In the novel "Eugene Onegin", Pushkin outlined the nobility with light strokes - the people in whose society Eugene Onegin revolved, and with whom, in addition to the main characters, he had to maintain relations and communicate. The metropolitan nobility was strikingly different from the provincial landowners who lived in the outback. This gap was all the more noticeable the less often the landowners traveled to the capital. The interests, level of culture, education of both were often at different levels.
The images of the landowners and the high-society nobility were only partly fictitious. Pushkin himself revolved in their environment, and most of the paintings depicted in the work were peeped at social events, balls, and dinners. The poet communicated with the provincial society during his forced exile in Mikhailovsky and during his stay in Boldino. Therefore, the life of the nobility, in the countryside, in Moscow and St. Petersburg, is depicted by poets with knowledge of the matter.
Provincial landed nobility
Along with the Larin family, other landowners also lived in the province. The reader gets acquainted with most of them at name days. But some touches-sketches to the portraits of neighbors-landlords can be seen in the second chapter, when Onegin settled in the village. Simple in their mental make-up, even a few primitive people tried to make friends with the new neighbor, but as soon as he saw the droshky approaching, he mounted his horse and rode off the back porch so as not to be seen. The maneuver of the newly-minted landowner was noticed, and the neighbors, offended in their best intentions, stopped their attempts to make friendship with Onegin. Pushkin interestingly describes the reaction to the replacement of corvée with dues:
But in his corner pouted,
Seeing in this terrible harm,
His prudent neighbor;
The other smiled slyly,
And in a voice everyone decided so,
That he is the most dangerous eccentric.
The attitude of the nobles towards Onegin became hostile. Sharp-tongued gossip began to talk about him:
“Our neighbor is ignorant; crazy;
He is a pharmacist; he drinks one
A glass of red wine;
He does not fit the ladies' hands;
Everybody Yes Yes No; won't say yes, sir
ile no with". That was the general voice.
Invented stories are able to show the level of intelligence and education of people. And since he left much to be desired, Lensky was also not enthusiastic about his neighbors, although out of courtesy he paid them visits. Though
Lords of neighboring villages
He didn't like feasts;
Some landowners, whose daughters were growing up, dreamed of getting a "rich neighbor" to be their son-in-law. And since Lensky did not seek to fall into someone's skillfully placed networks, he also began to visit his neighbors less and less:
He ran their noisy conversation.
Their conversation is prudent
About haymaking, about wine,
About the kennel, about your family.
In addition, Lensky was in love with Olga Larina and spent almost all his evenings in their family.
Almost all the neighbors came to Tatyana's name day:
With his stout wife
The fat Trifle has arrived;
Gvozdin, an excellent host,
Owner of poor men;
Here Pushkin is clearly being ironic. But, unfortunately, among the landowners there were many such Gvozdins, who ripped off their peasants like sticky.
Skotinins, gray-haired couple,
With children of all ages, counting
Thirty to two years;
County dandy Petushkov,
My cousin, Buyanov,
In down, in a cap with a visor
(As you, of course, know him),
And retired adviser Flyanov,
Heavy gossip, old rogue,
A glutton, a bribe taker and a jester.XXVII
With the family of Panfil Kharlikov
Monsieur Triquet also arrived,
Wit, recently from Tambov,
With glasses and a red wig.
Pushkin does not need to spend long stanzas on characterizing the guests-landlords. The names spoke for themselves.
The celebration was attended not only by landlords representing several generations. The older generation represented by the Skotinins, the gray-haired couple, they were clearly over 50, the retired adviser Flyanov, he was also well over 40. In each family there were children who made up the younger generation, who regimental band and dancing.
The provincial nobility tries to imitate the capital by arranging balls and holidays, but here everything is much more modest. If in St. Petersburg dishes prepared by French chefs from overseas products are offered, then in the provinces their own stocks are put on the table. The oversalted fatty pie was prepared by yard cooks, tinctures and liqueurs were made from berries and fruits picked in their own garden.
In the next chapter, which describes the preparation for the duel, the reader will meet another landowner
Zaretsky, once a brawler,
Ataman of the gambling gang,
The head of the rake, the tribune of the tavern,
Now kind and simple
The father of the family is single,
Reliable friend, peaceful landowner
And even an honest person.
This is him, Onegin is afraid, not daring to offer Lensky reconciliation. He knew that Zaretsky could
Friends quarrel young
And put them on the barrier
Or make them reconcile,
To have breakfast together
And then secretly defame
A funny joke, a lie.
Moscow noble society
Tatyana came to Moscow not by chance. She came with her mother to the bride fair. Close relatives of the Larins lived in Moscow, and Tatyana and her mother stayed with them. In Moscow, Tatyana came into close contact with the society of the nobility, which was more archaic and frozen than in St. Petersburg or the provinces.
In Moscow, Tanya was received warmly and sincerely by her relatives. The old women scattered in their memories, the “young graces of Moscow”, looking closely at the new relative and friend, found with her mutual language, shared the secrets of beauty and fashion, talked about their heartfelt victories and tried to extort her secrets from Tatyana. But
the secret of your heart,
Treasured treasure and tears and happiness,
Keeps silent meanwhile
And they don't share it with anyone.
Guests came to Aunt Alina's mansion. In order not to appear overly distracted or arrogant,
Tatyana wants to listen
In conversations, in general conversation;
But everyone in the living room takes
Such incoherent, vulgar nonsense;
Everything in them is so pale, indifferent;
They slander even boringly.
All this was not interesting to a romantically inclined girl, who, deep down, might have been waiting for some kind of miracle. She often stood somewhere on the sidelines, and only
Archival young men in a crowd
They stare at Tanya
And about her among themselves
They speak unfavorably.
Of course, such "archival young men" could not interest the young lady. Here Pushkin used the Old Slavic form of the adjective to emphasize the belonging of "young men" to the "last century". Late marriages were not uncommon in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Men were forced to serve in order to make a certain fortune, and only then did they get married. But they chose young girls as brides. So marriages of unequal age were not uncommon at that time. They looked down on the provincial young lady.
Together with her mother or cousins, Tatyana visited theaters, she was taken to Moscow balls.
There is tightness, excitement, heat,
The roar of music, the sparkle of candles,
Flashing, whirlwind of fast couples,
Beauties light dresses,
People full of choirs,
Brides a vast semicircle,
All the senses strike suddenly.
Here they seem dandies note
Your impudence, your vest
And an inattentive lorgnette.
Holiday hussars come here
They rush to appear, to thunder,
Shine, captivate and fly away.
At one of the balls, her future husband drew attention to Tatyana.
Nobles of St. Petersburg
In the first part of the poetic novel, the secular society of St. Petersburg was described light sketches, viewed from the side. About Onegin's father, Pushkin writes that
Serving excellently nobly,
His father lived in debt
Gave three balls annually,
And finally screwed up.
Not one Onegin Sr. lived in this way. For many nobles, this was the norm. One more stroke secular society Petersburg:
Here is my Onegin at large;
Shaved in the latest fashion
As dandy London dressed -
And finally saw the light.
He's completely French
Could speak and write;
Easily danced the mazurka
And bowed at ease;
What do you want more? The world decided
That he is smart and very nice.
Description, Pushkin shows what interests and worldviews aristocratic youth have.
No one is embarrassed that the young man does not serve anywhere. If noble family there are estates and serfs, then why serve? In the eyes of some mothers, perhaps Onegin was a good match for the marriage of their daughters. This is one of the reasons why young people are accepted and invited to balls and dinners in the world.
He used to be in bed:
They carry notes to him.
What? Invitations? Indeed,
Three houses for the evening call:
There will be a ball, there is a children's party.
But Onegin, as you know, did not seek to tie the knot. Although he was a connoisseur of the "science of tender passion."
Pushkin describes the ball to which Onegin arrived. This description also serves as a sketch to characterize Petersburg customs. At such balls, young people met, fell in love
I was crazy about balls:
There is no place for confessions
And for delivering a letter.
O you venerable spouses!
I will offer you my services;
I ask you to notice my speech:
I want to warn you.
You also, mothers, are stricter
Look after your daughters:
Keep your lorgnette straight!
At the end of the novel, St. Petersburg secular society is no longer as faceless as at the beginning.
Through the close row of aristocrats,
Military dandies, diplomats
And proud ladies she glides;
Here she sat quietly and looked,
Admiring the noisy crampedness,
Flashing dresses and speeches,
Apparition of slow guests
In front of the young mistress ...
The author introduces the reader to Nina Voronskaya, a dazzling beauty. Pushkin gives a detailed portrait of the secular society of the capital in the description of dinner at Tatyana's house. Here gathered, as they said then, all the cream of society. Describing the people present at the dinner, Pushkin shows how high Tatyana rose up the hierarchical ladder, marrying a prince, a military officer and a veteran. Patriotic War 1812.
capital color,
And to know, and fashion samples,
Everywhere you meet faces
Necessary fools;
There were old ladies
In caps and roses, they look evil;
There were a few girls
Not smiling faces;
There was a messenger who said
About state affairs;
There he was in fragrant gray hair
The old man, joking in the old way:
Superbly subtle and smart
Which is kind of funny these days.Here he was greedy for epigrams,
Angry sir to everything:
But, along with representatives of high society, the dinner was attended by several random people who came here for various reasons.
There was Prolasov, who deserved
Known for the meanness of the soul,
In all albums blunted,
St.-Priest, your pencils;
At the door another ballroom dictator
He stood like a magazine picture,
Blush, like a willow cherub,
Tightened, dumb and immovable,
And the vagrant traveler,
Overstarched impudent.
Noble status made very high demands on its representatives. And in Russia there were many truly worthy nobles. But in the novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin shows, along with brilliance and luxury, vices, emptiness and vulgarity. The propensity to spend, living beyond one's means, and the desire for imitation, unwillingness to serve and benefit society, the impracticality and carelessness of secular society are shown in full in the novel. These lines were intended to make readers think, most of whom represented this very nobility, to reconsider their way of life. It is not surprising that "Eugene Onegin" was received by the reading public ambiguously, and not always favorably.
AT this novel the author openly and without embellishment shows both sides of the nobility. All old school representatives of high society, seasoned, noble, have a sharp inquisitive mind. For them, there are no vivid emotions and vulgarity, if an aristocrat feels contempt or surprise, he does not show it, conversations are conducted on highly spiritual topics.
The local nobility is a part of the people who belong to noble family, but they are not properly educated, their manners do not radiate sophistication. All actions are hypocritical, aimed at satisfying their base needs. Such cream of society often receive training at home.
Accordingly, all sciences have been studied superficially, the necessary knowledge has not been obtained, therefore, the conversations of such nobles are empty, cutesy with excessive arrogance, which they justify with their attitude towards the nobility.
AT this work the local nobility is expressed in the Larin family and their neighbors, Onegin did not go to visit them, so as not to constantly hear stories about peasants, about how to pickle mushrooms or feed pigs properly.
Tatyana's mother was from a noble family, when she got married and came to live in the village, at first she resisted circumstances for a long time, wore beautiful outfits, and spoke French. But soon this life broke her, she got used to the society of peasants, began to manage the economy.
An example of the fact that Tatyana also became close to the peasants, she can wash herself with snow, is friends with her nanny, the way of life brings its own adjustments even to the most refined and highly spiritual natures. Onegin, in order to go out for dinner, changes clothes, puts himself in order, while Larins can sit down at the table in dressing gowns, a cap and everyday clothes.
Many habits of the local nobility are relics of the past, but on the other hand, it is the preservation of the traditions of our ancestors. Onegin himself is a representative of the metropolitan aristocracy, educated, cultured, but spends all his time at balls in restaurants. He spends a lot of time in his office, where he takes care of himself, then reads books. That's why this monotony made him depressed, he was tired of everything.
He himself is very smart, his mind is comprehensively developed, his views on life are progressive, he understands and perceives everything beautiful in this world. And the rest of the circle of aristocrats is empty, hypocritical, selfish. Their apparent employment and activity, in fact, does not produce anything and does not bring any benefit. Only an endless waste of time, huge amounts of money for balls and entertainment.
Onegin does not find a place for himself in the capital's aristocratic circles, he is bored and not interested there. At the same time, Tatyana is in her estate in a circle of peasants, who have gathered on the next day to dine with their neighbors and talk about how the day went.
To get away from this unsatisfying society, Onegin came to the village, Tatyana began to read novels. Tatyana is spiritually developed, she loves nature, well-mannered, smart and subtle personality. Soon this heroine will become a real secular lady with the necessary level of education. At the same time, she is simple and sincere, these best features Russian character, the author gave our heroine.
It’s just that the nobles living in the outback are ill-mannered, have the habits of peasants, but have retained the customs of their ancestors. As a result, in each of these societies there is something positive and negative, these are two inseparable parts of society.
Composition Capital and local nobility
One of the main storylines The novel is a description of the Russian nobility. The work "Eugene Onegin" describes in detail the life and customs of society. When you read it, it's like you're in that time. Secular and village life A.S. Pushkin described on own experience. The author's attitude towards different layers society, he ridicules secular society, and writes sympathetically about the local nobility
The metropolitan nobility is expressed in the daily routine of Onegin - the morning begins in the afternoon, a short walk to the restaurant, after dinner a trip to the theater, and at night the main celebration is a ball. And in the morning, when working Petersburg wakes up, the nobles leave the ball. The metropolitan nobility can be described as fussy, idle, and their main feature is boredom. In their life there are only balls, gossip, everyone is afraid of the opinions of others. They are all chasing fashion so that the outfit is better than the other. People from high society are selfish and indifferent, they are artificial, everyone smiles sweetly in public, and gossips evilly behind their backs. Knowledge and feelings are superficial, in such a society such a person as Tatyana Larina could never grow up. In this society, life is filled with constant balls, card games, intrigues. Years go by, people grow old, but their life does not change.
The provincial nobility is a tribute to antiquity, patriarchy rules here and family values. Life in the village is slow, everything goes on as usual, nothing changes significantly. People are ignorant and not very smart, the main topics of conversation are haymaking and kennels, if something extraordinary happens, it will be discussed for a very long time. Gossip here goes as if it were home, since they are all like big family and everyone knows everything about each other. There is not much entertainment in the village, it is a hunting trip or a visit, the main celebration is considered to be a ball, where ancient traditions. Pushkin through the names clearly depicts the characters of the landowners (Skotinins, Buyanov, Petushkov)
The provincial nobility is a caricature of the capital. To show my upbringing high society it was good enough to know French, be able to dance and have the manners of a secular person. It is in the metropolitan society that people become hypocrites and hide their feelings. Pushkin, describing different strata of society, gives his preference to the landowners living in the countryside, who still retained folk traditions and life principles.
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Roman A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" was created over the course of seven years. The poet worked hard on it like no other work. Sometimes he called his scattered drafts of the novel in verse "notebooks", emphasizing the naturalism, realism of the sketches that served Pushkin as a kind notebook, where he noted the features of the life of the society in which he moved.
V.G. Belinsky, despite his poverty critical article about "Eugene Onegin", belongs to famous expression. He calls the novel "an encyclopedia of Russian life." And even if the critic’s further reflections are not characterized by logic and thoughtfulness, the above statement perfectly indicates the vastness and, no doubt, the epochal nature of the work.
The novel "Eugene Onegin" literary critics call the first realistic novel in the history of Russian literature. Pushkin also created a new type of character - the so-called "hero of time". Later, he will manifest himself in the work of M.Yu. Lermontov, and in the notes of I.S. Turgenev, and even F.M. Dostoevsky. The poet set himself the task of describing a person as he is, with all the vices and virtues. The main idea of the novel is the need to show the confrontation between the Western, European, civilization and the original Russian, highly spiritual. This confrontation is reflected in the images different types nobility - the capital, whose representative is just Eugene Onegin, and the provincial, who owns the "sweet ideal" Tatyana Larina.
So, the European nobility, the capital, does not cause much sympathy for the author of the work. He very ironically describes the orders and customs of high society, emphasizing its emptiness, covered with ostentatious splendor. So, the nobles of the capital live, spending time at balls, dinner parties, walking. However, these amusements follow the same scenario day after day, so even Eugene often languishes with society.
The main value is European traditions, fashion, etiquette, the ability to behave in society. most talented and educated people in fact, they turn out to be empty, "superficial". The same Onegin studied with a Frenchwoman, and after that he was given to be raised by a "wretched Frenchman", who "taught everything in jest" to young Eugene. This led to the fact that the hero knew a little bit from everywhere, but he was not a master, a professional in any science. About Lensky, another representative of the capital's nobility, Pushkin writes modestly, making it clear that in Europe he received an equally superficial education, and brought with him from Germany only "freedom-loving dreams" and "black curls to the shoulders."
Like Onegin, Vladimir Lensky, a young idealist, was burdened by secular society, but at the same time, both heroes failed to break ties with him. So, for example, both of them, having cooled down, dream of forgetting about the duel, but at the same time, neither of them finds the strength to cancel the duel, since this contradicts secular concepts about honor and dignity. The price of this selfish desire not to lose face is the death of Lensky.
The provincial nobility is depicted by Pushkin in a much more favorable light. Village landowners live a completely different life: they still have a connection with the Russian people, Russian tradition, culture, and spirituality. That is why Tatiana likes to listen to her nanny's stories so much; Larina likes folklore legends, she is religious and devout.
A different life reigns in the village, more calm and simple, not spoiled by the pomposity of the world. But despite this, the provincial nobles try their best to match the capital: they throw feasts as rich as possible. The guests at the party amuse themselves with the game of whist and boston, as do the inhabitants of the capital, since they have no worthwhile occupation. "Young ladies" Olga and Tatyana speak French, as is customary in high society. This feature is touchingly noted by Pushkin in the scene when Larina writes love letter Onegin: “So,” says the author. - She wrote in French. "Dear ideal" reads French with gusto romance novels, which replace everything for her, and Olga loves her album, in which she asks Lensky to write poetry for her. Such a desire to resemble the capital's nobles does not evoke a positive response from the poet.
But the adherence to traditions, the high spirituality of the provincial nobles are so attractive to A.S. Pushkin. They are sincere, kind and honest people, incapable of deceit and betrayal, which reigns in the world of high society. Poet like true christian, wants to see the Russian people as Russian, Orthodox, pious, who have abandoned the imposed European values. The same idea of preserving “Russianness” was continued by other titans of Russian literature of the “Golden Age”, for example, L.N. Tolstoy or F.M. Dostoevsky.
In the novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin describes his time, noting for life everything that was essential for the life of generations: the life and customs of people, the state of their souls, popular philosophical, political and economic trends, literary preferences, fashion. Throughout the novel and digressions the poet shows all layers of Russian noble society: elite Petersburg, local and Moscow nobility.
The author of the novel pays special attention to the Petersburg nobility, a typical representative which is Eugene Onegin. The poet describes in detail the day of his hero, and Onegin's day is a typical day of the capital's dandy. Thus, Pushkin recreates a picture of the life of the entire St. Petersburg secular society. Fashionable daytime walk along a specific route:
Wearing a wide bolivar,
Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open,
Until the dormant breguet
Lunch will not ring for him.
Then lunch at a restaurant, a visit to the theater:
The theater is an evil legislator,
Fickle Admirer
charming actresses,
Honorary Citizen Backstage…
Pushkin describes Onegin's office and his outfit in great detail:
But pantaloons, tailcoat, vest,
All these words are not in Russian ...
So, Eugene Onegin is a typical young " secular lion", a representative of a freedom-loving and at the same time dissatisfied, bored youth. We are confronted by a "young rake", an egoist and a skeptic with a sharp with an evil tongue. The environment to which Eugene belonged, and the mores of that society, formulated his convictions, morals and interests. Pushkin speaks of the St. Petersburg nobility with a fair amount of irony and without much sympathy, for life in the capital is "monotonous and motley", and "the noise of the world" gets boring very quickly. Thus, we see that the life of the nobility in St. Petersburg from morning to night is filled with entertainment, but it should be noted that the provincial society is also represented in the novel quite widely.
A vivid example of the petty nobility is the family of Tatyana Larina, Uncle Onegin and guests at Tatyana's name day. The Larin family is the environment in which Tatyana grew up, having absorbed all the kindness, simplicity, patriarchy and cordiality of local customs and way of life. Her mother loved Richardson, but "not because she read it," but because her cousin Alina often talked about him. She got married involuntarily:
Her husband, but by captivity;
She sighed for a friend
Who in heart and mind
She liked much more...
Tatyana's mother was at first unhappy in marriage, but "the habit has sweetened the grief, which cannot be repelled by anything ...". She revealed the secret of how to manage her husband, and she herself managed the expenses, "salted mushrooms for the winter", "went to the bathhouse on Saturdays." But, as Pushkin says, "her husband loved her heartily." Often guests came to the Larins, the same small-scale nobles. The author gives us a description of them at Tatyana's name day:
With his stout wife
The fat Trifle has arrived;
Gvozdin, an excellent host,
Owner of poor men;
Skotinins, gray-haired couple,
With children of all ages, counting
Thirty to two years;
County dandy Petushkov,
My cousin, Buyanov,
In down, in a cap with a visor
(As you, of course, know him),
And retired adviser Flyanov,
Heavy gossip, old rogue,
A glutton, a bribe taker and a jester.
Here the author uses speaking surnames endowing the landowners with mostly negative traits: they are ruthless feudal lords, people of low culture, with base interests, all their conversations are "about haymaking, about wine, about the kennel, about their relatives."
Differs from small landowners, perhaps, only Lensky. He is "a romantic and nothing else," according to Belinsky. "With a soul directly from Goettingen," because Vladimir was educated in Germany. Pushkin himself sees two ways out, talking about the future of Lensky. The author believes that Vladimir could become either a famous Russian poet or an ordinary landowner, like Onegin's uncle or Dmitry Larin.
The world of the local nobility is far from perfect, because in it spiritual interests and needs are not decisive. However, Pushkin writes about the local nobility with more sympathy than about St. Petersburg. It is the local nobility that lives in close proximity to the people, and therefore it probably contains the idea of revival.
Pushkin pays less attention to the Moscow nobility than to the Petersburg nobility. He speaks of him rather harshly, sharply saterically, thus giving very unflattering characteristics:
But there is no change in them;
Everything in them is on the old sample:
At Aunt Princess Elena's
All the same tulle cap;
Everything is whitening Lukerya Lvovna,
All the same Lyubov Petrovna lies,
Ivan Petrovich is just as stupid
Semyon Petrovich is just as stingy...
In the living room everyone is occupied with "incoherent, vulgar nonsense":
They slander even boringly;
In the barren dryness of speeches,
Questions, gossip and news
Thoughts will not flash for a whole day ...
All around reigns unrestrained melancholy, so Moscow society are busy talking about nothing. Tatyana herself is stuffy in a secular environment, she wants to escape from this fuss:
Tatyana looks and does not see
The excitement of the world hates ...
Pushkin emphasizes the typical characteristics of the derived faces with a variety of examples that fit under one general definition- Griboedovskaya Moscow. It is not for nothing that the author introduces Griboedov's lines into the epigraph to the seventh chapter, thereby emphasizing that nothing has changed in Moscow since then. Thus, in the novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin painted for us Russian society in one of interesting moments its development", recreating a truly realistic picture of the manners and customs of Russia in the first quarter XIX century.
In his work, Pushkin paid attention to both the metropolitan and local nobility. He opposed home education, since it could not provide the nobles with all the knowledge. The author was annoyed by the mores of the metropolitan nobility of those times. Its representatives followed fashion trends, while they treated love as a science, performed actions for show, and not out of sincere motives. The concept of friendship was distorted in their minds, because they called friends everyone who belonged to the same metropolitan nobility. In this environment, the formation of Onegin as a person took place.
The Larin family belongs to the local nobility. Their life is extremely different from the life of the capital's nobles. They are not talking about fashion trends and social events, but about haymaking, about relatives, about crops, etc. Despite the fact that the Larins were nobles, they were close to common people. Onegin in his metropolitan society was accustomed to various delights, and in the Larins' house only traditional Russian dishes were prepared. Their home was always open to guests.
However, the local nobility was less educated, as it was located far from the capital. But Pushkin shows that in the life of both the capital and the local nobility there are dark and bright sides. Everywhere exist good people, ready to help, as well as deceitful, evil and petty people.
