The concept of perspective. Spatial changes. Far and near plans
Having risen to a height, we will see how small, downright toy, the people and objects below will become. That is, the object changed its shape depending on its position and location in space in relation to the artist's eye. In other words, the item shrunk or got smaller with its removal. So, the wide road in the figure, going into the distance, will converge into one line. Knowing this law will help when drawing landscapes.
For example, in this picture, the position of the trees is different: near trees appear large and thick, while distant trees appear small and thin.
A landscape is a drawing depicting nature, that is, forests, fields, meadows, rivers, lakes, mountains, etc.
Artists paint landscapes, usually going out into nature. There, in a clearing or near a river, they set up an easel and draw the nature around them.
perspective- this is a reduction in the size of an object as it moves away, that is, figuratively speaking, perspective is a look into the distance.
The correct definition of objects in space helps in depicting landscapes, where it is necessary to pay attention to the distant and near plans. 
We got to know perspective a little when drawing a still life of a cup with a teapot. We had to draw the round bottom of the cup and teapot no longer round, but elongated or in the form of a line.
Every drawing has a level from which the subject is drawn. The level for the drawing will be the line of his eyes, the so-called horizon. The horizon is the boundary line between heaven and earth. The higher the horizon line, the more space opens up to our eyes. 
For example, on the seashore, the horizon line is clearly visible. It coincides with the border of the sky and water. 
The line of the horizon will immediately change if you sit down or lie down on the seashore: the horizon will drop in both cases. 
How distant objects seem to us in comparison with near ones, we already know: distant objects are much smaller than near ones. How will we draw houses that are far away? As big as those in the foreground? 
G.I.Shalaeva - Learning to draw
Hello dear friends!
If you are concerned about the question of how to fill your landscape with depth, space, air and volume - you will be very interested in the material of this article.
This lesson is dedicated to important things, which every novice artist needs to know and be sure to use when painting a landscape. If you write in oils, watercolors, pastels, gouache, acrylics or pencils, these rules will definitely come in handy and will be useful.
Landscape and perspective cannot be separated. Impossible to write nice scenery without using the rules of aerial or linear perspective.
aerial perspective
Aerial perspective is always present in any landscape. What is aerial perspective? To put it simply and literally, the rules aerial perspective they say that:
Foreground and background
Landscape Levitan "Spring in Italy". In the foreground, one can distinguish flowers on branches, boards of a wooden fence, the farther from the contemplator - the less clear forms and strokes.
"Thaw". The trees in the background and the skyline are barely visible. In the foreground, trunks and branches and even small twigs are clearly visible.
Painting by T. Kincaid. In the foreground, even the inscriptions and facial expressions of people can be distinguished, in the background, the shapes of houses and windows are barely distinguishable.
In the foreground, you can draw everything in detail (bricks of houses, patterns, wood texture, flowers, bumps in tree trunks, car structures ....), using rich colors. The further you go "deep" into the forest or city, the less clearly depict or miss details, use less bright colors, add a light haze.
Painting technique A la prima
If you keep everything in 100% focus in a landscape, the viewer will get confused and he will have a natural question: “What is the main thing in this picture?”. human eye it is not typical to see a flower close up equally clearly and one that is 20 steps away from it.
Aerial perspective makes the work more voluminous, spacious, airy.
Color in aerial perspective
The second rule of aerial perspective reveals the essence, why is this type of perspective called "aerial perspective"?
Everything on our planet is shrouded in air. Accordingly, the further away from us the object, the more air is superimposed on it. An object that is far away, for the observer, acquires the color of the airspace in which it is located.
Examples of work in aerial perspective
Landscape "Poppy field". Bushes, hills, fields in the distance took on a warm pink-orange hue of the sunset sky and the sun.
Landscape by I. Levitan. Trees and hills in the distance are covered with a haze of an overcast grayish sky.
Landscape "Cypresses in the mountains". The mountains look blue in the distance.
The darker the sky, the more its color and light will be transmitted to everything around. If you are painting foggy morning, rainy or snowy landscape, the more haze and inexpressiveness should be away. Feel free to “blur” everything that is far from the observer.
Landscape "Spring Thunderstorm"
In daylight, a schematic aerial perspective can be shown like this:
Schematic representation of aerial perspective in daylight. They are just lines, but they look like a landscape.
Aerial perspective rule: brown in the distance becomes green, green moving away loses intensity and turns blue or blue.
Linear perspective combined with aerial perspective will help create even more realistic landscape, correct, easy and well-perceived picture.
Basic rule of linear perspective: all parallel lines in a landscape converge at one point.
Linear perspective schemes
Linear perspective - all parallel lines converge at one point. First stage urban landscape work.
K. Pizarro "Boulevard Montmartre in Paris". parallel lines houses and roads go into the distance and converge at one point.
Autumn alley of L. Afremov. Excellent linear perspective.
When you draw a series of identical trees, lanterns, columns, houses in linear perspective, all of them will visually decrease, going into the distance, into perspective, and the distance between these objects will also decrease.
As an example, "Rain Alley" in the style of Afremov:
"Rain Alley" Each next lantern is closer to the previous one.
The white line is the horizon line, the green dot in the center is the vanishing point, the red lines indicate the height of the lanterns.
How to draw a red tulip
Perspective and Perception
When drawing something in linear perspective, you must know and understand that your viewer's eye will always follow an alley, road, or path to a vanishing point.
Make the road that the viewer's eye follows interesting, bright, varied, not monotonous, not boring. Or depict something the most important, key, interesting for contemplation where the road converges at one point.
Painting examples
"Mountains in Bloom" The mountain road leads the eye to the house in the distance.
C. Pizarro "Montmartre at night". The gaze goes along the road and goes into the distance, looking at all the little things along the way: cars, houses, passers-by.
All roads lead to Rome. Even roads from Rym lead to Rym. And when they tell you that there is no way back - do not believe it! Lies and provocation, you can always go to Rym. It turns out that the road is one for all ?! Let's find out how to draw a road with a pencil. The road is the fruit of diligently pressing the grass to the ground with your feet. As a result, paths appeared in places where bodies of various consistencies often passed. Our ancestors did not sparkle with a pure and bright mind, and the paths helped them find the right paths.
But then it happened grand opening– people have developed the wheel. And, as it turned out, it interacts very well with paths of various types. It rolls, makes various turns and looks not bad at all. Since then, people have used the wheel and paths together. And the wheel lived happily ever after. But the trail fell on hard times.
With the development of infrastructure in the industrial and civil sector, the paths, due to frequent use, became uncomfortable, sandy, the ground cracked and fell through. Then the roads began to be covered with various semblances of today's asphalt.
History says that the first real roads appeared in Rym, so they all lead to Rym then. Men with olive branches on their heads loved to ride, but did not like to carry sleds. The chariots developed at that time were not so much a means of transportation as a luxury. And the road should correspond to transport. So the slaves riveted thousands of plates with which the whole of Rome was thrown. And now briefly about interesting roads:
- The longest highway in the world is the Pan-American Highway, with a length of only 47,958 km. Count only how long it will take you to slip through such a track at a speed of 100 km / h.
- From the realm of fantasy. Russian roads are considered the most expensive in the world. This is not a joke, the price of building a kilometer of road in us costs many times more than in the USA or Europe. So that's why Napoleon was so afraid of our roads.
- IN developed countries The cause of traffic jams is the poor organization of the traffic infrastructure. And in India, cows are the cause of traffic jams. It often happens that artiodactyls simply come and lie down on the asphalt, and since they are very saints, no one dares to drive them away.
- And the biggest traffic jam is in China (and why am I not surprised?). In 2010, such a traffic jam was created that its unwitting participants drove 100 kilometers for about 5 days. And the traffic jam lasted from 14 to 25 August.
Let your road be bright and straight, and the turns, even sharp ones, take you to new, pleasant horizons. Let's get to the drawing lesson.
How to draw a road with a pencil step by step
Step one. 
Step two. 
Step three. 
Step four. 
Step five. If the road is too easy and boring for you, try to draw something from this.
The miniature jeep must collect all the stars scattered around gaming locations. But there is one problem - there is no road that would allow this to be done. Here you appear to draw the road and let the jeep drive to the desired point. The game includes 24 locations, where each time you have to build original concepts for a successful passage. Think building roads is hard? Of course, but it's also a lot of fun! See for yourself.
How to play?
Building a road is not the worst thing. It will turn out to be much worse when many minutes of work is wasted, because the jeep has a box that cannot be dropped. Too steep slope will easily throw the box, especially if the speed vehicle will be overwhelming. It's good that there are no restrictions on drawing road sections, so you can make dozens of stairs along which the car can get to the point where the cherished star awaits it. Some levels allow you to erase road sections, which is very convenient. This feature is also offered in unlimited quantities. Starting in the middle of the game, you will have to develop much more cunning strategies, for example, draw the road on the go, before the jeep has time to fall into the abyss.
Little artists very often torment their parents with such a difficult question for them, how to draw a road and make the landscape complete? At first glance, it seems that it is very difficult to explain to a child. But in fact, it is quite simple to do this, the main thing is just to know how it is done and follow a certain algorithm of actions and, of course, include your own imagination.
Let's start with the preparation and description of all the materials we need. In order to draw a road, we need: ordinary landscape sheets, simple, pay attention not to color, a pencil, an eraser, a ruler, and all kinds of other materials that will help you decorate your masterpiece later. After you have carefully prepared all the materials we need, we proceed directly to painstaking work.
How to draw a railroad
First you need to draw a clear horizon line on a piece of paper. Then schematically depict in direct perspective railway. Next, you need to move the point at which all the horizon lines converge in right side. After that, you just need to combine all the lines, thus making the road. So, we carefully peer into our own drawing, after which we raise the vanishing point above the horizon, and only then we combine the vanishing point with the directions of the road. And now we need to lower the point again, but already below the horizon. We highlight the railway with a felt-tip pen or a bright pencil. If you clearly followed the above instructions and followed all the above points, then everything should turn out beautifully. A wonderful result of our hard work should be a magnificent railway, going somewhere far into the distance. Well, the work does not end there, as the final one comes next, but very interesting stage- decoration and coloring of your drawing at your own discretion, imagination and desire.
