03.09.2018
A collection of arguments from literature in the direction "Revenge and generosity" for the final essay in grade 11 in the 2019/2019 academic year.
Abstracts on the problem "Revenge and generosity"
- Revenge. Reasons for revenge: resentment, envy, etc. The influence of revenge on the "avenging" himself and the object of revenge (revenge-retribution). The consequences of revenge. Forgiveness and its consequences.
- Revenge and forgiveness as a difficult moral choice. Revenge and generosity are like two sides of the same coin.
- Generosity and cruelty in the socio-historical context. Moral Choice in war or in difficult conditions. Generosity to the enemy.
- Ideas about good and evil, about mercy and cruelty, about peacefulness and aggression as a determining factor in human behavior, in particular, when choosing between revenge and forgiveness.
- Revenge as a feeling and action.
- Blood feud as a socio-historical phenomenon
Detailed analysis of the direction
Arguments (problems) "REVENGE AND GENEROSITY":
L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
Andrei Bolkonsky is very disappointed in his beloved Natasha Rostova when he finds out that the girl was carried away by the young man Anatoly Kuragin. He shares his experiences with Pierre Bezukhov, telling him that "I did not love anyone else and did not hate anyone like her." But nevertheless, at a meeting before his death, he was able to show generosity and forgive the girl, whose feelings for him turned out to be sincere and strong.
A. S. Pushkin. "Captain's daughter"
In the story of A. S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter“Generosity is inherent in Pugachev when, despite the reputation of a robber, he acts according to his conscience: he saves the life of Pyotr Grinev, who at one time showed kindness to a rebel. He also shows nobility to Marya Mironova, releasing her from the fortress. For justice, Grinev appreciates Pugachev, so the execution of the rebel makes Peter sad.
A. S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades"
Wanting to get rich quick main character story by A. S. Pushkin " Queen of Spades» military engineer Hermann is trying by all means to find out the secret of the old countess about three win-win cards. He begins to look after her pupil Lisa and, having achieved reciprocity, by deception enters the house, but not on a date with the girl, but in the old woman's chambers. The countess does not stand the interrogation of Hermann and dies. But her ghost shows generosity to the failed engineer and reveals the secret to him. winning combination in exchange for a promise to marry Lisa. Hermann does not hold back given word and loses all the acquired fortune in the last game, after which he goes crazy. Thus, do not make unrealistic promises, this can threaten with cruel retribution.
A. S. Pushkin. "Dubrovsky"
In the story of A. S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky" the author tells how one revenge gave birth to another. A trifling conflict between the two landowners Dubrovsky and Troekurov develops into the latter's desire to avenge the blow to his pride. In a dishonest way, he takes the property from a friend, as a result of which he dies from an attack. Dubrovsky's son cannot forgive Troekurov for the death of his father and becomes a robber and robber, taking away property from wealthy landowners. Only love for Masha Troekurova makes him show generosity and retreat from the main revenge.
N. V. Gogol "Terrible revenge"
Revenge became the cause of all the disasters of the heroes of the story. In an effort to punish Peter for his own death with his son, Ivan, having appeared before God, asks to bring a curse on the whole family of his brother. The last offspring of the killer is born as an evil sorcerer-murderer, who commits terrible atrocities. Peter experiences bitter torment underground, and Ivan, seeing from heaven how innocent people suffer, realizes his mistake, but is unable to change anything. None of the brothers at one time showed generosity, for which they doomed themselves to eternal torment.
M. Gorky. "At the bottom"
The inhabitants of the rooming house are bitter and vindictive people. Everyone believes that someone else is to blame for the fact that they were "at the bottom." And if someone tries to escape from the “abyss”, they try to pull him back in order not to give him a chance to live better than them. The most vengeful is Vasilisa, the wife of the owner of the rooming house. She asks her lover Ash to kill her husband, but when this happens, she testifies against him in order to send him to hard labor, away from her younger sister Natasha. Lacking her own happiness, Vasilisa cannot come to terms with the welfare of others.
generosity in this work demonstrates the wanderer Luke. His life is not easy: behind the shoulders of hard labor, from where he escaped. But the old man has not lost his human appearance, he is trying to support every inhabitant of the rooming house and inspire, break vicious circle. But, feeling that in a poisoned environment no one hears him and does not want to take good advice into account, he quietly leaves. From this example, we learn: you can only help those who really want help.
A. I. Kuprin. "Duel"
It is difficult for the main character of A. I. Kuprin’s story “The Duel”, the dreamy and noble Romashov, to get along in a society of empty and indifferent people. He is burdened by service in the regiment, he is tired of relations with the adventurer Raisa. At the next meeting, George tells her that he wants to leave, but receives threats in response. Raisa decides to compromise the second lieutenant in the face of Lieutenant Nikolaev, accusing him of having an affair with Alexandra Petrovna, the wife of Vladimir Efimych. The slander leads to a duel of rivals, in which Romashov dies. Revenge led to a tragic denouement: an innocent man was killed, and it is impossible to return him.
M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time"
The tragic consequences of revenge are displayed in the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". The hot-tempered highlander Kazbich is in love with the daughter of the Circassian prince, the beautiful Bela, and wants to win her heart. But the girl is kidnapped by a young officer tsarist army Grigory Pechorin, and with her the horse Kazbich for Bela's brother Azamat. The Circassian decides to take revenge. Having tracked down when Bela is left alone, she steals her and tries to take her away, but, noticing the chase, mortally wounds the girl and leaves her on the road. Bela dies, and Kazbich achieves nothing with his revenge and is left with nothing.
A. Dumas "The Count of Monte Cristo"
To avenge a broken fate is the main task facing the protagonist of the novel by A. Dumas "The Count of Monte Cristo". Envious conspirators write a false denunciation of the sailor Dantes, after which he is sent to prison right from the wedding. In captivity, a young man meets an abbot who helps him escape and find riches. Having become a noble count of Monte Cristo, Dantes begins to repay debts to offenders. Revenge overtakes all traitors, he shows generosity only to his ex-lover Mercedes without harming her son. But the count also remembers good deeds. Monte Cristo rescues its former owner, having paid the debts for the ship, and then makes his son Maximilian the heir to his wealth.
M. Yu. Lermontov. "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov"
Merchant Kalashnikov dared to take revenge to the tsar's oprichnik Malyutin to justify his wife and restore dignity to the family. In an honest fistfight, he kills the enemy, for which Ivan the Terrible sends Stepan Paramonovich to execution, since Kiribeevich's death occurred as a result of a forbidden technique. But the tsar shows generosity to Kalashnikov and fulfills his dying wish: he does not leave the orphaned family without support.
V. A. Zakrutkin "The Mother of Man"
Great Patriotic War took away the most precious thing from Mary: her husband and son. Seeing a wounded fascist, she rushed at him with a pitchfork to avenge her enemies for the death of her relatives and all their inhuman deeds. But the words of the German stopped the woman: “Mom! Mother!" Mary's heart trembled, and she spared the young man. With this example, the author demonstrates the highest degree the generosity of a Russian woman.
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Frost's antipode - Pavel Mechik. In the novel, he is an "anti-hero". This is a young boy who joined the detachment only out of curiosity. But he immediately became disillusioned with the ideas, for the sake of which he "ceased" to be an urban intellectual. But the Sword hid it from everyone. The people who surrounded Paul brought him many disappointments, because they turned out to be incompatible with the “ideal” heroes that the ardent youthful imagination created them. still weak, because in the further narrative he betrays the members of the detachment. The sword was put on patrol by Levinson, the head of the detachment, but Pavel considered this not true and, having not fulfilled his duty, disappeared into the forest, which led to the death of the detachment. “... The swordsman, who had already driven quite far, looked back: Frost was riding behind him. Then the detachment and Morozka disappeared around the corner ... He dozed off. He did not understand why he had been sent ahead. He threw up his head, and the sleepy state instantly left him, replaced by a feeling of incomparable animal horror: there were Cossacks on the road ... "
The sword disappeared and saved only his own life, putting the lives of the squad members on the map. Fadeev focuses not on the battles themselves, but on the time between us, when there comes a moment of respite, rest. These seemingly “peaceful” episodes are full of internal tension and conflict: whether it’s the case of killing fish, confiscating pork from a Korean, or waiting for the result of Metelitsa reconnaissance. Such a construction is deep meaning narratives: moral, ideological and political problems and their philosophical understanding are important. The train of thought of the characters, their behavior, internal throwing in relation to everything that happens around - this is what Fadeev called "the selection of human material."
In this regard, the image of Frost, one of the heroes of the novel, is interesting. Actually, his presence in the center of the work is explained by the fact that he is a model of a new person undergoing a “remake”. The author spoke about him in his speech: “Morozka is a man with a difficult past... He could steal, he could curse rudely, he could lie, get drunk. All these traits of his character are undoubtedly his great shortcomings. But in difficult, decisive moments of the struggle, he did what was necessary for the revolution, overcoming his weaknesses. The process of his participation in the revolutionary struggle was the process of the formation of his personality ... "
Speaking about the selection of "human material", the writer had in mind not only those who turned out to be necessary for the revolution. People "unsuitable" for the construction of a new society are ruthlessly discarded. Such a hero in the novel is Sword. It is no coincidence that this man social background belongs to the intelligentsia and consciously joins the partisan detachment, driven by the idea of the revolution as a great romantic event. Mechik's belonging to a different class, despite his conscious desire to fight for the revolution, immediately alienates those around him. “To tell the truth, Frost did not like the rescued at first sight. Frost did not like clean people. In his life practice, these were fickle, worthless people who could not be trusted. This is the first certification that the Mechik receives. Morozka's doubts are in tune with the words of V. Mayakovsky: "An intellectual does not like risk, / He is red in moderation, like a radish." Revolutionary ethics is built on a rigidly rational approach to the world and man. The author of the novel himself said: “The sword, another“ hero ”of the novel, is very“ moral ”from the point of view of the ten commandments ... but these qualities remain external to him, they cover up his inner egoism, lack of devotion to the cause of the working class, his purely petty individualism ". Here, the morality of the ten commandments and devotion to the cause of the working class are directly contrasted. Author preaching triumph revolutionary idea, does not notice that the connection of this idea with life turns into violence against life, cruelty. For him, the professed idea is not utopian, and therefore any cruelty is justified.
The most important thing in the final essay is examples from the literature. It is they who determine the attitude of the jury to the work. Therefore, it is so important to take the time to read high-quality collections with arguments that will reveal the main topics within one direction. Here is an article for you. But we need your help to improve it! Write in the comments what books you need to add to our list, and the Literaguru team will definitely do it.
In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" the relationship of the characters is built on bitterness and revenge. Each of them, without hesitation, takes revenge on everyone else for having fallen to the bottom of life. All these poor people pull each other deeper 'cause way back no one should have it if you don't have it yourself. This is the unwritten law of a rooming house. For example, Vasilisa is a tyrant younger sister because of jealousy. Her lover, Vaska Pepel, showed sympathy for her, and this outraged the despotic woman. Her revenge reached its climax in the finale, when her lawful husband died as a result of a fight. Now Ash is threatened with true penal servitude, but his former lady of the heart does nothing to save him, on the contrary: she diligently drowns everyone in her slander. Even her "love" for Vaska does not stop the heroine's vindictive nature. Obviously, revenge is a feeling that destroys a person from the inside and expels all virtues from him.
In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" the characters are not inclined to show generosity. On the contrary, they seek to hurt and prick each other more painfully, because poverty drives out of them everything that makes a person a person. But there is one wanderer who breaks the vicious circle of insults and insults. This is Luca. He also lived difficult life, even hinted that he had escaped from hard labor. But these tests did not harden him. The old man finds affectionate words of support and participation for each interlocutor. True generosity to all those around him shines in his eyes. He gave the inhabitants of the bottom hope for a bright future, and they themselves are to blame for the fact that this was not enough for their moral rebirth. In their caustic environment, the wanderer did not last long and left, probably realizing that these poor people do not have not only a home, but also a heart, since they ruthlessly drown each other. Unfortunately, generosity cannot always help people.
A. I. Kuprin, "Duel"
In A. I. Kuprin’s book “Duel”, the main character courts the officer’s wife, and the woman encourages his attempts to get closer. Romashov is sincerely in love, only Shurochka plays with his feelings. She mercilessly dooms him to death for the sake of her husband's advancement. It's not that a close person is important to her, she just longs for a transfer to a new place where she can have fun. Due to gossip and anonymous notes, the deceived spouse assigns a duel to Romashov. He wants to avenge the trampled honor. Shura assures the hero that they will shoot themselves “for fun”, only so that Nikolaev is not considered a coward. A young lieutenant believes in his beloved woman, but in a duel her husband kills an opponent, rising in the eyes of fellow soldiers. Unfortunately, in the society of that time, revenge was considered the norm, so hundreds of young people capable of more became its victims. It can be concluded that revenge is dangerous for people because, because of a sense of imaginary justice, they appropriate the right to dispose of other people's lives.
In A. I. Kuprin’s book “Duel”, Romashov abandons his annoying mistress. But the woman doesn't want to let go young man and vows that she will take revenge on him at any cost. Raisa Aleksandrovna Peterson was a desperate adventuress. She decided she had to compromise new connection second lieutenant, but he and Shurochka had absolutely nothing. But Mrs. Peterson, because of her depravity, thought differently and sent out anonymous letters exposing the betrayal of Nikolev's wife. The deceived husband flared up and demanded a duel. As a result of the intrigues of Shurochka herself, Romashov was killed, and her husband victoriously "defended the honor of the family." The consequences of revenge are always tragic: an innocent person is killed, and no tricks can bring him back.
A. S. Pushkin, "Eugene Onegin"
In the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" revenge led to a tragedy: the young poet Lensky was killed. It all started with the fact that the main character received a letter where Tatyana confessed her love to him. He rejected the girl's feelings, citing his unsuitability for family relations. Naturally, he did not want to embarrass her with his presence, but an enthusiastic friend invites him to Tatiana's name day. There he expects to spend a pleasant evening with the bride. Eugene agrees, but at the very evening he feels an extreme degree of awkwardness. He blames Vladimir for everything and decides to take revenge on him, flirting with his beloved, Olga, a windy coquette. Lensky was furious, because he did not get the attention of the girl. He challenged his opponent to a duel, and Eugene could not refuse. As a result, Onegin killed his comrade because of his petty and stupid revenge. Here are the consequences of the imaginary pursuit of justice.
In the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" the ideal of a generous woman is depicted. This is Tatyana Larina. Her soul can truly be called great, because she neglected her passion in order to preserve family well-being. Once in her youth, the girl fell in love with a visiting nobleman who did not take her feelings seriously. But the heroine kept them in her heart forever, even though she married another person. She did not love the general, but she respected him and was grateful to him for the admiration with which he treated her. When, after many years, Eugene returned from wandering around the world, he was inflamed with passion for Tatyana. But she was married and refused the one whom she still loved unconditionally. The heroine generously rejected her own happiness in order to maintain peace and joy. loved one. For true generosity requires self-denial.
A. S. Pushkin, The Queen of Spades
In the drama by A. S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades" the hero is trying with all his might to find out the secret of three cards - the secret that allowed him to always win at cards. He wanted to make a big fortune and take a high place in society, but long years work seemed ridiculous to him when he learned from Tomsky that his relative could tell you how to always win. Then Hermann launched an attack on the pupil of the countess, confessing his feelings to the unfortunate girl. She could not resist and invited the young man to a date night in the house. The hero came, but he was not interested in Lisa, but in the old woman with her secret. He scared the unfortunate woman, she died. But her ghost returned and gave away the desired secret in exchange for a promise to marry Lisa. Hermann, of course, did not restrain him, but sat down at the gaming table. However, the decisive battle let him down: he lost all his money. The revenge of the old woman was terrible: the young man went mad with grief. Author teaches important lesson: revenge cannot be predicted, it will appear at any moment, so you should not commit reprehensible acts in the hope of avoiding retribution.
Lack of generosity can destroy a person. Such an example is demonstrated by A. S. Pushkin in the drama The Queen of Spades. The hero uses an innocent girl for selfish purposes, trying to find out from her patroness the secret of three cards in order to always win in card fights. To do this, he does not disdain deception. Lisa lets him into the Countess's house, but Hermann only came there to find out the secret. He did not spare the elderly woman either, actually bringing her to death with his threats. After the ghost nevertheless shares the necessary information with him, the hero still did not come to his senses, breaking his word. He did not marry the abandoned Lisa. He was only concerned about his own success, and he did not spare the people who played with him and suffered ruin. As a result, Hermann loses his mind, because after the collapse, no one will help him, an egoist, and he knows this. If the hero were generous, he reached the goal in an honest way and lived happy life, full of love, sympathy and harmony, and not a brief moment of success, consisting of deceit, crimes and sins.
M. Yu. Lermontov, "A Hero of Our Time"
In the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" the author describes tragic consequences revenge on the example of Kazbich, who killed the kidnapped girl in order to take revenge on Pechorin. At the beginning of the chapter, Maxim Maksimych reports that Grigory fell in love with a Caucasian beauty and decided to steal her away by bribing her brother. He promised him the famous Kazbich horse, which Azamat dreamed of. The deal was completed, Bela was captured by Pechorin. But Kazbich sought her hand, so he was very angry when he found out about this and decided to take revenge on the offender. When Grigory and Maxim Maksimych went hunting, the hero took the girl, but they were quickly overtaken. Fleeing from the chase and realizing that they cannot escape together, the kidnapper kills the victim and leaves him on the road. Did he achieve justice with his revenge? No. He only killed the beautiful Bela, left with nothing.
In the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" the whole inconsistency of revenge is proved. Grushnitsky tried to achieve justice with it, but he himself fell victim to his desire. The fact is that he was trying to impress Princess Mary. He was in love, but the girl remained indifferent to him, because next to her was a more skilled gentleman - Pechorin. Grigory made a young girl fall in love with him by acting cold towards her, which spurred her vanity and kindled her curiosity. In desperation, the junker decided to take revenge on his successful opponent. Together with friends, he noticed Pechorin leaving the princess's house at night. He left his mistress Vera, but Grushnitsky accused him of seducing Mary. Naturally, Gregory challenged the liar to a duel. Then the cowardly slanderer decided not to load his pistol in order to win the duel and get rid of the opponent. But Grigory saw through the deceiver, and it was Grushnitsky who became the victim. What did he achieve with his revenge? Nothing but your own death.
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We are preparing arguments for the final essay 2018.
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
In the novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin raises the problem of revenge and generosity on the example of the actions of the protagonist. Eugene Onegin decided to take revenge on his friend Lensky, who persuaded him to come to the ball in honor of the birth of Tatyana. Onegin did not like the gatherings of his village neighbors and yielded to the persuasion of his friend only because Lensky assured: there would be only his own. Onegin decided to take revenge on his comrade through the frivolous Olga. The enamored Lensky was furious when he saw his bride dancing with Onegin. He challenged a recent friend to a duel. Here Onegin could have shown generosity: to talk with Lensky, to explain the reason for his behavior, but the fear of being the subject of ridicule did not allow him to do this. Onegin accepted the challenge and killed his friend.
A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky"
In the work "Dubrovsky" A.S. Pushkin thinks about the problem of revenge and generosity on the example of two families: the Troekurovs and the Dubrovskys. The conflict between the fathers began because of a stupid joke of one of the kennel Troekurov and ended with the estate being taken away from Dubrovsky in retaliation for pride. Dubrovsky's son decided to take revenge on his rich neighbor after the death of his father. Having lost his home, Vladimir, along with his people, becomes a robber and a robber. Only love for Masha Troekurova made him give up revenge. He generously disappears from his native places, leaving everything as it is.
M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov"
In the "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov" M.Yu. Lermontov spoke about cruel morals the times of Ivan the Terrible, when the power of the tsar's guardsmen was unlimited, so the excesses of the tsar's servants were common. The merchant Kalashnikov in the work of Lermontov decided to take revenge on Kiribeevich for the insult inflicted on his wife. This revenge is justified, as it is closely connected with the manifestation of generosity, which is based on the desire to protect one's family from shame and reproach. Only the tsar does not show the same generosity, and the execution of Kalashnikov becomes revenge for the merchant's victory in a fair fight with the guardsman Kiribeevich. The people consider Kalashnikov their hero.
N.V. Gogol "Terrible revenge"
In Gogol's story, we are talking about the nature of human revenge - the plot of the entire work is connected with this phenomenon. The sorcerer, the last descendant of Peter, who killed his brother and nephew, was born terribly ugly, it always seemed to him that they were laughing at him, in revenge he killed people, and he had a lot of atrocities on his conscience. Peter killed two people, and his descendant - countless. Evil grows and multiplies. Peter himself suffers underground, grows along with the evil that his descendant creates, and experiences terrible suffering. Ivan, who avenged his brother so terribly, is also tormented, as he is forced to observe the consequences of his punishment. But it all started with the envy of brother to brother: if Petro had not killed Ivan, nothing would have happened. Everyone would live and enjoy life, a sorcerer would be born a normal person and would not call the dead from their graves, causing them terrible suffering. But there was no generosity in the souls of the brothers, which alone is capable of forgiving others and rejoicing in their happiness and success.
V.A.Zakrutkin "The Mother of Man"
A hymn to the generosity of a Russian woman can be called the story of V.A. Zakrutkin “The Mother of Man”. This work tells about a woman from whom the war took away the most precious thing - her beloved people: her husband and son. The atrocities of the Nazis are so inhuman that Maria, seeing the German, grabbed a pitchfork and was ready to kill the enemy in order to avenge all the evil that the Nazis had done to her. But the word "Mom" stopped her. The generosity of this woman is so boundless that she finds the strength in herself to treat this warrior like a mother.
What is revenge? It is pain that gives rise to the desire to harm the offender. But is there a need for this?
One of the problems raised in the text proposed for analysis by V.A. Soloukhin, is the problem of the need for revenge. The narrator recalls how long he had been planning revenge for an unreasonable blow to the back from a friend who had sneaked up behind him, and how easy it was on his soul when he nevertheless decided to forgive the offender. Although the position of the author is not explicitly expressed, it is reflected by the logic of the text: from his point of view, there is no need to take revenge on a person who offended something, revenge is negative quality, which negatively affects primarily its owner, depriving him of joy and peace. One cannot but agree with this: it is much better to resolve the conflict peacefully than to resort to aggression.
But there are situations in which the offender cannot be forgiven. To prove my judgments, I will give two examples from Russian classical literature.
The novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" After the duel between Grinev and Shvabrin, during which the latter vilely struck at the moment he distracted the enemy, Pyotr Andreevich forgave his opponent because he was smart and understood that this person could not be corrected by anything and therefore there was no point in continuing to conflict with him. But Alexey continued to treacherously take revenge on his opponent, writing a denunciation of him to his parents. In the course of the continuation of the story, Shvabrin more and more revealed himself as an immoral person, his actions became more and more low and dishonorable. As a result, the generous Grinev did not tarnish his honor and found true happiness, and his enemy was left with nothing but a burden on his soul.
Now let's look at the "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov" by M.Yu. Lermontov. This poem tells how the merchant Kalashnikov killed the guardsman in a fight, who defiled the honor of his wife, thus taking revenge on him. In this case, it is impossible to say for sure whether the merchant should have gone for the kill or not. On the one hand, every person, whatever he may be, has the right to life. But on the other hand, Kalashnikov can be understood: the former reputation of his wife cannot be returned (in the sixteenth century, what Kiribeevich did with Alena Dmitrievna was considered a great shame), and negotiations with the offender would not lead to an improvement in the situation, nor to spiritual relief. And the state would not have resolved the conflict fairly, since the offender was the king's favorite. Thus, there are critical situations in which the culprit must be punished.
Revenge or not taking revenge is a choice that each of us can face. The main thing - in no case should you succumb to momentary emotions. And remember: revenge is a dish best served cold.
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Updated: 2017-05-08
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