He can no longer imagine his existence without communication on the Internet. Social media, chats, forums, instant messaging, email, video calling and more - all connected by a single network. But not everyone knows about when the Internet appeared.
Significance of the global network
The World Wide Web has spread all over the world, connecting even the most remote parts of the world and allowing people to communicate despite distances, as well as overcoming language barriers and other difficulties that arise in real world. The global network has taken root in our lives and has become necessary for each of us. But not everyone thinks about where and when the Internet appeared and what contributed to its emergence. It develops and spreads at a tremendous speed, and now we have the opportunity to use it at work, at home, on the street, in land transport and even in the subway.
When was the first internet
In order to be able to urgently transmit information in the event of war, a international system that works on IP protocols and their routing. It was then that this system was called - "Internet". The global network quickly entered people's lives. And the day when the Internet appeared, marked the world new round and imprinted in the history of the worldwide network.
At a meeting of a number of universities of the US National Science Foundation (NSF) and DARPA, which took place in 1979, it was decided to create a Computer Science Research Network (CSnet in short).
How the Internet has evolved
A year after that meeting, CSnet was bound to the ARPANET, allowing CSnet networks to access the ARPANET gateway using TCP/IP protocols. ARPANET became the first global network within military technology. The best scientists worked on it, investing in it only modern technologies. Subsequently, others began to join this network. Thus was born the Commonwealth of Independent Networks, which came to an agreement on the method of internet communication.
Next, the Bitnet network arose, which allowed the exchange of news and messages through the mechanization of Listsery mailing lists. In action, it looked like this: the user selected suitable mailing lists from the lists that came to him and subscribed to them, after which the messages and news that he had chosen were sent to him.
Distribution of the global network
The popularity enjoyed by the Internet has contributed to the emergence of new developments and technologies for the convenience and greater conquest of users. So, in San Francisco, the FidoNet network, which appeared in 1984, acquired no less importance. Its occurrence is due to the fact that in 1983 Tom Jennings, with the help of own program was able to implement a BBS system on a personal computer. He called this system FidoBBS. Before the advent of the Internet, FidoBBS had already gained its popularity and spread all over the world. The invention of the FidoNet network package made it possible to link two FidoBBS networks together using a telephone line and modem, after which users could create discussion groups and send messages to each other.
In 1987, the IBM PC was bundled with the UUCP package, which was originally designed for use in a UNIX environment. This made it possible to combine FidoNet and Usenet.
Today, one of the largest networks in the Internet community is NSFNET, developed by American scientists. This high-speed network supports call quality standards.
Later, a document was released, according to which everyone could use the NFS backbone system of high-speed highways until such time as this use was not directed to personal or commercial purposes.
The history of the emergence of the Internet in Russia
Computer communications and all developments related to it were used in the USSR only within the framework of the military-industrial complex to strengthen the country's defense capability. The main mention of this dates back to 1952.
In 1990, the first network of the allied scale was developed, which was given the name Relcom. When the Internet appeared, it was used only scientific organizations Leningrad, Kyiv, Moscow and Novosibirsk. In the same year, scientists made the first communication session via a modem, connecting a Soviet computer with a foreign one. The purpose for this was the need to establish a channel through which users could regularly transmit messages over the Internet.
In 1991, in the Soviet Union, when browsers had not yet been invented, the first network appeared with the .su domain. It was used mainly by technicians. But when the Internet appeared, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a browser arose. The first was WorldWideWeb, which made the web more user-friendly due to its colorfulness and visibility.
Creating a domain.ru
The Relcom network in 1992 was officially fixed in a large organization of commercial networks EUnet, which made it possible to access Internet services. And in 1993, the administrative zone RU was registered, after which the domain.ru was created. Russian-language sites began to appear.
When the Internet appeared, in Russia the number of users was limited to a narrow circle of scientists and the military. But after the allocation of IP addresses to computer networks, the number of ordinary users began to increase exponentially. The mass use of the network began, which gave impetus to its subsequent development.
Since 1994, the era of the Russian Internet began. It was then that domain.ru was officially registered with InterNIC, and the administration rights were transferred to RosNIIROS.
Spread of the Russian Internet
Here is a chronology of events from the moment when the Internet appeared in Russia and became available to most users:
1994 - the first hackers appeared;
1995 - the first web design studio was opened;
1997 - the first online magazines appeared, the Yandex search engine was launched, and for the first time a natural language search for the Russian language was carried out;
1998 - opened free Russian service Mail.ru, which in just a few months has taken a leading position in terms of the number of users and has managed to maintain this position to this day;
2002 - a law came into force, according to which an electronic digital signature in electronic documents is considered equivalent to a signature on paper;
2003 - opening of the .su domain, which was closed after the collapse of the USSR;
2006 - office opened in Moscow American company Google Inc, which is the owner of the famous search engine Google;
2007 - recognition by the largest wireless network in the world of the GoldenWiFi project, which provided wireless Internet access services to Moscow residents;
2011 - more than 3.447 million names were marked in the .ru domain, and more than 894 thousand in the ".rf" domain.
Nowadays, the Internet is available in almost every family. We use it for entertainment, work, communication, online shopping and more. Therefore, the story that tells about when the Internet appeared has great importance for each of us. And we are obliged to preserve this information for our descendants.
Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Surprisingly, there is no single answer to this question. I can say that the Internet appeared in 1969(his birthday is considered 29th of October), but I can say that he has been active in history only since 1991 or even 93. So when did he show up?
It just depends on what exactly you're asking. The fact is that in the history of the development of the Internet, two eras, the watershed between which can be called the appearance of the first browser (well, and the work of Tom Bernes-Lee, of course, without which no one would need this very browser).
You are most likely interested in the second era (pop), when the audience of this network began to grow at a monstrous pace, and not in the era when only people in uniform and gowns knew about the Internet (then there was no such term), and its audience even in the years of maximum distribution did not exceed ten thousand people (compare with today, when more than three billion people use the network).
In this case, the birthday of the Internet can be considered May 17, 1991 when the so-called appeared, i.e. what we call shortly today is the Internet, and where we boldly go using a browser. In general, this holiday is officially celebrated April, 4. Why? Read a couple of paragraphs below and find out (there must be at least some intrigue).
History of the Internet and who created it?
So, it all started in the distant sixties of the last century. Then the United States (the country of the progenitor of the Internet) was at the peak of its capabilities and a huge number of talented scientists worked and served there. It was they who, for military purposes, created the future prototype of today's Internet. It was called ARPANET and served to communicate between various military facilities in case of nuclear war. Oh how!
As I mentioned just above, the date of birth of this network is considered. But there was nothing to do with what we now understand by the definition of the word Internet. However, the network was and it developed. Over time, she began to serve not only the military, but also scientists, linking the leading universities of the country. In 71, it was developed (I wrote about a little earlier), and a couple of years later the network was able to step over the ocean.
But as before, it was the lot of only selected scientists and a group of enthusiasts who used it for correspondence. About ten years later (in 1983) quite a landmark event- the TCP / IP protocol known now was standardized. And in 1988, such a cimus thing as a chat (real-time correspondence) appeared, which was implemented on the basis of the IRC protocol (in Runet, the chat client was called “irka”, as I remember now, I have been for many years).
So, America turns out to have given impetus to the emergence of the Internet (in our modern understanding), but the very idea of creating the World Wide Web (WWW) was already born in Europe within the walls of the still well-known organization CERN (collider and other crap).
There was a British Tim Berners-Lee, who can be called the founding father of the Internet. Of course, he was not alone, but it was his two years of work on the creation of the HTML markup language, the HTTP protocol and everything else that was a turning point. This is what made the hypertext-based global network possible.
It was in the late eighties of the last century. And already in 1991, the worldwide web became available to everyone (the same second birthday of the Internet -). But this was not enough for this accessibility to grow into popularity. Why? Because there was no handy surfing tool yet.
And finally, in 1993 appeared the first truly popular browser because he was graphic, i.e. could display not only text, lists and tables, but also pictures! They called him Mosaic. In fact, he became the ancestor of all modern browsers (read about) and his popularity at that time was very great.
It was he who attracted millions of new users to the Internet, and I would consider this date to be the reporting point, when did the real internet appear in the world(accessible and understandable to all). On this fertile ground, millions of sites began to appear on the Internet like mushrooms, and people. In short, life has begun.
internet day
International Internet Day (despite all the above dates of its multiple birth) is usually celebrated April, 4. Why? Well, probably, because if you write the month (April) in numbers, you get 4.04 or the famous 404. These numbers have become to some extent calling card the Internet, although they mean one of many possible errors, which are issued by the server when an emergency occurs.
It's just that this one catches the eye of users very often (this means that the page at this link was not found - deleted, moved, or the link was written with an error).
Often, 404 error pages are designed very entertainingly (one jaga-jaga is worth something) and these numbers are firmly planted in the minds of users, even if they do not always understand what is at stake.
It's very symbolic, in my opinion.
When did the Internet appear in Russia (Runet)?
Runet is a Russian-speaking segment of the Internet, i.e. there is an area where sites in Russian are located and any other services where this language is used for communication. Oddly enough, but in terms of popularity, the Russian language is in second place on the Internet (after English) and eats off quite a few 7 percent.
Moreover, the Runet itself appeared a little earlier than this term became commonly used. The Russian-language network began to form at about the same time as the bourgeoisie (the rest of the Internet, with the exception of Runet), namely, somewhere since 1991-93. The term "Runet" first came into use in 1997. They interpret its meaning in different ways (someone says that these are domains belonging to the ru zone, someone that it is the Russian Runet), but they agree that this is a place on the network where the Russian language is used (mainly Russia and neighboring countries abroad).
Well, we, dear readers, are residents of this very Russian-speaking part of the Internet ( new reality). With what I congratulate you!
Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site
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Definition. What is the Internet.
The Internet (pronounced [Internet]; English Internet) is a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks built on the use of the IP protocol and the routing of data packets. The Internet forms a global information space, serves physical basis for the World Wide Web and many other systems (protocols) of data transmission. Often referred to as the "World Wide Web" and the "Global Web". In everyday life, they sometimes say "Inet". At present, when the word "Internet" is used in everyday life, most often it refers to the World Wide Web and the information available on it, and not the physical network itself. By mid-2008, the number of users who regularly use the Internet amounted to about 1.5 billion people (about a quarter of the world's population). Together with computers connected to it, the Internet serves as the basis for the development of the "information society"
History of occurrence.
After launch Soviet Union artificial satellite of the Earth in 1957, the US Department of Defense decided that in case of war, America needed a reliable information transmission system. The US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) proposed to develop a computer network for this. The development of such a network was entrusted to the University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Research Center, the University of Utah and the University of California at Santa Barbara. The computer network was called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), and in 1969 the network united four of these scientific institutions as part of the project. All work was funded by the US Department of Defense. Then the ARPANET network began to actively grow and develop, scientists from different fields of science began to use it. The first ARPANET server was installed on September 1, 1969 at the University of California, Los Angeles. The Honeywell DP-516 computer had 24 KB of RAM. October 29, 1969 at 21:00 between the first two nodes of the ARPANET network, located at a distance of 640 km - at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) - held a communication session. Charley Kline tried to connect remotely to a computer in SRI. His colleague Bill Duvall from SRI confirmed the successful transfer of each character entered by his colleague Bill Duvall by phone. The first time, only three "LOG" characters were sent, after which the network ceased to function. LOG should have been the word LOGON (login command). The system was returned to working condition by 22:30 and the next attempt was successful. This date can be considered the birthday of the Internet. By 1971, the first program for sending e-mail over the network had been developed. This program immediately became very popular. In 1973, the first foreign organizations from the UK and Norway, the network has become international. In the 1970s, the network was primarily used for sending email, and the first mailing lists, newsgroups, and bulletin boards appeared at the same time. However, at that time, the network could not yet easily interoperate with other networks built on other technical standards. By the end of the 1970s, data transfer protocols began to develop rapidly, which were standardized in 1982-83. Jon Postel played an active role in the development and standardization of network protocols. On January 1, 1983, the ARPANET switched from the NCP protocol to TCP / IP, which is still successfully used to combine (or, as they say, “layering”) networks. It was in 1983 that the term "Internet" was assigned to the ARPANET. In 1984, the Domain Name System (DNS) was developed. In 1984, the ARPANET had a serious rival: the US National Science Foundation (NSF) founded the vast inter-university network NSFNet (Eng. National Science Foundation Network), which was composed of smaller networks (including the then famous Usenet and Bitnet networks) and had much more bandwidth than ARPANET. About 10,000 computers connected to this network in a year, the title of "Internet" began to gradually move to NSFNet. In 1988, the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) protocol was developed, making real-time communication (chat) possible on the Internet. In 1989, in Europe, within the walls of the European Council for Nuclear Research (fr. Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN), the concept of the World Wide Web was born. It was proposed by the famous British scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who within two years developed the HTTP protocol, the HTML language and URIs. In 1990, the ARPANET ceased to exist, completely losing the competition to NSFNet. In the same year, the first connection to the Internet was recorded via a telephone line (the so-called "dialing" - English Dialup access). In 1991, the World Wide Web went public on the Internet, and in 1993, the famous NCSA Mosaic web browser appeared. The World Wide Web has grown in popularity. In 1995, NSFNet returned to its role as a research network, with network providers now routing all Internet traffic rather than National Science Foundation supercomputers. In the same 1995, the World Wide Web became the main provider of information on the Internet, overtaking the FTP file transfer protocol in terms of traffic. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was formed. We can say that the World Wide Web has transformed the Internet and created its modern look. Since 1996, the World Wide Web has almost completely replaced the concept of the Internet. In the 1990s, the Internet united most of the then existing networks (although some, like Fidonet, remained separate). The merger was attractive due to the lack of a unified leadership, as well as the openness of the technical standards of the Internet, which made networks independent of business and individual companies. By 1997, there were already about 10 million computers on the Internet, more than 1 million domain names were registered. The Internet has become a very popular medium for information exchange. Currently, you can connect to the Internet through communication satellites, radio channels, cable TV, telephone, cellular communications, special fiber-optic lines or electric wires. The World Wide Web has become an integral part of life in developed and developing countries. Within five years, the Internet reached an audience of over 50 million users. Other media needed much more time to achieve such popularity: Information environment Time, years Radio 38 Television 13 Cable TV 10 Internet 5 From January 22, 2010, the crew of the International Space Station received direct access to the Internet.
Basic internet services
E-mail (E-mail)
It is one of the oldest Internet services. Currently, any self-respecting businessman, along with contact phone numbers, indicates an email address on a business card.
E-mail allows you to exchange e-mails. Emails- These are text files created in special email programs. Before sending, you can attach any file to the letter: a photo, a file Microsoft Word, archive, etc.
E-mail works on the basis of the POP (Post Office Protocol) mail protocol. The principle of its operation is simple. In an email program, you write a letter and send it to your outgoing mail server. The letter then travels across the Web until it reaches the recipient's incoming mail server. The letter is stored there until the recipient connects to the Internet and downloads it (the letter) into their mail program from the incoming mail server. After that, if the letter interests him, the addressee will write you an answer.
The response is first sent to your recipient's outgoing mail server, then travels across the Web until it reaches your incoming mail server. All you have to do is log on to the Internet and download the response to your computer using your email program.
Email to this moment is the most convenient, cheapest and fastest way to exchange information. Delivery speed can vary from a few seconds to several hours.
File Transfer Protocol (file transfer protocol) is used to download files from networks that support the TCP / IP standard, that is, from the Internet. This means that there are special FTP servers here and there on the Web, which contain useful and interesting programs, drivers and text files (encyclopedias, technical and fiction). Files can be downloaded for money or for free. In principle, there are special programs for working with FTP servers, but the well-known Windows Explorer also easily works with the FTP protocol (see lesson 12, section "Downloading files from FTP servers").
Newsgroups
Newsgroups (teleconferences) are a logical continuation of the idea of e-mail. Only in this case, many users communicate. A teleconference is something like a bulletin board with thematic sections. In a certain section, the user can read the messages (articles) of interest to him and, if desired, join the discussion.
One of the oldest teleconferencing systems, Usenet, was established in 1970 between two American universities to help developers of the UNIX operating system, and the first communication programs were created for this OS. On Windows, you can use the e-mail program to access newsgroups, although experts say that it is very inconvenient and implements only minimal features.
Instant messaging services
One of the oldest services that allows you to communicate using the Internet in real time is IRC (Internet Relay Chat), or just chat. Communication takes place by exchanging text messages, which are displayed in the window of a special program.
How is a chat different from a teleconference? In the same way that conversation differs from correspondence. I went to the teleconference, read what they write, thought and added something smart. And he jumped into the chat and, as Alla Borisovna sang: “Hello, hello, bye-bye,” - chatter, in a word.
By using special programs(ICQ, MSN Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger) you can exchange instant (that is, very fast) text messages with an arbitrarily distant interlocutor. If your computer is equipped with a sound card, a microphone and speakers or headphones, you can even talk to each other, just like on the phone. And if you also connect a digital camera, then the video phone so colorfully described in science fiction will finally come to your home. But keep in mind that in order to “video chat” normally, the channel through which you connect to the Internet must have good bandwidth.
The generally accepted translation of the phrase Word Wide Web is the World Wide Web. The designations Web (web) and WWW are also used for this service.
The World Wide Web was invented much later than other Internet services, in 1989, and quickly became popular. The advent of the WWW produced real revolution in development global network. Today, WWW and the Internet are practically synonymous, since using the web interface you can transfer files, work with mail, chat, on forums or in guest rooms (an analogue of newsgroups, only not in a mail program, but in WWW).
NOTE
Forums (electronic bulletin boards) are web pages organized in a certain way, on which, as well as at teleconferences, a large group of users communicate in writing. It works as follows. You go to the page and see a list of topics discussed. By clicking on a topic, you will be taken to a page containing the statements themselves. Usually the first statement is at the top of the list, and subsequent ones are located from the bottom to the top. You can just read (sometimes you can catch useful information) - no one will reproach you for reading other people's messages, since discussions are specially made public. And you can write a response to the message, if you think that it is appropriate. Usually, for this you need to type text in a special form and click the Submit button, after which your message will appear on the forum.
The World Wide Web is a vast collection of interconnected hyperlinks web pages written in HTML language. It all works thanks to HTTP protocol(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - hypertext transfer protocol).
Now we need to consider a large number of very important concepts. Let's go in order.
– Webpage - This is a file written in the HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) programming language. Such files have the extension HTML or HTM and are indicated by the icon:
– Hypertext - is a document containing hyperlinks.
– Hyperlink - is a piece of document (letter, word, sentence, paragraph, chapter, picture, etc.) that points to another piece of text or file. Hyperlinks provide a quick transition from one object to another, with their help it is very convenient to surf the Internet.
In practice, it looks like this: you load a page (you will soon learn how to do this), in addition to the content, it may contain hyperlinks to information similar in subject matter. To follow a hyperlink, you just need to click on it with the mouse - and you will be taken to another web page. And it is also full of hyperlinks, as much as eyes run up. You sit and think where to go, where to go? Having chosen, you click again ... And so, in principle, it is possible ad infinitum.
– Web pages with multimedia - these are pages that are richly flavored with graphics (images and drawings), sound and video. It was hyperlinks and multimedia content of web pages that made browsing the Web visual, bright and interesting. That is why the Internet is gradually but steadily turning into the WWW.
Now it is necessary to add a couple more important definitions, so as not to be distracted by trifles later.
– A set of web pages dedicated to the same subject or owned by the same owner is called website, or simply site.
– There are special programs for traveling on the WWW and viewing the contents of sites – browsers. One of these programs, Internet Explorer (Internet browser), is probably installed on your computer, and you will soon get to know it.
Other browsers include Netscape Navigator, Opera, and Mozilla. We won't cover them in this book, but later, when you've learned how to "surf" the Internet a little, try to work with these programs. You may find them more convenient than Internet Explorer.
Browsers have become almost a universal tool for working on the Web. They can work with the FTP protocol, and with mail, and with chats, and with forums.
