to each other in their facelessness and dullness. It can be said that the inhabitants of the city are very reminiscent of the place where they live, and using the example of the two main negative characters of the play, Marfa Kabanova and Savel Diky, I would like to show why.
Kabanova, or Kabanikha, is a very wealthy merchant's wife in the city of Kalinov. She is despotic towards members of her family, and especially towards Katerina, her daughter-in-law, however strangers know her as a person of exceptional decency and sincere kindness. It is easy to guess that this virtue is nothing more than a mask behind which hides a truly cruel and evil woman who is not afraid of anyone, and therefore feels her complete impunity.
The second one negative character plays, Savel Wild, appears before readers as a man of rare ignorance and narrow-mindedness. He does not seek to learn something new, improve and develop, instead preferring to quarrel with someone once again. Wild believes that accumulation Money is the most important goal in everyone's life reasonable person, to which he considers himself, so he is always busy looking for easy money.
In my opinion, in his work “At the Bottom”, Ostrovsky shows readers how terrible ignorance, narrow-mindedness and banal human stupidity are. After all, it was Kalinin's morals that ruined Katerina, who simply could not live in such an environment and in such moral atmosphere. The worst thing is that there are very, very many people like Kabanova and Dikoy, they meet us at almost every step, and it is very important to be able to abstract from their harmful and destructive influence and, of course, realize how important it is to remain a bright and kind person. .
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