Private rules for high jump and pole vault. Extra-curricular sports event "School Olympic Games" using IT technologies

The sector for these jumps consists of a runway, a repulsion bar and a sand pit for landing. The runway must be at least 40 m long and 1.22 ( + 0.01) m and be limited to lines 50 mm wide. The repelling block must be made of wood (other suitable material) and have dimensions: width - 20 cm ( + 2 mm) mm, length - 1.22 ( + 0.01) m and a maximum thickness of 10 cm. It is firmly installed in the ground at the level of the track surface, and its surface is painted in White color. The take-off block is located from the front edge of the landing area at a distance of at least 13 meters for men and 11 meters for women.

The distance between the bar and the far edge of the landing pit must be at least 21 meters. Behind the edge of the bar, coinciding with the “measurement line”, a removable indicator bar (spade lock) with a length of 1.21 ( + 0.01) m and 10 cm wide ( + 2 mm). The indicator is inserted into the groove flush with the surface of the bar, has a protruding surface 7 mm high ( + 1 mm), which has bevels at an angle of 45° from the side of the takeoff run and from the side of the landing pit. The protruding surface of the indicator is covered with a thin layer of plasticine, on which the trace of the spade is fixed. On both sides of the bar along the measurement line, white lines 10 mm wide and 50 cm long are applied to the surface of the sector, on which rectangular indicators of the location of the bar (white with a dark stripe at an angle of 45 °) are placed at a distance of 10 cm.

The sand pit for landing in triple jumps must have a width of 2.75 m to 3.00 m and be located symmetrically with respect to the axis of the runway. The pit is framed with sides that should not protrude above the surface of the track, and the repulsion side closest to the bar should be 3 cm below the track level. The sand in the pit should be wet, loosened and on the same level with the track surface. The depth of the pit must be at least 50 cm.

On both sides of the runway and along the side walls of the pit, a safety zone (at least 1 m, and behind the far side of the pit - at least 5 m) should be provided, the surface of which should be flush with the surface of the track. The surface of the runway must meet the requirements for running tracks.

A triple jump is a consecutive run-up of three jumps in a row, pushing off, the first time from the bar, and the next two from the ground and landing in a sand pit after the third push-off. The triple jump must be performed in such a way that the second contact with the ground is made with the same foot that made the first take-off from the board, and the third contact with the ground with the other foot.

Thus, all three jumps must be performed in the following take-off order: right foot, right foot, left foot or left foot, left foot, right foot. An attempt is not counted if the foot that is not actively involved in the execution of this part of the jump touches the ground.

The results of the jumps are measured in a straight line perpendicular to the bar from the "take-off line" to the start of the track left in the hole by any part of the jumper's body. After completing the jump, the participant must exit the pit either forward or to the side.

The jump is not counted if the jumper, leaving the pit, after landing, went in the opposite direction (to the repulsion bar). Also, the jump is considered unsuccessful if the competitor landed outside the pit, pushed off next to the bar (regardless of the continuation of the “repulsion line”), after the start of the attempt left a clear mark with any part of the body on the plasticine or sand of the bar, regardless of whether whether the jump was made or not.

A competitor is given 6 attempts if there are 8 or fewer competitors. However, when there are more than 8 jumpers in the competition, so-called preliminary competitions are held, in which each participant is given 3 attempts. Eight best participants of the preliminary competitions go to the final, they are also given 3 more attempts. The results of the preliminary competitions are counted when summing up the results of the competition.

At large numbers participants in the competition (more than 12) additional preliminary (qualifying) competitions may be held, in which athletes must fulfill a certain qualification standard. Each participant in the qualifying competition is given 3 attempts. Qualifying competitions are held either earlier on the day of the main competition, or the day before. Participants who have fulfilled the qualification standard are allowed to the main competitions. If none of the athletes has fulfilled the qualification standard or it has been fulfilled by fewer participants than necessary for the main competitions, then the group of participants in the main competitions is expanded to the required number in accordance with the results shown at these competitions.

Long jump competitions are held by a team of judges, consisting of a senior judge, measuring judges and a secretary. An athlete who has reached the final of the main competition must, as a rule, take part in it. If one of the finalists fails to appear, the vacant place cannot be occupied by another athlete who did not qualify for the final. A jumper's refusal to participate in the main competitions or the final deprives him of the right to an individual place, and the result shown is not taken into account in the team standings. An exception may be a case related to illness, or other good reason recognized by the head judge.

During the competitions in long jumps, participants must perform each attempt in turn when called by the judge. From the moment of the call to perform the next attempt, the jumper is given no more than 1 minute. If an athlete performs an attempt after the time allotted for its implementation has expired, the attempt is not counted. If he started to run at the end of the allotted time, then his actions are not interrupted and the result is fixed.

All jumps are counted after the command of the senior judge "Yes". In case of an unsuccessful jump, the command "No" is given. Simultaneously with the teams, if the jump is performed correctly, the judge raises a white flag, if not counted, a red flag.

Among the participants of the final (after preliminary three attempts) places are distributed according to the best result, among those who did not enter the final - according to the results of the preliminary competition. In the event that several athletes showed the same best results, the places between them are distributed according to the best result from the remaining attempts (taking into account the results of the preliminary competitions and the final). This provision also applies to the case when the second results are equal, etc. Jump results are measured in whole centimeters rounded down. The measurement is made with a tape measure from the point of the trace left in the pit by any part of the jumper's body closest to the bar, the zero mark is attached to the peg fixing this point, in a straight line, perpendicular to the bar or its continuation.

Good luck with your jumps!

Running high jump

discipline of track and field athletics related to vertical jumps of technical types. The components of the jump are the run-up, preparation for repulsion, repulsion, crossing the bar and landing.
Requires jumping ability and coordination of movements from athletes. Held in the summer and winter season. It has been the Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1928.
Rules
High jump competitions take place in a jumping area equipped with a bar on holders and a place for landing. The athlete at the preliminary stage and in the final is given three attempts at each height. The athlete has the right to skip a height, while unused attempts at a missed height do not accumulate. If an athlete has made an unsuccessful attempt or two at any height and does not want to jump any more at that height, he can carry over the unused (respectively two or one) attempts to the next heights. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, but it cannot be less than 2 centimeters. An athlete can start jumping from any height, after informing the judges about it.
The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The dimensions of the landing area are 3 x 5 meters.
When trying, the athlete must push off with one foot. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if:
1. As a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks;
2. The athlete has touched the surface of the sector, including the landing site, located beyond the vertical projection of the near edge of the bar, or between or outside the uprights with any part of his body before he cleared the bar.
A successful attempt is marked by the referee by raising the white flag. If the bar falls off the posts after the white flag is raised, the attempt is considered valid. Usually the judge fixes the taking of the height not earlier than the athlete left the landing place, but the final decision on the moment of fixing the result formally remains with the judge.
Story
In the chronicles of the 19th century, the name of the jumper Karl Müller from Berlin is mentioned. According to eyewitnesses, he was a strong, dexterous man and easily jumped over a height that reached his chin. The only pity is that no one bothered to measure at what height was the chin of Karl Muller.
The high jump quickly spread throughout Europe. Especially a lot of their fans turned out to be in England. And there, at the first official competition in 1864, the winner Robert Meich jumped 1 m 67.4 cm high.
However, another result is considered the first world record. A medical student from London, Robert Gooch, in 1859 overcame the bar at a height of 1 m 70 cm. But the point here is not even the height, but the way Robert jumped. Unlike other athletes, he did not run at a right angle to the bar, but at a sharp, sideways one, and in the air his legs moved like scissors.
Already at the games of the first Olympics in 1896, medals in the high jump were played. Further history of this discipline allows us to distinguish three periods associated with three styles of jumping.

Stepping over (scissors)
It is the simplest and most accessible of all high jump methods. It does not require expensive equipment, special foam mats, as the jumper lands on both feet and can jump into a sand pit. When performing a repulsion, the push leg begins to straighten immediately after placing it on the ground. The fly leg helps repulsion. She straightens up, rises as high as possible above the bar, and then energetically lowers herself over the bar, stepping over. The trunk leans forward. At the same time, the pushing leg is transferred over the bar with the foot turned outward. The jumper lands on the fly leg.
In this way, known since mid-nineteenth century and familiar to the modern schoolboy, athletes used until about 1937 and brought the world record to 2.09 m.

changeover
This method, somewhat similar to jumping on a horse, made it possible to bring the center of mass of the jumper closer to the bar and gave an advantage over stepping about 15 centimeters. Its author is unknown. In 1941, the American Leo Steers conquered a new world record of 2.11 m with this style. The first Soviet world record holder in high jump, Yuri Stepanov, who took 2.16 m in 1957, jumped with this style. Valery Brumel became the star of jumping and world sports, six breaking world records up to 2.28 m.
The last world record holder already in the era of the next style (1978) was Vladimir Yashchenko (USSR), jumping 2.35 m.

fosbury flop
After pushing off with the push leg, the body straightens and quickly turns its back to the bar, taking the desired position. With a sharp movement, the body rushes forward. After that, the shoulders of the jumper are behind the bar and the jumper performs a deflection over the bar - a bridge. When the pelvis also passes over the bar, the hip joints quickly flex and the legs straighten. The jumper falls on his back, legs are straight. The center of mass of the athlete when the body passes over the bar passes under it.
This method was invented by an American athlete named Dick Fosbury when he was 16 years old. In 1968, at the Summer Olympics in Mexico, Dick Fosbury won the Olympic gold medal using a new method, setting a new Olympic record (2.24 meters).
In the USSR he for a long time was unpopular due to the fact that there were not enough foam mats for landing. Jumping in the same way fosbury-flop (or fosbury-flop) in the sand was extremely traumatic. The first athlete from the USSR who started using the fosbury flop was Kestutis Shapka. Almost all modern high jumpers, including world record holder Javier Sotomayor (2.45), use the Fosbury flop style.

Modern history
If in the first half of the 20th century the US athletes were in the lead in high jumps, then at present there is no dominance of one country and one school. Strong athletes appear in Russia, Sweden, Bulgaria, Cuba, Croatia, Ukraine. At the 2007 World Championships, the hitherto little-known athlete Donald Thomas (Bahamas) won.
The high jump is also very popular with women. They have been included in the program of the Olympic Games since 1928 and in the program of the World and European Championships from the very beginning of their holding. Rosemarie Ackerman (1977) was the first woman to break the 2 meter line.

Interesting Facts
In high jumps, tall athletes have an absolute advantage, since their center of mass is relatively higher and, accordingly, they have to raise their mass to a lower height. But at the same time, different athletes successfully perform in competitions.
Stefan Holm's height (personal record 2.40m) is 181 cm. That is, he jumped 59 cm higher than his own height.
The height of Blanka Vlasic (record 2.08) is 193 cm.
Some manufacturers of sports equipment offer athletes different spikes for the push and fly legs. The spike for the pushing leg has a thicker sole, which contributes to a more effective repulsion.

Pole vault

Pole vault is a discipline related to vertical jumps of technical types of track and field athletics program. It requires jumping ability, sprint qualities, coordination of movements from athletes. Pole vault has been an Olympic sport for men since the First Summer Olympics in 1896, and for women since the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney. Included in the athletics all-around.
Rules
High jump competitions take place in a jumping area equipped with a bar on holders and a landing area. The athlete at the preliminary stage and the final is given three attempts at each height. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, it cannot be less than 5 centimeters. Usually, at low heights, the bar is raised in increments of 10-15 cm and then the step goes to 5 cm.
The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The dimensions of the landing area are 5 x 5 meters. The length of the track for the run is not less than 40 meters, the width is 1.22 meters. The athlete has the right to ask the judges to adjust the position of the bar posts from 40 cm in front of the rear surface of the pole box, up to 80 cm towards the run-up point.
An attempt is considered unsuccessful if
1. As a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks
2. The athlete has touched the surface of the sector, including the landing site, located beyond the vertical plane passing through the far edge of the box for support, with any part of the body or with a pole.
3. The athlete in the flight phase tried to keep the bar from falling with his hands.
A successful attempt is marked by the referee by raising the white flag. If the bar fell from the racks after raising the white flag, it no longer matters - the attempt is counted. If during the attempt the pole breaks, the athlete has the right to try again.

Tactics
The ability to skip heights and endure attempts is the main tactic during the competition. A typical approach in the case failed attempt at the next height it is to transfer two attempts to the next height. Pole vault competitions are among the longest in the athletics sector and sometimes drag on for many hours. IN Lately alternative versions of the rules are considered in which athletes (as in weightlifting) are given a fixed number of attempts for all competitions.

Story
The pole has been constantly used by people since time immemorial to overcome natural obstacles. Competitions in the pole vault were already held in Ancient Greece, as well as the Celts and the inhabitants of ancient Crete. But only in the 19th century it began to be used as a sports equipment for overcoming the bar. In 1886, the British high jump championship was played. In the future, it is possible to divide three stages in the history of pole vaulting associated with progress in the technology of making a projectile.
wooden pole
On June 8, 1912, the 4-meter line was overcome for the first time, Markus Wright reached the mark of 4.02 m and the countdown of world records began from it. In those days, athletes used wooden, unbending poles made of hardwood (beech, cedar). Later they began to use bamboo poles, lighter and more elastic. Selecting the pole individually for the athlete was a real art when you had to sort through hundreds of wooden blanks. Such poles often broke, the characteristics depended on weather conditions, they served a maximum of two seasons and were extremely inconvenient.
The technique for overcoming the bar was fundamentally different from the modern one. After the sixth push, the athlete moved to the hang, with a powerful swing transferred the body over the bar, and only when he completely moved beyond the bar he released an unbending projectile. The world record on wooden poles reached in 1942 the mark of 4.77 m by the efforts of the American Cornelius Warmerdam.
metal pole
At the 1946 European Championships, Swedish athletes demonstrated metal poles for the first time. They were much more convenient than wooden ones, but it was not possible to break the world record for a long time. The famous American athlete, priest, who was nicknamed the "flying pastor" - Robert Richards won the Olympic Games twice on metal poles: in Helsinki (1952) - 4 m 55 cm and in Melbourne (1956) - 4 m 56 cm.
It wasn't until 1957 that Robert Gutowski surpassed Cornelius Warmerdam's record by one centimeter. As a result, the result of 4 m 80 cm turned out to be a ceiling for metal poles. This record was achieved by Donald Bragg in 1960.
plastic pole
At the Olympic Games in Rome (1960), the first samples of plastic poles were presented, which revolutionized this discipline. For 34 years, the world record has grown from 4.80 to 6.14 m. Fiberglass poles are able to bend, accumulating the kinetic energy of the athlete so that the deflection arrow reaches 100-130 cm at a 5 meter pole. Then the pole straightens, throwing the jumper to the bar. This required a complete redesign of the jump technique and increased the requirements for speed and physical training athletes.
The modern vaulting pole is a high-tech sports equipment made of composite materials. It is customary for manufacturers to calibrate the poles according to the length (grip height on the pole) and the weight of the jumper, for example, the length of the pole is 4.9 meters (the grip point is 4.5 meters), for a weight of 75 to 80 kg. The more weight the pole is designed for, the more rigid it is. Jumpers usually pick up a set of poles for themselves, for different heights - different lengths and stiffness, depending on their individual features. Manufacturers produce poles of any length, individually for high-class athletes. However, using a longer pole does not mean you can jump higher. If the pole is not properly selected and used, it can break, which can lead to injury to the athlete.
To ensure friction and a reliable grip of the pole with the palms of the hands, athletes often use special formulations.

Interesting Facts
The pole vault is the only IAAF official event in which the world record is higher in the winter season than in the summer.
In 1904, the Japanese Sawao Funi, taking part in the Summer Olympics for the first time, competed in the pole vault. Sawao Funi believed that the essence of this species is to climb the pole and fly over the bar. The athlete prepared a pole, which was stronger than the other participants, put it in the sand in front of the bar, climbed it and "took the height", breaking the bar. After the organizers of the Games explained to the Japanese that he needed to take a run before jumping, he ran along the track and repeated his mistake. Subsequent attempts to explain to the athlete the rules of the jump were also unsuccessful. Savao Funi was disqualified and the result was not counted. The athlete decided that the judges were making claims against him because of his Asian origin, and there were reports in Japanese newspapers about unfair refereeing. As a result, clarifications were made to the rules, from now on it was forbidden to intercept the pole with hands.

Participants have the right to mark their takeoff, while using marking signs or adhesive tape (using chalk is prohibited). Make trial attempts under the guidance of the chief referee.

The order in which participants perform attempts is determined by a draw.

Attempts are made only with the permission of the senior judge, who must make sure that the attempt is safe in the sector.

When holding competitions with more than eight participants, preliminary competitions are held first, in which each participant is given three attempts. Then the participants with the best eight results advance to the final and are entitled to three more attempts. If two or more participants show the eighth result, then all of them are allowed to participate in the final.

Final competitions are held at the end of the preliminary attempts without a break. The order of attempts in the final part of the competition is given to the participants, depending on the worst to the best.

Participants perform attempts in turn according to the protocol, at the call of the judge. Participants have the right to refuse to perform the next attempt or two attempts (but not three) and continue their performance in the following attempts.

The participant is given one minute to prepare and complete the attempt. The countdown begins from the moment the referee allows the attempt to be made by voice or flag.

If the participant intentionally delays the time of the attempt, then he is warned, and in the second case he is deprived of the attempt.

Individual places of the participants of the competition (except for high jump and pole vault) are determined by the best result from all preliminary and final competitions. If 2 have the same result, then look at 2 results regardless of the attempt. If everything is the same, then an additional attempt. Among the participants who did not make it to the final, places are distributed according to the results of the preliminary competition.

During landing, any part of the body touched the surface of the sector behind the side edge of the pit closer to the repulsion bar than the footprint in the sand left upon landing;

After making the jump, returned back through the landing hole;

The sector for these jumps consists of a runway, a repulsion bar and a sand pit for landing.

The runway must be at least 40 m long, 1.22-1.25 m wide and limited to lines 50 mm wide.

The repelling block is made of wood or other suitable material. Width 198-200 mm, length 1.21-1.22 m, thickness -100 mm. The repulsion block is located from the front edge of the landing pit at a distance of 1 to 3 m;

Sand pit for landing in the long jump and in triple jumps must have a width of 2.75 m to 3.00 m and be symmetrically located with respect to the axis of the runway.

In the long jump, the competitor pushes off the board with one foot and then lands in a sand pit.

1. All results must be measured from the nearest edge of the track left in the landing zone by any part of the body to the measurement line or its extension.

2. If the participant pushes off to the bar, this cannot be a reason for recognizing the attempt as unsuccessful.

3. The jump is not counted if the participant:

Did not jump, but ran through the bar or to the side of it;

When repulsed, he stepped over the measurement line;

Pushed off from the side of the bar;

Question 1."Umid nihollari" competitions are the first link in the three-stage system created in the country sports games adopted in Uzbekistan. sports competitions the next two steps, after "Umid nihollari", are "Barkamol avlod" and the Universiade. The first stage competitions cover millions of schoolchildren and over the years have turned into a school of hardening and experience for thousands of young athletes and students. Many participants of the previous Umid Nihollari competitions today adequately defend the honor of our country in the international arenas.

Let us note the uniqueness and originality of this three-stage system of sports games, which has received recognition far beyond the borders of Uzbekistan. Today's success is the result great attention which is given to the education of a healthy and comprehensively developed younger generation in Uzbekistan from the first years of independence under the leadership of President Islam Karimov. Given their importance, the issues of promoting sports, developing children's sports, creating material and technical bases, and building modern sports facilities have been raised high level state policy.

"Umid Nihollari" competitions are held in twelve sports: gymnastics, handball, swimming, football, volleyball, athletics, chess, table tennis, artistic gymnastics, basketball, kurash and belbogli-kurash.

Question 2.

COMPETITION VENUES AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE LONG JUMP

2.1. Long jumps are performed into a sand pit from a block made of wood or other suitable material, 198-202 mm wide, 1.21-1.22 m long, with a maximum thickness of 100 mm, firmly set into the ground flush with the surface of the runway and painted white.
2.2. Behind the far (counting from the takeoff side) edge of the bar ("measurement line") along its entire length, a removable plate with plasticine is installed - an "indicator" of the spade 98-102 mm wide, laid in the runway and exceeding the level of the take-off bar by 7 mm . At lower level competitions, the “indicator” may be a layer of wet sand or earth of the above shape and dimensions.
2.3. The distance between the bar and the nearest edge of the pit is determined by the panel of judges, depending on the qualifications of the participants, but in such a way that in the long jump with a run it is at least 1 m and the distance from the bar to the far edge of the pit is at least 10 m.

In competitions for beginner athletes, the distance from the bar to the far edge of the pit in the long jump may be reduced to 7.6 m.
2.4. The runway must be at least 1.22 m wide and at least 40 m long, measured from the front edge of the pit.
2.5. The pit for landing in the long jump must have a width of at least 2.75 m for one runway and be symmetrically located with respect to the track.

The length of the pit in the direction of the jump must be at least 6 m, the depth - 0.5 m. The pit is framed by boards that should not protrude above the surface surrounding the pit.

The sand in the pit should be moist, well loosened and leveled at the same level as the runway.
3.1 With eight or fewer participants, everyone gets the right to perform six attempts.
3.2. In team competitions, each participant is given three attempts. The best score is taken into account.
3.3. The final places are distributed among the participants of the final according to the best result from all attempts (preliminary competition and final). Among the participants who did not reach the final, places are distributed according to the results of the preliminary competition.

If two or more participants showed the same best results, the places between them are distributed according to the best result from the remaining attempts (taking into account the results of the preliminary competitions and the final). This rule also applies to the case when the second results are equal, etc.

The advantage is given to jumper A, who has the best result of the other jumps (after 7.33 and 7.30). If this fails to determine the first place, the participants claiming it are given one additional attempt in succession in the same order until the winner is determined. After this, the jump-off stops and the places of all other jumpers participating in the jump-off are divided. In case of equality of indicators among participants who do not claim first place, places are also divided.
3.4. The results of the jumps are measured from the point of the trace left in the pit by any part of the jumper's body closest to the bar.

3.6. In the long jump with a running start, the repulsion must be made from the bar or from the track in front of it. The jump is not valid if the jumper:
- ran through the bar or to the side of it;
- pushed off from the side of the bar or behind the measurement line;
- stepped on the measurement line, leaving a mark on the plasticine (sand) strip;
- touched the surface of the earth behind the measurement line with some part of the body, both without making a jump, and when making a jump;
- during the jump, touched the ground outside the hole at a closer distance from the block than the nearest footprint left
when landing in a hole;
- used any variant of somersault in the jump;
- leaving the pit after landing, went towards the bar.

Running long jump were part of the pentathlon in ancient Greece. Historians cannot say exactly how the sport was played, but it is known that ancient athletes jumped with dumbbells in their hands, pushing off from hard ground, and landing on soft, loosened ground.
Long jump competitions began to be held with the beginning of the revival of athletics. In 1860, this species was included in the program of the annual "great games" of Oxford University in England. The first recorded record was 5.95 m. In 1868, the Englishman A. Toswell jumped 6.40 m, and already in 1874, the Irishman D. Lane overcame the seven-meter line. His record is 7.05 m.

In 1935, the American athlete D. Owen jumped 8.13 m, this record lasted until 1960. In 1968, at the Olympic Games in Mexico City, R-Beamon (USA) shows a phenomenal result - 8.90 m, which is still has been an Olympic record ever since. Only in 1991, another American, M. Powell, brought the world record up to 8.95 m.

In women, world records begin to be recorded since 1928. The first record holder was the Japanese K. Hitomi - 5.98 m. The six-meter line was overcome in 1939 by the German jumper K. Schultz - 6.12 m. became the Soviet jumper V. Bardauskene, who showed results in 1978 - 7.07 and 7.09 m. Currently, the world record belongs to the Russian jumper G. Chistyakova - 7.52 m.

The long jump technique has three varieties: “bending legs”, “bending”, “scissors”. The easiest way to "bend your legs" was used before late XIX V. The modern method of "scissors" first appeared in 1900, but became widespread only in the 30-40s. 20th century In 1920, the Finnish jumper Tuulos first demonstrated new technology long jump - "bending". Despite the fact that this method is less effective than the "scissors", many jumpers, and especially women, use it widely. A number of other jumpers use a combined technique of these two methods. The run-up long jump technique can be divided into four parts: run-up, take-off, flight and landing.

takeoff run. The run in the long jump is used to create the optimal speed of the jumper. The take-off speed in this form is closest to the maximum speed that an athlete can develop, unlike other types of jumps. The length of the run and the number of running steps depend on the individual characteristics of the athlete and his physical fitness. Leading athletes use up to 24 running steps with a take-off run of about 50 m. For women, these values ​​are somewhat less - up to 22 running steps with a take-off run of over 40 m. repulsion.

Start of run may be different. Basically, athletes use the following options: from a place and from an approach (or run-up), as well as with a gradual increase in speed and a sharp (sprint) start. The start of the run is important, as it sets the tone and rhythm of the run. It is necessary to accustom the athlete to the standard start of the run and not change it without prior preparation.

At the start of the run from a place, the athlete starts moving from the control mark, placing one foot forward, the other behind on the toe. Some runners perform in this position a slight swing back and forth, shifting the weight of the body either to the front leg, or to the back leg. When an athlete starts the run-up with a movement (approach or run-up), it is important that he accurately hits the control mark with a predetermined foot. It must be remembered that when even number of the running steps of the takeoff, the push leg is placed on the control mark and the movement begins with the fly leg and vice versa.

After the athlete has completed the start of the run, takeoff speed set. Here the jumper performs running steps similar in technique to running short distances in a straight line. The amplitude of movements of the arms and legs is somewhat wider, the inclination of the torso reaches 80°, gradually assuming a vertical position by the end of the run. At this moment, it is necessary to focus on elastic repulsion with each step, control your movements, run in one line without swinging to the sides.

IN preparation for repulsion on the last 3-4 running steps, the athlete must develop the optimal speed for himself. This part of the run is characterized by an increase in the frequency of movements, a slight decrease in the length of the running step, and a slight increase in the rise of the thigh when it moves forward and upward. The push leg, straightened at the knee joint, in the last step is placed in the place of repulsion with a “raking” movement back to the full foot.

The deviation of the shoulders back before repulsion is achieved by actively pushing the pelvis forward with the swing leg in the last step, which is shorter than the previous ones. It is not recommended to specifically bend it at the knee joint when setting the push leg, performing a squat. Under the influence of the take-off speed and gravity of the jumper, the leg itself will bend at the knee joint, and when stretching tense muscles, repulsion will be more effective.

Repulsion. This part of the jump starts from the moment the foot is placed at the place of repulsion. The foot is placed on the whole foot with an emphasis on the outer arch, some athletes put the foot from the heel. In both cases, some sliding of the foot forward by 2 - 5 cm is possible, this is especially observed when setting the foot from the heel, since there are no spikes on it and it can slide forward. This is also facilitated by the irrational setting of the pushing leg, located too far from the projection of the GCM.

The optimal angle of setting the push leg is about 70 °, the leg is slightly bent at the knee joint. Beginning jumpers and athletes with insufficient development of leg strength are not recommended to artificially bend the leg at the knee, as the jumper may not be able to cope with the support reaction forces acting on him. In the depreciation phase (from the moment the foot is placed on the support to the moment of the vertical), in the first fractions of a second, there is a sharp increase in the reaction forces of the support, then their rapid decrease occurs. Under the influence of these forces, flexion occurs in the knee and hip joints. From the moment of the vertical, when the swing leg is actively extended forward and upward, extension is performed in these joints. Until the moment of the vertical, there is a slight increase in the reaction forces of the support due to the work of the muscles and the inertial properties of the fly leg and arms.

The work of the muscles involved in the extension of the knee and hip joints begins even before the passage of the vertical moment, i.e. flexion in the joints has not yet ended, and the extensor muscles are already actively starting their work, effectively using the elastic forces of the muscle components. The movements of the fly leg and arm forward contribute to the transfer of the momentum of the masses of these links to the entire body of the jumper. Repulsion ends at the moment of separation of the foot from the support, while the reaction forces of the support are already negligible.

The purpose of repulsion is to convert part of the horizontal take-off speed into the vertical take-off speed of the body of the jumper, i.e. give the body initial velocity. The optimal repulsion angle is within 75°, and the optimal departure angle is within 22°. The faster the repulsion, the less the loss of the horizontal take-off speed, which means that the range of the jumper will increase.

Flight. After the body of the jumper is separated from the place of repulsion, the flight phase begins, where all movements are subject to maintaining balance and creating optimal conditions for landing. The repulsion gives the GCM a trajectory of movement, which is determined by the value of the initial take-off velocity of the body of the jumper, the take-off angle and the take-off height. The world's leading jumpers reach an initial speed of approximately 9.4-9.8 m/s. The height of the rise of the CCM is approximately 50 - 70 cm. Conventionally, the flight phase of the jump can be divided into three parts: 1) takeoff, 2) horizontal forward movement and 3) preparation for landing.

The takeoff in all jumping methods is basically the same. It represents flight in a step. After repulsion, the push leg remains almost straight behind for some time, the fly leg is bent at the hip joint to the level of the horizon, the lower leg is bent at the knee joint at a right angle with the thigh of the fly leg. The body is slightly inclined forward. The arm opposite the fly leg is slightly bent at the elbow joint and is in front at head level, the other half-bent arm is laid back. Head held straight, shoulders relaxed. The opposite movements of the arms and legs with a fairly wide amplitude and freedom of movement compensate for the rotational moment around the vertical axis of the body after the repulsion is completed. Next, movements are performed that correspond to the style of the chosen jump.

The flight phase of the jump "bending legs" is the simplest, both in execution and in the study of technique. After taking off in the step position, the push leg is bent at the knee joint and brought to the fly leg, the shoulders are retracted somewhat back to maintain balance, as well as to relieve excessive tension in the abdominal muscles and the front surface of the thighs, which keep the legs in weight. Hands, slightly bent at the elbows, rise up. When the trajectory of the GCM begins to go down, the shoulders are sent forward, the arms go down in a forward and down movement, the legs approach the chest, straightening at the knee joints. The jumper assumes a landing position.

The jump in the "bending" way is more complicated and requires a certain coordination of movements in flight. After taking off and flying in a step, the fly leg drops down and back to the push leg. The hand in front goes down, joining the other hand; arms are straightened at the elbow joints; then, moving back, rise up. The jumper is in a bent position and, as it were, maintains a pause, overcoming in this position a little less than half of the flight phase. After both legs go forward, bending at the hip and knee joints, the shoulders lean slightly forward, the arms drop forward and down. In the final part of the flight, the legs are straightened at the knee joints, the arms are laid back. The jumper assumes a landing position.

The most difficult and most effective in terms of technique is the long jump using the “scissors” method. Its effectiveness is manifested by maintaining the coordinating structure of the running step in the transition from takeoff to repulsion and in movements in flight. A more accurate name for this method is "running through the air", since the jumper performs 2.5 - 3.5 steps in flight.

From the position of a step in flight (first step), the fly leg straightens down and goes down and back, the push leg is brought forward. Continuing the movement, the swing leg moves back, bends at the knee joint, and the push leg is carried forward with the thigh, bent at the knee joint (second step). After that, the fly leg, bent at the knee joint, is brought forward, joining the push leg. After both legs are straightened at the knee joints, taking a position before landing. Hands perform circular movements, through the sides. When the swing leg goes down, the opposite arm goes down and the other arm goes up. When the pushing leg is brought forward, the opposite arm is also brought forward, and the other arm back. When pulling the fly leg to the push leg, the arms go down and are retracted before landing.

Landing. This final part of the jump has great importance for its range. Preparation for landing begins in the last part of the flight, when the jumper's GCM descends to its height during repulsion. The jumper straightens the legs at the knee joints, the shoulders go forward, the arms, slightly bent at the elbow joints, are retracted as far back as possible. For effective landing, it is necessary to hold the legs so that their longitudinal axis is at a sharper angle to the landing surface.

After contact of the feet with the landing surface (sand), the jumper actively sends his arms forward, bending his legs at the knee joints and bringing the CCM beyond the line of touching the sand with his feet. Some jumpers use side slip landings, i.e. after touching the sand with his feet, the jumper relaxes to a greater extent the leg in the direction of which he will make the exit, while actively helping himself with his hands and shoulders, a sharp turn is made in the direction of the exit. The turn is performed by moving through the back, i.e. back, while simultaneously bringing the other shoulder and arm forward. It must be remembered that bringing the arms forward prematurely will cause the legs to drop down and lead to an early touchdown on the landing site.

Same as length.

Athletes are taken to the places of competitions in high jumps in 30-40 minutes, with a pole - in 45-60 minutes.

Participants in the high jump are given 1 minute to prepare and perform an attempt, with a pole 1.5 minutes.

During the competition, each athlete should be given the opportunity to have a break between the next attempts up to 3 minutes, with a pole - up to 4 minutes. If 1 athlete competes in the high jump or pole vault, the break is increased to 4-5 minutes.

Requirements for the competition venue in high jump.

The high jump sector includes:

a) racks on which the bar is installed;

b) landing place;

c) a runway.

Racks with plates on which the bar is laid can be portable or stationary. The design of the racks is arbitrary, rigid, durable and allows you to set the bar to a height of up to 2.6 m. The distance between the racks is 4.00-4.04 m. The upper edge of the racks must be at least 1 m higher than the bar. During the competition, the racks should not move , except when the referee deems it necessary (due to failure of the take-off point). The racks are moved at the end of all attempts at a particular height.

The bar can be metal or any other suitable material and consists of three parts: the actual bar of circular cross section (diameter 29-31 mm) and 2 flat smooth tips, each 29-35 mm wide and 150 mm long. The length of the bar should be such that between its ends and the posts there are distances of 10 mm.

The bar must be laid on the tips and have a deflection of not more than 20 mm. The length of the bar is 3.98-4.02 m. The maximum weight is 2 kg. The plank should be painted in a light tone with 3-4 transverse dark stripes applied to it, each 200-300 mm wide.

The landing site must have dimensions of at least 5x3 m. It can be stationary, collapsible. These can be foam rubber mats or other similar materials laid in a layer 0.75-1.0 m high.

The design and position of the uprights and landing mats must prevent the uprights from contacting the mats, for which the distances between the uprights and adjacent parts of the landing mats should be approximately 10 cm. 0.7-1.0 m above the surface of the runway.

The surface of the runway may have a slope not exceeding 1:250 towards the bar. The dimensions of the site must allow a run-up length of at least 15 m, preferably 20-25 m. The maximum run-up length is not limited. A wooden block or a line 5 cm wide and 40-50 cm longer than the distance between the posts breaks flush with the surface of the site. On both sides of the uprights, two white lines 5 cm wide and 2 m long are drawn along the surface of the site, each is a continuation of the plank projection.

On the sides of the runway and along the perimeter of the landing area (except for the side facing the runway) there must be a strip with a width of at least 1 m (safety zone), lying on the same level with the surface of the runway and free from dangerous objects getting injured.

A meter that allows you to measure heights up to 2.6 meters. Depending on the design of the meter, the pointer can move up and down the stand, or be rigidly attached to and move with the extendable part of the stand. The rack should have height indicators in centimeters.

Venue requirements for pole vault competitions.

The competition sector includes:

Racks with brackets and pins on which the bar is installed;

Place for landing; box for pole stop; runway.

Racks can be of any design, allowing you to set the bar to a height of 2.5 to 6.5 m and move them no more than 0.4 m in the direction of the takeoff and no more than 0.8 m - in the direction of landing, counting from the inner edge of the supporting wall of the box to stop the pole. To this end, it is recommended to apply the necessary markings at the base of each rack (or strengthen the measuring tape). The distance between the pins is 4.30-4.37 m. The posts must be strong so that their vibrations do not cause the bar to fall. On each rack must be fixed (horizontally) smooth, round pins, no more than 13 mm in diameter, no more than 750 mm long, facing the direction of landing. A bar is laid on the pins, which should be located so that when touched by an athlete, it can only fall in the direction of landing. The pins must not be covered with rubber or other material that increases the friction of the bar on them.

A bar 4.48-4.52 m long should lie horizontally on the pins, the tips of which will equally protrude beyond the pins by 5 O-100 mm on both sides and should ensure contact of the flat part of the bar with the pins. The weight of the bar should not exceed 2.25 kg. The remaining dimensions of the bar must comply with the requirements set out in the section "Requirements for the competition site in high jumps". Clamps of any design can be used to install the brackets.

The box for the pole stop is made of metal, wood or other suitable material with a sloping bottom 1.0 m long. attached to the bottom. Box flush with runway.

On both sides of the box for the pole stop, close to the landing mats, mats of the same material as the landing pit, protruding 1.3 m in the direction of the runway, are laid.

The landing area consists of foam rubber mats or other similar materials and measures 5 x 5 m and is approximately 1 m above the surface of the runway. 1.25 m and a length of at least 40 m. A track is marked after 1 m, from the upper edge of the supporting wall of the box, but signs are installed at one edge of the track, starting from 5 m. On both sides of the runway and along the perimeter of the landing area (other than that facing the runway) there must be a safety zone that is level with the runway and free from foreign objects that present a risk of injury. The width of the zone along the runway is at least 1 m, and around the landing site - at least 1.5 m. The runway pavement must meet the requirements for the runway pavement.

The meter, which allows measuring heights up to 6.5 meters, consists of a base 0.08-0.09 m wide and 0.5 m long and a pointer with a length of at least 0.85 m.